Natural resource potential and problems of environmental protection of the Crimea. Flora and fauna of Crimea Measures to preserve the fauna of Crimea table
Gubarenko S.A.
Abstract of the lesson "Protection of flora and fauna of Crimea"
NATIVE NATURE
Topic:« Protection of flora and fauna of Crimea »
Target: clarify children's ideas about the protection of flora and fauna . Deepen children's knowledge of what is "reserve", "reserve", "Red Book", their importance for the conservation of rare plant and animal species .
To consolidate knowledge about the plants and animals of the Crimea (3-4 representatives listed in the Red Book, as well as the names of the largest reserves (reserves) of the peninsula.
Develop memory, thinking, coherent speech, attention.
To cultivate love for nature and interest in the preservation of rare species of flora and fauna, respect for their representatives.
Material: map of Crimea, illustrations of animals and plants .
Dictionary: endangered, flora, fauna, "Swan Islands".
Lesson progress:
1. Introductory talk
caregiver:
Today I want to start our lesson by reading a poem. Listen carefully.
This land is wonderful, where the blue of heaven is,
Blue sea and green forest
Brook ringing and cheerful thunder,
This is the smell of bread, this is the father's house
Motherland is our native side,
You are the best country on the planet.
caregiver:
What is this poem about? What is the name of the country we live in?
Russia is a big country. And what is the name of our little homeland, our native land?
caregiver:
What is the name of our hometown?
caregiver:
Our small town
Yards with flowers.
Smells like the sea native land
Sultry winds.
caregiver:
The most native place on the globe for each of us is Crimea. Our parents and friends live here, you yourself were born here. Crimea is amazing and fabulous. With a word « Crimea » people associate the hot sun, the warm sea, the inviting mountains, the bright sunny colors of the magnificent Crimean nature. Since ancient times, the Crimean peninsula has attracted people with a mild climate, a wonderful combination of steppes, valleys, sea, mountains, rich flora and fauna. People from all over the world want to visit here. The Crimean land is small, but it welcomes guests with pleasure, because its owners are hospitable people.
What is another name for us - those who live in Crimea?
caregiver:
Yes, we are Crimeans and Crimea is our home. Many poets and writers admired the beauty of Crimea, wrote poems and stories about Crimea.
Crimea is our Motherland, remember this!
Do not spare your soul for her sake,
Let this green island
Peaceful, kind sun rises!
Beautiful world at any time of the year
Caresses the sun's gaze or bad weather
On the rocks the waves are beating, the ferocious sea is far
Snowdrops bloom, almonds on the slopes of the mountains
Gorgeous forest, beautiful mountains
Garden flowers, endless expanses ...
caregiver:
Let's take a look at the map of Crimea. Why is Crimea called a peninsula?
caregiver:
What seas is Crimea washed by?
caregiver:
Show on the map.
caregiver:
What can you say about the Black Sea?
caregiver:
What can you say about the Sea of Azov?
caregiver:
What was the name of the Crimean peninsula before?
Children's answers:
-( Taurida, Taurica)
caregiver:
What else is there on our beautiful peninsula?
Children's answers:
Forests, rocks, rivers, lakes, caves, mountains, animals , plants, etc.
caregiver:
Guys, there are a lot of different plants and animals on our peninsula. Let's remember what plants grow in our area? What animals live on our peninsula? Birds? Insects? Who lives in the Black Sea?
caregiver:
Well done! You know many representatives of flora and fauna. And now let's turn into white swans and fly like them for a minute!
2. Fizminutka "Swans"
The swans are flying
Wings are flapping (smooth hand movements with a large amplitude)
Bent over the water
shake their heads, (leaning forward, bending over)
Straight and proud they know how to hold on,
Quietly sit on the water (squats)
3. Continue the conversation
caregiver:
Among those animals and plants that you named, there are those of which there are very few left. They are called rare. Why do you think they have become rare?
caregiver:
Rare animals and plants in our country, and in other countries too, are protected by law . But unkind people often break this law. Man is often very cruel to plants and animals. Very often people do not spare them, destroy them for their own purposes. Some creatures suffer because of beautiful fur, others because of delicious meat, and still others because people are afraid of them. Gradually, plants and animals remain less and less.
Look at these pictures.
This is a monk seal, and this is an ordinary long-winged seal. These drawings are drawn by the artist. But no one will ever be able to photograph these animals, because people destroyed them all, they disappeared forever and will never appear again.
People thought: how to stop this disgrace, to prevent the disappearance of a single living being.
Tree, grass, flower and bird
They don't always know how to defend themselves.
If they are destroyed
We will be alone on the planet.
And so the scientists decided to publish the Red Book. But why red and not some other color? Because red is the color of danger! Attention! Stop, look around, think man! Think about nature! Are we taking advantage of nature's bounty too freely? We just take and take.
This is what the Red Book of Crimea looks like . And there is also the Red Book of Russia. And other Red Books.
Do you think the beauty of nature depends on a person? Does man always help nature?
caregiver:
But we are firmly, firmly connected with plants and animals. Let's destroy the birds - insects will eat all the greenery - people will not be able to eat fruits and vegetables. This is what always happens in nature: one disappeared - another fell ill - a third died.
Take a look at these pictures. They depict animals, birds, insects that need protection. There are few of them left in Crimea. Who do you recognize in these pictures?
4. Didactic game "Birds-fish-animals"
caregiver:
I suggest you play the game. You need to put all these pictures in different boxes. Put pictures of insects in a box with a picture of a bug. In a woodpecker box? Birds. In a bunny box? Animals. In a dolphin box? Sea inhabitants.
5. Continuing the conversation
caregiver:
Plants also need our protection.
Many of these plants are familiar to you. Which?
caregiver:
And yet there are few of them left.
In the old days, people wisely used the gifts of nature. They never killed females and cubs, released fish juveniles and fish with eggs from the nets, cut down only old and diseased trees.
Unfortunately, nowadays people have forgotten about these good traditions of their ancestors.
But the wonderful thing is that a person knows how to correct his mistakes. In addition to the Red Book, people came up with nature reserves. What is a reserve? The reserve is a place where nature has the right to live according to its own laws. And a person does not interfere with them, occasionally comes to this place as a guest. Everything is protected in the reserve: herbs, mushrooms, birds, fish and all living things. Which of you has been to the village of Koktebel?
caregiver:
Near it there is a reserve. It is located on the extinct volcano Kara-Dag. Look at the map of Crimea. Here is the Karadag nature reserve.
caregiver:
And who knows what other nature reserves there are in Crimea?
caregiver:
On the territory of Crimea today there are five reserves.
Kazantip nature reserve is a state reserve. Located on the northwestern coast of the Kerch Peninsula at Cape Kazantip.
The Crimean Natural Reserve is a state reserve, the largest reserve of the Crimea. Area 44,175 ha. The reserve includes 5 forestries and the Razdolninsky ornithological branch "Lebyazhy Islands", as well as the Karkinitsky ornithological reserve of wetlands of national importance with a water area of 24,646 hectares.
The main part of the reserve occupies the center of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains.
Cape Martyan is a natural reserve on the southern coast of Crimea, the smallest reserve - its area is 240 hectares (120 hectares of land, 120 of the adjacent Black Sea).
Opuk Nature Reserve is a nature reserve located in the south of the Kerch Peninsula. Area 1,592.3 ha.
Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve - state reserve, area 14,523 ha. The nature reserve includes 4 forestries (Oleznevoe, Gurzufskoye, Livadiyskoye, Alupkinskoye) and 4 observation posts. On the territory of the reserve there are such sights as the peak (teeth) Ai-Petri Mountains (1234 m, Three-Eyed Cave, Wuchang-Su Waterfall and Devil's Staircase Pass.
The reserve stretches along the Black Sea coast in a strip from southwest to northeast from Foros to Gurzuf for 40 km, the maximum width of the reserve from north to south is 23 km. The territory of the reserve also includes a small part of the Black Sea coast.
caregiver:
What do you think, is it only necessary to protect nature in nature reserves?
caregiver:
That's right, you need to protect nature in any place. Let's remember the rules of nature conservation.
1. In nature, remember what you see.
2. Walk along the paths.
3. Do not break tree branches.
4. Do not trample on flowers, herbs.
5. Do not shout, do not turn on loud music.
6. Do not climb into bird nests.
7. Do not catch insects.
8. Do not destroy mycelium.
9. Do not catch fry and frogs.
10. Do not tear cobwebs.
11. Do not leave unextinguished fires.
12. Do not ruin anthills.
How can we help rare plants and animals?
caregiver:
Let us ourselves never offend them ourselves and let them not be offended by others. We will tell everyone we know about defenseless plants and flowers.
Guys, if you want, we will make our own Red Book, which will be in our kindergarten. Every time we learn about rare plants or animals, we will add pictures and captions to it. Then everyone, both we and adults, will remember them and will not give offense.
And then our Earth will be a kind and beautiful home for all people, for all animals, for all plants.
Now let's stretch our fingers, and then pick up pencils and decorate rare animals and rare plants of Crimea !
6. Finger gymnastics
Spider (Arms crossed. The fingers of each hand "run" along
forearm, and then on the shoulder of the other hand.)
The spider walked on a branch,
And the kids followed him. (Brushes are freely lowered, perform
shaking motion - rain.)
Rain from the sky suddenly poured, (Slap hands on table/knees.)
Washed the spiders to the ground. (palms side by side pressed against each other)
to a friend, fingers spread out, shaking hands - the sun is shining.)
The sun began to warm, (We make the same movements as in the very
beginning.)
The spider crawls again ("Spiders" crawl on the head.)
And all the children crawl after him,
To walk on a branch.
7. Independent activity of children
Children color pictures of rare animals and plants of the Crimea.
We still poorly know nature, the level of its ability to self-repair, and often, due to departmental or other interests, we simply ignore the laws of nature, relying entirely on the omnipotence of scientific and technological progress. In an effort to improve the conditions of their lives, satisfying their growing needs, mankind has created a modern global environmental problem.
Recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased significantly, the dust content of the air has increased, and the illumination of the Earth has decreased. Emissions of various gases into the atmosphere create a greenhouse effect and deplete the ozone layer. Millions of tons of poisonous substances circulate in the natural environment. Green areas are shrinking, the humus layer is thinning, and the area of deserts is increasing. There was a problem with drinking water.
Previously, when characterizing the ecological situation, the reason for its deterioration was seen solely in the consumer attitude of society towards nature.
It has been found that when emitted into the atmosphere, some substances, reacting with each other, form more toxic compounds. Thus, the combination of the production of bromine and hydroxyacetyl compounds during emissions into the atmosphere gives a "cocktail", the toxicity of which is many times greater than the toxicity of the starting substances.
The volumes of discharge of harmful substances into the Karkinitsky Gulf of the Black Sea amount to 20 million cubic meters. meters per year. Despite efforts to reduce harmful emissions to the atmosphere and water, the situation is not significantly improving.
The role and protection of soils is determined by the fact that it is the custodian of energy resources. The negative impact on the soil and the deterioration of the ecological situation, unfortunately, exceeds the positive impact of man. The deterioration of the soil cover, its negative changes will lead to irreparable consequences.
Recently, we are increasingly learning about accidental emissions and regular destruction and pollution of natural objects by enterprises in the mining, heavy, chemical, energy industries, the construction industry, and transport, which leads to the death of plants and various animals, causes diseases and even death of people.
Forest protection is one of the main tasks set for mankind, because the forest is a living self-regulating system. The forest provides shelter for many animals living in it. It creates conditions for the life of many types of plants that cannot exist safely outside the forest. The forest performs a moisture-accumulating role, protects the soil from erosion, softens the climate, and makes the landscape comfortable. The deterioration of the environmental situation in Crimea requires decisive and effective measures to improve the environment and its main custodian - forest ecosystems.
We are talking about the creation of recreational and health zones in the form where, as a result of improvement and, above all, the creation of ecological paths, the load will not exceed permissible standards, and the recreation area will cover no more than 10% of the forest area. Then you can regulate and control the flow of tourists.
The city of Saki is a region where groundwater has been used for the needs of the national economy for a long time, and recently very intensively.
The issue of water supply to the Sak is very acute. The reserves of drinking water here have been exhausted for a long time, the growth and mineralization of groundwater is underway. Nevertheless, the Saki city executive committee continues to coordinate the construction and placement of new medical institutions with a focus on water supply from groundwater. The construction of treatment facilities lags behind here (the existing capacity of treatment facilities in Saki is 4,000 cubic meters per day with a volume of effluents of 14,000 cubic meters per day; untreated effluents are discharged into Lake Chokrak, causing its pollution). Nevertheless, in recent years, in the Saki district, the largest withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation has been observed in the region.
A very acute problem is pollution of groundwater in Crimea as a result of economic activity. Everyone participates in this "work" - industrial enterprises, agriculture, utilities, individual residents. A long-term source of manganese-alkaline pollution of groundwater is the slag reservoirs of the Saki chemical plant near the village of Garshino. According to the departments, the manganese content in groundwater is almost 5 times higher than the MPC. It was noted in individual samples of the appearance of manganese at the Chebotarsky water intake in quantities exceeding the MPC. Despite a number of decisions to liquidate the sludge storage facilities of the Saki Chemical Plant, the issue remains open to this day. Hydrogeologists believe that the continued existence of this source of pollution will lead to the failure of the Chebotarsky water intake, the main source of Yevpatoriya's water supply. This may happen in the coming years.
The Saki Feed Mill is a constant source of groundwater pollution with nitrogen compounds.
A number of measures are being taken to prevent salinization and pollution of groundwater. The exactingness to the design of objects, to the implementation of environmental protection measures has increased. The use of groundwater of drinking quality for industrial purposes and irrigation is prohibited. Work is underway to create installations for artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves by pumping them through wells or infiltration basins.
But the measures taken are not enough. It is necessary to carry out a set of measures - both active and passive - to restore disturbed hydrogeological conditions, namely:
Apply water-saving technologies in industry and agriculture.
To speed up the liquidation of wells used for irrigation in the Saki district in order to improve the hydrochemical situation in the centralized catchment areas and the conditions for the water supply of the Sak.
Accelerate the artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves.
In addition to pollution and changes in the qualitative composition of the runoff, in the course of economic activity, its regulation and redistribution is carried out - a decrease in the flow of fresh water into the sea. The salinity of the natural water layer of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea in the summer period has increased significantly over the past 30 years.
The disappearance or sharp decrease in the number of many fish is explained not only by "overfishing" or an increase in the salinity of the water, but also by the contamination of the waters.
Man, having long inhabited the peninsula, used its natural resources. With the development of modern powerful technology, human activity becomes more and more destructive every year.
In terms of global negative impacts, two closely related measures should be ranked first: the construction of the first stage of the North Crimean Canal with a wide network of irrigation systems; and continuous plowing of virgin steppe areas, which led to their almost complete disappearance.
A lot of environmental problems are facing the fauna of water bodies: seas, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, rivers... all living things. A significant contribution to such destruction is made by many factories and institutions, discharging untreated effluents into the water of rivers, seas ...
The most correct way out of this situation is the complete disposal of wastewater on land, without discharge into the sea. But it will probably take many years to fully realize this idea.
The traffic load on the resort areas, which is the city of Saki, is constantly increasing. Car exhaust contains a lot of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen dioxide, lead compounds, etc.
Until recently, nitrogen dioxide was considered a rare component in the Earth's atmosphere. The installation of high-power engines on modern motor vehicles, which led to an increase in the temperature of combustion of fuel in them, led to an increase in the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the air with exhaust gases.
It is necessary to develop a scientific development of the territorial concept of landscape protection, which should reflect the problems of maintaining the sustainability of natural complexes and monitoring changes in their natural state under the influence of human economic activity, determining natural potential. It is necessary to develop a landscape cadastre, draw up maps of extreme natural and anthropogenic nature uses, maps and norms for maintaining landscape and ecological balance.
In fact, the problem of landscape protection goes far beyond Crimea. Of course, we need a law on the protection of historical landscapes and on responsibility for their violation. New and stricter standards are needed.
The general public should be involved in the protection and preservation of recreation areas. A lot needs to be done. One way or another, a radical solution of environmental problems rests on raising the culture of people, on painstaking, lengthy educational and educational work.
According to the law, the data of the land cadastre are intended for use in the process of regulating land relations, rational use and protection of land, determining the amount of payment for land and the value of land as part of natural resources, control over the use and protection of land, economic and environmental justification of business plans and land management projects. That is, the land cadastre should be maintained in such a way that the needs for timely, accurate and reliable information about the current state and basic trends in the use of the land fund will be met to the greatest extent. High-quality cadastral information in this context becomes the basis for developing the methods necessary to optimize the use of land for effective land management and their valuation.
Despite the absolute value of the information stored in the automated cadastral system, it is not sufficient to carry out an environmental assessment of territorial entities and individual land plots.
The basic basis for the development of projects for the use of land improvement and protection are soils; on the basis of the agro-production grouping of soils, the landscape conditions of the territory can be assessed, since the composition and properties of soils in most cases are derived from the local topography and natural vegetation. But, even without paying attention to this, cadastral registration of land plots is quite promising for assessing and organizing the use of land for its assessment.
As a separate information layer, it is necessary to take into account the boundaries of protective, security and other zones with special conditions of use provided for by law, as well as coastal protective strips. This information is important for land valuation in two respects. On the one hand, a decrease in the monetary value of land plots that are included in these zones (strips) should be recorded due to the imposition of restrictions on their use, and on the other hand, these statements in most cases are mandatory for accounting in the development of urban planning and land management design documentation.
When maintaining a land cadastre, it is necessary to take into account the territory of the national ecological border - a single territorial system that is created in order to improve conditions for the formation and renewal of the environment, increase the natural resource potential of the territory, preserve the landscape and biological diversity of habitats and the growth of valuable species of flora and fauna , genetic fund, animal migration routes due to the unification of the territory and objects of the natural reserve fund, as well as other territories that are of particular value for the protection of the natural environment and, according to the laws, are subject to special protection.
In accordance with the projects for the formation of eco-boundaries, they have, among other things, to carry out measures to create objects of the natural reserve fund, preserve natural landscapes in areas that have historical and cultural value, implement programs for the ecological improvement of lakes, as well as measures to create and arrange water protection zones on coastal protective strips of water bodies, the formation of protected areas of international importance, the preservation of natural landscapes on the lands of industry, transport, communications, defense.
Of course, it is impossible to implement these activities, which are very important for the preservation of the natural environment, without the participation of land resources authorities. The actual formation of the territory of the ecological boundary and the introduction of certain regimes for their use will require a clear spatial fixation of the boundaries of these territories, primarily in land cadastral documentation.
Crimea is rightly called a museum of nature. Here in the mountains and on the plains of Crimea there is a complex combination of more than 200 species and varieties of rocks and minerals up to 300 million years old. In the bowels of the mountains there are more than 800 karst caves, mines and wells, many of which are decorated with unique sinter formations, which store the remains of the ancient fauna of the Crimean peninsula. The largest of the caves - Kizil-Koba - has 6 floors, an underground river, lakes, and the total length of its galleries extends for 13.7 km. The slopes of the mountains are cut by grandiose valleys, gorges and canyons. The deepest of them - the Grand Canyon - is cut into the thickness of the mountains at 320 m. The Crimean waterfalls of Uchan-Su, Golovkinsky, Dzhur-Dzhur, healing waters and silts of many lakes of the Crimean peninsula (Sakskoe, Sasyk, Chokrakskoe, etc.) are beautiful.
The wealth of the Crimean flora is well known: there are more than 2,600 species of wild plants, many of which are endemic (Steven's maple, Poyarkova's hawthorn, Crimean "edelweiss") or are relics of past eras (high juniper, small-fruited strawberry, yew berry, etc.).
All this, in conditions when about 10 million vacationers and tourists come to Crimea every year, requires exceptionally great attention to preserve the natural uniqueness of the peninsula.
The first steps to organize the protection of rare natural objects of the Crimea were taken immediately after the October Revolution. In accordance with Lenin's idea of turning the Crimea into an all-Union health resort, the foundation was laid for the protected nature protection of the peninsula. In 1923, the Crimean State Reserve named after V.I. V. V. Kuibyshev. (In 1957, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was reorganized into the Crimean State Wildlife Refuge). But the 1950s and 1970s became especially fruitful in organizing a network of specially protected natural areas in Crimea. Scientists have identified, described and mapped dozens of unique landscapes - gradually a fairly developed network of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and landscape gardening art was created to protect natural rarities. Their main goal is to preserve the unique creations of inanimate nature and rare communities of living organisms for scientific and educational purposes, to ensure the protection of the genetic fund of flora and fauna of landscapes as environmentally reproducing sources of nature.
The formed current network of protected landscapes of Crimea includes 157 objects with a total area of more than 1 thousand square kilometers (3.7% of the territory of Crimea, one of the highest protected saturation rates in Russia). This mosaic of unique landscapes unites 3 reserves (Yalta Mountain and Forest State Reserve, Cape Martyan State Reserve, Karadag State Reserve) and the Crimean State Reserve and Hunting Economy (they occupy 58.6% of the total protected area of the peninsula) and 32 reserves ( 35% of the total protected area), including 15 of republican significance (Cape Aya, Mount Ayu-Dag, Grand Canyon, Black River Canyon, Kachinsky Canyon, Khapkhal Gorge with the Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall, Mount Kubalach, Karabi-yayly section, Kanaka tract , the coast of the New World, the Arabat Spit, the Karkinit Bay, the Altaninsky floodplains, the "Mountain Karst of the Crimea", "The Weeping Rock"). In addition, there are 17 sanctuaries of local importance (the tract Kasiel, the virgin steppe of the village of Grigorievka (Krasnogvardeisky district), Karalarsky (Leninsky district), etc.). Smaller ones form a network of 87 protected natural monuments (3.3% of the total protected area), among them 13 are of republican significance (Mount Koshka, Cape Karaul-Oba, Agarmysh Forest, Mangup-Kale Mountain, Belbek Canyon, Mt. Ak-Kaya, Demerdzhi tract, Kizil-Koba tract and cave, Soldatskaya mine, Dzhau-Tepe hill, Karasu-Bashi tract, Kara-Tau mountain, Karabi-yaylinskaya hollow). In addition, the protected network includes 10 protected areas (1.9% of the area of the protected fund: the Bolshoy Kastel beam, the Atlesh coast, Mount Opusk, Kazantip Cape, Levadka Grove, the forest near Topolevka, the Chatyr-Daga yayla, the Laspi rocks, the Satera valley, Cape Alchak). Finally, the state protects 24 Crimean parks - a monument of gardening art. Among them are the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden and 10 parks - monuments of republican significance (Forossky, Alupka, Miskhorsky, Kharaksky, Livadia, Massandrovsky, Gurzufsky, Kiparisey, Utes sanatorium park, Karasansky).
In conclusion, we note that, in addition to the territorial conservation protection of natural rarities of the Crimea, in 1978-1984, a significant part of the rare plants and animals of the peninsula was included in the Red Book of the USSR (vascular plants - 57 species, lower plants - 6, mushrooms - 7 and animals - 58 species), in 1980 - in the Red Book of the Ukrainian SSR (66 plant species and 48 animal species). The list of specially protected representatives of flora and fauna includes endangered species that are declining in number or in the area of their habitats. In total, there were 178 such species (combined according to two Red Books - the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR) in Crimea: plants - 93 species, animals - 85. In addition, 29 species of rare plants of the peninsula were taken under protection by decisions of the Crimean Regional (1974) and Yalta City (1971) Councils of People's Deputies.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Let's save the nature of Crimea Oral journal PLANT WORLD OF CRIMEA Prepared by students of grade 10-B of a biological and chemical profile, pupils of the circle "Fundamentals of Biology" and a biology teacher, head of the circle Kadyrova L.I. The purpose of the event: to educate students in love for their native land and the uniqueness of its nature
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Student 1. We love Crimea, probably no less! And we love poems about him very much: - But sometimes we read humorous things, write again, sing ... In the same way, the expanses beckon us, In the same way, the song of cicadas intoxicates And the wonderful Crimean mountains, And the September night starfall, Dry winds and mountain trails, Vineyards, sun, wine... Beautiful lines about Tavrida We read everything excitedly and for a long time!
3 slide
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Pupil 2. Since the time of Herodotus and Strabo - for more than two and a half thousand years - European civilization has become acquainted with the natural resources of Taurida. Taurida, the Crimean peninsula, is the northernmost corner of the Mediterranean and at the same time the southernmost region of all of Eastern Europe. The magnificence and uniqueness of the Crimean nature are sung by many poets, writers, scientists and travelers. The Crimea of L.S. Pushkin is a “magic land”, Pablo Neruda is an “order on the chest of the planet Earth”, academician A.E. Fersman has a “museum of nature” ...
4 slide
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Pupil 3. Crimea actually turns out to be an exceptionally attractive place, which has now turned into the largest Ukrainian resort and one of the centers of international tourism. Crimea is currently experiencing a real tourist boom, which at the same time leads to an aggravation of environmental problems. In this regard, the main question arises - how to preserve the biological and landscape diversity of the peninsula for future generations. The sustainable development of protected areas here turns out to be a key direction in resolving the contradictions between man and nature.
5 slide
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Pupil 4. The modern network of protected areas of Crimea has more than 160 objects, covering about 5% of the peninsula. Among specially protected territories there are 6 natural reserves (Crimean, Yalta, Cape Martyan, Karadag, Kazantip-sky, Opuksky - a third of those available in the country!), 35 landscape, hydrological, botanical, ornithological reserves, 74 natural monuments, 38 garden monument parks -park art and 9 protected areas. Most of them are located in the Crimean forest middle mountains and the Crimean Sub-Mediterranean - two of the most unique and vulnerable landscape areas of the peninsula.
6 slide
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Student 5. The protection of Crimean plants is a necessary measure for the protection and preservation of the Crimean flora. In order to preserve the plants of Crimea, the following decree was created, the decision of which reads: “Given the serious danger of impoverishment of the Crimean flora as a result of random collection of flowers, which leads to their gradual destruction, it is forbidden to collect wild flowers on the territory of Crimea, dig up bulbs, tubers and roots from for the purpose of further sale, export of plants outside the Crimean territory.
7 slide
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Pupil 6. The order says: "The regional department of trade, the regional department of internal affairs, local executive committees and people's deputies to take measures to stop the sale in the markets and streets of cities and villages of all kinds of wild and medicinal plants." The Yalta city executive committee was the first in the Crimea to issue a decision "On the protection of rare wild plants." It refers to the prohibition of the mass and amateur collection and sale of flowers, the digging of bulbs, as well as the collection of any parts of plants as technical and medicinal raw materials. The decision lists 48 species of protected plants. Control over the implementation of this decision is entrusted to the authorities of the Internal Affairs Directorate, the Yalta forestry and the management of the markets of the city of Yalta.
8 slide
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Pupil 7. For violation of the reserve regime, the forest guard has the right to impose a fine of up to 500 hryvnia. The basis is the "Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses", art. 91 "Violation of the rules for the protection of territories and objects of the natural reserve fund." A large number of all kinds of prohibitions at first glance depressing. But let's think for a moment and imagine again a small Crimea, a very miniature South Coast, visited by millions of vacationers and tourists, the nature of the mountainous Crimea, which is still lush, rich and bright, but has already lost part of its magnificent mantle.
9 slide
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Pupil 8. Many plants, animals, insects have become rare in the Crimea due to mass extermination by people, some have disappeared altogether. And we understand that all restrictions are reasonable, that they should help our internal restructuring. When the environmental education of society reaches the proper level, prohibitions will no longer be necessary. In the meantime, we will have to get used to the fact that in the summer free access to the forest in the mountainous Crimea is prohibited due to the high fire risk, that it is impossible to violate the boundaries of reserves.
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SPECIALLY PROTECTED TERRITORIES Pupil 9. Almost 130 years ago, in 1870, part of the mountain-forest landscapes in the Crimea acquired the status of an imperial (royal) hunting reserve. However, the first real steps to identify and organize special protection of the most outstanding natural areas and objects were taken in the Crimea only in 1917, 1918 and in the 1920s on the initiative of the geologist Acad. A.P. Pavlov and zoologist prof. I.I. Puzanov. An important stage in the organization of nature conservation in the Crimea was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated July 30, 1923 “On the Crimean State Reserve and Forest Biological Station”. In subsequent years, a number of rare natural objects of the peninsula were declared natural monuments. For many years, conservation work in the Crimea has been developing along the path of “accumulation of forces” and organization (as valuable objects that are distinguished by natural diversity are discovered and described) every decade more and more new and relatively small protected areas: nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, parks -monuments of landscape gardening art, reserved tracts. .
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Alexei Petrovich Pavlov (1854 - September 9, 1929) Alexei Petrovich Pavlov - geologist, paleontologist, professor at Moscow University (1886), academician of the Petrograd Academy of Sciences (1916), teacher V.I. Vernadsky. With the name of A.P. Pavlov is associated with the creation of the richest geological and paleontological collections of Moscow University.
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Puzanov Ivan Ivanovich (1885-1971), zoologist and zoogeographer, doctor of biological sciences, professor (since 1923) of Taurida University (Simferopol). Basic research on the ecology and taxonomy of terrestrial animals, hydrobiology, the history of the formation of faunas, including the Crimea. Proceedings on the protection of nature, hunting, the history of science. Numerous natural science popular science works, including those for children and youth.
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Pupil 10. The need for nature conservation in Crimea became especially tangible after the Second World War: in connection with the powerful development of the chemical, mining, construction industries, transport on the peninsula, a sharp increase in population and a resort and recreational boom. Over the years, based on the research of scientists, state decisions were made that significantly increased the number and area of specially protected natural areas and objects in Crimea. unique, conservation of landscape and biodiversity on the peninsula.
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Pupil 11. Over the 80 years of its development, the Crimean Reserve Fund has become the most important indicator of the standard scientific and natural resource potential of the peninsula. This is a natural source of the plain-steppe, mountain-forest and south-coast-sub-Mediterranean nature of the peninsula. At the same time, specially protected territories and objects, reflecting the degree of uniqueness of nature in different regions of the peninsula, are unevenly distributed over the landscape regions of Crimea. The Main Crimean Ridge and the Crimean Sub-Mediterranean Sea are distinguished by the greatest reserved saturation. The landscape areas of the Plain Crimea, the Kerch hills and the Crimean foothills are characterized by much less protected saturation. In general, the reserve fund in Crimea accounts for 5.4% of the peninsula. This is 2.5 times higher than the similar average for Ukraine as a whole, but 2 times lower than the UN-recommended optimal level of protected saturation for the regions of the world.
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Pupil 12. The Crimean peninsula is considered to be the natural treasury of Ukraine. More than 2,000 species of wild plants grow here, of which more than 100 species are plants of the Red Book, as well as plants recognized as reserves. If we talk about the unique vegetation, first of all, it is necessary to mention the rare plants of the Crimea. Some of their species are threatened by civilization so much that they may disappear forever. For example, orchids are the rarest and most protected family of Crimean flora. Almost all 45 local species of this family are Red Book plants. Many species of them need to be cultivated in order to preserve and repatriate the places where they used to grow, but now disappeared.
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Kuznetsov's cyclamen (Cyclamen kuznetzovii Kotov & Czernova, family Primulaceae). Pupil 13. Cyclamens can also be attributed to rare species listed in the Red Book of Crimea. The active activity of these flowers falls on the cold season. Delicate lilac inflorescences of Kos cyclamen bloom right on the snow. The only population of this representative of the primrose family in the Crimea is protected in the Kubalach botanical reserve.
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Bieberstein's sapling, or "Crimean edelweiss" (Cerastium biebersteinii, clove family). This is a low - 10-12 cm - the plant is densely covered with a silvery fluff of a bluish hue. Yaskolka is widespread in the yayla, where it prefers to live on stony soils.
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Thyme (thyme) Dzevanovsky (Thymus dzevanovsyi, family Lamiaceae). There are 12 species of thyme in the Crimea, and among them 6 species are endemic. All of them are valuable ether carriers - they contain up to 0.6% essential oil, mainly thymol and corvalol.
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Teaching 14. The richest flora of Crimea contributes to the practical application of the beneficial properties of wild plants. In Crimea, there are about 600 species of medicinal plants, many of which are grown here, harvested and processed industrially. An example is one of the most popular plants of the Crimea - lavender. Lavender is bred mainly for the extraction of essential oil, which is used in the perfumery and cosmetic industry, for therapeutic baths in medicine. A decoction of lavender is known as a sedative and pain reliever. Diluted with alcohol, lavender oil is taken with a strong heartbeat, with migraines, with increased irritability, bouts of rheumatism. The beneficial effect of lavender in influenza is known. Together with some herbs, it complements health-improving preparations for herbal teas. Twigs with flowers and leaves of lavender are used in cooking as a spice.
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