Purpose and characteristics of types of engineering barriers. Marking of engineering ammunition of the Soviet army General purpose bullet
Information about explosives
Explosives serve as a source of energy necessary for throwing (throwing) bullets, mines, grenades, for breaking them, as well as for performing various blasting operations.
Explosives are such chemical compounds and mixtures that, under the influence of external influences, are capable of very rapid chemical transformations, accompanied by the release of heat and the formation of a large amount of highly heated gases capable of performing the work of throwing or destruction.
The powder charge of a rifle cartridge weighing 3.25 g burns out in about 0.0012 s when fired. When the charge is burned, about 3 large calories of heat are released and about 3 liters of gases are formed, the temperature of which at the time of the shot is 2400-29000. The gases, being highly heated, exert high pressure (up to 2900 kg / cm 2) and eject a bullet from the bore at a speed of over 800 m / s.
The process of rapid chemical change of an explosive from a solid (liquid) state to a gaseous state, accompanied by the conversion of its potential energy into mechanical work, is called explosion. During an explosion, as a rule, a reaction occurs when oxygen combines with the combustible elements of the explosive (hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, etc.).
An explosion can be caused by mechanical action - impact, prick, friction, thermal (electrical) action - heating, a spark, a flame beam, the explosion energy of another explosive that is sensitive to thermal or mechanical effects (explosion of a detonator cap).
Depending on the chemical composition of the explosives and the conditions of the explosion (the force of external action, pressure and temperature, the amount and density of the substance, etc.), explosive transformations can occur in two main forms, which differ significantly in speed: combustion and explosion (detonation).
Combustion- the process of transformation of an explosive, proceeding at a speed of several meters per second and accompanied by a rapid increase in gas pressure; as a result of it, throwing or scattering of surrounding bodies occurs.
An example of the burning of an explosive is the burning of gunpowder when fired. The burning rate of gunpowder is directly proportional to pressure. In the open air, the burning rate of smokeless powder is about 1 mm / s, and in the bore when fired, due to an increase in pressure, the burning rate of gunpowder increases and reaches several meters per second.
Explosion- the process of transformation of an explosive, proceeding at a speed of several hundred (thousand) meters per second and accompanied by a sharp increase in gas pressure, which produces a strong destructive effect on nearby objects. The greater the rate of transformation of the explosive, the greater the force of its destruction. When an explosion proceeds at the maximum possible speed under given conditions, then such a case of an explosion is called detonation. Most explosives are capable of detonating under certain conditions.
An example of the detonation of an explosive is the detonation of a TNT charge and the rupture of a projectile. The detonation speed of TNT reaches 6990 m/s.
The detonation of some explosive can cause the explosion of another explosive in direct contact with it or at a certain distance from it.
This is the basis for the device and the use of detonator caps. The transfer of detonation over a distance is associated with the propagation in the environment surrounding the explosive charge of a sharp increase in the pressure of the shock wave. Therefore, the excitation of an explosion in this way is almost no different from the excitation of an explosion by means of a mechanical shock.
Division of explosives according to the nature of their action and practical application
According to the nature of the action and practical application, explosives are divided into initiating, crushing (blasting), propelling and pyrotechnic compositions.
Initiators explosives are called those that have great sensitivity, explode from a slight thermal or mechanical effect and, by their detonation, cause the explosion of other explosives.
The main representatives of initiating explosives are mercury fulminate, lead azide, lead styphnate and tetrazene.
Initiating explosives are used to equip igniter caps and blasting caps. Initiating explosives and products in which they are used are very sensitive to external influences of various kinds, so they require careful handling.
Crushing (blasting) called such explosives that explode, as a rule, under the action of the detonation of initiating explosives and, during the explosion, crush the surrounding objects.
The main representatives of crushing explosives are: TNT (tol), melinite, tetryl, RDX, PETN, ammonites, etc.
Crushing explosives are used as explosive charges for mines, grenades, shells, and are also used in blasting.
Crushing agents also include pyroxylin and nitroglycerin, which are used as a starting material for manufacturing.
Throwable called such explosives that have an explosive transformation in the form of combustion with a relatively slow increase in pressure, which allows them to be used for throwing bullets, mines, grenades, shells.
The main representatives of propellant explosives are gunpowder (smoky and smokeless).
Smoke powder is a mechanical mixture of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal.
Smokeless powders are divided into pyroxylin and nitroglycerine powders.
Rice. 53. The shape of the grains of smokeless powder:
a - plates; b - tape; c - tube; g - cylinder with seven channels
Pyroxylin powder is made by dissolving a mixture (in certain proportions) of wet soluble and insoluble pyroxylin in an alcohol-ether solvent.
Nitroglycerin powder is made from a mixture (in certain proportions) of pyroxylin with nitroglycerin.
The following can be added to smokeless powders: a stabilizer - to protect the powder from chemical decomposition during long-term storage; phlegmatizer - to slow down the burning rate of the outer surface of the powder grains; graphite - to achieve flowability and eliminate grain sticking. Diphenylamine is most often used as a stabilizer, and camphor as a phlegmatizer.
Smoke powders are used to equip fuses for hand grenades, remote tubes, fuses, to make a igniter cord, etc.
Smokeless powders are used as combat (powder) charges of firearms: pyroxylin powders - mainly in the powder charges of small arms cartridges, nitroglycerin, as more powerful - in the combat charges of grenades, mines, shells.
Grains of smokeless powder can be in the form of a plate, tape, single-channel or multi-channel tube or cylinder (see Fig. 53).
The amount of gases formed per unit time during the combustion of gunpowder grains is proportional to their burning surface. In the process of burning gunpowder of the same composition, depending on its shape, the burning surface, and therefore the amount of gases formed per unit of time, can decrease, remain constant or increase.
Rice. 54. Burning grains of smokeless powder:
a - degressive form; b - with a constant burning surface, c - progressive form
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which decreases as they burn, are called gunpowders of a degressive form (see fig. 54). This is, for example, a record and a tape.
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which remains constant during combustion, are called gunpowder With constant burning surface, for example, tube with one channel, cylinder with one channel. Grains of such gunpowder burn simultaneously both inside and from the outer surface. The decrease in the outer burning surface is compensated by the increase in the inner surface, so that the total surface remains constant for the entire burning time, if the burning of the tube from the ends is not taken into account.
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which increases as they burn, are called powders of progressive form, for example, a tube with several channels, a cylinder with several channels. When the grain of such gunpowder burns, the surface of the channels increases; this creates a general increase in the burning surface of the grain until it breaks up into parts, after which combustion occurs according to the type of combustion of gunpowder of a degressive form.
Progressive combustion of gunpowder can be achieved by introducing a phlegmatizer into the outer layers of a single-channel powder grain.
When burning gunpowder, three phases are distinguished: ignition, ignition, combustion.
ignition- this is the excitation of the combustion process in any part of the powder charge by quickly heating this part to the ignition temperature, which is 270-3200 for smoke powders, and about 2000 for smokeless powders.
Ignition is the propagation of the flame over the surface of the charge.
Combustion- this is the penetration of the flame into the depth of each grain of gunpowder.
The change in the amount of gases formed during the combustion of gunpowder per unit time affects the nature of the change in gas pressure and the speed of the bullet along the bore. Therefore, for each type of cartridges and weapons, a powder charge of a certain composition, shape and mass is selected.
Pyrotechnic compositions are mixtures of combustible substances (magnesium, phosphorus, aluminum, etc.) oxidizers(chlorates, nitrates, etc.) and cementers(natural and artificial resins, etc.). In addition, they contain special impurities: substances that color the flame; substances that reduce the sensitivity of the composition, etc.
The predominant form of transformation of pyrotechnic compositions under normal conditions of their use is combustion. Burning, they give the corresponding pyrotechnic (fire) effect (lighting, incendiary, etc.).
Pyrotechnic compositions are used to equip lighting and signal cartridges, tracer and incendiary compositions of bullets, grenades, shells, etc.
Ammunition, their classification
Ammunition(munitions) - an integral part of weapons, directly intended for the destruction of manpower and equipment, the destruction of structures (fortifications) and the performance of special tasks (lighting, smoke, the transfer of propaganda literature, etc.). Ammunition includes: artillery rounds, warheads of rockets and torpedoes, grenades, aerial bombs, charges, engineering and naval mines, land mines, smoke bombs.
Ammunition is classified by affiliation: artillery, aviation, naval, rifle, engineering; by the nature of the explosive and damaging substance: with conventional explosives and nuclear.
The armies of a number of capitalist countries also have chemical (fragmentation-chemical) and biological (bacteriological) munitions.
By purpose, ammunition is divided into main (for destruction and destruction), special (for lighting, smoke, radio interference, etc.) and auxiliary (for training crew crews, special tests, etc.).
Artillery ammunition include shots with shells for various purposes: fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive, armor-piercing, cumulative, concrete wallpaper, incendiary, with ready-made submunitions, smoke, chemical, tracer, lighting, propaganda, sighting and target designation, practical, training and training.
For firing at the first artillery pieces, spherical shells (nuclei) and incendiary shells in the form of combustible mixture bags were used. In the fifteenth century iron, lead, then cast iron cannonballs appeared, which made it possible, while maintaining the energy of their impact, to reduce the caliber, increase the mobility of the guns and at the same time increase the firing range. From the sixteenth century buckshot with cast-iron or lead bullets began to be used, inflicting heavy losses on infantry and cavalry. In the second half of the XVI century. explosive projectiles were invented: thick-walled cast-iron balls with an internal cavity for breaking the charge. Subsequently, in Russian artillery they were called grenades (with a mass of up to l-th pood inclusive) and bombs (with a mass of more than l-th pood). In the eighteenth century explosive shells began to be divided into fragmentation, giving a large number of fragments to destroy living targets, and high-explosive - to destroy structures. The so-called grenade buckshot appeared, each element of which was a small explosive grenade. The so-called brandkugels were used as incendiary projectiles, consisting of the body of an ordinary explosive projectile filled with an incendiary composition. Incendiary elements were also invested in explosive projectiles for combined target destruction.
Found the use of lighting and smoke shells. At the beginning of the XIX century. Englishman Shrapnel developed the first fragmentation projectile with ready-made fragments, which in all its modifications received the name of the inventor. By the middle of the XIX century. smoothbore artillery reached its highest development. However, the range of its firing and the effectiveness of the ball projectiles used were very insignificant. Therefore, the improvement of artillery went along the line of creating rifled guns and oblong projectiles, which began to be widely used from the 60s. 19th century This made it possible to significantly increase the range and improve the accuracy of fire, as well as increase the efficiency of shells. At that time, grenades, shrapnel, buckshot, incendiary shells were used in field artillery, and armor-piercing shells appeared in naval and coastal artillery to destroy armored ships. Until the 80s. 19th century Smoke powder served as a throwing and explosive projectile. In the mid 80s. smokeless powder was invented, the widespread use of which since the 90s. 19th century led to an increase in the range of artillery by almost two times. At the same time, the equipment of shells with blasting explosives began with pyroxylin, melinite, and from the beginning of the 20th century. - TNT, etc.
By the beginning of the First World War, the artillery of all armies consisted mainly of high-explosive shells and shrapnel. Fragmentation grenades were also used in German artillery to fire at open live targets. To combat aircraft, anti-aircraft shrapnel and remote grenades were used. The appearance of tanks led to the development of anti-tank artillery with armor-piercing shells. Chemical and special projectiles (smoke, lighting, tracer, etc.) were also used. Increased consumption of artillery ammunition. If Germany is at war with France in 1870-71. spent 650 thousand shots, Russia in the war with Japan 1904-05. - 900 thousand, then in 1914-18. shell consumption was: Germany - about 275 million, Russia - up to 50 million, Austria-Hungary - up to 70 million, France about 200 million, England - about 170 million. The total consumption of artillery ammunition during the First World War exceeded 1 billion
In the Soviet Army in the 30s. the modernization of artillery was successfully carried out, and during the years of the first five-year plans, new models of guns and shells for them were developed, and rocket artillery was created. For the first time, 82-mm caliber rockets were successfully used from aircraft in 1939 in battles on the river. Khalkhin Gol. At the same time, lZ2-mm M-13 rockets were developed (for the legendary Katyushas and aircraft weapons), and a little later, 300-mm M-30 rockets. Great development before the war and during it received mortars - smooth-bore guns that fire feathered projectiles (mines). New types of armor-piercing shells were created: sub-caliber (with a solid core, the diameter of which is less than the caliber of the barrel) and cumulative (providing a directional effect of the explosion). The Great Patriotic War consumed a huge amount of ammunition, and the Soviet industry coped with this task.
In total, during the war, she produced over 775 million artillery shells and mines. After World War II, anti-tank guided missiles (missiles) appeared in service with the armies of a number of states. They fire from launchers from armored personnel carriers, vehicles, helicopters, as well as from portable launchers. The control of these projectiles in flight is carried out by wire, by radio, in an infrared beam or a laser beam. Active-rocket projectiles, projectiles for recoilless rifles are being improved, specialized ammunition of increased efficiency and ammunition for cluster munitions are being created. To defeat manpower and equipment, ammunition is created with fragments of a given shape and mass and with ready-made lethal elements (balls, rods, cubes, arrows). Fragments are obtained by applying cuts on the outer or inner surface of the body (when it breaks, it is crushed into cuts) or by creating a special surface of an explosive projectile with elementary cumulative notches (when it breaks, the body is crushed by cumulative jets) and other methods. Improved cumulative shells. Cluster parts of rockets, rockets and artillery shells are being developed with a large number of cumulative feathered combat elements, scattered at a certain height to destroy tanks from above. Work is underway to create rocket and artillery shells that provide remote mining of the terrain with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. High-explosive-armor-piercing projectiles with a flattening warhead loaded with plastic explosives are widely used. When meeting with a target, the head of such a projectile is crushed and comes into contact with the armor over a large area. The explosive charge is undermined by a bottom fuse, which ensures a certain direction of the explosion. On the opposite side of the armor, large fragments break off, hitting the crew and internal equipment of the tank. In order to improve the accuracy of shooting, work is underway to create the simplest flight control systems and homing heads for projectiles. From the 50s. in the United States, nuclear weapons are being created for artillery systems.
Aviation ammunition was first used in 1911-12. in the war between Italy and Turkey and in a relatively short time received significant development. They include aviation bombs, one-time bomb clusters, bomb bundles, incendiary tanks, cartridges for aircraft machine guns and cannons, warheads for guided and unguided aircraft missiles, warheads for aircraft missiles, warheads for aircraft torpedoes, aircraft mines, etc.
Disposable bomb cassettes - thin-walled air bombs equipped with aircraft mines (anti-tank, anti-personnel, etc.) or small bombs (anti-tank, fragmentation, incendiary, etc.) weighing up to 10 kg. In one cassette there can be up to 100 or more mines (bombs), which are scattered in the air by special powder or explosive charges, activated by remote fuses at a certain height above the target. Bomb bundles - devices in which several aircraft bombs are connected by special devices into one suspension. Depending on the design of the bundle, the separation of bombs occurs either at the moment of dropping from an aircraft, or in the air after dropping a remote device. The cartridges of aviation machine guns and cannons differ from the usual ones due to the specifics of aviation weapons (high rate of fire, small calibers, dimensions, etc.). The most common calibers of aviation bullets are 7.62 and 12.7 mm, shells - 20,23,30 and 37 mm. Shells with an explosive shell (high-explosive, fragmentation, etc.) have fuses that fire with a slight delay after hitting an obstacle. The fuses can have self-liquidators, which, after a certain time after the shot, detonate shells in the air that did not hit the target, ensuring the safety of ground troops during air combat over their own territory. Warheads of aviation missiles have conventional or nuclear charges. They can be delivered to targets by air-to-air missiles at a range of up to several tens of kilometers, by air-to-ground missiles at hundreds of kilometers. Unguided rockets have conventional (rarely nuclear) warheads, a rocket engine (powder, liquid) and shock or proximity fuses. Their range reaches 10 km or more. Aircraft mines (anti-tank, anti-personnel, sea, etc.) are designed to lay minefields on land and sea from the air.
Marine munitions include naval and coastal artillery rounds, mines, depth charges, missile and torpedo warheads used by the navy to destroy naval targets. Ship and coastal artillery ammunition includes artillery rounds of various calibers and capacities. They use fragmentation tracer, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive and armor-piercing shells. Mines, first used at the end of the 18th century, remain an effective positional means of combating surface ships and submarines. Anchor galvanic impact mines of relatively low power were replaced by anchor, bottom, floating mines of high power, triggered by various physical fields of the ship. The torpedo, as an underwater projectile, entered service with ships in the second half of the 19th century and retains its importance as an effective means of destroying surface ships and submarines.
The depth charge, which appeared during the First World War, is an effective means of destroying submarines at considerable distances and various depths. The basis of the weapons of the modern Navy (Navy) is missile weapons with warheads in nuclear and conventional warheads. It can hit objects at ranges of several thousand kilometers.
Artillery and naval munitions include reactive munitions, which include unguided projectiles of land and sea multiple launch rocket systems, grenades (melee weapons).
Rocket munitions are delivered to the target due to the thrust generated during the operation of the rocket engine. They leave the guide launchers (leave the barrel of grenade launchers) at relatively low speeds, and acquire full speed in flight at the end of the active part of the trajectory.
An intermediate position between artillery and rocket projectiles is occupied by the so-called active rocket projectiles (mines), which combine the properties of conventional (active) and rocket projectiles. They are fired from artillery guns with an initial speed close to the speed of conventional projectiles. Due to the reactive charge that burns up during the flight of the projectile in the air, a certain increase in its speed and firing range is obtained. Rocket-active projectiles have the disadvantages of rocket projectiles, as well as reduced target efficiency.
Shooting ammunition is intended for direct destruction of enemy manpower and military equipment. They are unitary cartridges consisting of a bullet, a powder charge and a primer, united by a sleeve.
They are subdivided: according to the nature of the action of the bullet - with ordinary and special bullets (single and combined action); depending on the type of weapon in which they are used, on a pistol (revolver), machine gun, rifle and large-caliber.
Engineering ammunition - means of engineering weapons containing explosives and pyrotechnic compositions; mines, charges (demining, demining) and explosives.
Nuclear ammunition is designed to destroy critical targets. They are in service with the missile forces, aviation, navy, in the US Army, in addition, artillery and engineering units. These include the head (combat) parts of missiles, aerial bombs, artillery shells, torpedoes, depth charges and engineering mines equipped with nuclear charges.
Chemical Ammunition (foreign) is equipped with poisonous substances (S) of various persistence and toxicity and is intended for the destruction of enemy manpower, contamination of weapons, military equipment, food, water and terrain. These include chemical artillery and rocket projectiles, mines, aerial bombs, elements of missile warheads and aircraft clusters, land mines, etc.
Biological Ammunition (foreign) is equipped with biological (bacterial) agents and is intended to destroy people, animals and plants.
Depending on the method of transferring a biological formulation to a combat state, there are: explosive ammunition; with mechanical opening; devices that convert a biological formulation into an aerosol state under the influence of an air flow or pressure of inert gases.
Special ammunition is used to smoke and illuminate the area, deliver propaganda literature, facilitate zeroing, target designation, etc.
These include: smoke, sighting and target designation, lighting, tracer, propaganda shells (mines, bombs), lighting and signal cartridges, etc.
The fundamental difference between special ammunition is that their internal cavity is filled not with an explosive charge, but with smoke, lighting, tracer compounds, leaflets. They also have fuses (tubes) and expelling or small explosive charges to open the case in the air or when hitting an obstacle.
Signal and lighting cartridges are shots that eject shells with a pyrotechnic composition (stars), when burned, colored lights (smoke) are formed as signals, or white (yellow) fire to illuminate the area.
Special ammunition is widely used to support combat operations.
Weapon caliber the diameter of the bore of a firearm (for rifled weapons in the USSR and a number of countries it is determined by the distance between opposite fields of rifling; in the USA, Great Britain and other countries by the distance between rifling), as well as the diameter of the projectile (mines, bullets) according to its largest cross section.
The caliber of a weapon is usually expressed in linear units: inches (25.4 mm), lines (2.54 mm), mm. In the XVI-XIX centuries. the caliber of the weapon was determined by the mass of the cannonball (for example, a 12-pound cannon).
Gun caliber is sometimes specified in hundredths (US) or thousandths (UK) of an inch. For example, .22 (5.6 mm), .380 (9 mm).
Often the caliber of a weapon is used to express so-called relative values, such as barrel length. The caliber of hunting rifles is indicated by the number of ball bullets cast from one English pound (453.6 g) of lead;
The caliber of an aviation bomb is its mass in kg.
clearance
Anti-personnel mine POM-2.
The POM-2 anti-personnel mine is designed to mine the area against enemy manpower. She is
consists of a combat element, a glass, an ejection device and a stabilizer unit. mine body
metal.
Mine weight, kg - 1.16
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
diameter - 63
height - 180
Number of target sensors, pcs - 4
The length of the target sensor thread, m - 10
Trigger force, kgf - 0.3
Radius of continuous defeat, m - 16
Long-range cocking time, s - 50
Installation method - PKM, VSM-1, UMZ, ASM
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Cassette KPOM-2 with anti-personnel fragmentation mines POM-2.
The KPOM-2 cassette is intended for the installation of POM-2 anti-personnel mines using the mining system
VSM-1, universal minelayer UMP or portable mining kit PKM. in cassette
a block with four mines, an expelling charge and an EKV-30 electrocapsule sleeve were placed. Cassette closed
lid and sealed.
The electrocapsular sleeve, when a current pulse is applied to it, ignites the charge. When triggered
charge block with mines is fired from the cassette. After the opening of the block and the fall of mines on the ground, fuses
mines are transferred to combat position.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
The number of mines in the cassette, pcs - 4
Mines mass, kg - 1.6
Mass of explosive, kg - 0.14
The mass of the cassette with mines, kg - 9.6
Weight of packaging with cassettes, kg - 48
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm - 180x63
Radius of continuous mine destruction, m - 16
Self-liquidation time, h - 4-100
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Cassette KSF-1S with high-explosive anti-personnel mines PFM-1S.
Cassette KSF-1C is designed for storage, transportation and installation of minefields for helicopter
VSM-1 mining system and PKM portable mining kit. It consists of a glass
an EKV-30M electrocapsule screwed into it, inside which an expelling powder charge is placed,
piston, separating charge.
When an electrical impulse is applied to the electrocapsule sleeve, an expelling charge and blocks with
mines are fired from the cassette. After the blocks were opened and the mines fell on the ground, mine fuses
transferred to a combat position.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
The number of mines in the cassette, pcs - 64
Mine weight, kg - 0.08
Mass of explosive, kg - 0.04
The mass of the cassette with mines, kg - 9.2
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm - 119x64x20
Overall dimensions of the cassette, mm - 480x140
Overall dimensions of the package, mm - 729x429x400
Self-liquidation time, h - 1-40
Number of cassettes in a package, pcs - 4
Warranty period of storage, years - 10
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel mine MON-200.
Anti-personnel fragmentation mine MON-200 of directed destruction is intended for mining
and the front wall in one row there are 900 ready-made fragments of a cylindrical shape. Between the partition
and the back wall - an explosive charge. Anti-personnel fragmentation mine MON-200 using
aiming direction.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines weight, kg - 25
Mass of explosive, kg - 12
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
diameter - 434
height - 130
Number of fragments, pcs - 900
The width of the zone of continuous destruction at a distance of 200 meters, m - 10.5-14.5
Explosive means - EDP-r
Installation method - manually
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel mine MON-100.
Anti-personnel fragmentation mine MON-100 of directed destruction is intended for mining
terrain against the manpower of the enemy. It consists of a body equipped with an explosive charge.
substances and finished fragments. The body of the mine is stamped from sheet steel. Front and back walls
have a conical shape and are connected by seaming. In the center of the front wall there is a threaded ignition
socket for an electric detonator. The volume inside the case is divided into two parts by a partition. Between the partition
and the front wall in one row there are 400 ready-made fragments of a cylindrical shape. Between the partition
and the back wall - an explosive charge. Anti-personnel fragmentation mine MON-100 using
devices are installed in the right place and aimed at the intended target. When an impulse is given
current through the wires, an electric detonator explodes and causes a mine to explode, while the fragments fly into
aiming direction.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines weight, kg - 5
Mass of explosive, kg - 2
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
diameter - 236
height - 82.5
Number of fragments, pcs - 400
The width of the zone of continuous destruction at a distance of 100 meters, m - 6.5-9.5
Explosive means - EDP-r
Installation method - manually
explosive and ready fragments.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines weight, kg - 12.1
Mass of explosive, kg - 6.2
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
length - 345
width - 153
height - 202
Number of fragments, pcs - 2000
The width of the zone of continuous destruction at a distance of 90 meters, m - 60
Explosive medium:
in a stand-alone version - fuses MVE-92, MVE-NS
Installation method - manually
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel mine MON-50.
terrain against the manpower of the enemy. It consists of a plastic case equipped with a charge
explosive and ready fragments. The kit includes: mine MON-50 inconclusively
equipped, electric detonator EDP-r (EDP) or fuse MD-5M, clamp, box for explosives, two
bushings for fastening the EAF in the socket and a carrying bag.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines mass, kg - 2
Mass of explosive, kg - 0.7
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
length - 226
width - 66
height - 155
Number of fragments, pcs - 485
The width of the zone of continuous destruction at a distance of 50 meters, m - 45
Explosive medium:
in a controlled version - electric detonators EDP, EDP-r
in a standalone version - fuses MVE-72, MVE-NS, VZD-3M
Installation method - manually
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel fragmentation mine OZM-72.
The anti-personnel fragmentation jumping mine OZM-72 of circular destruction is intended for
mining terrain against enemy manpower. It consists of a guide cup, steel
body, explosive charge, expelling charge and percussion mechanism. The kit includes:
mine, incompletely equipped, fuse MUV-3 or MUV-4, detonator cap, cable with a carbine, two
wire extensions, a pin mechanism and a nylon tape 0.8 meters long.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines weight, kg - 5
Mass of explosive, kg - 0.66
Mass of expelling charge (smoky powder), kg - 0.007
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
diameter - 108
height (without fuse) - 172
The height of the gap above the soil surface, m - 0.6-0.9
Number of finished fragments, pcs - 2400
Radius of continuous defeat, m - 25
Fuze type - contact mechanical (MUV-3, MUV-4) or electromechanical MVE-72, MVE-NS
Installation method - manually
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel high-explosive mine PMN-4.
Anti-personnel high-explosive mine PMN-4 is designed to mine the area against manpower
enemy. It consists of a plastic case, an explosive charge, a pressure sensor and
built-in fuse with a hydromechanical long-range cocking mechanism.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Mines mass, kg - 0.3
Mass of explosive, kg - 0.05
The mass of the package with mines, kg - 28
Overall dimensions of the mine, mm
diameter - 95
height - 42
Actuation force, kgf - 5-15
Long-range cocking time, s - 60-2400
The damaging effect - interrupts the foot of a person's foot
Installation method - manually
Engineering weapons. Russian mining equipment and
clearance
Anti-personnel high-explosive mine PMN-2.
Anti-personnel high-explosive mine PMN-2 is designed to mine the area against manpower
Preface.
More than once or twice over the past twenty or thirty years, our mass media, especially television, have hysterically informed the broad masses about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly find”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military campus, at the site of the exercise), etc. etc. shells, rockets, mines. Very willingly and in detail, television shows these “terrible finds”, interviews excited inhabitants, stigmatizes “criminals in uniform”, demands an investigation of “flagrant bungling” and severe punishment of those responsible. By the way, for some reason, former students (mostly from Moscow) who have received a minimum of military training in military departments, but who consider themselves major experts in military affairs, are especially excited.
And every time, my eye habitually fixes with boredom the white stripes on the shells of the mines, the distinct inscriptions “inert”, the black color of the “unexploded” shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, a laptop (faulty).
From the author. In general, having looked at the lands belonging to the Armed Forces for their purposes in the nineties, Russian businessmen, and even ordinary citizens, launched an active campaign to seize from the Ministry of Defense “the huge territories of incredibly large military training grounds unjustifiably occupied by the military department.” Have achieved. We have achieved a lot. Especially during the reign of Marshal Taburetkin. What people just don’t understand or don’t want to understand is that the lands where the military has been shooting, throwing bombs, blowing up for many decades, are littered with an indefinable amount of unexploded ordnance and will never (NEVER) become safe.
And this is inevitable. This is just as inevitable as what a person always leaves behind in any kind of his activity.
Year after year, grenades, shells, bombs will crawl out of the ground in gardening associations, construction sites of cottages, as if from the underworld. And the kids will find them in the polygon forests and berry fields. With how many lives people will pay for their stupidity, only God knows.
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from really dangerous combat mines, charges, fuses. Maybe then someone will not have to, leaving an exciting mushroom picking or throwing a rake, grabbing their children in an armful, rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or vice versa, you don’t have to put your life in mortal danger, bringing home a small elegant gray shell with black letters (it’s a sin to hide, it happens that the shell doesn’t fly where it’s supposed to, and the valiant army happens to lose entire rockets).
End of preface.
Painting of engineering ammunition.
Engineer mines and other engineering ammunition may have any color that is considered appropriate for a given product. Engineering munitions, in contrast to artillery, aviation and navy munitions, do not have a specially established identification coloration.
Typically, anti-tank mines are painted green, which ranges from dark green to olive green. However, there are mines painted in various shades of gray-yellow, beige. Usually these are mines intended for export to Africa, the Middle East.
Anti-personnel mines are distinguished by a variety of colors and it is impossible to say anything definite here.
TNT sticks are usually wrapped in waxed paper in red, gray, grey-blue, green, and other similar colors.
Industrial demolition charges are usually painted olive green or light gray (globular).
Fuzes, detonators usually have the color of bare metal (copper, brass, aluminum, steel), since they are usually not painted at all.
The most significant thing is that it is impossible to distinguish combat, training and practical (imitation) engineering ammunition from each other by color. And therefore, it is impossible to distinguish a dangerous find from a completely harmless one by color.
It is possible to distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition only by marking.
Marking of engineering ammunition.
Capsule detonators, electric detonators, fuses.
* Combat (i.e. dangerous in terms of explosion) markings, as a rule, do not have.
* Training (inert) - white stripe;
*Practical (imitation) - red stripe.
Explosive training aids are filled with inert materials similar to combat materials in color, density and consistency and are completely safe to handle.
Practical fuses are intended for initiation of practical imitation explosive charges, min. When triggered, they give out a flash of flame from which the pyrotechnic composition of a practical engineering ammunition lights up. That, in turn, imitates an explosion with a flash of flame or smoke with colored smoke.
It is impossible to suffer much from them, but it is possible to get injured.
From the author. In general, according to safety regulations, all types of engineering ammunition should be treated as combat. And this is not only in order to accustom trainees to unconditionally correct actions. In the author's practice, there was a case when in the OZM-3 training mine (there was a white strip on the body, as it should be), the expelling powder charge turned out to be real. In the classroom, he worked and planted a mine. Thankfully, no one was hurt. But this mine came from the factory. Someone's negligence could lead to serious consequences.
And further. These beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes make you want to turn them in your hands, sort them out, play with them, children often take them in their mouths. The result of the explosion of such a product in the hands is three severed fingers and a gouged eye, sometimes both (standard!).
The fuses are small.
These include fuses of the MUV type (MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4), VPF, PV-42, VZD-3M, VZD-1M and the like. They do not contain any explosive materials. Therefore, they may not have any designations, letters, numbers or colored stripes. Or, on the case, the code (designation) of the product can be embossed or squeezed out.
On the cases of products, the markings defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering ammunition. Book one." Marking can be embossed (extruded) or applied with black paint.
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)*
*lower line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
From the author. The manufacturer's code is most often a group of two or three digits. But it's not a factory number. Sometimes there is a combination of letters or even a conventional sign (usually two or three intertwined rings). The manufacturer code changes periodically.
So trying to find out by the cipher where the fuse was made is a completely pointless exercise. This can only be done by people working in the GRAU who have the appropriate tables in their safes.
No colored stripes or rings are applied to such fuses.
Fuses and explosive mechanisms.
These are rather large products, which, as a rule, have initiating, and often high explosives, inside.
They are marked with the markings specified in Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one." Marking is applied with black paint. Less often knocked out (squeezed out in metal).
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)
*the second line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
*the third line is the cipher of the explosive in the fuse. If structurally (!) the fuse does not contain initiating and / or blasting explosives, then the third line in the marking is missing.
This does not apply to training fuses, on which either a white stripe or the inscription “inert” is required in the third line.
In the photo on the right: Training (inert) fuse for the TM-62 mine.
*U-MVCh-62 - means the code of the product (training fuse type MVCh-62)
*42-M - means the manufacturer's code
*30 - indicates that the fuse from the batch number 30
*90 - indicates that the fuse was released in 1990
*a white stripe in place of the BB code indicates that this fuse is inert and does not contain any explosive materials.
In some cases, if the fuse has an individual number, then its number is given above the line indicating the product code.
In the picture on the left: VZMU-S fuse. The number 199 is visible above the product code. This is the individual number of the fuse.
In some cases, most often in relation to training and practical fuses, additional explanatory inscriptions may be applied in the marking (“inert”, “inert”, “”practical”, “practical”, etc.).
In the picture on the left, examples of the designation of the manufacturer's code.
From the author. Such hieroglyphic ciphers of the manufacturer began to appear in the seventies and I must say that not from a great mind. After all, for the most part, in practical work, a sapper only needs to know the code (designation) of the product itself and what kind of explosive it is equipped with. All other data is only needed by investigators in case of incidents related to the theft of engineering ammunition or accidents (explosions). Well, what is it like for an investigator to ask the SMI or GRAU about who made this or that product? If there are numbers and letters, then everything is easy and simple to transfer by any means and through any communication channels, to fix on paper. But how to display this hieroglyph, say, in the protocol of the inspection of the scene?
Engineering mines.
Marking, defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one."
Marking is applied on light surfaces with black, and on dark surfaces with white resistant paint. The place of marking is not strictly regulated. Usually this is the side or top surface. Rarely, but there is a marking applied to the lower surface.
Marking includes:
Line 1 - individual item number (if assigned).
Line 2 - code (designation) of the product.
Line 3 - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the third group of characters - the year of manufacture of this batch of ammunition
Line 4 - the code of the explosive of the main charge.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking an anti-tank mine:
*TM-62P - product code, i.e. This is an anti-tank mine of the TM-62P brand.
*ZP - manufacturer's code.
*53 – batch number min.
*68 - year of manufacture of the batch of min.
*white stripe in place of the BB code - the mine is filled with inert material instead of explosives.
The most widely used explosive codes are:
| TNT | T |
| RDX | G or A-IX-I |
| A mixture of TNT with RDX, 50% each | TG-50 |
| A mixture of 30% TNT and 70% RDX | TG-30 |
| A mixture of TNT, RDX and aluminum | TGA |
| marine mix | MS |
| Plastic Explosive (Plastite-4) | PVV-4 |
| Tetryl | tetra |
| Pentrite (ten) | TN |
| Ammonite with 50% TNT | A-50 |
| Ammonite with 20% TNT | A-80 |
| inert substance | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
| inert substance | INERT |
| Simulant (flash, smoke) | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
In the picture on the right: an example of the marking of a POM-2R anti-personnel mine.
On the bodies of inert mines, a white strip in place of the BB code can be supplemented or replaced by the inscription “INERT”, “INERT,”. The same inscription can be duplicated on other mine surfaces.
In addition to the prescribed markings, there may be different letters, numbers, signs in various places on the mine body. These are the technological marks of the manufacturer (quality control stamp, workshop number, shift number, rejection stamp, foreman's mark, warehouse marks, packer's marks, etc.). Their number, location is not regulated in any way, and these marks are needed only by the plant at the time of manufacture.
Explosive charges of industrial manufacture.
The marking is completely similar to the marking of engineering mines and is subject to the same rules.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking a concentrated charge of industrial production SZ-3A.
It should be noted that the above-described marking rules for engineering ammunition are not strictly observed by the industry. Readers familiar with them firsthand must have encountered numerous deviations from the prescribed rules. For example, the marking can be embossed on the body, can be scattered in different places (code on one side, BB code on the other, and the line of the batch, factory and year in general from the bottom. Also, the marking can be duplicated on two surfaces of the ammunition.
capping.
For cardboard boxes in which small-sized products (blasting caps, electric detonators, fuses, fuses) are placed, there are no strict marking rules. As a rule, marking in typographical font on paper labels pasted on the box.
The label usually contains:
*Code (designation) of products in the box.
*Number of items in a box.
*Batch number.
*Year or date of manufacture.
*Name or stamp of the packer,
* Surname or stamp of the controller (technical control department.
In the photo on the right: Examples of marking cardboard closures for small products.
Larger engineer ammunition is usually packed in wooden boxes, usually painted dark green, less often unpainted. On the side end wall is applied with black paint, the marking is applied with black or white paint, depending on which color is more distinguishable against the coloring background.
Mandatory markings for ammunition boxes:
* the top row is the code of products and their number in the box,
* 2 row - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the first group of characters - the code of the manufacturer,
- the second group of characters - the number of the ammunition lot,
- the third group of characters is the year of manufacture of this batch.
* 3rd row - code of explosives used in ammunition,
*4 row - gross weight of the box.
On boxes with training (inert) ammunition, a white stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
On boxes with practical (imitation ammunition) a red stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
If the box contains products of different names, then the marking is applied for each name, and the marking for each name is done in the bottom line.
In addition to the mandatory military marking, boxes may have markings determined by departmental rules and regulations. for example, signs of the category of explosion and fire hazard, transport capacity, special marks such as “When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here”, “Afraid of dampness”, “Do not tilt”, “Flammable cargo”.
Literature
1. Guide to demolition work. Start approved. eng. Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense 27.07.67. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
2. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
3. Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
4. B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
5. B.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of the engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
The armed forces of the Russian Federation were created taking into account the situation in the world that developed after the collapse of the USSR. In addition to combined arms, there are also special troops that solve their combat missions using special equipment. In the engineering troops, special equipment is engineering ammunition. Their use during combat operations inflicts serious losses on the enemy. You will learn more about engineering ammunition from our article.
Acquaintance
Engineering ammunition is a special means of engineering weapons, but many confuse them with combat. Engineers are equipped with explosives and pyrotechnic compositions. According to the existing classification, engineering munitions are represented by blasting devices, demolition or elongated charges, engineering mines, mine fuses and demining charges. With the help of the latter, the military is laying passages in mined areas.
About explosives
With the help of engineering ammunition of this group, the military initiates charges in explosives and engineering mines. Specialists of the engineering troops have to deal with electric igniters, electric detonators, detonating and igniter cords, incendiary pipes, fuses and mine fuses.
About demolition charges
This type of engineering ammunition of the Armed Forces is a structurally designed explosives produced by the country's military industry. According to experts, when designing engineering ammunition, such parameters as the volume and mass of explosives (explosives) are taken into account. Depending on the form, they are concentrated, elongated and cumulative. Mostly, the charges are equipped with special nests for explosives, devices and devices with the help of which engineering ammunition is transferred and attached to objects.
About engineering mines
In the depots of engineering ammunition there are special explosive charges, which are structurally combined with devices designed to activate them. Such special charges are also called engineering mines. They can be of three types: high-explosive, fragmentation and cumulative. With their help, the military equips mine-explosive barriers. Depending on the purpose, mines are anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-amphibious and special. Antiamphibious is installed under water at a depth of two meters in coastal areas. Its goal is floating military equipment and landing enemy ships.
With the help of an anti-tank engineering mine, tanks and other armored vehicles are destroyed or disabled. The design of an engineering mine contains an explosive and a fuse. The explosive charge affects the manpower of the enemy or objects are destroyed. In Russia, engineering mines are filled with HMX, RDX, TNT or nitroglycerin gunpowder. These substances are very powerful and inexpensive to manufacture.
About the mine fuse
It is a special device equipped with all fuse elements. The only exception is the detonator cap, or fuse.
With its help, the explosion of explosives is initiated. Mine fuses can be mechanical, electrical and electromechanical. According to experts, in order to ensure safety during the transportation of engineering ammunition and their operation, these devices are equipped with special elements. In order for the mine to explode, an impact is required, for example, it is enough to press it. Such mines are considered contact mines. This category also includes engineering ammunition with tension, unloading and breaking action. The group of non-contact mines is represented by magnetic, seismic, acoustic, etc.
On the storage of engineering ammunition
Given the high efficiency of engineering munitions, their handling implies certain limitations. For example, throws and strikes are very undesirable, so those who install them on an object that needs to be blown up are advised not to make efforts. This recommendation is also applicable in cases where it is necessary to remove the fuse, fuse and detonator cap from engineering ammunition. In engineering ammunition, it is forbidden to dismantle the case and get the explosive. According to experts, it may happen that an engineering mine is discovered by a civilian. If this happens, then it is impossible to carry out the neutralization and dismantling of engineering ammunition on your own. After discovering the find, you should immediately contact law enforcement agencies. In order to prevent unplanned detonation, engineer ammunition is stored and transported separately from fuses and blasting caps. They must not be set on fire or exposed to high temperatures.
Foreword.
The term "mine" in military terminology has existed for a very long time. Professor V.V. Yakovlev in his book "The History of Fortresses" points out that initially this term was used as far back as 300-400 years BC to denote digging under the walls and towers of fortresses with the aim of collapsing, collapsing the latter into an empty space (horn), arranged at the end of the underground gallery.
Later, the term "mine" denoted a powder charge laid in a tunnel under a fortress wall or tower. So, with several mines during the assault on the fortress of Kazan in 1552, Russian troops managed to make gaps in the fortress wall, which predetermined the success of the assault.
So gradually this term was finally fixed to designate an explosive charge that was not thrown like a projectile, structurally combined with explosive means and intended to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, and equipment.
With the advent of sea mines designed to disable enemy ships, and especially with the invention of a self-propelled mine (torpedo), a condition was added to the definition of the concept of "mine" - "delivered to the target not with the help of artillery guns."
In modern conditions, with the development of remote mining systems, when a mine or several mines are delivered to the installation site, including in the case of artillery shells, the wording "... delivered to the target not with the help of artillery pieces" is outdated.
The concept of "mine" (the term "engineering mine" has begun to be used more and more often) should be understood as
"... an explosive charge, structurally combined with blasting means, designed to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, equipment and driven by the victim himself (a person, tank, machine) on blasting means (target sensor), or driven by action with the help of a certain type of command (radio signal, electrical impulse, hourly retarder, etc.)".
However, this definition of the term "mine" is rather vague, incomplete and somewhat contradictory.
In the first third of the 20th century, the term "mine" acquired another meaning. So they began to call, in general, an ordinary artillery shell fired from a specific type of artillery gun - a mortar. The whole difference between a mortar and a conventional artillery gun such as a cannon or howitzer is that it is smooth-bore and throws its projectiles (mines) along a very steep trajectory. A mortar mine differs from a cannon or howitzer shell only in its appearance and the way the powder charge is placed. In all other respects, the action of a mortar mine on a target is similar to the action of other types of projectiles (we will not go into subtleties).
Where this meaning of the term "mine" came from is not known for certain. The author offers his 
version, but emphasizes that this is only a version and does not consider that this is the ultimate truth.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, during the defense of the Port Arthur fortress, the Russians began to use sea mines rolling down the gutters to repel Japanese attacks on mountain positions. Then they began to use shipborne torpedo tubes on land to fire warheads of self-propelled sea mines (torpedoes) from mountainous positions down the Japanese. Then Captain Gobyato created an explosive charge, housed in a tin cone-shaped case. These charges were mounted on a wooden rod, which in turn was inserted into the 47 mm barrel. guns. The shot was fired with a cannon blank powder charge at the maximum turn of the barrel up. This projectile, by analogy with the sea mines already used for the same purpose, received the name "pole mine".
During the First World 
th war, the experience of Gobyato was remembered and the modified mines of Gobyato were widely used. True, at that time these guns were called bombers, and their shells were called bombs.
During the revival of this type of weapon in the thirties, the terms "bomb" and "bomb thrower" were considered not very suitable, because. these two words are already firmly entrenched in aviation (air bomb) and the navy (depth charge, bomb bomb). They remembered the name mortar and mine. So this term was fixed in its second meaning.
From the author. However, in English, German and most other languages, what we call a mortar is called differently - "mortar" (Moertel, the mortar, mortier, malta, mortero, ...). In my opinion, the term "mortar" is more suitable for this type of artillery system
So, the term "mine" is used in our country today in two meanings - a mine, as an artillery shell, and a mine, as an engineering ammunition. Often, to distinguish what exactly is being discussed in this context, the clarifying terms "engineering mine", "mortar mine" are used. Below in the text we will talk about the classification of engineering mines only.
End of preface.
There is no single legally approved or standardized classification of engineering mines. In any case, in the Soviet (Russian) Army. There are several generally accepted types of classification, depending on the criterion (principle) by which groups of mines are divided in this type of classification:
1. By purpose.
2. According to the method of causing harm by this type of mine.
3. According to the degree of controllability of the mine.
4. According to the principle of the target sensor used.
5. By the shape, direction and size of the affected area.
6. According to the method of delivery to the place of application (installation method).
7.By the type of explosive used in the mine.
8. By neutralization and recoverability.
9. By the presence of self-destruction or self-neutralization systems.
10. By the time of arming.
The first type of classification is considered to be the main one.
By purpose, mines are divided into three main groups:
I. Anti-tank.
II. Anti-personnel.
III. Special:
1.Anti-vehicle:
a) anti-train (railway);
b) anti-car (road);
c) anti-aircraft (aerodrome);
2. Anti-landing;
3.Objective;
4.Signal;
5. Traps (surprises);
6.Special.
In some Guides, Instructions, mines are divided by purpose not into three main groups, but into eight (anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-vehicle, anti-amphibious, object, signal, traps, special). The author believes that the division into three groups is still more correct. The fact is that military personnel of all branches of the armed forces (motorized riflemen, tankers, artillerymen, paratroopers, etc.) must be able to use anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, and only sappers work with all other mines.
Basically, all types of mines can be produced in three main modifications - combat, training, training and simulation (practical).
In order not to confuse the reader, let's consider the main groups of mines in their other types of classification.
I. Anti-tank mines designed to destroy or remove 
from the ranks of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. They can also hit unarmored vehicles, and in some cases people, although the latter is not included in the scope of the tasks of this type of mine, but is a side, random result.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-tank mines are:
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the tank);
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse).
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, and it is not necessary that the operation of the target sensor cause the mine to explode. The operation of one target sensor may be aimed at activating the second stage sensor. For example, in a mine of the TM-83 type, the seismic target sensor, when a tank enters the zone of its activity, only turns on a thermal sensor, which, when the tank acts on it, already causes a mine explosion.
Typically, the stepwise use of sensors is aimed at saving the resource of the main target sensor or power supply.
There are target sensors with multiplicity elements. Such a sensor initiates a mine only on the second or subsequent impact of the target on the mine. For example, the fuse MVD-62 of the Soviet mine TM-62, which works only when it is hit a second time. Moreover, no more than 1 second should elapse between pressing. Or the No.5 Mk 4 fuse of the Mk7 English mine, which only works when it is hit a second time.
According to the method of causing harm, anti-tank mines are divided into:
- anti-track (destroy the tracks of the caterpillar, the wheel and thereby deprive the tank of mobility);
- anti-bottom (pierce the bottom of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members);
- anti-aircraft (pierce the side of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members).
- anti-roof (hit the tank from above).
According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines are divided into unguided and guided. As a rule, in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching the target sensor from the control panel to a combat or safe position by the operator. Control can be carried out via a command radio link or via a wired line. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their tanks, they are not undermined, and enemy tanks, on the contrary. The controllability of anti-tank mines in the sense of detonating mines by the operator when the tank is in the affected area is not currently used.
According to the method of installation of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:
As a rule, most types of anti-tank mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:
Both of these terms are quite similar to each other, but they do not mean the same thing.
Neutralization consists in the ability to transfer the mine fuse to one of two positions - safe or combat (it does not matter - by removing the fuse from the mine or using a switch, safety checks, etc.).
Retrievability is the ability to remove the mine from the installation site. If the mine is not recoverable, then when you try to remove it, it will explode.
According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with chemical explosives. Anti-tank mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
II. anti-personnel mines designed to destroy or disable enemy personnel. How 
as a rule, these mines are unable to cause significant damage to enemy tanks, armored vehicles and vehicles. The maximum is to damage the car wheel, trim, glass, radiator.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-personnel mines are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered when a person's leg sensor is pressed);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil when a person moves);
-thermal action (the operation of a mine occurs when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has).
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two or three target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.
According to the method of causing harm to PP, mines are divided:
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet that pierces the foot of the foot).
According to the degree of controllability, PP mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of PP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when enemy soldiers are in the mine's affected area. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their soldiers, they are not undermined, and the enemy soldiers, on the contrary.
According to the method of installing PP mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most types of PP mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of PP mines are divided into:
- retrievable non-neutralized,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all PP mines are mines with a chemical explosive. PP mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
PP mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
PP mines are divided into two main groups according to the time they are brought into combat position -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
III-1. Anti-vehicle mines designed to destroy or disable vehicles 
enemy moving along transport routes (roads, railways, parking lots, runways and platforms, taxiways of airfields). Anti-tank mines disable both unarmored and armored vehicles. These mines are not intended to destroy or injure personnel, although very often damage to vehicles leads to the simultaneous defeat of personnel.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-vehicle mines are:
-pressure action (triggered by pressing the target sensor with a caterpillar, a car wheel);
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the vehicle;
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the vehicle engine noise level is exceeded).
According to the method of causing harm to anti-tank missiles, mines are divided:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion - complete or partial destruction of the machine, the mover of the machine (wheels, tracks), etc.);
fragmentation (inflict damage on the vehicle with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows);
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet or impact core).
According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of anti-tank mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the zone of destruction of the mine.
According to the method of installation of anti-tank mines, mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-tank mines, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with a chemical explosive. There are no anti-vehicle mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives in any of the armies of the world.
Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
Features of the design of anti-vehicle mines allows the use of many of them as multi-purpose mines.. As a rule, as objective mines, i.e. mines that explode after a certain specified period of time. Or exploded by the operator from the control panel via a command wire or radio link.
III-2. Anti-amphibious mines designed to disable or destroy enemy watercraft (boats, 
boats, pontoons, floating machines) when these watercraft are moving on the water. The destruction or injury of personnel for this type of mine is a side, secondary result of the operation of the mine.
According to the type of target sensor, PD mines are:
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal of the vessel's hull);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the noise level of the propeller of the craft is exceeded);
-contact action (the operation of a mine occurs when the hull of the craft comes into contact with the sensitive elements of the target sensor (antenna, rod, crumpled horn, etc.).
According to the method of causing harm to AP mines, as a rule, belong to one type:
- high-explosive (they inflict damage with a water hammer arising from the explosion of a mine charge - there is a violation of the tightness of the hull, a breakdown from the engine mount and equipment of the machine).
According to the degree of controllability, AP mines, like PT mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the target sensor distance to a combat or safe position, then some types of AP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the mine's strike zone. However, the author is not aware of any type of guided missile launcher currently in service anywhere.
According to the method of installation of PD mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed using mechanical means.
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As of 2013, the author is aware of one brand of anti-landing remotely placed mine. This is a Russian PDM-4.
By recoverability and neutralization, PD mines are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all PD mines are mines with a chemical explosive. Antiamphibious mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
PD mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
PD mines by the time they are brought into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
III-3. Object mines designed to destroy or remove from 
system, damage to various fixed or moving enemy objects (buildings, bridges, dams, locks, factory workshops, docks, stocks, road sections, moorings, oil and gas pipelines, water pumping stations, treatment facilities, large tanks with fuel and gas, fortifications , rolling stock, cars, armored vehicles, airfield facilities, power plant turbines, oil rigs, oil pumps, etc., etc.).
The destruction or incapacitation of personnel is usually an incidental, but not an accidental task of objective mines. And in a number of cases, the destruction or damage of an object is carried out with the aim of inflicting maximum losses on both personnel and combat and other equipment of the enemy. For example, the destruction of a dam as an object may have the goal of causing a wave of release and flooding of vast territories in order to destroy enemy personnel and disable his weapons.
Object mines usually do not have target sensors. The explosion is carried out after a predetermined period of time or by applying a control signal via wires or radio links.
According to the method of causing harm, OM are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion of a certain (often significant) amount of explosives);
According to the degree of controllability, OM are divided into:
-controlled (First type - the explosion is carried out by a signal by wire or radio. The second type - a timer (time counter) is activated by a control signal, which, after a predetermined or entered by a control signal period of time, will cause a mine explosion);
-unmanaged (explosion occurs after a specified period of time).
All OMs are installed only manually. By means of mechanization, only auxiliary work is carried out (extraction of pits, dressing of charging niches in the thickness of the object undermined, etc.). There are no remotely installed OMs yet, but it is possible to develop them and put them into service.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of OM, they are divided into: 
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, explosives are divided into:
- mines with chemical explosive;
- mines with a nuclear explosive (at present, such mines are probably in service with the US and British armies. There are no such mines in other countries.)
OM may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Moreover, a self-neutralization system is more often used, which does not explode a mine, but transfers it to a safe state.
OM by the time of bringing them into combat position are not divided into groups, but are brought into combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a specified period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance or to withdraw our troops from the given area (usually from 2 minutes up to 72 hours).
III-4. signal mines are not intended to destroy or damage anyone or anything. The task of the CM is to give out the presence of the enemy in a given place, to designate it, to draw attention to this place of its units.
In terms of size, characteristics, and installation methods, SMs are close to anti-personnel mines.
By type of target sensor, SM are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered by pressing the sensor of a person's leg, car wheel, tank caterpillar);
- tension action (the operation of the mine occurs when the wire sensor is pulled by the foot or body of a person);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body, the car body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil during the movement of a person or equipment);
-thermal action (the mine is triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body or from the engine of the car);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body or the body of the car obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has or the metal of the car body).
A combination of two, three or more target sensors is possible.
According to the method of causing harm (if I may say so), signal mines are divided:
- sound (when triggered, they emit loud sounds that can be heard at a considerable distance);
- light (when triggered, they give bright flashes of light, or a bright light burns for a certain time, or the mine throws up flares (stars);
- smoke (when triggered, a cloud of colored smoke is formed);
- combined (sound and light, sometimes smoke);
radio signal (transmit a detection signal to the control panel.
According to the installation method, signal mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most of the types of SM installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to recoverability and neutralization, SM are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
Signal mines do not have explosives; as a rule, they do not have self-destruction (self-neutralization) systems.
All signal mines, as a rule, are transferred to a combat position instantly after the removal of safety blocking devices
III-5. Booby traps (surprise mines) designed to be removed from 
formation or destruction of personnel, equipment, weapons, objects of the enemy; creating an atmosphere of nervousness, fear in the enemy ("minophobia"); deprivation of his desire to use local or abandoned (trophy) household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; suppression of enemy work on the neutralization of mines of other types, clearance of terrain or objects. As a rule, booby traps are triggered as a result of an attempt by the enemy to use household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; clear the area, objects, neutralize mines of other types.
MLs are divided into two main types:
- non-provoking (triggered when trying to use an object, neutralize a mine of a different type, etc.);
provocative (by its behavior, the ML induces the enemy to perform actions that will cause the mine to explode.
For example, when an enemy soldier enters a room, a provocative-type ML, designed in the form of a telephone, starts making phone calls, causing a person to want to pick up the phone, which in turn will cause a mine explosion). An example of a non-provocative type of ML is the MS-3 mine, which is installed under an anti-tank mine and is triggered when trying to remove anti-tank weapons from the installation site
The types of ML target sensors are diverse and are determined by the design features of each specific sample of a booby trap. Basically, they can be divided into the following types:
- responsive to switching on (triggered when you try to activate this sample of the device, device. For example, turn on the radio, start the car engine, cock the shutter or release the hook of the weapon, pick up the handset, light the gas stove);
- unloading action (triggered when trying to pick up an object, open a box, box, open a package, etc.);
- reacting to a change in the position of an object with a mine enclosed in it in space (tilt, move, rotate, lift, push, etc.);
-inertial action (triggered by a change in the speed of an object with a mine enclosed in it, i.e. at the initial moment of movement, acceleration, braking);
- photo actions (triggered when light is applied to the light-sensitive element. For example, when the electric lighting in the room is turned on or off; when a box or package is opened; when a camera flash lamp is fired, etc.);
- seismic action (triggered by vibration that occurs when the target approaches (man, machine, etc.));
-acoustic action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to sounds (human voice, engine noise, sounds of shots, etc.));
-thermal action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat (the heat of the human body, the motor of a car, a heating device, etc.));
- magnetic action (triggered when exposed to the magnetic fields of a car, metal that a person has, a mine detector, etc.));
- choric action (triggered when a certain value of the volume of a given room is reached. For example, a mine will explode only when at least a certain number of people gather in the room.);
-baric action (triggered when a certain ambient pressure is reached - air, water. For example, a mine will explode when the aircraft reaches a certain height.
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two to five target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.
According to the method of causing harm, MLs are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of the explosion - separation of limbs, destruction of the human body, etc.);
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet).
According to the installation method, booby traps are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
The main installation method is manual.
According to recoverability and neutralization, ML are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized,
- retrievable non-decontamination,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all MLs are mines with chemical explosives. Mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Booby traps may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system.
ML according to the time of bringing them into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours) or leave the area by our troops.
The use of booby-traps (min-surprises) is of a special, specific nature. These mines have been and are being used by all warring armies and armed groups, although to a rather limited extent. At the same time, as a rule, the use of ML by its own troops is carefully disguised (very often, including from its own military personnel of other branches of the military), and their use by the enemy is advertised and exaggerated in every possible way. This is due, firstly, to great difficulties in determining the moment when this mining can begin (otherwise, losses may be incurred by their own troops); secondly, it is usually impossible to determine subsequently the effectiveness of mining and the degree of harm to the enemy; thirdly, a significant part of such mines inflicts damage not on enemy soldiers, but on local residents, which in some cases is inexpedient; Fourthly, the majority of ML is adapted for use in populated areas, premises, facilities, and the bulk of the fighting is carried out in the field.
III-6. Special mines. This group includes mines that cannot be more or less clearly assigned to any of the 
the above. They are designed to harm the enemy in specific ways.
The following types of special mines are currently known:
- under ice (designed to destroy the ice cover of water bodies in order to exclude the crossing of enemy troops on ice);
-anti-mines (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine sensor is exposed to mine detector fields (magnetic, radio frequency, laser);
- anti-probe (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine probe sensor is touched);
- chemical land mines and mines (create a zone of contamination with chemical warfare agents when triggered);
- bacteriological (biological) (designed to infect the area with pathogens and create foci of epidemics of dangerous diseases of people and animals);
- fire bombs (when triggered, they inflict damage with burning oil products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), incendiary mixtures (napalm, pyrogel), solid incendiary substances or mixtures (termite, phosphorus);
- stone-throwing land mines (when triggered, they inflict defeat with stones thrown out by the force of an explosion of a conventional explosive);
- alloyed (discharged into the river upstream and explode upon contact with a bridge, dam, sluice, watercraft).
- self-propelled mines.
In other respects, special mines are close to anti-tank or anti-personnel mines.
Chemical mines and landmines are not currently in service anywhere in connection with the Chemical Weapons Treaty and their appearance in service in the future is highly doubtful. XM were in service with the armies of the United States and Great Britain, they were quite widely used by them in the Korean War of 1951-53, limitedly in the Vietnam War of 1966-75.
The existence of biological mines is theoretically possible, but the author does not know samples of such mines. Attempts to use bacteriological weapons (including mines) were made by the Japanese during the Second World War in the Pacific theater of operations, by the Americans in the Korean War of 1951-53, but no encouraging results were achieved. Also 
attempts were made by France during the war in Algeria in the fifties.
Fire, stone-throwing landmines are more often homemade. They are not in service anywhere as regular samples of mines.
The inclusion of anti-mine and anti-probe mines in the group of special mines is controversial. The author agrees with the opinion that these mines are more likely to be booby traps.
Self-propelled mines today are represented only by German self-propelled mines of the Goliath type from the Second World War.
There is also quite a lot of ammunition that is difficult to unequivocally attribute to mines. For example, a combined ZMG grenade-mine
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