Field(mineral) - a natural accumulation of a mineral, which in quantitative and qualitative terms can be an object industrial development given the state of technology and data economic conditions(deposit industrial). Other accumulations, which, according to their data, could be developed only under changed technical and economic conditions, belong to non-commercial deposits, differing in this sense from ore occurrences. By the size of stocks, it can be large, medium and small. By origin, endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenic deposits are distinguished.

Geological body - these are formations that are different in shape, size and conditions of occurrence earth's crust(layers, veins, lenses, rods, etc.) composed of a useful mineral substance or containing it in a scattered form. Several geological bodies are observed in a number of deposits.

Ore occurrence- a natural accumulation in rocks of useful minerals of small or unexplained sizes. Sometimes, as a result of exploration and study, an ore occurrence can be transferred to a deposit.

Ore- this is an aggregate of minerals, from which it is technologically possible and economically feasible to extract a metal or a metal compound by the gross method.

Mineral resource- a natural mineral substance, which is qualitatively and quantitatively suitable for use in the national economy.

Minerals. Minerals can be used either in their natural state (high-quality coal, quartz sand), or after their preliminary processing by sorting, crushing, enrichment (most ores).

Minerals find a wide variety of uses in various industries National economy. At present, almost any rock of a certain quality and under certain economic conditions can be used for certain purposes, and therefore "useless minerals" almost do not exist. Here, "any" means rocks relating to off-balance ores.

There is a chemical-technological classification of minerals. Its main principle is the material composition of ores and their application.

According to this classification, minerals are divided into metallic, non-metallic and combustible.

Minerals, their diversity, degree of exploration and development play a paramount role in the economic assessment of the power of any state. Mineral raw materials are the fundamental basis of the material development of society. There are currently about 200 various kinds mineral raw materials used in industry, agriculture and construction.

Solid minerals. According to the complex of minerals known at present, the described area is identical to the industrially developed territories of the Urals. Ore occurrences and points of mineralization of many minerals are known in the district. Manifestations of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare metals and other minerals are confined to the zone of the Platinum Belt and its framing (Appendix 3).

Within the district are known manifestations of lead, copper, silver, gold and other metals, asbestos, numerous manifestations and deposits of rock crystal. During prospecting and survey work in previous years, placer occurrences of gold were found in many valleys of watercourses in the Berezovsky district of the district. The alluvial gold deposits of Yarota-Shor, Nyarta-Yu, Khalmeryu and Khobeyu have been explored. The area is rich in resources building materials(sand-pebble-gravel mixture, crushed stone, facing stones).

The main deposits and manifestations of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcrop of crystalline rocks of the eastern slope of the Urals, which has within the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region 20–45 km wide and up to 450 km long.

Ferrous metal ores (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, V) form iron and manganese within the district. Iron ores are represented by skarn-magnetite and apatite-sulfide-titanium-vanadium-magnetite (Volkovsky type) formations (Khorasyur ore cluster, Usynshor occurrence, etc.). Manganese ores in the Paleozoic formations have not yet been established, but the most promising is manganese mineralization in the Early Paleogene deposits (the Yany-Nyan-Loch-Sos ore occurrence) with a resource of 200 million tons of ore.

Ores of light metals (Al) are represented by deposits and manifestations of bauxites. Within the district, bauxite-promising areas have been identified: Severo-Sosvinsky, Yatrinsky, Khulginsky, as well as Turupinsky and Lyulinsky sites.

Of the non-ferrous metal ores (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Sb), the most widespread ores are of the pyrite type of the copper-polymetallic formation (Tykotlovskaya and Yarotashorskaya sites, Malossvinskoye, Manyinskoye, Leplinskoye ore occurrences, etc.). The main components are copper, lead, zinc.

Ores of rare metals (Sn, W, Mo, Hg, Be, Li, Ta, Nb) are represented by deposits and ore occurrences (Ta-Nb) of alkaline rare-metal-metasomatic (Turupya site) and rare-metal-metamorphic (Man-Khambo site), as well as W-Mo-Bi and W-Be (Torgovskoye field, Maloturupinsky area) formations. Ores of noble (Au, Pt, Ag) metals are represented by primary deposits and placers of the Lyapinsky gold-bearing region, as well as placers of the Severo-Sosvinsky ore region.

The search for alluvial gold in the Subpolar Urals has been conducted since the 19th century. Most intensively and purposefully - starting from the 60s of the twentieth century. The industrial gold content of the valleys of the Yarotashor stream and the river was established. Khobei. In the late 70s, the Yarotashor placer was explored by the thematic exploration party of the Uralzoloto Production Association. A number of industrial placers (Nyartai, tributaries of the Khalmeryu River) were identified by the prospecting and evaluation work of the Northern Party of Uralzolotorazvedka. Placer gold is currently the second most important type of minerals. As of January 1, 2004, 14 alluvial gold deposits with reserves of 3,306 kg of chemically pure gold were recorded on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. Of these, in the distributed fund - 1882 kg. Estimated and approved forecast resources are 20 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3.

In the Subpolar Urals of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug- Yugra is currently widely developed deposits of placer gold from precious metals. Several ore occurrences of bedrock gold have been identified. The predicted resources of ore gold are 128 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3. In 2003, the State Reserves Committee of the Russian Federation approved ore gold reserves in the amount of 1156 kg in categories С1+С2.

Ores of disseminated and rare-earth elements do not form independent deposits, but can be extracted along the way during the development of igneous, pegmatite, carbonatite, albitite, hydrothermal and alluvial deposits of ores of non-ferrous, rare and radioactive metals.

The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of ​​promising lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated license areas is 301.8 thousand km2. During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the budget of the Autonomous Okrug: Aikaegan Deposits of piezoquartz, vein quartz and rock crystal are now the most developed and partially exploited. About 40 manifestations of vein quartz and rock crystal are known on the territory of the district, which makes the prospects of the Subpolar Urals this species raw materials even higher.

In 2003, OJSC Polar Quartz started mining of vein quartz at the Dodo deposit. JSC "Sosvapromgeologiya" reactivated the Puiva deposit, where collection raw materials (rock crystal) were mined in a small volume (about 3 tons). Starting from 1993, within the framework of the programs of scientific research and geological study of the subsoil, studies of the filtering and sorption properties of zeolite-containing rocks of the Subpolar Urals were carried out in the Okrug. At the same time, work was underway to prepare the reserves of these rocks in the Mysovsky area. To date, it has been found that zeolite-montmorillonite rocks are excellent sorbents. The prepared reserves of the Mysovskoye deposit are 44 thousand tons. It can be stated with sufficient confidence that the Subpolar Urals is a new zeolite-bearing province of Russia.

Reserves of brown coal in categories A + B + C1 amount to 464.5 million tons, in category C2 - more than 1.5 billion tons. In the district, both fairly large brown coal deposits - Otorinskoye, Tolyinskoye, Lyulinskoye, and small – Nyaiskoe, Lopsinskoe, etc. Within the limits of the Lyulinskoye deposit, the Borisovskiy site has been prepared, suitable for mining for local purposes. The reserves of the Borisovskiy area in B+C1 categories are 4.95 million tons. To date, promising areas for lignite have been allocated: Turupinskaya, Okhtlyamskaya, Semyinskaya, etc. The development of deposits is hampered due to the lack of highways. Peat reserves in categories A+B+C1 amount to 86.55 million tons, in category C2 - 1148.81 million tons (according to the state balance of mineral reserves of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2002).

On the flat part of the district, a large number of deposits of building materials have been discovered: brick and expanded clay, building and glass sands, sand and gravel mixtures, flint-opal raw materials, and ornamental stones. The reserves of deposits of siliceous-opal rocks (flasks, diatomites, tripoli) discovered in the Sovetsky, Berezovsky and Khanty-Mansiysk regions amount to tens of millions cubic meters. A number of prepared deposits of brick-ceramsite clays are not used only because of the delay in the construction of brick factories. The weak development of deposits of sand and gravel mixtures is due to their location in floodplains. Stocks of building sands are practically unlimited.

Deposits of sapropels have been explored near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray. Prepared reserves of sapropel are estimated at more than 10 million m3. It can be used as an organomineral fertilizer and vitamin supplement to the diet of pets. Trial development of individual deposits of sapropel is carried out in the area of ​​Surgut.

In the Subpolar Urals, bauxite-promising areas have been identified - Severo-Sosvinsky, Volinsky-Yatrinsky and Khulginsky (bauxite-bearing in Paleozoic deposits) and Tuyakhlaninsky and Lyulinsky manifestations of Mesozoic bauxites. The genetic relationship of the geological formations of the Subpolar Urals with those in the Northern and Middle Urals allows us to state that the prospects for bauxites in the Okrug are quite high.

Confirmation of the prospects of the iron ore and metallogenic zones identified on the eastern slope of the Subpolar Urals is the discovery of the Okhtlyamsko-Turupinsky ore cluster, the resources of which are estimated at 3.1 billion tons. reserves of which are about 1160 million tons, incl. ores suitable for open pit mining - about 390 million tons. iron ores constrained by the lack of transport communications.

The predicted resources of category P3 copper are 2,500 thousand tons; zinc category P3 - 2300 thousand tons; manganese ores of P3 category – 284.1 million tons; bauxite category Р1 – 15.0 mln t, category Р2 – 18.0 mln t, category Р3 – 45.0 mln t; brown coal of category P1 - 635 million tons, category P2 - 7764 million tons, category P3 - 4757 million tons; P3 category hard coal - 162 million tons.

As of January 1, 2004, 175 deposits of solid minerals were discovered on the territory of the Okrug, including 7 deposits of quartz, 6 deposits of brown coal, 1 deposit of ore gold, 10 deposits of alluvial gold, 1 deposit of zeolites, 1 deposit of glass sand, 1 deposit of bentonite clay, 1 building stone deposit, 12 deposits of siliceous raw materials, 73 deposits of brick and expanded clay clay, 53 deposits of building sand, 9 deposits of sand and gravel mixture.

In total, the distributed subsoil fund contains 5 quartz deposits, 6 alluvial gold deposits, 1 zeolite deposit, 1 volcanogenic rock deposit for the production of light foam concrete.

In the Northern Sosva basin, individual signs of platinum were found during the exploration of gold placers. They also note that the Ural researcher Yu.A. Volchenko found that the chromite ores of the Tyumen Urals contain an increased amount of minerals of the platinum group elements - osmium, iridium and ruthenium. These minerals can be recovered by flotation to obtain a collective copper-nickel product (concentrate). Further processing of this concentrate will make it possible to extract copper, nickel and, incidentally, the above-mentioned platinum group metals.

Oil. Oil is a combustible liquid mixture consisting mainly of hydrocarbons of the methane, naphthenic and aromatic series with an admixture of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds.

One of the main properties of crude (unrefined) oil is its density, which depends on the content of heavy hydrocarbons (paraffins, resins, etc.).

In practice, there is the following classification of oils by density (g / cm 3):

very light (with a very low density) - up to 0.800;

light (with low density) - 0.800 - 0.839;

medium (with average density) - 0.840 - 0.879;

heavy (with high density) - 0.880 - 0.920;

very heavy (with a very high density) - more than 0.920.

In addition, there is a classification of oils according to the content of light fractions: sulfur (S), asphalt-tar substances (AS) and solid hydrocarbons (paraffins - P). The main chemical composition of oil is as follows: carbon - 79 - 88%, hydrogen - 11 - 14%, sulfur - 0.1 - 5%, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug accounts for about 80% of the initial potential oil resources of the West Siberian oil and gas province and almost half resource potential Russian oil. About 90% of the area of ​​the district falls on the territories that are promising in terms of oil and gas.

The Okrug is currently one of the main regions where exploration and production of hydrocarbons is carried out; its contribution to the annual production of Russian oil is over 57%.

The main oil and gas fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug are located in the latitudinal Priobye in the subzones of the northern (southern slope of the Siberian Uvals) and middle taiga (Surgut woodlands). As of January 1, 2003, 414 fields were discovered on the territory of the Okrug, including 358 oil, 22 gas and gas condensate, 34 oil and gas, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields. At the beginning of 2005, there were 249 fields in operation, 50 of them produced more than 1 million tons of oil per year. About 40% of oil reserves in the fields have already been produced. The current, that is, prepared for development (invested) reserves of categories A and B, account for 4 and 10%, respectively, of the initial reserves of industrial categories of the district, the current explored (non-invested) category C1 - 31%, the preliminary estimated resources of category C2 - 18 %.

Thus, the share of current economically favorable oil reserves (current reserves of ABC1 categories) from the initial ones identified in the district is 45%.

A significant part of the resources in the distributed subsoil fund (RFN) is confined to the territories of the largest mining oil companies, on the territory of which 71% of the initial potential resources of ROP oil and 84% of the total initial reserves of the fields identified in the distributed subsoil fund are accounted for.

The availability of identified resources at existing production levels varies among companies. Some of them already lack identified resources to sustain production levels in the coming years.

The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of ​​prospective lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated license areas is 301.8 thousand km 2 . During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the budget of the Autonomous Okrug: Aikaeganskoye, Yuzhno-Chistinskoye, Yuzhno-Mytayahinskoye, Yuzhno-Lyaminskoye (Surgutsky district); Tukanskoe (Nefteyugansk region); Novomostovskoye (Sovetsky district); Tanginskoye and Zapadno-Simividovskoye (Kondinsky district); Toreshskoye, Yuzhno-Moimskoye, Oktyabrskoye (Oktyabrsky district). In 2003, 15 deposits were discovered.

At present, 11% of the initial oil potential of the territory of the unallocated subsoil fund (NFS) has been converted into field reserves, and 13% of it falls on promising oil resources of C3 + D0 categories. An analysis of the district’s resource base shows that for its further and effective development, to ensure oil production with current reserves of ABC1 categories, additional exploration of C2 category resources, search for local objects assessed by C3 and D0 categories, and an increase in the volume of seismic and drilling operations in underexplored territories and horizons are necessary. , where a significant part of potential resources has not yet been localized, i.e. accounts for forecast resources of categories D1 and D2.

Most of the oil deposits in the KhMAO fields are characterized by relatively low viscosity values ​​(low viscosity - up to 5 MPa × c) reservoir oils. This is a special group or class of oils that create favorable conditions for solving the technical and economic problems of developing oil resources. Almost 99% of oil (categories A + B + C) of the district are low-viscosity. The predominant part of Russian fields is characterized by a change in the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 25 MPa × s (in reservoir conditions), less often up to 70 - 80 MPa × with or more. The main part of the fields of the Shaimsky, Krasnoleninsky districts is characterized by the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × s (only in small areas, oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.8 MPa × with). In the Surgut region, the share of oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.5 MPa × c slightly increases, but in the main part of the reserves, the viscosity values ​​are characterized within 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × with. A special place is occupied by the oils of the Nizhnevartovsky region. The predominant part of the deposits is characterized by viscosity in the range of 12 - 20 MPa × with or more. High-viscosity oils were found in the Aptian-Cenomanian deposits of the area (layers PK 1 - PK 21). So, at the Van-Eganskoye field, the viscosity of oils in the PK 1 - PK 21 formations reaches 95 MPa × s, in the AB 1 formation - 12.4 MPa × s, and somewhat deeper - in the layers AV 3 and AV 4 - 7 - it decreases to normal values ​​of 3.9 and 2.2 MPa × with respectively.

According to source data, Tyumen oil, along with great content gasoline and kerosene fractions, has a lot of sulfur, which must be separated. In terms of sulfur content, the district's oil is mainly medium-sulphurous (0.51 - 2%), its reserves are approximately 72% of the total reserves. Reserves of low-sulphurous oil (up to 0.5%) amount to just over 27%. Reserves of sour oil (more than 2%) are 0.9%. Sulfur is separated by converting it into sulfuric acid (according to special technologies) at special refineries.

Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane and pentane). The share of methane in it is 85 - 99%. In addition, natural gas contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and mercury in varying amounts.

Large gas fields are located on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug: Berezovskoye, Verkhne-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varyeganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Federovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorskoye, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc. 85.5% of the reserves are concentrated in these fields free gas district.

Natural gas is the most important in terms of concentration and practical use.

There are differences in the composition of free and oil-dissolved gases, which are especially noticeable in the distribution of hydrocarbon components. Free gases - methane up to 85–98%, the sum of methane homologues in the range of 0.1–10%; oil-dissolved gases – methane up to 60–70%; the sum of methane homologues is within 1–25%. Non-hydrocarbon components are represented mainly by nitrogen and carbon dioxide; hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, helium, argon, mercury, vapors of volatile liquid acids, etc. are found in the form of minor impurities. However, there are cases when "minor impurities" become very noticeable components. Thus, the content of non-hydrocarbon components of natural gas is characterized by: carbon dioxide - from fractions of a percent to 10-15%, sometimes higher (up to 85% in the deposits of the Samutnelskoye field in the Berezovsky district of Yugra); nitrogen - most often within 1-3%, but in some cases up to 4-60% or more, hydrogen sulfide - no more than 1-3%, but in some cases up to 10-23%.

Within the district, the largest accumulations of GHGs are associated with deposits of coal-bearing and continental-sub-coal-bearing formations with high levels OM of the humus type. In conditions Western Siberia This class of formations includes Cenomanian and Patan deposits, which are associated with the largest and unique SGG deposits (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye, etc.). No large SGG deposits have been found within the region. Most of the SGG accumulations identified here are confined to the Jurassic deposits and belong to the classes of small and medium in size. The territory of the district belongs to the lands predominantly oil-bearing.

useful Khmao fossils, natural resources of Ugra, Khmao fossils

Geography and relief

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is located in the central part of the West Siberian Plain, located in the middle part of Russia and is part of the Tyumen region. The district is bordered by Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Sverdlovsk and Tomsk regions, the south of the Tyumen region, the Komi Republic.

The total area of ​​the territory is 534.8 thousand square meters. km.

The territory of Ugra is a poorly dissected, vast plain with heights sometimes reaching 200 m above sea level. In the northwestern part of the district, between the Ural Range and the Ob, there is the North Sosvinskaya Upland and the Siberian Ridge Ridge. The moraine ridges include the smaller Numto and Agan ridges.

The Belogorodsky mainland is an upland bounded by the Ob River in the west and the Nadym River valley in the east. Maximum Heights(up to 231 m) are observed in the strongly dissected part of the Ob region, the eastern regions are weakly dissected. The northern part is characterized by strong dissection and heights of 190-230 m. The southern area of ​​the hill sometimes exceeds 100-130 m.

In the west of the district there are ridges and spurs mountain system Northern and Subpolar Urals with a characteristic low- and mid-mountain relief.

Maximum marks absolute heights on the territory of the district are located within the mountain range of the Subpolar Urals - the city of Narodnaya (1895 m).

Climatic conditions and soils

On formation climatic conditions The region is significantly influenced by the relief of the territory: openness from the north, conducive to the arrival of cold Arctic masses, protection by the Ural ridges from the west, flat terrain with many lakes, rivers and swamps.

The climate of Ugra is temperate continental with a rapid change of weather during the day and during transitional periods (from spring to summer and from autumn to winter). Winters are long and severe with stable snow cover, summers are relatively warm and short.

Late spring and early autumn frosts are typical for spring and autumn. The average winter temperature throughout the county ranges from -18º C to -24º C.

Remark 1

Most low temperatures(up to -60-62º C) are registered in the Nizhnevartovsk region in the Vakh river valley.

Negative temperatures can last up to seven months (from October to April).

The warmest month is July. The average temperature ranges from +15º C to +19º C. The absolute maximum reaches +36º C.

The annual rainfall is 400-620 mm. Snow cover lasts up to 180-200 days, its height is 50-80 cm. Maximum amount precipitation falls during the warm season.

The soil cover is represented by the following soil types:

• podzolic soils - distributed under the dark coniferous taiga in riverine drained areas;
• gley soils - found on watersheds with weak ground and surface runoff;
• marsh soils - cover the central parts of the district;
• thin subgolden soils - areas of distribution of sandra;
• a combination of soddy-meadow, alluvial and marsh soils is typical for the Ob floodplain;
• tundra coarse-humus gravel soils - common in the mountainous (Ural) part.

Natural resources

Water resources. The main rivers of the district are the Ob with the Irtysh tributary. Great importance in economic activity tributaries play a person: Obi - Agan, Vakh, Tromyegan, Lyamin, Bolshoi Yugan, Pim, Nazim, Bolshoy Salym, Northern Sosva, Kazym; Irtysh - Sogom and Konda. There is large stocks underground, mineral and fresh water. A third of the territory is occupied by bogs of upland and transitional type. Many lakes. The largest lakes include: Trememtor and Vandemtor, Levushinsky and Tursuntsky Tumany. Most deep lakes- Kintus and Syrkovy Sor.

forest resources. Forests cover more than 50% of the entire territory of the district. The zone of the middle taiga prevails, represented by light and dark coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests, in which cedars, spruces, firs, larches, pines grow.

Hydrocarbon raw materials. Several hundred oil and gas-oil fields have been developed on the territory of the Okrug. The largest oil fields are: Samotlor, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye and Priobskoye.

Minerals. The district is rich in deposits of hard and brown coal, gold, iron ores, copper, lead, zinc, tantalum, niobium, bauxite, etc. Piezoquartz, gangue quartz and rock crystal deposits are being developed. Brick and expanded clay, decorative stone, sand and gravel mixture, building sands, sapropel are mined in the district. Peat reserves are incalculable.

Flora and fauna

More than 800 species of various higher plants grow on the territory of Yugra. The following botanical and geographical regions are distinguished: the Ural mountain region and West Siberian Plain. The territory of the plain is characterized by zonal division of vegetation; subzones of the northern, middle and southern taiga are distinguished, most of the territory is located within the taiga forests.

Remark 2

On the species composition vegetation northern regions big influence renders permafrost.

The vegetation is represented by various communities of meadows, forests, mountain tundra, marshes, and reservoirs.

On sandy river terraces, ridges and ridges, with increased waterlogging, white moss forests are formed.

In the places of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, secondary forests are formed - pine forests-lingonberries.

Meadow vegetation grows in the lowlands and floodplains of the rivers. The northern regions are characterized by lichen communities.

There are a lot of cranberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, currants, raspberries, bird cherry, wild roses and mountain ash in the forests and swamps.

The fauna is diverse and represents a typical taiga complex. The most common and economically valuable species are: polar fox, fox, sable, squirrel, ermine, marten, polecat, weasel, weasel, hare, otter, elk, wild reindeer and etc.

The West Siberian river beaver, wolverine, European mink.

The avifauna of the district is rich. The most numerous orders are Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Passeriformes. There are marsh harrier, goshawk, long-eared owl. Hunting is allowed for geese, black grouse, capercaillie, partridge, hazel grouse, ducks and waders.

More than 40 species of various fish are found in rivers and lakes. The main commercial fish species are: sterlet, muksun, nelma, peled, broad whitefish, sosvinskaya herring, pike, burbot, roach, ide, bream, perch, dace, crucian carp. The sturgeon is listed in the Red Book.

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ORDER of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation 66-r of the Government of Khanty - Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra 496-rp dated 22-09-2005 ON APPROVAL ... Relevant in 2018

LIST OF COMMON MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE KHANTY-MANSIYSKY AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT - YUGRA

Siltstones, mudstones (except those used in the cement industry, for the production of mineral wool and fibers).

Anhydrite (except for that used in the cement industry).

Bitumens and bituminous rocks.

Breccias, conglomerates.

Igneous and metamorphic rocks (except for those used for the production of refractory, acid-resistant materials, stone casting, mineral wool and fibers, in the cement industry).

Pebbles, gravel, boulders.

Gypsum (except for those used in the cement industry and for medical purposes).

Clays (except for bentonite, palygorskite, refractory, acid-resistant, used for porcelain and faience, metallurgical, paint and varnish and cement industries, kaolin).

Diatomite, tripoli, flask (except those used in the cement and glass industries).

Dolomites (except for those used in the metallurgical, glass and chemical industries).

Lime tuff, drywall.

Limestones (except for those used in the cement, metallurgical, chemical, glass, pulp and paper and sugar industries, for the production of alumina, mineral feeding of animals and poultry).

Quartzite (except for dinas, flux, ferruginous, abrasive and used for the production of silicon carbide, crystalline silicon and ferroalloys).

Chalk (except for that used in the cement, chemical, glass, rubber, pulp and paper industries, for the production of alumina from nepheline, mineral feeding of animals and poultry).

Marl (except used in the cement industry).

Facing stones (except for highly decorative ones and those characterized by a predominant output of blocks of 1 - 2 groups).

Sand (except for molding, glass, abrasive, for porcelain and faience, refractory and cement industries, containing ore minerals in industrial concentrations).

Sandstones (except for dinas, flux, for the glass industry, for the production of silicon carbide, crystalline silicon and ferroalloys).

Sand-gravel, gravel-sand, boulder-gravel-sand, boulder-block rocks.

Shell rock (except for those used for mineral feeding of animals and birds).

Sapropel (except for those used for medicinal purposes).

Shales (except combustible).

Loams (except those used in the cement industry).

Peat (except used for medicinal purposes).

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

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Oil production in Yugra accounts for 57% of the volume of oil produced in Russia, 4.7% of gas. Associated petroleum gas is mainly produced on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. Share natural gas in the total volume of oil production is 0.15%.

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Two administrative districts of the Autonomous Okrug: Surgutsky and Nizhnevartovsky account for about 70% of the volume of oil produced in the Okrug. In 2007, out of the 23 largest fields, two fields provided the main increase in oil production: Priobskoye and Yukyaunskoye.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

The largest fields in terms of oil production: Samotlor, oil and gas condensate (Nizhnevartovsky district); Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye oil field (Surgut district), Fedorovskoye oil and gas condensate field (Surgut district), Priobskoye oil field (Khanty-Mansiysk district), Lyantorskoye (Surgut district), Mamontovskoye (Nefteyugansk district), Tyanskoye oil field (Surgut district), Povkhovskoye (Surgut district), Malo-Balykskoye (Surgut district), Prirazlomnoye (Nizhnevartovsk district), Vatyeganskoye (Surgut district) and others.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

The Urals The main deposits of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcrop of crystalline rocks of the Eastern Slope of the Urals, which has a latitude of 20-45 km and a length of up to 450 km.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

The Urals is rich in ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, noble and rare metals; non-metallic minerals: gangue quartz, rock crystal, brown and hard coal, bentonite and kaolin clays, etc.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

In Ugra as of 01.01.2008 There are 815 mineral deposits: 577 deposits of sand and sand-gravel mixtures, 138 deposits of peat, 51 deposits of brick clay, 14 deposits of sapropels, 9 deposits of opok. sands and peat brick clays sand and gravel mixtures crushed stone. Chalcopyrite - copper ore Rolled copper

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Description of the slide:

Sapropels Sapropels are lake silts formed at the bottom of the lake due to the decay products of aquatic plant and animal organisms and clay particles. They have a unique organomineral composition. Explored in the district near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray.

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Description of the slide:

Technogenic impact during oil production on environment The period of technogenic impact on the natural components of Yugra during oil production can be divided into five main stages: Seismological exploration - search for oil and gas deposits, blasting in winter. 2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. 3. Development of the field. 4. Exploitation of the field.

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Description of the slide:

1. Seismological exploration - search for oil and gas fields, blasting in winter. Seismic exploration has a minimal impact on the environment. Accompanied by clearing sites for seismic team bases and clearings for drilling pits for explosives and pulling trailers with recording equipment. The main impact occurs on the forest fund as a result of logging and littering and logging residues, which leads to a deterioration in the sanitary condition and an increase in forest fires. Explosive work is a factor of concern for animals, and poaching causes serious damage to the hunting economy, soils and groundwater are polluted with oil products, territories are littered with logging residues, household and industrial waste.

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Description of the slide:

2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. During exploration work for both oil and gas, the main negative impact to the environment natural environment occurs during the construction of exploration wells. Pollution occurs when fluids leak from wellheads, oil from drilling pits, fuel spills at fuel storage sites, and vehicle parking lots.

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Description of the slide:

2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. The main contaminants during well construction include: drilling fluids, chemical materials used for their preparation; drilling waste, consisting of drill cuttings, waste drilling fluid, drilling wastewater and oil; fuels and lubricants; household sewage and municipal solid waste. in most cases natural recovery processes in the territories of exploratory wells, they prevail over degraded ones. Recovery woody vegetation happens quickly.

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Description of the slide:

3. Development of the field The maximum impact on the environment occurs, it occurs precisely during the construction of wells and technological facilities for oil and gas production. Significant land resources. The main types of negative impact on the environment: degradation and destruction of the soil cover; destruction of grassy; shrub and tree vegetation; violation of the hydrological regime of the territories; pollution of the territory by industrial and household waste; poaching. the greatest environmental hazard represent drilling pits containing drilling waste. Many of them are located in water protection zones and pose a serious threat to river, lake and marsh ecosystems.

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Description of the slide:

4. Exploitation of the deposit The longest period of impact, calculated in decades. At this time, the environmental situation in the fields is aggravated and there is a threat associated with the transport of produced oil. The main reason is the aging of technological equipment and the accumulation of production and household waste in the industrial areas.

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Description of the slide:

4. Field operation The main type of negative impact on natural complexes during the operation of the fields is the chemical pollution of the environment by oil, various chemicals, gaseous emissions from flares, etc. The causes of oil entering the environment are: gusts of collectors of the oil gathering system; splashing during flowing from flares, etc. The largest number of recorded oil spills occurs as a result of ruptures in oil pipelines, which is due to corrosion of pipes.

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Description of the slide:

Today, the problem of technogenic impact on the environment is being solved through the creation of new energy-intensive industries.

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I. Organizational moment.

Siberia is generous and rich to everyone! There is no end to youth here. However, what to convince you with verses Come ... See for yourself! Kazimir Lisovsky.

Hello guys ! We continue to study KhMAO.

- What do you associate the word "Ugra" with?

Long time, Western Siberia was considered absolutely not promising. It was believed that there were no minerals other than peat. Scientific studies have shown the opposite.

problem question: Due to what resources does most of the treasury of our state and district replenish?(these are fuel resources - oil, gas)

Let's write the topic of the lesson and decide on a lesson plan.

Lesson plan:

1. Natural resources

2. Distribution areas

3. Problems, ways to solve them.

Tell students the purpose of the lesson.

II. Knowledge update

-Is the relief uniform in our district?

Check: Show the map large landforms near the board:

Upland Belogorsky mainland, North Sosvinskaya upland, Poluyskaya upland, Surgut lowland, Siberian Ridges, r. Ob, r. Irtysh.

Raise your hands, who correctly indicated all the objects of the nomenclature?

What were the difficulties?

III. new material:

As the state and society developed, the values ​​and demand for natural resources changed.

In the 16th century - valuable furs (arctic foxes, squirrels, mink), game. - In the 20th century - Taiga - valuable wood. Tundra - reindeer pasture

Problem question: How can one explain that the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated in Western Siberia?

- What kind mineral resources has a county?

The bowels of the district are rich in many types of combustible, metallic, non-metallic minerals, groundwater.

In the middle of the 20th century (50 - 60) - mineral resources.

Find the largest of them Samotlor, Krasnoleninskoye, Priobskoye, Salymskoye, Vateganskoye, Fedorovskoye, Tyanskoye deposits.

In total, 504 hydrocarbon deposits have been explored in the district, including 429 oil, 18 oil and gas condensate, 20 gas, 33 gas and oil, 4 gas condensate.

Task number 1

Construct a bar chart of oil products produced in the district based on the data.

Oil - 88%, gas - 6.5%, condensate - 5.5%.

In 2005-08 17 oil fields were discovered in the distributed subsoil fund. Despite the fact that Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the main base of oil production in the Russian Federation, which accounts for 57%, prepared resource base does not provide the required production levels.

The volume of oil production increases every year, and the reserves are depleted - in terms of reserves, Russia is in 8th place, and in terms of production - 2nd place in the world, Yugra - 3rd place in the world.

Problem question: Is the fuel industry the only one developed in Western Siberia?

Game "Black Box"

Solid minerals.

If you meet on the road, your legs will get stuck a lot. To make a bowl or a vase - You will need it right away. (clay).

Plants grew in the swamp ... And now it is fuel and fertilizer. (peat).

From fire I come, from fire I will die. (coal).

The kids really need him, he is on the paths in the yard, he is at a construction site and on the beach And even melted in glass. (sand).

This master is white-white, he does not lie idle at school. (a piece of chalk).

No fire, no light, but sparkles with fire. (gold).

Deposits of quartz, brown coal, ore and placer gold, zeolites, rare metals, glass sand, bentonite clays, building stone, siliceous raw materials, brick and expanded clay, building sand, sand and gravel material have been explored on the territory of the district.

Coal, igneous rocks, copper, platinum, gold.

In total, there are 5 quartz deposits, 7 alluvial gold deposits and 1 zeolite deposit in the distributed subsoil fund.

Coal. Six deposits discovered in the Trans-Ural part of the district are confined to the North-Sosva lignite basin. The largest of them are Lyulinskoe and Otorinskoe.

On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01.01.2006. 12 deposits of placer gold 3328 kg, 1 deposit of ore gold in the amount of 1.422 tons were taken into account. The estimated and approved forecast resources of ore gold are 128 tons, placer gold - 13 tons.

rare metals.

Despite the poor study of the territory, in relation to titanium-zirconium, it is possible to identify objects for setting up prospecting and evaluation work in the western part of the district.

non-metallic minerals.

On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01.01.2006. reserves of vein quartz are taken into account - 368 thousand tons, incl. suitable for obtaining high grades of "special pure" quartz.

Children look at a collection of minerals.

IV. Physical education minute(for eyes)

Problem question: What problems do people have with their use and development of natural resources?

Reasons for the difficulty of mining:

The harsh climate of the district, remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans determined the continentality of the climate

The flatness of the territory allows the cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate to the south.

Mountains along the periphery of the plain, which fenced off the West Siberian Plain from the Atlantic and Central Asian air masses.

Wetness.

Build a swamp diagram on the board (select the desired options)

Flat relief; - low temperatures; - high water on the rivers; - permafrost; - excessive moisture; - peat (retains moisture)

There is a feeling that nature "protected itself" from man and powerful swamps and frozen soils. Now you can imagine the conditions in which you have to work.

v. Practical work

Task number 2.

Handout.

Fill in the table:

- Using knowledge of natural resources, guess what industries can develop here?

( Students are invited to predict the branches of specialization of Western Siberia, focusing on their own raw materials.) (metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry ...)

Teacher.

So, analyzing the data of our table, we were convinced that Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is not only oil and gas in Russia, it is the development of metallurgy, the chemical industry, and mechanical engineering.

Problem question: What specialties will be in demand in KhMAO?

(student answers)

Problem question: What problems exist in the district?

Undeveloped transport network

Bad infrastructure

Lack of labor resources

Underdeveloped manufacturing industry

Child reads:

Having studied the nature of Western Siberia, we noted that these riches ruined it. Thousands of rivers and lakes are flooded with oil and turned into lifeless cesspools, and where fish is still caught, it often smells of oil products.
Forests were thinned out by aimless felling. The remains of the forests are burning just as they did almost 180 years ago.
Teacher:
Geologists are already saying that subsoil reserves have been greatly depleted. It is terrible to imagine how long it will take for the forest to heal its wounds inflicted by the ruthless hand of man!

Question: What is the issue here?

- Who is engaged in the protection of nature?(ecologists)

There are serious environmental problems:

Destruction of reindeer pastures.

Oil pollution of the tundra.

Air pollution with dust, smoke.

Wetness.

Conclusion:

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug has prospects for economic growth.

VI. Summing up the lesson. Reflection.

There is such a song among the peoples of the Mansi:

We will leave, we will leave the earth,
Not to be born again
And on fast horse-skis
Do not slide after sables.
Our boats are like graves
On the sands they rot sadly,
And in the deserted villages
Only mice will live.

What problem of the indigenous people of the North is mentioned in the poem?

VII. Homework:

What other problems of the indigenous population would you add? Suggest ways to solve these problems.

But how to solve these problems - this will be your homework. Write an essay.