The science of classifying animals is called systematics or taxonomy. This science determines the relationship between organisms. The degree of relationship is not always determined by external similarity. For example, marsupial mice are very similar to ordinary mice, and tupai are very similar to squirrels. However, these animals belong to different orders. But armadillos, anteaters and sloths, completely different from each other, are united in one squad. The fact is that family ties between animals are determined by their origin. By studying the structure of the skeleton and the dental system of animals, scientists determine which animals are closest to each other, and paleontological finds of ancient extinct animal species help to establish more accurately the relationship between their descendants. plays an important role in animal taxonomy genetics the science of the laws of heredity.

The first mammals appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago, having separated from the animal-like reptiles. The historical path of development of the animal world is called evolution. In the course of evolution, natural selection took place - only those animals survived that managed to adapt to environmental conditions. Mammals have developed in different directions, forming many species. It so happened that animals with a common ancestor at some stage began to live in different conditions and acquired different skills in the struggle for survival. Their appearance was transformed, from generation to generation, changes useful for the survival of the species were fixed. Animals whose ancestors looked the same relatively recently began to differ greatly from each other over time. Conversely, species that had different ancestors and passed through different evolutionary paths sometimes find themselves in the same conditions and, changing, become similar. Thus, unrelated species acquire common features, and only science can trace their history.

Classification of the animal world

The living nature of the Earth is divided into five kingdoms: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. Kingdoms, in turn, are divided into types. Exists 10 types Animals: sponges, bryozoans, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, coelenterates, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates. Chordates are the most advanced type of animal. They are united by the presence of a chord - the primary skeletal axis. The most highly developed chordates are grouped into the vertebrate subphylum. Their notochord is transformed into a spine.

kingdoms

Types are divided into classes. Total exists 5 classes of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles (reptiles) and mammals (animals). Mammals are the most highly organized animals of all vertebrates. All mammals are united by the fact that they feed their young with milk.

The mammal class is divided into subclasses: oviparous and viviparous. Oviparous mammals reproduce by laying eggs like reptiles or birds, but the young are suckled. Viviparous mammals are divided into infraclasses: marsupials and placentals. Marsupials give birth to underdeveloped cubs, which are carried for a long time in the mother's brood pouch. In placental, the embryo develops in the womb and is born already formed. Placental mammals have a special organ - the placenta, which exchanges substances between the mother's organism and the embryo during intrauterine development. Marsupials and oviparous do not have a placenta.

Animal types

Classes are divided into squads. Total exists 20 orders of mammals. In the subclass of oviparous - one order: monotremes, in the infraclass of marsupials - one order: marsupials, in the infraclass of placental 18 orders: edentulous, insectivorous, woolly wings, bats, primates, carnivores, pinnipeds, cetaceans, sirens, proboscis, hyraxes, aardvarks, artiodactyls, calluses, lizards, rodents and lagomorphs.

Mammal class

Some scientists distinguish an independent detachment of tupaya from the order of primates, a detachment of jumping birds is isolated from the order of insectivores, and predatory and pinnipeds are combined into one order. Each order is divided into families, families - into genera, genera - into species. In total, about 4,000 species of mammals currently live on earth. Each individual animal is called an individual.

The concept of animals includes the totality of all multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the Animal Kingdom that live on our planet. The animal world includes both wild individuals and domesticated ones. Man is also in the natural taxonomy of the fauna.

Animals can be divided into and . Vertebrates have a vertebra or vertebral column, and their number is less than 3% of all described species of fauna. They include: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The rest of the animals are invertebrates, which are characterized by the absence of a backbone. These include: shellfish (mussels, oysters, octopus, squid, snails); arthropods (centipedes, insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters, shrimps); annelids (earthworms, leeches), nematodes, flatworms (tapeworms), cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals), ctenophores and sponges. The study of animals is a science called.

The evolution of the animal world

Animal evolution is defined as: the gradual process by which a living organism becomes more complex (changes into a more complex or better form) in response to. The theory of animal evolution is currently the most popular concept of how the animal kingdom got to its current state.

In fact, the evolution of animals is accompanied by many contradictions and has several important components: natural selection, macroevolution and microevolution.

Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolution. It forces animals to adapt to environmental changes. Some evidence of natural selection has been seen in the nature of the world, but not to the extent that would change the species in any meaningful way. Every genetic mutation that science has observed, including changes in the form or function of an organism, has resulted in reduced fitness under certain conditions or even death. This means that the ecosystem is vulnerable to rapid change, as organisms that cannot adapt usually die.

No one questions the existence of microevolution. It is known that wolves, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, foxes and hundreds of different breeds of dogs had a common ancestor. These are variations of different species within the same canine family, and not upward evolution from simple to complex organisms, as Darwin's evolutionary theory suggests. Change is always in a downward trend and is limited by the genetic code (dogs don't grow wings or learn to fly). No new genetic information is added, it is always lost: the original canid ancestor had all the characteristics of different descendants, while the descendants themselves lost the same potential. Canids have split into many species, which in turn have become isolated gene pools.

While microevolution is well observed and documented, macroevolution is highly controversial. Macroevolution is the transition from one type of animal to another. It involves large or important changes in the basic functions of the body. This cannot happen during the lifetime of one organism, but is the result of a series of genetic mutations. Every genetic mutation associated with form or function observed in laboratories has either been fatal (crippling) or self-reversing. Macroevolution is the evolutionary explanation of how the billions of diverse species on Earth came into existence - variation from one species to another.

Evolution as the basic mechanism of biology has some serious drawbacks. The vast majority of animals are forced to suffer rather than benefit from mutations. The balance of terrestrial ecosystems, including relationships between animal species, is almost impossible to explain in an ever-changing view of evolution. In fact, evolution is no different from other philosophical or religious opinions about the origin of life. It can be supported by some facts and refuted by others. There are gaps in theory that are filled in by "assumptions".

Characteristic features of animals

The fauna has several features that distinguish its representatives from other living beings. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, and this separates them from bacteria and most protozoa. They are heterotrophs: as a rule, digestion of food occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, and this feature is not found in plants and algae. In addition, they differ from plants, algae, and fungi in that they lack rigid cell walls. All animals are mobile, at least at certain stages of life. In most species, the embryos go through the blastula stage, which is unique to animals.

multicellularity

Animals, by definition, are multicellular creatures, although the number of cells varies greatly between species. (For example, a roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, which is widely used in biological experiments, consists of exactly 1031 cells, no more and no less, while a person consists of trillions of cells). However, it is important to understand that animals are not the only multicellular organisms; this feature is also found in plants, fungi, and even some species of algae.

Structure of a eukaryotic cell

Perhaps the most important split in the history of life on Earth is the difference between and cells. Prokaryotic organisms lack cell nuclei and any membranous organelles, and are exclusively unicellular; For example, all bacteria are prokaryotes. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have well-defined nuclei and internal organelles (such as mitochondria), and are able to group together to form multicellular organisms. Although all animals are eukaryotes, not all eukaryotes are animals: this extremely diverse group also includes tiny marine ones.

Specialized Fabrics

One of the most remarkable features of animals is their specialized tissues. They include: nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial tissues. More advanced organisms exhibit even more specific levels of differentiation; for example, the various organs of our body are made up of liver cells, pancreatic cells, and dozens of other varieties. (The exceptions are sponges, which are technically animals but have little to no differentiated cells.)

sexual reproduction

Most animals participate in sexual reproduction: two individuals have a certain set of genetically determined traits (determining sex), thanks to which individuals combine their genetic information and produce offspring that carry the DNA of both parents. (Exception warning: there are animals, including some species of sharks, that reproduce asexually.) The benefits of sexual reproduction are enormous from an evolutionary standpoint: the ability to test different combinations of genomes allows animals to quickly adapt to new ones, and therefore there is a violation of competition with asexuals. organisms. Again, sexual reproduction is not limited to animals: it is also found in various plants, fungi, and even some very promising bacteria!

Stage of development of the blastula

When a male's sperm meets a female's egg, the result is a single cell called a zygote; after the zygote goes through several rounds of division, the morula stage begins. Only real animals survive the next stage: the formation of the blastula, when a hollow ball of several cells appears, surrounding an internal cavity of fluid. When the cells are enclosed in the blastula, they begin to differentiate into different types of specialized tissues, as described above.

Motility (ability to move around)

Fish swim, birds fly, dogs run, snails and snakes crawl - all animals are capable of movement at some stage in their life cycle. This evolutionary innovation allows animals to more easily conquer new ecological niches, chase prey, and evade predators. (Yes, some animals, such as sponges and corals, are virtually immobile when they are fully grown, but their larvae are able to move before they take root on the sea floor.) This is one of the key features that

Heterotrophy (ability to absorb food)

All living things require organic carbon for the functioning of basic life processes, including growth, development and reproduction. There are two ways to obtain carbon: from the environment (in the form of carbon dioxide, a freely available gas in the atmosphere) or by consuming other carbon-rich organisms. Living organisms that obtain carbon from the environment, such as plants, are called , while animals obtain carbon by absorbing other living organisms and are called heterotrophs. However, representatives of the fauna are not the only heterotrophs in the world, they include: all fungi, many and even some plants, at least in part.

Perfect nervous system

Have you ever seen a magnolia bush with eyes or a talking mushroom? Of all organisms on Earth, only mammals are sufficiently advanced to possess more or less acute senses, including sight, hearing, taste, smell, balance, and touch (not to mention the echolocation of dolphins and bats, or the ability of some fish and sharks sense magnetic impulses in the water using their "lateral lines"). These senses, of course, entail the existence of at least a rudimentary nervous system (as in insects and starfish), and in the most advanced animals, a fully developed brain - perhaps one of the key features that really sets animals apart from the rest.

Dimensions and habitat

Animals come in a wide variety of sizes, from microscopic, such as plankton, to gigantic, such as the blue whale. They inhabit virtually every habitat on the planet from the poles to the tropics and from mountain peaks to deep and dark ocean waters.

Classification of the animal world

In order for us to understand how all living organisms are interconnected, they were organized into different groups. The more features a group of animals shares, the more specific it is. Animals are given scientific names so that people around the world can identify them, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally represented in Latin).

Kingdom

All living organisms are first placed in different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists (single-celled organisms).

Type of

The animal kingdom is divided into 40 small groups known as phyla. Here the animals are grouped according to their main features. Each animal typically falls into one of the various types, which include:

• (Chordata);
• (Arthropoda);
• (Mollusca);
• (Echinodermata);
• (Cnidaria);
• (Annelida):
• (Porifera) etc.

Class

The type is then divided into even smaller groups known as classes. For example, the type of chordates ( Chordata), subtype of vertebrates ( Vertebrata) is subdivided into: mammals ( mammalia), ray-finned fish ( Actinopterygii), cartilaginous fishes ( Chondrichthyes), birds ( Aves), amphibians or amphibians ( Amphibia), reptiles or reptiles ( Reptilia) etc.

Detachment

Each class is again divided into small groups called squads. Mammal class ( mammalia) breaks up into different departments including: predators ( Carnivora), primates ( Primate), artiodactyls ( Artiodactyla), rodents ( Rodentia) etc.

Family

Within each order there are different families of animals that share very similar traits. For example, the detachment breaks up into families that include: felines ( Felidae), canids ( Canidae), bearish ( Ursidae), marten ( Mustelidae) etc.

Genus

Each family of animals is then divided into small groups known as genera. Each genus contains animals that share very similar traits and are closely related. For example, ( Felidae) includes genera such as: cats ( Felis) (including domestic cats); panthers ( Panthera) ( , and ); cougars ( Puma) (jaguarundis and cougars), etc.

View

Each individual species in the genus is named after its individual features and characteristics. Animal names are used in Latin so that they can be understood all over the world and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal would be the genus, and the second would be the specific species.

Example - Tiger

• Kingdom: Animals ( Animalia);
• Type: Chordates ( Chordata);
• Class: Mammals ( mammalia);
• Squad: Predators ( Carnivora);
• Family: Feline ( Felidae);
• Genus: Panthers ( Panthera);
• Species: Tiger ( Panthera tigris).

How many types of animals are on Earth?

Our planet has become home to a huge number of representatives of the fauna. Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to accurately estimate the number of animals. This is due to the fact that not all groups of animals received sufficient attention. For example, birds are the most studied group, while nematodes are considered poorly understood. The size of individuals and habitat also affect the ability to study in detail.

According to researchers, there are from 3 to 30 million animal species in the world, while about 97% are invertebrates (the largest group of invertebrates are insects), and 3% are vertebrates (of which the most famous are mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish and birds).

Animal world of the continents

Animals of Australia

Australia has become home to about 10% of our planet's biodiversity, making it one of the richest countries in the world, both in terms of fauna. Nearly 80% of the mainland's animals are endemic, meaning they are not found anywhere else in the world.

Asian animals

black-backed tapir

Asia is the largest part of the world in terms of area, in which various natural zones are found - from hot deserts to harsh ones. There are different conditions for the habitat of different species of animals, but from the side of humanity they are under serious threat.

Animals of Antarctica

emperor penguin

Antarctica is the coldest and most inhospitable part of the world. However, even here you can meet representatives of the animal world, which in most cases are migratory, since the conditions for life throughout the year are difficult here.

Animals of Africa

African elephant

Large continent through which the equator passes. It has an impact on diversity and fauna. Many endemic species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and invertebrates can be found on the mainland.

Animals of Europe

Brown bear

The fauna of Europe is not as rich as in other parts of the world. This is due to the fact that most of the mainland is located in a temperate climate zone, which does not contribute to significant biological diversity.

Animals of North America

Nine-banded armadillo

The continent of North America is located in the northern part of the Western Hemisphere. The fauna of the mainland, like his, has a significant similarity with Europe. Nevertheless, there are certain differences and features of the animal world of North America that characterize the fauna of the Motherland.

Animals of South America

giant anteater

The fauna of South America includes hundreds of thousands of species. This is due to the fact that the mainland has different natural and climatic zones - from glaciers to deserts. Many representatives of the fauna of the continent are endemic and are not found anywhere else in the world.

The role of the animal world

The significance of fauna in human life and nature is truly enormous. It is hard to imagine a world without animals. From dogs and cats to bees and butterflies, the animal kingdom includes millions of individuals. Even humans belong to this group. The life of every living being depends on some factors, and since animals form such a large group, their importance seems invaluable.

Ecological significance

Every form of life plays an important role in the Earth. For example, carnivores are a natural way of dealing with the population of herbivores in and around. If there were no predators, then the population of these artiodactyls could grow so strongly that they would destroy a significant area of ​​​​forests and grasslands in an attempt to feed themselves. In the same way, scavengers clear the ground of decaying carcasses.

Economic importance

The silkworm belongs to the phylum Arthropod of the Animal Kingdom. Silkworm silk (and in some cases man-made fibers) supports the silk industry, which has an annual commercial value of $200-500 million. The dairy, wool, leather and fish industries not only provide employment for millions of people, but also satisfy a number of human needs.

The nutritional value

Meat is an important source of proteins, which are the building blocks of our cells. Cow's milk is an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium. Honey, which is produced by bees, has not only a pleasant taste, but also a high nutritional value. It contains 80% carbohydrates, less than 20% water, and the rest consists of vitamins, minerals and trace elements.

Pollinators

Bees, bats and birds are important pollinators responsible for pollinating approximately 35% of the crops that provide humanity with food. Without these pollinators, the world's population would face acute food shortages.

Other uses

Medical research is one area in which animals play an important role. Dogs, monkeys and mice have been used as animal models for the detection of insulin, polio and rabies vaccines. Cosmetics are also tested on certain animals before being released to the market. This use of animals in research may seem cruel. Nevertheless, animals have played an important role in the development of medicines and treatments for humans, and steps are being taken to stop deliberate cruelty towards our smaller brothers. Some animals also act as companions for people with disabilities. Dogs are at the top of the list of service animals for the blind, the elderly and people with physical disabilities.

Animal protection

Animals in danger

About 100 years ago, most of the planet was inhabited by animals that had no contact with humans at all. However, with the development of technology and the ever-growing need for things such as wood, they have instilled in the fact that at present there are few areas in the world that are inaccessible to people. Due to the expansion of the human population, both the natural habitats of many animals and the representatives of the wild are disappearing. This problem has devastating consequences and many species of fauna are forced to rely on the help of people to survive. The introduction of certain species of animals into remote areas by humans has a huge impact on the environment. In many parts of the world, the introduction of domestic animals such as cats, dogs and goats has a detrimental effect on local flora and fauna.

IUCN Red List

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was founded by the UN in the 1940s to monitor the condition of all living organisms on Earth. Part of his job is to compile the Red List of Threatened Species, which draws on information provided by thousands of scientists from around the world. Today, the Red List shows that endangered species are often found in the same corner of the world. Areas of Southeast Asia, East Africa and South America have been the hardest hit due to uncontrolled, which has led to a decrease in the population of numerous species of fauna.

Animal protection

Many species of animals around the world are severely hunted and hunted. Governments are encouraged to participate in campaigns to ban the hunting of certain species. Long drift nets have been used for mass fishing in the open ocean, but have killed many other animals, including sea turtles, whales, seals and dolphins. To prevent this from happening, the United Nations has now banned the dumping of these nets into the ocean. In order to discourage endangered animals from being poached (usually because of their body parts), there are now laws prohibiting the trade. Body parts of endangered animals, such as tigers, seahorses, etc., are found in traditional medicine markets in the eastern countries of the world.

Habitat protection

Animals depend on their natural habitat for survival, including finding enough food and. The best way to conserve the world's fauna is to protect habitats, as many animals today are dying out due to habitat loss, including deforestation in forests, and climate change leading to melting ice in the polar regions. A number of areas of jungle, wetlands and coastal areas have been declared nature reserves to try to protect the species that live there.

Breeding in captivity

Captive breeding can be an effective way to restore endangered populations. While breeding can be successful, it is not the best way to conserve certain species because it requires significant human resources. For breeding to be effective, it must occur naturally, without the direct assistance of humans.

An appeal for help to animals

One of the biggest problems with conservation is that it is cost effective. Many people are not interested in donating their money to something that does not bring immediate results. However, in many parts of the world, more and more people are starting to take care of an animal from various organizations, however, unfortunately, not all species are able to evoke positive emotions, so some representatives of the fauna end up receiving less help than others.

CITES

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was created to control the movement of species and their parts across international borders. CITES has been signed by more than 120 countries worldwide and completely prohibits the trade of many animals and plants.

Animals are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances created by other organisms.

That is, the Animal Kingdom includes organisms that use other organisms to create the organic substances that make up their body. They inhabit all countries and continents.

Depending on what organisms animals eat, they are divided into carnivores, herbivores and omnivores.

Predators feed mainly on the inhabitants of the animal Kingdom. Otherwise, they are called carnivores. Predatory animals include: tigers, lions, wolves, crocodiles, sharks, pikes, hawks, snakes, eagles. In general, those animals that I would not really like to meet one on one in a deserted place. Domestic animals include cats and dogs.

And in herbivores or, as they are also called, herbivores, the diet is dominated by the inhabitants of neighboring Kingdoms, mainly the Kingdom of Plants. Herbivores include: horses, goats, cows, elephants, giraffes, turtles, hares, and many species of birds and fish.

There are also omnivorous animals in nature, which do not care what to eat - whether it be plants, flowers or animals. Omnivorous animals include, for example, hedgehogs, sparrows, crows, brown bears.

There are so many animals that in order to study them, it is necessary to divide the Animal Kingdom into sub-kingdoms in a very complicated way, sub-kingdoms into types, and so on.

But we will not do this now, but just look at several separate groups of animals:

The legal definition of the concept of "fauna" is given in Article 1 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fauna" , according to which the wildlife should be understood as the totality of living organisms of all species of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation and in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, an object of the animal world is an organism of animal origin (wild animal) or their population - i.e. wild fauna. Following Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" , along with the earth, subsoil, soil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, the animal world is component of the natural environment, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on earth.

The definition given in the Law "On the Animal World" causes ambiguous assessments. For example, N.N. Vedenin categorically disagrees with the definition for a number of reasons. Firstly, in his opinion, territorial restrictions are inappropriate - the animal world is a collection of animals that inhabit not only the Russian Federation. Secondly, the definition does not cover all animals, but singles out only those in a state of natural freedom. In other words, only wild fauna fits the definition, which is not equivalent to the animal world as a whole. .

Let us disagree with the researcher. The territorial aspect, indicated in the Law, indicates that the law regulates relations within the Russian Federation regarding those representatives of the animal world that live on its territory - in other words, this determines the spatial and territorial limits of the Law.

As for the semantic side, namely the inclusion of only wild animals in the animal world - here, in our opinion, the legislator proceeded from the expediency and primacy of protecting the wild animal world from human encroachment.

In the legislation of the CIS countries on the animal world, the definition of the concept of "animal world" also applies only to "wild" animals living in the natural environment. For example, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Fauna” dated June 17, 1999 No. 59 provides the following definition: “Animal world is a natural object protected by law, including insects, reptiles, animals, birds, fish and other aquatic animals that are in a state of natural freedom and performing ecological, cultural and recreational functions. Or the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Fauna” dated April 3, 2000: “fauna is a set of species wild animals(invertebrates and vertebrates) and their communities”.

Of course, one cannot but agree that in the broad sense of the word, the animal world is all organisms of animal origin, and not just wild fauna. However, it is wild animals that are the most vulnerable in terms of the impact on them of the results of human life and activities, so their protection is a priority. In addition, there is separate legislation regarding domestic (farm) animals. .

N.N. Vedenin proposes to regulate relations in the field of protection and use of "domestic" and "wild" animals by one normative act (with the appropriate name) - the fundamental federal law, which would contain the norms devoted to the legal regulation of the protection and use of all animals. Moreover, it should also contain norms reflecting the generally humane principles of treatment of animals, protecting them from cruel treatment, as well as norms defining the issues of protection and use of domestic animals, regulated by it and other legislation, especially civil. The subject of the latter, according to the researcher, should be mainly relations related to the use of domestic animals as objects of property legal relations, and the legislation on the animal world - relations related mainly to the protection of the gene pool and the consolidation of humane principles for the treatment of animals. In this regard, I would like to note the following. Draft federal law "On the Protection of Animals from Cruelty", submitted to the State Duma for consideration deputies of the State Duma V.D. Leonchev, D.N. Greshnevikov, G.I. Berdov, M.K. Glubokovsky in 1997 contained provisions on the humane treatment of animals - wild and domestic. However, the bill was rejected acting. President in 2000, among other reasons, because "law does not have its own subject of legal regulation, since a significant part of the norms contained in it is already enshrined in the federal laws "On the Animal World", "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Code of Administrative Offenses, The Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine" and other regulatory legal acts" . This once again confirms that at the moment there is no need to develop and adopt a single regulatory act on the use and protection of wildlife. The existing legislation, if properly executed and observed, is sufficient material for the full and comprehensive protection of the animal world and regulation of the rules for its use. Another thing is that effective mechanisms for its implementation are needed.

Interestingly, invarious normative acts, the concept of "animal world" does not coincide with the one given from the Law "On Animal World". So, for example, in the legislation on taxes and fees, wildlife does not mean all wild animals, but only those that are classified as hunting objects by the legislation on wildlife (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Chapter 25.1 - wildlife objects are exhaustively listed in paragraph 1 article 333.3 of the Tax Code).

Thus, only mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, insects, etc., living in the natural wild environment on land, in water, atmosphere, soil, act as objects of use and protection of the animal world. The current legislation establishes a different legal regime for objects of the animal world (wild animals) and all other animals (domestic, agricultural and other). As Bogolyubov S.A. correctly notes, as soon as objects of the animal world are removed from the environment, they become not “objects”, but animals, property, relations about which are regulated not by environmental with public legal means of regulation, but by civil law with predominantly private law remedies . Hence wild animals kept in captivity for economic, cultural, scientific, aesthetic or other purposes, as well as agricultural and other domestic animals are not objects of the animal world. This is clearly stated in paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Law. At the same time, wild animals kept in semi-captivity (the so-called limited captivity, semi-captivity - a closed reserve) or an artificially created habitat in order to preserve the resource and genetic fund, as well as for other scientific and educational purposes are objects of the animal world and relations on their use and protection are regulated by the Law (paragraph 2, article 3 of the Law).

In this work, "fauna" is understood as its meaning given in the Law, however, in the third chapter of the study, certain issues of legal regulation of the status of animals that are not included in the "wild fauna" will be touched upon.

Article 4 of the Law refers objects of the animal world to the property of the state. The division of state property in wildlife into federal property and the property of subjects of the federation is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by federal law. However, as the researchers note, such a law has not yet been adopted, which makes it difficult to resolve many issues and causes many conflicts in practice.

Issues of ownership, use, disposal of wildlife on the territory of the Russian Federation are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The following objects of the animal world can be classified as federal property:

rare and endangered, as well as those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

living in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;

inhabiting the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation;

classified as specially protected, economically valuable;

naturally migrating across the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Objects of the animal world (wild animals) cannot be in private, municipal or other property other than state. And this, in our opinion, is quite justified, since often, using these resources, citizens and legal entities seek to get the maximum profit from the use, without caring about their conservation. Citizens and legal entities can only have the right use objects of the animal world. According to Art. 34 of the Law, wildlife may be provided for use by legal entities and individuals for the following types of use: hunting; fishing, including the capture of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals; extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as objects of hunting and fishing; the use of useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental orderlies, pollinators of plants, biofilterers and others; study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat; obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world. This list is not exhaustive, and other types of use of wildlife are possible with the direct establishment of a specific species in other regulatory legal acts. The use of the animal world is carried out by removing objects of the animal world from their habitat or without it.

In terms of state ownership, the opinion of the authors of the commentary to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation T.E. Abova and A.Yu. Kabalkin, who believe that it is very doubtful to refer wildlife to the objects of state property rights. Objects of the right of ownership cannot leave the possession of the owner against his will, except in cases expressly specified in the law. This necessary condition is missing from many wild animals that are free to migrate from one country to another. Wild animals can be an object of property rights in cases when they live in closed natural areas protected by the state (reserves, etc.), or when they are removed from their natural habitat . In our opinion, the property of the state in relation to the animal world in this case is determined not so much by the authority to own and dispose (at the same time - control of the object of property), but by the authority of rational use to meet the spiritual and material needs of citizens of the Russian Federation, along with the duty of all-round protection. Therefore, the property of the state here determines the belonging of the animal world to all the peoples of the Russian Federation, is their property.

The law assigns a subsidiary role to the norms of civil law in regulating relations related to the animal world. It establishes that the norms of civil law relating to property, including sale, pledge and other transactions, apply to objects of the animal world insofar as this is allowed by the Law and other federal laws.

Relations on the possession, use and disposal of objects of the animal world are regulated by civil legislation to the extent that they are not regulated by this Federal Law.

Objects of the animal world removed from the habitat in accordance with the established procedure may be in private, state, municipal or other forms of ownership. Relations on the possession, use and disposal of such animals are regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Animal World", laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

According to Article 137 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as Part 6 of Article 4 of the Law, general rules on property are applied to animals within the limits established by the Civil Code or other legal acts. In relation to animals as objects of civil law, general rules apply regarding the emergence, change and termination of ownership and other property rights, with the exception of the specifics established by the Law and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Animals that are not in conditions of natural freedom may be the property of citizens, legal entities, municipalities. When exercising the rights, cruelty to animals, which is contrary to the principles of humanity, is not allowed.

Let us consider other features that characterize the objects of the animal world as objects of civil legal relations.

Wild animals, unlike others, cannot be in private and municipal ownership, but in accordance with Article 33 of the Law, they can be provided by state authorities authorized to exercise the rights of the owner on behalf of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to legal entities for long-term use on the basis of a license and to citizens for short-term use on the basis of a nominal one-time license. In addition, it is stipulated that the user exercises his rights of possession and use of objects of the animal world on the terms and within the limits established by law, license and agreement with the relevant state authority. The content of the rights to objects of the animal world is determined by federal law on the basis of the general provisions of civil law.

As a general rule, in accordance with Article 210 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the owner bears the burden of maintaining the property belonging to him, respectively, based on Art. 40 of the Law, it can be concluded that the user bears the burden of keeping wildlife objects in accordance with the conditions set forth in the license.

According to Article 211 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the risk of accidental death of an object of the animal world, as a general rule, is borne by its owner. However, an agreement between the state authority authorized to dispose (on behalf of the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) of wildlife objects and the user may provide that this risk passes to the user from the moment the animal is transferred to him if it is removed from the habitat (paragraph .3 article 34 of the Federal Law), or from the moment of conclusion of the said agreement .

Interesting in practice and in theory is the debatable question of whether a wild animal is a source of increased danger, and how to apply the norms of the law to the user of an animal world object if the object has caused harm to a third person or his property? Here is an example from practice:

According to the materials of the case, on September 28, 1995, at the 46th kilometer of the Kungur-Salikamsk highway, a ZIL-130 car belonging to the defendant hit and injured an adult moose. The fact of hitting and causing harm to the animal world is reflected in the act of 28.09.95. The elk died. The Main Department of Nature Management of the Administration of the Perm Region filed a lawsuit with the Arbitration Court against the municipal enterprise "Combine Improvement" - the owner of the vehicle for the recovery of 2,766,500 rubles in compensation for damage caused to wildlife. The defendant did not recognize these requirements, referring to the fact that the damage was caused as a result of the interaction of two sources of increased danger.

It follows that an animal can be considered a source of increased danger only if it is not an object of the animal world (i.e., it is not in natural free natural conditions), as well as wild animals temporarily removed from their habitat and kept in captivity or semi-free conditions . An animal is recognized as a source of increased danger as property that has dangerous properties for others and is not amenable to full control by a person.

The position of the court was that the source of increased danger is derived from human activities, the implementation of which creates an increased danger to others due to the lack of full control over it, therefore, the source of increased danger is understood to be the animal that is directly under the control of a person, and acts object of property rights.

Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ "On the Wildlife" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - April 24, 1995, - No. 17 - Art. 1462.

Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - January 14, 2002 - No. 2 - Art. 133.

Vedenin N.N. Fauna: problems of protection and use // Journal of Russian Law, 2002, - No. 12.

See Federal Law of August 3, 1995 No. 123-FZ “On livestock breeding” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 7, 1995 - No. 32 - Art. 3199; Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 No. 4979-1 “On Veterinary Medicine” // Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation - June 17, 1993 - No. 24 - Art. 857; and etc.

Part one of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 3, 1998 - No. 31 - Art. 3824; Part two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - August 5, 2000 - No. 117-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 7, 2000 - No. 32 - Art. 3340.

Bogolyubov S.A. The ratio of public law and private law means in ensuring the environmental rights of citizens // Journal of Russian Law - No. 7 - 2005

Animal world - a set of living organisms of all kinds of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation and in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.
An object of the animal world is an organism of animal origin (wild animal) or their population.
The animal world located within the territory of the Russian Federation is state property.
Objects of the animal world related to federal property:
rare and endangered, as well as those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;
living in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;
inhabiting the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation; *
classified as specially protected, economically valuable;
naturally migrating across the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The use of wildlife is a legally stipulated activity of citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities in the use of wildlife objects.
Users of the wildlife - citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities who are given the opportunity to use the wildlife by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
To legal entities for long-term use on the basis of a long-term license and to citizens for short-term use on the basis of a nominal one-time license, state authorities may provide objects of the animal world.
The rights of possession and use of objects of the animal world belong to the user on the terms and within the limits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the license and the agreement with the state authority providing the relevant territory, water area for the use of the animal world.
Types of use of wildlife in the Russian Federation:
hunting;
fishing, including the capture of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals;
extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as objects of hunting and fishing;
the use of useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental sanitation, pollinators of plants, biofilters, etc.;
study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat;
extraction of useful properties of vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural orderlies of the environment, pollinators of plants, biofilterers and others;
obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world.
Use of objects of the animal world -
studying, obtaining objects of the animal world or obtaining in other ways the use of these objects to satisfy the material or spiritual needs of a person with their removal from the environment or without it.
natural phenomena, prevention of environmental pollution, reduction of the noise impact of railway transport.
Tree and shrub vegetation located on the lands of motor transport (on the right of way of motor roads) is intended to protect motor roads and canals from adverse natural, anthropogenic and man-made phenomena;
Vegetation on the lands of urban and rural settlements, including those provided for dacha, housing and other construction (with the exception of urban forests).
Settlement lands - lands used and intended for the construction and development of urban and rural settlements and separated by their line from lands of other categories;
Vegetation on the lands of the water fund (on the canal right of way).
Lands of the water fund - lands occupied by water bodies, lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right-of-way and protection zones of water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures, objects.
Tree and shrub vegetation located on the lands of the water fund (on the canal strips) is intended to protect the canals from adverse natural, anthropogenic and man-made phenomena.
The lands can be used for the construction and operation of structures that meet the needs of the population in drinking water, household, recreational and other needs of the population, as well as for water management, agricultural, environmental, industrial, fisheries, energy, transport and other state or municipal needs, subject to the established requirements;
Vegetation on land of other categories.
od in readiness for immediate use.
Measures to protect the forest fund and not
forests included in the forest fund from pests and diseases of the forest:
current, forwarding, aerovisual and other forest pathological surveys;
general, reconnaissance and detailed supervision of the development of forest pests and diseases;
development of aviation and ground measures to combat pests and diseases of the forest; ,
organization of work on the prevention of forest diseases and the elimination of foci of pests and diseases of the forest;
state control over the implementation of these activities.
State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
annually organize the development and implementation of action plans for the prevention of forest fires, fire-fighting arrangement of the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund;
ensure the readiness of organizations entrusted with the protection and protection of forests, as well as forest users, for the fire season;
annually prior to the start of the fire season, approve operational plans to combat forest fires;
establish the procedure for involving the population, employees of commercial and non-profit organizations, as well as fire fighting equipment, vehicles and other means of these organizations to extinguish forest fires, provide citizens involved in this work with means of transportation, food and medical care;
provide for periods of high fire danger in the forests the creation of forest fire formations from among the citizens involved in extinguishing forest fires and ensure the readiness of these formations for immediate departures in cases of forest fires;
create a reserve of fuels and lubricants for the fire season, etc.