Destroyer project 7. The story of the tragedy of the destroyer "crushing". Selecting the optimal configuration

They were developed by the Central Design Bureau for Special Shipbuilding TsKBS-1 under the program "naval shipbuilding for 1933-1938", adopted on July 11, 1933 by the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR. V.A. Nikitin was appointed the main head of the project, and P.O. Trakhtenberg was appointed the responsible executor. The project was based on the theoretical drawings of the Italian company "Ansaldo" brought by V.A. Nikitin from Italy, in addition, the model was run in an experimental pool in Rome. Our designers borrowed both the layout of the machine-boiler plant and the general architecture of the ship, however domestic weapons, mechanisms and equipment forced to largely move away from the prototype. The ships were intended for delivering torpedo strikes against large enemy ships on remote sea lanes, repelling mine attacks, guarding their own capital ships and convoys during the transition to the far and near maritime zone, as well as performances minefields.

The hull of the ship was riveted, with limited use of welding, from sheet low-manganese steel, which had increased strength, but at the same time greater fragility. The ship had a forecastle, an upper deck, bow and stern platforms, and a second bottom. Throughout the engine and boiler rooms, a longitudinal hull framing system was used, and a transverse framing system was used at the extremities. Spacing along the entire length of the hull was 510 mm. In the bow and stern of the engine and boiler rooms there was a living deck covered with linoleum. The main watertight bulkheads reached the upper deck and were 3-4 mm thick. The leader did not have armor protection for the sides and deck, the thickness of the skin sheets was 5-9 mm, and in the area of ​​​​engine and boiler rooms 10 mm. The bow and stern bridges were equipped with ship control devices, as well as a command and rangefinder post (KDP-4) was located on the bow bridge, and a DM-3 rangefinder on the stern. Under the bow bridge was a two-tier bow superstructure. In the lower tier of the bow superstructure there were cabins for the senior command staff (commander and commissar of the ship, command of the formation), a headquarters cabin, a long-distance radio room, a hydroacoustic post, and a modular one. In the upper tier there was a GKP, a running and navigational cabin, a short-range communication cabin, and a cipher post. Under the aft bridge was a single-tier aft superstructure. In the aft superstructure, there was a cabin on duty and sanitary facilities for junior command personnel and teams. From the forecastle and behind the chimney there was a chimney casing, an energy and survivability post (PEZH) and rosters for rescue equipment. Above the bulkhead separating 1 and 2 MO, on the upper deck, there was another superstructure with a galley, a dishwasher and a diesel generator room. The officers' quarters were located in the bow, and the sailors lived in cockpits in the bow and stern. The ammunition cellars were equipped with irrigation and flooding systems. Both systems were connected to the fire main. The spar was represented by two masts. The silhouette of the destroyer had sharp contours in the bow and one sloping, oval chimney.

1. Feed water tank, artillery cellar No. 1, crew quarters No. 2, officers' cabins (frame 33-44);
2. Fuel tank, artillery cellars No. 2 and No. 3, crew quarters No. 3, officers' cabins (frames 44-61);
3. Boiler room No. 1 (frame 61-78);
4. Boiler compartment No. 2 (frame 78-94);
5. Boiler room No. 3 (frame 94-109);
6. Engine room No. 1 (frame 109-133);
7. Auxiliary boiler compartment (frame 133-138);
8. Engine room No. 2 (frame 138-159);
9. Tiller compartment and chemical cabin (frame 205-220);

The anchor device included two electric capstans, two Hall anchors and one aft stop anchor. The mass of the dead anchor is 1 t, the length of the anchor chains is 184 m. The mass of the stop anchor is 350 kg, the speed of the anchor chain is 0.2 m/s.

The steering device had an electric drive and one semi-balanced steering wheel located in the diametrical plane. Management was carried out from the main and spare navigation bridges and from the chart house. Emergency control was carried out manually from the tiller compartment.

Drainage means were represented by 13 water-jet ejectors with water supply from 10 to 100 t/h and 2 portable ejectors with water supply of 20 t/h.

Rescue equipment included 1 powerboat, 3 six-oared yawls, life buoys and individual life belts.

The power plant is mechanical, two-shaft, with two three-case turbo-gear turbines of the Kharkov Turbine Plant model GTZA-24 with a capacity of 25,250 hp each. with. each, located one in the forward engine room and one in the aft MO. The turbines transmitted rotation through the side shafts to two three-bladed fixed-pitch propellers (FS). The steam for the turbines was produced by three triangular-type water-tube boilers with oil heating and with a symmetrical arrangement of superheaters located in the boiler rooms. The steam capacity of boilers No. 2 and No. 3 was 98.5 t / h each, and the front one - 83 t / h, since it had 7 nozzles instead of 9 due to the narrowing of the body, and the heating surface reached 1077 m2, instead of 1264 m2 for the last two. The control of the main engines was carried out manually with the help of speaking pipes and a machine telegraph. To store fuel oil, not only fuel tanks were used, but also double-bottom space, which increased the fuel supply to 500 tons. The ship's full speed was 38 knots. The actual cruising range at an economic speed of 19 knots was 2,500 miles.

The 115 V direct current electric power system was powered by three PST 30/14 dynamos with a power of 50 kW each and one standby diesel generator PN-2F with a power of 30 kW with distribution stations.

The armament of the ships consisted of:

1. From 2 single-barreled 76 mm anti-aircraft guns 34-K with barrel length 55 calibers, located side by side on rosters behind the mainmast. The gun in the deck installation had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The rate of fire of the installation was 15 shots / min. The vertical guidance angle is from -5° to +85°, and the horizontal firing angles of both installations are from 20° to 180° on both sides. The initial velocity of the projectile is 800 m / s, the firing range is up to 14.6 km, and the reach in height is 9 km. Ammunition according to the norm was 350 rounds per gun, 846 shots were taken into overload (according to the capacity of the cellars). The mass of the gun was 4.872 tons.
2. Of 2 single-barreled 45-mm universal semi-automatic 21-K with a barrel length of 46 calibers, located on the side at the forecastle cut and providing shelling of air targets from forward heading angles. These installations did not have anti-fragmentation shields and mechanical pickup drives. The calculation of the gun consisted of 3 people. The semi-automatic fire rate was 25 rounds / min. Elevation angle from -10° to +85°. The initial velocity of the projectile is 740 m / s, the firing range is up to 9.2 km, and the reach in height is 6 km. The mass of the gun reached 507 kg.
3. Of 2 single-barreled 12.7-mm machine guns DK-32, located side by side on the command bridge. The fire mode is only automatic, built on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire was 125 rounds / min. followed by a break to cool the barrel. Sighting range firing reached 3 km, and the ceiling up to 2 km. The machine guns are fed by belt, in the tape there are 50 rounds. The calculation of the machine gun included 2 people. The machine guns had a muzzle brake, a recoil absorber on the machine, a shoulder rest and a manual control system with optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
4. Of 2 triple-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes (TA) 39-Yu, located in the diametrical plane with the ability to conduct salvo firing of torpedoes from the Mina PUTS. TA deck swivel with turning angles from 62.5° to 118° on both sides. Gunpowder torpedo tubes were equipped with a manual drive and a mechanical electric drive for remote aiming. For remote control of torpedo firing, the Mina torpedo firing control device was used, which ensured a sequential firing of torpedoes. PUTS "Mina" made it possible to solve the torpedo triangle and produce guidance, both hardware and by ship. The torpedo 53-38 is a combined-cycle, dual-mode torpedo, that is, a range mode of 4 km and 8 km or 4 km and 10 km can be set on the base. The weight of the warhead of the torpedo was 300 kg, while the weight of the torpedo itself was 1.615 tons. The speed of the torpedo reached 44.5 knots (4 km), 34.5 knots (8 km) and 30.5 knots (10 km). The ammunition consisted of 16 torpedoes, 8 of them in the cellar, and the rest in the TA.
5. Of 2 bombers for 16 BB-1 depth charges located at the aft cut of the upper deck. The total weight of a large depth charge was 165 kg, and the weight of TNT was 135 kg with a length of 712 mm and a diameter of 430 mm. The immersion speed reached 2.5 m / s, and the radius of destruction ranged from 8 to 20 meters. The bomb provided the setting of the depth of the explosion from 10 to 210 meters.

The ships were equipped with a Kurs gyrocompass, a Poseidon noise direction finder, 2 sets of DA-1 smoke equipment, a DA-2 aft smoke equipment set, a Guys-1 radar (on the Gromkom SF), a Guys-1M radar (on " Ryan" Pacific Fleet).

Radar "Guys-1" - the first serial shipborne radar with one antenna (channel), two-coordinate, meter (1.5 meters) wave range, made it possible to detect and determine the range and azimuth to air and surface targets. The station operated in circular - 360° and sector - with an azimuth of 18° modes, with an operating radiation frequency of 200 MHz. Antenna - type "wave channel" with the number of revolutions per minute - 3 and the rate of view - 20 seconds. The operator observed the detected targets on the CRT screen, which were displayed as vertical pulsating pulses. The radar had a power consumption of 80 kW with a detection range of surface targets such as a battleship of 15 km, a cruiser of 13 km, a destroyer of 9.26 km, and a minesweeper of 7.4 km. The accuracy of determining the range was 92.6-129.6 meters, and the median error in determining the azimuth was no more than 0.55%.

Ships were built at the factory No. 190 (7) and at the Baltic Shipyard No. 189 (3) in Leningrad, at the Andre Marty factory No. 198 (4 for the Black Sea Fleet / 12 for the Pacific Fleet) and at the factory No. 200 (1 for the Black Sea Fleet / 1 for the Pacific Fleet) in Nikolaev with subsequent assembly of sections at plant No. 199 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (9) and at Dalzavod No. 202 in Vladivostok (9).

Tactical and technical data of the destroyers of the project 7 Displacement: standard 1500 tons, full 2180 tons Maximum length: 112.5 metersLength according to design waterline: 110 meters

Maximum width:	10.2 meters
Width on design waterline:	10.1 meters
Nose side height:	8.5 meters
Board height amidships:	6 meters
Board height in the stern:	3.2 meters
Hull draft:	3.8 meters
Power point:	3 boilers, 2 FSH propellers, 1 steering wheel
Electric power system:	3 dynamos PST 30/14, 50 kW, direct current 115 V, 1 diesel generator PN-2F per 30 kW.
Travel speed:	gross 38 knots, economic 19 knots
cruising range:	2500 miles at 19 knots
Seaworthiness:	up to 7 points
Autonomy:	10 days
Armament:	.
artillery:
anti-aircraft:	2x1 76 mm 34-K guns, 2x1 12.7 mm DK machine guns, 2x1 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K.
torpedo:	2x3 533-mm swivel TA 39-Yu with "Mina" PUTS.
mine:	65 anchor mines mod. 1926
anti-submarine:	2 bombers, 16 BB-1 bombs.
hydroacoustic:	1 noise direction finder "Poseidon"
radio engineering:
navigational:	1 log GO-3
chemical:	2 sets YES #1, 1 set YES #2
Crew:	197 people (15 officers, 44 foremen)

In total, destroyers were built from 1938 to 1940 - 28 units.

Project 7U destroyers

- this is an improved version with an echelon location of the main power plant, developed under the guidance of O.F. Jacob. The project was developed by the Central Design Bureau of Special Shipbuilding TsKBS-1 and Design Bureau of Plant No. 190 under the leadership of Chief Designer N.A. Lebedev. The project was finally approved by the People's Commissariat of the Navy on August 29, 1938.

The hull of the ship differed from Project 7 in the location of the engine and boiler rooms, as well as the presence of a fourth boiler, which slightly increased the displacement. The bow watertight bulkhead 1 KO was moved 3 spaces forward: from the 61st to the 58th frame. Also, the bow superstructure, along with the KDP-4 and 130-mm guns, was moved to three spacings. The bow superstructure remained bunk with a bow bridge. In the lower tier of the bow superstructure there were cabins for the senior command staff (commander and commissar of the ship, command of the formation), a headquarters cabin, a hydroacoustic post, aggregate, battery and charging batteries. In the upper tier there were GKP, navigation and navigation cabins, a cipher post, a secret communications post and a short-range radio room. The single-tier aft superstructure had a stern bridge. In the aft superstructure, there were sanitary facilities for junior command personnel and teams, a battery room, an aggregate room, a diesel generator room and a long-distance radio room. From the forecastle and behind the first chimney, there was a chimney casing, a galley, a dishwasher and, on top, rostra for boats. Near the second chimney there was another superstructure with a workshop and a chemical post, and on top of the rostra for six-oared yals, there was also a DM-3 rangefinder. The officers' quarters were located in the bow, and the sailors lived in cockpits in the bow and stern. The ammunition cellars were equipped with irrigation and flooding systems. Both systems were connected to the fire main. The spar was represented by two masts. The silhouette of the destroyer had sharp contours in the bow and two sloping, oval chimneys.
The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by dividing the hull with watertight bulkheads into 15 compartments:

1. Forepeak, skipper and paint pantries (0-6 frames);
2. Chain box, provisional pantry, room for a capstan machine (6-18 frames);
3. Fresh water cistern, room for a refrigerator car, crew quarters No. 1, wardroom (frame 18-33);
4. Feed water tank, artillery cellar No. 1, crew quarters No. 2, officers' cabins (frames 33-41);
5. Fuel tank, artillery cellars No. 2 and No. 3, crew quarters No. 3, officers' cabins (frame 41-58);
6. Boiler compartment No. 1 (frame 58-72);
7. Boiler compartment No. 2 (frame 72-86);
8. Engine room No. 1 (frame 86-109);
9. Boiler room No. 3 (frame 109-123);
10. Boiler room No. 4 (frame 123-137);
11. Engine room No. 2 (frame 137-159);
12. Artillery cellars No. 4 and No. 5, MPUAZO premises, posts (159-175 frames);
13. Chemical pantry, artillery cellar No. 6, crew quarters No. 4 (frame 175-186);
14. Artillery cellar No. 7, fuel tank, crew quarters No. 5 (frame 186-205);
15. Rump department. (205-220 frame);

According to the calculations, the destroyer was guaranteed to maintain buoyancy and stability with the simultaneous flooding of any two compartments. When three adjacent compartments were flooded, it was not always possible to maintain buoyancy.

The power plant is mechanical, two-shaft, with two three-case turbo-gear turbines of the Kharkov Turbine Plant model GTZA-24 with a capacity of 25,250 hp each. with. each, located one in the forward engine room and one in the aft MO. The turbines transmitted rotation through the side shafts to two three-blade fixed-pitch propellers (FS). Steam for the turbines was produced by four tent vertical water-tube boilers with oil heating, a side screen and a one-way gas flow, equipped with loop superheaters. The steam capacity of the boilers was 80 t/h, the heating surface of each boiler reached 655 m2, and the pressure was 27.5 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 340°C. The control of the main engines was carried out manually with the help of speaking pipes and a machine telegraph. For the storage of fuel oil, not only fuel tanks were used, but also the double-bottom space. The ship's full speed was 37 knots. The actual cruising range at an economic speed of 19 knots was 2380 miles.

The 115 V direct current electric power system was powered by two PG-3 turbogenerators with a capacity of 100 kW each and two backup diesel generators with a capacity of 50 kW each with distribution stations.

The armament of the ships consisted of:

1. Of the 4 single-barrel 130-mm gun mounts B-13 with a barrel length of 50 calibers, two are located on the tank and two in the stern. Ammunition, amounting to 150 shots per barrel (175 in overload), was located in four artillery cellars. Its supply was carried out by two elevators (one for charges, the other for shells) for each gun; in case of failure, there were tubes for manual feeding, and the loading of the guns was carried out manually. The gun in the deck installation had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The calculation of the gun included 11 people. The rate of fire of the installation, depending on the elevation angle, was 6-10 shots / min. Elevation angle from -5° to +45°. The initial velocity of the projectile is 870 m / s, the firing range is up to 27.5 km. The mass of the gun with the machine and the shield was 12.8 tons. The artillery fire was controlled by PUAO "Mina", which made it possible to determine the full angles of vertical and horizontal guidance of the guns while constantly monitoring the target. Surveillance of the surface target was carried out using two 4-meter rangefinders located in the bow command and rangefinder post (KDP-4).
2. Of 2 single-barreled 76-mm anti-aircraft guns 34-K with a barrel length of 55 calibers, located side by side on the aft bridge. The gun in the deck installation had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The rate of fire of the installation was 15 shots / min. The vertical guidance angle is from -5° to +85°, and the horizontal firing angles of both installations are from 20° to 180° on both sides. The initial velocity of the projectile is 800 m / s, the firing range is up to 14.6 km, and the reach in height is 9 km. Ammunition according to the norm was 350 rounds per gun, 846 shots were taken into overload (according to the capacity of the cellars). The mass of the gun was 4.872 tons.
3. Of the 3 single-barrel 45-mm universal semi-automatic 21-K with a barrel length of 46 calibers, two are located on the side and one in the diametrical plane on the site behind the first chimney. These installations did not have anti-fragmentation shields and mechanical pickup drives. The calculation of the gun consisted of 3 people. The semi-automatic fire rate was 25 rounds / min. Elevation angle from -10° to +85°. The initial velocity of the projectile is 740 m / s, the firing range is up to 9.2 km, and the reach in height is 6 km. The mass of the gun reached 507 kg.
4. Of the 4 single-barreled 12.7-mm DShK machine guns with a barrel length of 84 caliber, two are located side by side on the command bridge and two are side by side at the forecastle cut. The fire mode is only automatic, built on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire was 125 rounds / min. followed by a break to cool the barrel. The effective firing range reached 3.5 km, and the ceiling was up to 2.4 km at an initial bullet speed of 850 m/s. The machine guns are fed by belt, in the tape there are 50 rounds. The calculation of the machine gun included 2 people. The machine guns had a muzzle brake, a recoil absorber on the machine, a shoulder rest and a manual control system with an optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
5. Of 2 triple-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes (TA) 1-N, located in the diametrical plane with the ability to conduct salvo firing of torpedoes from the Mina PUTS. TA deck swivel with turning angles from 45° to 135° on both sides. Combined torpedo tubes with the ability to fire both gunpowder and pneumatic. They were equipped with a manual drive and a mechanical electric drive for remote aiming. For remote control of torpedo firing, the Mina torpedo firing control device was used, which provided a consistent and salvo torpedo firing. PUTS "Mina" made it possible to solve the torpedo triangle and produce guidance, both hardware and by ship. A number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its guidance to the target. The torpedo 53-38 is a combined-cycle, dual-mode torpedo, that is, a range mode of 4 km and 8 km or 4 km and 10 km can be set on the base. The weight of the warhead of the torpedo was 300 kg, while the weight of the torpedo itself was 1.615 tons. The speed of the torpedo reached 44.5 knots (4 km), 34.5 knots (8 km) and 30.5 knots (10 km). The ammunition consisted of 16 torpedoes, 8 of them in the cellar, and the rest in the TA.
6. From 65 anchor mines of the 1926 model. A shock-mechanical mine with a spherical-cylindrical body made of galvanized sheet iron had dimensions of 1840x900x1000 mm. The drum with the minrep, located on the body of the mine, had a hydrostatic device that controlled the unwinding of the minrep. After dropping, the mine sank to the bottom without separating from the anchor. After a while, the sugar disconnector worked and she began to float. When the predetermined recess was reached, the hydrostatic device stopped the unwinding of the minrep. Warhead held 254 kg explosive, the time of arrival in the combat position is from 15 to 25 minutes. For laying mines, mine rails were used, which simplified the laying of mines on the go. Greatest depth staging area was 130 meters, the smallest 18 meters. The deepest mine from the surface is up to 6.1 meters, the smallest is about 1.2 meters. The minimum mine interval reached 41 meters at the highest speed when setting mines at 24 knots and highest altitude sides 4.6 meters. The explosion delay when the mine was triggered was 0.05 seconds.
7. Of 2 bombers for 16 BB-1 depth charges located at the aft cut of the upper deck. The total weight of a large depth charge was 165 kg, and the weight of TNT was 135 kg with a length of 712 mm and a diameter of 430 mm. The immersion speed reached 2.5 m / s, and the radius of destruction ranged from 8 to 20 meters. The bomb provided the setting of the depth of the explosion from 10 to 210 meters.

The fire control system of the main caliber "Mina-7" included:

• Artillery fire control device of the main caliber (PUAO) "Mina-7" consisting of:
  • From the central automaton for firing control of the main caliber TsAS-2 (calculating device), which, based on the data received from the rangefinder posts, worked out the coordinates, speed and heading angle of the target, while simultaneously giving out the angles of horizontal and vertical aiming of the guns. In addition to controlling the fire of the main caliber, he had a scheme for generating a torpedo aiming angle, that is, he could also be used as a torpedo firing machine.
• Data on the course of your ship was automatically received from the Kurs gyrocompass, unfortunately, in practice, its capabilities were severely limited due to low accuracy.
• Information about the target went to the fire control system from the rangefinders of the KDP-4 command and rangefinder post and the night sights of the central aiming of the VMC-2.

The Mina-7 system made it possible to separate the fire of the bow and stern artillery groups, as well as to fire at a temporarily hiding sea target. In addition, she ensured the firing of torpedo tubes.

The ships of the project were equipped with a Kurs gyrocompass, a Poseidon noise direction finder, 2 sets of DA-1 smoke equipment, a DA-2 aft smoke equipment kit, MDSh smoke bombs, and the Guys-1M radar (on the Strict BF).

A two-rotor gyrocompass of the "Kurs" type with a sensitive element in the form of a floating gyrosphere, the prototype of which was the "New Anschutz" gyrocompass, created in Germany in 1926. The gyrocompass had an attenuation switch that provided a lower ballistic error, the readiness time after launch was 4-6 hours, in addition, manual inputs were required to take into account the velocity correction with each change in speed, as well as with a change in latitude. The disadvantage of the gyrocompass was the lack of an autonomous emergency power source, a tachometer to determine the number of revolutions of the power unit, and non-self-synchronizing receiving peripheral devices, which required systematic monitoring of their consistency with the main compass. The gyrocompass readings were sent to the repeaters. The latter were located in various combat posts and, after turning them on and agreeing with the gyrocompass, showed the course of the ship.

ShPS "Poseidon" was intended for passive detection of targets, by registering and classifying their noise. The station provided target detection "on the foot" according to the structure of the noise signal at a distance of 740 meters to 2.5 km, direction finding accuracy varied within 5-10 °, and the distance to the target could not be determined by the NPS.

Smoke apparatus DA-1 steam-oil (smoke substance - fuel oil), had an exhaust through the chimney at a capacity of 50 kg / min. The height of the curtain was 40 - 60 meters.

Smoke equipment DA-2 was mounted on the stern and was acidic - they used a mixture of C-IV (a solution of sulfur dioxide in chlorosulfonic acid) as a smoke-forming substance, which, with the help of compressed air was fed to the nozzles and sprayed into the atmosphere.

The marine smoke bomb MDSH, adopted in 1935, was intended for ships that did not have stationary smoke equipment. As a smoke generator in the checker, a solid smoke mixture based on ammonia and anthracene is used. With a length of 487 mm and a mass of 40-45 kg, its operation time is eight minutes, and the smoke screen created reaches 350 meters in length and 17 meters in height.

Radar "Guys-1M" - a shipborne radar with two antennas (channels), two-coordinate, meter (1.43 meters) wave range, made it possible to detect and determine the range and azimuth to air and surface targets and the coastline for ships of the type MO, BO, TFR, TS and destroyers. The station operated in circular - 360° and sector - with an azimuth of 18° modes, with an operating radiation frequency of 209.79 MHz. Two antennas - of the "wave channel" type with a beam opening angle in the horizontal plane of 22 °, the number of revolutions per minute - 3 and the rate of view - 20 seconds. Radiation and reception could be carried out both on both antennas, working in phase, and on one. The operator observed the detected targets on the CRT screen, which was an oscillographic marker on the LO-709 tube. A "strobe signal" and a system of strict linear scanning of the electron beam were introduced into the CRT. The use of the "electric magnifying glass" scheme made it possible to increase the resolution in distance and at long detection ranges to consider and determine the number and nature of surface targets in more detail. The radar had a power consumption of 80 kW with a detection range of surface targets such as a cruiser - 11 km, a destroyer - up to 8 km, a minesweeper - up to 6.5 km. The weight of the equipment is 174 kg. The accuracy of determining the range was 92.5 meters, and the median error in determining the azimuth was no more than 0.42%.

The ships were built at the plant No. 190 (10) and at the Baltic Shipyard No. 189 (3) in Leningrad and at the plant No. 200 (5 for the Black Sea Fleet) in Nikolaev.

The lead Watchtower entered service with the Baltic Fleet in October 1940.

Tactical and technical data of destroyers of project 7U Displacement: standard 1800 tons, full 2404 tons Maximum length: 112.5 metersLength according to design waterline: 110 meters

Maximum width:	10.2 meters
Width on design waterline:	10.1 meters
Nose side height:	8.5 meters
Board height amidships:	6 meters
Board height in the stern:	3.2 meters
Hull draft:	3.8 meters
Power point:	2 GTZA steam turbines, 25,250 hp each, 4 boilers, 2 FSH propellers, 1 steering wheel
Electric power system:	2 turbogenerators PG-3, 100 kW each, direct current 115 V, 2 DG-50s, 50 kW each.
Travel speed:	gross 37 knots, economic 19 knots
cruising range:	2380 miles at 19 knots
Seaworthiness:	up to 7 points
Autonomy:	9 days
Armament:	.
artillery:	4x1 130-mm gun mounts B-13 from PUAO "Mina-7"
anti-aircraft:	2x1 76 mm 34-K guns, 4x1 12.7 mm DShK machine guns, 3x1 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K.
torpedo:	2x3 533-mm rotary TA 1-N with "Mina" PUTS.
mine:	65 anchor mines mod. 1926
anti-submarine:	2 bombers, 10 BB-1 bombs.
hydroacoustic:	1 noise direction finder "Poseidon"
radio engineering:	transmitter "Shkval-M", receiver "Metel", 1 VHF transceiver "Raid".
navigational:	1 Kurs-2 gyrocompass, 4 127 mm mag. compass ZMI, 1 log GO-3
chemical:	2 sets of YES No. 1, 1 set of YES No. 2, smoke bombs MDSH
Crew:	207 people (15 officers, 45 foremen)

In total, destroyers were built from 1940 to 1942 - 18 units.

"Sevens" - Project 7 destroyers - rightfully occupy a prominent place in our naval history. And no wonder - after all, these are active participants in the Great Patriotic War, the most massive Soviet surface ships built in the 30s, from which several generations of destroyers, large missile ships and even cruisers trace their pedigree. One destroyer of this type became guards, four - red banner.

At the same time, a lot of contradictory things have been said and written about them. This is especially true of their military operations during the war years - here real, often tragic events were replaced by legends for a long time. But this is in literature intended for the mass reader. And for professionals, classified as "secret", other materials were prepared containing an impartial analysis of military operations, their results, tactics, combat damage to ships. Access to such information has appeared quite recently, and therefore many of the facts and conclusions presented in this issue may seem unexpected to the reader. We hope that they will clearly show both the advantages and disadvantages of the "sevens" - these certainly interesting and beautiful ships of our fleet.

The Decree "On the program of naval shipbuilding for 1933-1938", adopted on July 11, 1933 by the Council of Labor and Defense, provided for the construction of 1493 combat and auxiliary ships, including 8 cruisers and 50 destroyers. Its implementation caused a lot of problems in all sectors of the national economy, but in those years it was not customary to reckon with the price. “We are building and will build a large naval fleet” - this almost poetic appeal from the Pravda newspaper of December 9, 1936 could become an epigraph to a story about pre-war Soviet shipbuilding.

The development of the project for the new destroyer was entrusted to the Central Design Bureau of Special Shipbuilding TsKBS-1 back in 1932, V.A. Nikitin was appointed the chief project manager, and P.O. Trakhtenberg was appointed the responsible executor. By that time, the team already had some experience in similar work (the creation of the leader of the destroyers of the Leningrad type), but the shortcomings of the latter and the short design time forced them to resort to the help of the Italian companies Ansaldo and Odero.

This choice was by no means accidental. First, Italy was then our important military and political ally. Secondly, in 1928-1932, it was these firms that built a series of ships of the Dardo class, which anticipated the type of destroyer of the Second World War. Everything in them was unusual: the general layout, one chimney, 120-mm artillery in twin deck mounts ... A modification of this type was 4 enlarged Maestrale-class destroyers, laid down in 1931. The last ships were chosen as the basis for the creation of new Soviet destroyers. In 1932, a delegation of shipbuilders headed by Nikitin visited Italy, and the set of Maestrale drawings they brought formed the basis of the future project. Our designers borrowed the layout of the machine-boiler plant and the general architecture of the ship, but domestic weapons, mechanisms and equipment forced us to move away from the prototype in many respects. In reality, the contribution of Italian colleagues was limited to the development of a theoretical drawing (Ansaldo firm) and running the model in an experimental pool in Rome.

The technical design of the destroyer (named "Project No. 7") was approved in December 1934. Its main tactical and technical elements were as follows: standard displacement 1425 tons, total displacement 1715 tons, maximum length 112.5 m, width 10.2 m, draft 3.3 m, speed 38 knots, armament - four 130-mm guns and two three-pipe torpedo tubes (TA) caliber 533 mm. It should be noted that by that time most of the equipment and armament did not exist even on paper, but no displacement reserve was included in the project.

The final design work was carried out in extreme haste, since Stalin demanded that the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry lay down the first destroyers already in 1935, and hand over the entire series (increased to 53 units) to the fleet in 1937-1938. The government clearly overestimated the capabilities of the domestic industry at that time.

The experience of the First World War, which was considered the "criterion of truth" for shipbuilders of the 20s and 30s, testified that the destroyer, as the most versatile ship in the fleet, was steadily turning from a purely torpedo ship into an artillery-torpedo one. Therefore, the increase in the firepower of the destroyers of the interwar period was primarily due to an increase in the caliber and ballistic characteristics of artillery mounts.

Perhaps the Soviet designers went the furthest in this direction. Project 7 destroyers were originally designed for the "cruising" caliber - 130mm. True, the guns of the Obukhov plant with a barrel length of 55 calibers, which were the main weapons of the cruisers of the Soviet fleet in the 20s, turned out to be too heavy, and the Bolshevik plant was instructed to develop new ones, shortened by 5 calibers. In 1935, the new artillery system, which received the designation B-13, was put into service, and a year later its mass production began.

It is curious that initially the B-13 guns were created for shells of 55-caliber guns, for which they were equipped with liners with shallow (1 mm deep) cutting. At the end of 1936, they decided to switch to deep (2.7 mm) liners, for which new shells were developed. Thus, the same gun model required different ammunition, which created additional problems during the war years. For example, in November 1941, the Loud had to change almost new ANIMI liners for NII-13 liners only because the shells for the first ones in the Northern Fleet ran out.

The B-13 gun in a deck installation with a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick had a barrel length of 50 calibers, a weight of 12.8 tons, and a vertical guidance angle from -5 to +45 °. All types of shells (high-explosive fragmentation, semi-armor-piercing and remote grenades) were of the same weight - 33.5 kg and were fired from the barrel with initial speed 870 m/s on maximum range 139 kbt (27.5 km). The ammunition also included diving shells weighing 33.14 kg and lighting shells weighing 34.5 kg. They were fired with the help of reduced charges at a range of 17 and 58 kbt, respectively. The survivability of the barrel at first was only 150 - 200 shots, but then, thanks to a number of improvements, it was brought to a quite decent value - about 1100 shots (although the "passport" value is only 420 shots). The swinging part was equipped with a device for blowing the bore. The ammunition is separate, the shutter is piston, with a plastic obturator. Ammunition, amounting to 150 shots per barrel (175 in overload), was located in four cellars. Its supply was carried out by two elevators (one for charges, the other for shells) for each gun; in case of failure, there were pipes for manual feeding. The loading was carried out manually, the rate of fire depended on the elevation angle and fluctuated within 6-10 rounds per minute. According to the former artillery electrician of the destroyer "Razumny" K.A. Lyubimov, the rate of fire of 13 rounds per minute was achieved in training firing at the Pacific Fleet. The angles of fire of a pair of bow guns of the "seven" - from 0 ° to 14 ° on both sides, stern - from 14 ° to 18 °.

By their own ballistic performance guns B-13 significantly outnumbered the artillery of foreign destroyers. For comparison, it can be noted that the shell of a 127-mm Japanese gun weighed 23.1 kg, 127-mm American - 24.4 kg, 128-mm German - 28 kg, 120-mm Italian - 22.1 kg, 120-mm English - 22.7 kg, and only in the French 130-mm guns the shells weighed almost the same as the Soviet ones - 34.8 kg. But the barrel length of the latter was only 40 calibers, and the maximum firing range did not exceed 17 km. The only foreign guns that were superior in power to the Soviet ones were the 138-mm guns of the French leaders and the 140-mm guns of the Yugoslav leader Dubrovnik. However, these ships, close to light cruisers, were much larger than the "sevens" and cannot be considered as analogues.

The artillery and the fire control system were quite consistent. Especially for the destroyers of project 7 in 1937, they created the central firing machine TsAS-2, leading its pedigree from the "central" of the Italian company "Galileo" (this system was installed on leaders of the "Leningrad" type). The machine gun was located in the fighting compartment under the bow superstructure and made it possible to continuously determine the full angles of vertical and horizontal guidance of the guns with constant monitoring of the target or "self-propelled". Surveillance of the surface target was carried out using two 4-meter rangefinders located in the command and rangefinder post (KDP) B-12-4. In general, the system met modern requirements and was not inferior to the best foreign analogues.

Thus, the task assigned to the Soviet designers was completed: artillery armament"Seven" by the end of the 30s was rightfully considered the best in the world. But, unfortunately, all this turned out to be unnecessary! While extolling the experience of the First World War, naval strategists did not take into account the rapid development of new combat means, and above all, aviation.

As a result, the magnificent B-13 guns, together with an advanced fire control system, were mainly used to perform an unusual task - firing at ground targets. But in front of the Luftwaffe bombers, the Sevens turned out to be practically defenseless.

However, this was not only our misfortune: pre-war destroyers of foreign fleets were also armed only with anti-ship artillery. The exception was the US Navy. And as a result, the American 127-mm cannon with a barrel length of 38 calibers, which is very modest in its characteristics, turned out to be rightfully the best weapon of the destroyers of the Second World War precisely because of its versatility - the ability to fire at both surface and air targets.

The anti-aircraft weapons of the "sevens" at the time of their commissioning included two 76-mm 34-K guns, two 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K and two 12.7-mm DShK or DK machine guns. Alas, such a composition of weapons cannot be called satisfactory either in quantity or quality. The 45 mm guns had a low rate of fire, the 76 mm guns were located very unsuccessfully, and the machine guns turned out to be almost useless in general. But the main drawback was the lack of naval anti-aircraft fire control devices (MPUAZO). The latter in the USSR began to be developed belatedly, and the first such system "Horizon-1" (for the cruiser "Kirov") appeared only in 1939. Its analogue for destroyers, created on the basis of the Soyuz anti-aircraft gun, was put into service just before the start of the war and managed to appear only on the Sevens-U.

At the very beginning of the war, the “sevens” began to arm with more effective anti-aircraft guns - 37-mm 70-K assault rifles. On the North Sea destroyers, they were first (in July - August 1941) installed in addition to 45-mm guns - one on the rosters behind the chimney and one on the poop. Later (on the "Thundering", "Terrible", "Crushing" in June 1942), they also replaced 45-millimeter guns at the forecastle sections. By 1943, all North Sea "sevens" had 4 70-K assault rifles. The Black Sea destroyers of Project 7 during the war carried mainly 5 of these anti-aircraft guns: they were not installed on the poop, but they were mounted in pairs on the bow superstructure, next to the second 130-mm gun. In 1942, all the “sevens” remaining in service in the Northern Fleet and Black Sea Fleet were re-armed with two coaxial 12.7-mm Colt-Browning machine guns. The most powerful anti-aircraft armament during the war years was the Baltic "Grozychiy": four DShK machine guns, four 37-mm machine guns and three 76-mm 34-K guns.

An important part of the anti-aircraft armament was British radars, supplied under Lend-Lease to equip Soviet ships. The first radar station (RLS) of type 286-M was received in 1942 by Thundering. Most of the Pacific "sevens" installed radar type 291.

But in general, the anti-aircraft armament of Soviet destroyers remained frankly weak until the end of the war. Compare: the American destroyers of the Allen M. Sumner and Gearing type in 1945 carried up to 16 barrels of 40-mm automatic Bofors, not counting the Oerlikons. And this is with six universal 127-mm guns! It is not surprising that some of them managed to shoot down up to 10 or even 20 Japanese aircraft in one battle.

The torpedo armament of the Project 7 destroyers included two 39-Yu triple-tube torpedo tubes with 7° outer tubes, which were a copy of the Novikov tubes with a caliber increased to 533 mm instead of 450 mm. Shooting method - powder. According to the project, the destroyers could carry an additional 6 spare torpedoes in racks, but manually reloading the vehicles in fresh weather turned out to be impossible. The command of the Northern Fleet was the first to understand this and in March 1942 ordered the spare torpedoes to be removed. The Soviet steam-gas torpedoes 53-38 and 53-39 were very advanced, but in battle they were used by the "sevens" only once - "Courageous" and "Merciless" in December 1942 (and even then unsuccessfully).

More often used mine weapons. "Seven" could take on deck up to 60 mines of KB-3, or 65 mines mod. 1926, or 95 min arr. 1912 (in overload).

Anti-submarine armament initially consisted of lever-operated bomb releasers and diving projectiles for 130 mm guns. The stock of depth charges was only 25 pieces - 10 large B-1 and 15 small M-1; later it was brought up to 40 B-1 and 27 M-1 (on the Grozny in 1944). During the war, two BMB-1 bombers were installed on all ships. In 1942, Grozny was the first of the Soviet ships to receive the Dragon-128s sonar (sonar).

The destroyers were equipped with stern smoke equipment DA-2B (continuous action time 30 minutes, productivity 50 kg/min), steam-oil equipment DA-1 with exhaust through the chimney (three nozzles of white and black smoke) and smoke bombs MDSH (10 - 20 pieces) . Anti-chemical protection was provided by filter-ventilation installations that supplied the wardroom, officers' cabins and the bow washing point with purified air. To eliminate poisonous substances, there were two combat chemical posts and two washing points. The total supply of degassing agents is 600 kg of bleach and 100 liters of reagents. In addition, 225 sets of protective anti-chemical clothing were stored on each ship.

As an anti-mine weapon, the “sevens” had two sets of K-1 paravantrals and LFTI demagnetizing windings, the installation of which began in July 1941. It is impossible not to note the quality of domestic paravanes. Their "whims" brought a lot of trouble to the Soviet sailors. But it's still half the trouble. Instead of fighting mines, K-1 paravanes often turned into "killers" of their own ships, sinking the mines and bringing the mine to the side. Similar cases occurred, in particular, with the destroyers Gordy, Grozyashchiy, Guarding, Sharp-witted.

Summarizing the above, we should highlight such advantages of the Project 7 destroyers as powerful artillery weapons, advanced fire control devices (TsAS-2), good torpedoes and, in general, a decent speed. The power plant, with all its disadvantages, has proven to be more reliable than that of the German destroyers. But the main merit of our designers and shipbuilders is that such a large series of ships was nevertheless built, and built on time. It was the "sevens" that updated the surface fleet and brought the Soviet Navy to a qualitatively new level.

As for the shortcomings, the most serious of them were the unsatisfactory strength of the hull, short cruising range, weak anti-aircraft weapons, and the absence of MPUAZO. To this we can add the unimportant living conditions of the crew: with a staff of 231 enlisted men, there were only 161 permanent places (together with hanging bunks), which forced the Red Navy to sleep on tables, on deck or together in one bunk.

Interesting conclusions can be drawn from the analysis combat experience. Of the 28 "sevens" that entered service in 1938-1942 (not counting the one who died while towing the "Resolute"), the Pacific ships, except for the "Reasonable" and "Furious", practically did not participate in the war. Thus, 18 destroyers directly fought the enemy. 10 of them died (including the "Guardian", later raised and restored). If we add here the destroyers of the 7U project, it turns out that out of 36 warring ships, 18 were killed - exactly half.

The distribution of the sunken "sevens" and "sevens-U" by causes of death: mines - 9 units, from air bombs - 8, from navigational accidents - 1 ("Crushing"). Another 11 destroyers were heavily damaged, including the loss of the bow or stern of the hull.

Most of all, the "seven" suffered from mines. However, significant losses do not at all indicate their low survivability. The fact is that for 9 "deadly" explosions on mines, there are 9 more when the ship was saved (or another mine was needed for the death - as in the case of the Proud and Sharp-witted). In addition, two ships received one torpedo hit each: the Watchtower with torpedo boats, "Furious" - from a submarine. In both cases, the destroyers suffered heavy losses (the bow of the first was torn off, the stern of the second), but remained afloat and later recovered. Thus, 9 destroyed destroyers account for 20 mine-torpedo explosions, which is 45%. That is, according to this indicator, the “sevens” turned out to be much more tenacious than all their foreign counterparts in the class of the period of the Second World War. True, none of our destroyers had a chance to withstand the simultaneous impact of two mines or torpedoes, although there were such examples in the British and American fleets.

If you try to compare the losses among the "sevens" with the damage they inflicted on the enemy, then the picture will turn out to be very bleak. Confirmed enemy losses include one submarine(U-585, sunk by Thundering 29/3/1942) and no more than 40 aircraft. Of course, these figures cannot be compared purely mechanically. The Black Sea, and even the Baltic, "sevens" simply did not have a worthy enemy at sea, and the tasks that they had to perform were not envisaged by any pre-war plans. For example, the evacuation of troops from the besieged Sevastopol or Hanko - for these purposes, the destroyers were far from the best means.

Width 10.2 m Draft 4,1 Engines 2xTZA "Parsons" or "Metro-Vickers" or "GTZA-24" of the Kharkov plant Power 54,000 liters with. import mechanisms
60000 l. with. domestic mover 2 travel speed economy: 20.17 knots
Max.: 36.8 knots with imported mechanisms
39 knots with domestic cruising range 1490 nautical miles underway 17.8 knots
economy: 1,380 miles
full: 700 miles Crew 271
including 15 officers Armament Artillery 4 x B-13-2S
2 x 34-K
3 x 21-K
4 x DShK Anti-submarine weapons 2 x BMB-1 Mine and torpedo armament 2 x TA 1-N, naval mines KB-3

Also known as type "Sentry"- type of destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the 1930s. Project 7-U was laid down as an improved project 7.

Prerequisites

The construction of the ships was envisaged at factories No. 189 of the Shipyard named after. Ordzhonikidze and No. 190 Shipyard named after. Zhdanov in Leningrad, and factories No. 198 of the Shipyard named after. Marty and No. 200 Shipyard im. 61 Communards in Nikolaev.

Project 7-U

Initially, it was planned to relaunch absolutely all the ships of project 7. However, fortunately, the deputy people's commissar of the defense industry Tevosyan I.F. managed to convince the committee to complete the construction of 29 destroyers under project 7 and only the next 18 were relaid under project 7U. The last 6 units under construction, which were in a low degree of readiness, were decided to be dismantled.

By the end of the war, the Baltic destroyers ("Strong", "Resistant", "Glorious", "Watchdog", "Strict", "Slender") received the third 76-mm gun mount 34-K (on poop).

By 1943, the most powerful in terms of air defense systems, the Black Sea "Sposobny" and "Savvy" were armed with two 76-mm 34-K guns, seven 37-mm 70-K submachine guns, four 12.7-mm DShK machine guns and two twin 12.7-mm Colt-Browning machine guns with water-cooled barrels.

Torpedo armament

Torpedo armament included two 533-mm triple-tube 1-N torpedo tubes. Unlike the 39-Yu gunpowder apparatus installed on Project 7 ships, the 1-N had a combined firing system - gunpowder and pneumatic. The torpedo departure speed was 15 - 16 m / s (against 12 m / s for 39-Yu), which made it possible to significantly expand the sectors of fire: project 7 destroyers could not fire torpedoes at sharp heading angles due to the risk that they would hit the deck . In addition, a number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its guidance to the target. Project 7-U ships have never had a chance to use their completely modern torpedo weapons in battle.

Anti-submarine weapons

The mine and anti-submarine armament of the Sentry-class destroyers was practically no different from that used on their predecessors. On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 58 minutes of KB-3, or 62 mines of the 1926 model, or 96 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). The standard set of depth charges is 10 large B-1s and 20 small M-1s. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; of the small ones, 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.

Already during the war, the destroyers received two BMB-1 bombers, capable of firing B-1 bombs at a distance of up to 110 m.

Navigation armament

The fire control system of the main caliber - PUS "Mina", created by the Leningrad plant "Elektropribor" specifically for the ships of project 7. Its main element was the central firing machine TsAS-2 - a calculating and decisive device, which, on the basis of data received from rangefinder posts, continuously generated coordinates , speed and heading angle of the target, simultaneously giving out the full angles of horizontal and vertical aiming of the guns. TsAS-2 was considered a relatively small-sized device. In practice, its capabilities were severely limited due to the low accuracy of the Kurs gyrocompass, from which the circuit automatically received data on the course of its ship.

Information about the target went to the PUS system from the rangefinders of the KDP2-4 command and rangefinder post (factory index B-12) and night sights 1-Y. The Mina system made it possible to separate the fire of the bow and stern artillery groups, as well as to fire at a temporarily hiding sea target. In addition, she ensured the firing of torpedo tubes.

On some ships ("Able" and "Savvy"), auto-correctors were additionally installed for conducting aimed fire along the coast.

But there were no anti-aircraft fire control devices. Back in project 7, to ensure effective firing of 76-mm guns, it was planned to install MPUAZO, but by the time most destroyers were commissioned, these devices existed only on paper. The first MPUAZO Soyuz-7U system was installed literally on the eve of the war - in June 1941 on the Black Sea destroyer Sposobny. It included a fairly advanced Soyuz anti-aircraft gun (according to the principle of operation, it is an analogue of the TsAS-2, but intended for firing at air targets), the Gazon gyro vertical and a stabilized sighting post SVP-1. Although the system operated in one plane and was ineffective against dive bombers, it significantly increased the ship's air defense. In 1942, the Soyuz-7U (with the replacement of the unsuccessful SVP-1 with the new SVP-29) was mounted on two more destroyers - the Black Sea Svobodny and the Baltic Strogiy. On the other ships of projects 7 and 7-U, the 76-mm 34-K guns were "self-guided".

see also

Notes

Literature

• Balakin S. A."Savvy" and other destroyers of project 7U (Russian) // Marine Collection: Magazine. - 1997. - No. 6.

Project 7 and 7U destroyers
Project 7 destroyers
Northern Fleet	Terrible Loud Thundering Rapid Crushing
Red Banner Baltic Fleet	Wrathful Threatening Proud Guarding Sharp-witted
Black Sea Fleet	Cheerful Fast Agile Ruthless Flawless Vigilant
Pacific Fleet	Agile Agile Striking Zealous Aggressive Zealous Determined Zealous Enraged * Record Rare Sentient *
Project 7-U destroyers
Red Banner Baltic Fleet	Sentry Persistent Terrible Strong Bold Strict Fast Ferocious Stately Slender Glorious Severe Angry
Black Sea Fleet	Perfect Free Able Smart Smart
The * sign marks the destroyers transferred in 1942 by the Northern Sea Route from the Pacific to the Northern Fleet

Russian destroyers by type
Destroyers (1877-1903)
destroyers, reclassified to destroyers (1900-1907)
mine cruiser, reclassified to destroyers (1904-1906)

By the beginning of the 1930s, the Red Army Naval Forces (Navy) had only seventeen destroyers - “noviks”:

12 units in the Baltic Sea;

5 units in the Black Sea.

Such destroyers, built before the First World War, could not solve the expanded combat missions of ships of their class with high efficiency. Therefore, in July 1931, the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR decided to provide for the accelerated creation of new destroyers in the next program of naval construction. For these purposes, the Central Design Bureau of Special Shipbuilding (TsKBS-1) was created.

Project 7 destroyers, also known as the "Angry" type, are a type of destroyers of the so-called "Stalin series", built for the Soviet Navy in the second half of the 1930s, one of the most massive types of destroyers in the history of the Russian and Soviet fleets. The most massive Soviet destroyers of the 1920s-1930s.

A total of 53 units were laid down. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original project. 18 were completed under the 7U project. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One ("Resolute") sank while being towed after launching and was not completed.

Project 7

In TsKBS-1, the design of a "serial EM" began, which was given the designation "project 7". In 1932, under the leadership of the chief engineer of TsKBS-1 Nikitin V.A., the Soyuzverf commission was sent to Italy, which chose the largest shipbuilding company Ansaldo, which had many years of experience in designing high-speed EM and KRL. The commission got acquainted with the latest Italian destroyers and the documentation of the Mistrale-type destroyer under construction, which became the closest prototype in the development of the "7" project.

December 21, 1934 common project"serial destroyer" was approved by the decision of the Council of Labor and Defense. Total The ships to be built according to the approved project changed more than once (increased), as a result, it was planned to hand over 21 ships to the fleet in 1937, and 32 more in 1938. Of these 53 destroyers, 21 were destined for the Baltic and Northern Fleets, 10 for the Black Sea Fleet, and 22 for the Pacific Fleet.

The construction of the ships was envisaged at factories No. 189 of the Shipyard named after. Ordzhonikidze and No. 190 Shipyard named after. Zhdanov in Leningrad, and factories No. 198 of the Shipyard named after. Marty and No. 200 Shipyard im. 61 Communards in Nikolaev.

Comparison with foreign destroyers confirms that the design new series destroyers, significant progress was made and the ship in terms of its combat qualities was not inferior to the best foreign models of that time, and in terms of the firing range of the main caliber guns and speed significantly exceeded them.

Powerful artillery armament, perfect fire control devices, good torpedoes and decent speed. The power plant, with all its disadvantages, has proven to be more reliable than that of the German destroyers. But the main merit of our designers and shipbuilders is that such a large series of ships was nevertheless built, and built on time. It was the "sevens" that updated the surface fleet and brought the Soviet Navy to a qualitatively new level.

Project 7-U

On May 13, 1937, the British destroyer Hunter, which was on patrol near the port of Almeria and served as an observer of the hostilities of the warring parties (in Spain there was Civil War), was blown up by a drifting mine.

In August 1937, at a meeting of the Defense Committee in Moscow, the incident that happened with the Hunter was mentioned. The situation was analyzed when a ship with a linear arrangement of a boiler-turbine installation could lose its course as a result of a single hit by a projectile, mine or torpedo. As a result, project 7, which had the same scheme of the power plant, was called "wrecking". 14 Project 7 ships already launched were ordered to be redone, and the rest to be dismantled on stocks.

The project of the improved project 7-U was developed jointly by the design bureaus TsKB-17 (until October 1936 - TsKBS-1) and the Northern Shipyard named after. A. Zhdanova (chief designer - Lebedev N.A.). The final draft was approved by the People's Commissariat of the Navy on August 29, 1938.

Initially, it was planned to relaunch absolutely all the ships of project 7. However, fortunately, the deputy people's commissar of the defense industry Tevosyan I.F. managed to convince the committee to complete the construction of 29 destroyers under project 7 and only the next 18 were relaid under project 7U. The last 6 units under construction, which were in a low degree of readiness, were decided to be dismantled.

Thus, during 1938-1939, 18 hulls of project 7 destroyers, located on the stocks of the Leningrad plants named after Zhdanov and Ordzhonikidze, and the Nikolaev named after 61 Communards, were relaid under the 7-U project. For this, the almost finished buildings of Project 7 had to be partially dismantled. A number of structures in the area of ​​engine and boiler rooms were removed. As a result, the ships of the 7-U project became part of only two fleets - the Baltic and the Black Sea.

The Far Eastern destroyers, due to the busy work schedule and weak production base in Vladivostok and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, were completed according to project 7.

The lead destroyer of Project 7-U was the Sentry. During the factory tests, which took place in the fall of 1939, a significant overload of the ship was revealed and, as a result, its reduced stability. Correction work (stability was increased by laying solid ballast), as well as the elimination of many defects found, delayed the completion of the tests for more than a year. As a result, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, shipbuilders managed to hand over to the customer only half of all of the 18 declared ships of Project 7-U: 8 in the Baltic and 1 in the Black Sea. The remaining 9 were urgently completed and tested already in combat conditions.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Frame

The main difference between the destroyer of the 7-U project was the layout of the engine and boiler rooms. The fourth boiler that appeared and their increased dimensions, as a result of which the boilers did not fit inside the hull, led to the fact that the boilers towered about 2 meters above the main deck, eating up the volume of the central superstructures.

The case was made of low-manganese steel with a thickness of 5-10 millimeters. Most of connections was riveted, although the stringers, part of the upper deck and a number of other elements had a welded structure. During the war, a serious drawback of low-manganese steel was revealed: brittleness. Sheets made from it, when hit by fragments of bombs and shells, split and gave themselves a large number of fragments that hit personnel, instruments and mechanisms. The usual "Steel 3", which was used in the construction of decks and superstructures, did not crack and did not give such fragments.

Power plant

In 1936, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade ordered 12 sets of main turbo-gear units (GTZA) and auxiliary mechanisms for Project 7 ships from the British firms Metro-Vickers and Parsons. Such GTZA had a capacity of up to 24,000 liters. s., but they could be launched in a cold state, without preheating, which theoretically reduced the time it took to prepare the ship for going to sea.

In March 1938, the turbines received from England were distributed among the factories. Of the eight sets of power plants from Metro-Vickers, 7 went to Leningrad No. 189 and No. 190, and one more was sent to the KBF base as a backup. Four sets of the Parsons company went to the Black Sea: 3 - to the Nikolaev plant No. 200 and one - to the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol. All imported GTZA hit the ships relaid under the 7-U project.

Steam for the turbines was produced by 4 tented vertical water-tube boilers with a side screen and one-way gas flow, equipped with loop superheaters. The heating surface of each boiler is 655 m², the productivity is 80 tons of steam per hour. The steam parameters are approximately the same as those of the Project 7 ships: pressure 27.5 kg/s², temperature 340 °C. Each boiler was placed in an isolated compartment.

One of the disadvantages of such a system can be called increased fuel consumption: four boilers compared to three for project 7. Moreover, it was not possible to increase the fuel reserves of project 7-U: after installing a more bulky power plant in a cramped building, there was already room for additional tanks did not remain. And after laying the solid ballast, the supply of fuel oil even had to be slightly reduced.

Armament

Main caliber

The artillery of the main caliber (GK) of the Project 7U destroyers remained the same as that of their predecessors: four 130-mm B-13-2 guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, manufactured by the Bolshevik plant. The ammunition included 150 shots per barrel, in overload (according to the capacity of the cellars) the ship could take up to 185 shots per barrel - that is, up to 740 shells and charges in total. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually, delivery - pneumatic rammer.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Anti-aircraft armament consisted of a pair of 76-mm universal mounts 34-K, moved to the stern. A third 45mm 21-K semi-auto was added. Thus, all three small-caliber anti-aircraft guns were located on the site behind the first chimney, for which heavy 90 cm searchlights had to be sacrificed (instead of them, one 60 cm was now installed on the foremast).

The number of 12.7-mm DShK machine guns doubled - two more were added to the two on the upper bridge behind the forecastle cut. However, despite some strengthening compared to its predecessors, the anti-aircraft weapons of the 7-U project continued to be extremely weak and poorly placed: from the forward course points, the ship was practically defenseless, and the crowding of all anti-aircraft weapons on two sites made them extremely vulnerable.

The experience of the first months of the war showed how dangerous it is to ignore the threat of air attacks. Therefore, already in July 1941, destroyers began to additionally mount 37-mm 70-K assault rifles on the superstructure in the area of ​​​​the second pipe, and then replace them with 45-mm 21-K.

In May 1942, two 20-mm Oerlikons and one four-barreled 12.7-mm Vickers machine gun were installed on the "Strong".

By the end of the war, the Baltic destroyers ("Strong", "Resistant", "Glorious", "Watchdog", "Strict", "Slender") received the third 76-mm gun mount 34-K (on poop).

By 1943, the most powerful in terms of air defense systems, the Black Sea “Sposobny” and “Savvy” were armed with two 76-mm 34-K guns, seven 37-mm 70-K machine guns, four 12.7-mm DShK machine guns and two twin 12.7-mm Colt-Browning machine guns with water-cooled barrels.

Torpedo armament

Torpedo armament included two 533-mm triple-tube 1-N torpedo tubes. Unlike the 39-Yu gunpowder apparatus installed on the Project 7 ships, the 1-N had a combined firing system - gunpowder and pneumatic. The torpedo departure speed was 15 - 16 m / s (against 12 m / s for 39-Yu), which made it possible to significantly expand the sectors of fire: project 7 destroyers could not fire torpedoes at sharp heading angles due to the risk that they would hit the deck . In addition, a number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its guidance to the target. Project 7-U ships have never had a chance to use their completely modern torpedo weapons in battle.

Anti-submarine weapons

The mine and anti-submarine armament of the Sentry-class destroyers was practically no different from that used on their predecessors. On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 58 minutes of KB-3, or 62 mines of the 1926 model, or 96 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). The standard set of depth charges is 10 large B-1s and 20 small M-1s. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; of the small ones, 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.

Already during the war, the destroyers received two BMB-1 bombers, capable of firing B-1 bombs at a distance of up to 110 m.

Destroyer "Grozny" (project 7)

Displacement 1525 - 1670t

Travel speed 39 knots

Length 112.5 m

Width 10.2 m

Armament:

130 mm guns 4

76 mm guns 2

45 mm guns 2

37 mm guns 3

Anti-aircraft machine guns 2

Mines, depth charges - 60 KB-3, or 65 minutes of the 1926 model, or 95 minutes of the 1912 sample.

"Storozhevoy" class destroyer (Project 7U)

Displacement 2000 t

Travel speed 39 knots

Length 115 m

Width 11.8 m

Armament:

130 mm guns 4

76 mm guns 2

37 mm guns 3

Anti-aircraft machine guns 4

Triple torpedo tubes 2

Mines, depth charges

Combat losses.

18 project 7 EM units took part in the hostilities.

11 units died

Causes of death

Navigation accidents - 2 cases

Air bombs - 5 cases

Mines - 4 cases

Of the 11 dead EMs

died without breaking the hull - 1 (Guardian)

died with a broken body - 1 (Proud)

died with a complete break of the hull - 9 (including EM Bystry), incl. with a broken body in two places - 2 (Resolute I and Sharp-witted)

with a break and a break in the hull - 1 (Merciless)

There were 29 cases of heavy damage to the EM project 7.

Typical places of cracks, breaks and breaks in the hull of destroyers of project 7 were the transition areas from the longitudinal framing system in the middle of the hull to the transverse framing system at the extremities - places of high stress concentration.

18 project 7U EM units took part in the hostilities

Of these, 9 units died

Causes of death

Air bombs - 4 cases

Mines - 5 cases

Artillery - 1 case

Out of 10 cases of death of EM

died without breaking the hull - 4

died with a broken body - 2

died with a broken hull - 4

There were 19 cases of severe damage to the EM project 7U.

The destroyers of the Pacific Fleet did not take part in the hostilities - 11 units.

Despite the measures taken to strengthen the hulls of the EM project 7U in comparison with the EM project 7, this did not bring the desired result. The weakness of the hull design became one of the significant shortcomings of the EM of both projects, which, of course, affected their military fate.

According to the latest data, of the destroyers of the "Stalinist" series, only one ship, the Reasonable, can claim a real combat victory. It was he, together with the destroyer Zhivuchy transferred by the British, on December 8, 1944, who pursued the German submarine U-387, which after that did not get in touch and did not return to the base.

In the history of the destroyers of both projects, the Guards EM project 7U "Savvy" stands apart. Its commander, Vorkov, recalled the combat path of his ship as follows: “56 times the destroyer fired at enemy battle formations, suppressed more than ten batteries, destroyed up to 30 tanks and vehicles, a lot of manpower. He used up more than 2,700 shells of the main caliber while participating in the artillery support of our ground forces. He escorted 59 transports without loss to Odessa, Sevastopol, Feodosia and the ports of the Caucasus ... He transported on board about 13 thousand people wounded and evacuated from Odessa and Sevastopol. He transported more than a thousand tons of ammunition to Odessa and Sevastopol. Repelled more than 100 enemy air attacks ... Shot down five enemy aircraft. 200 times the destroyer went to fighting, having traveled more than 60 thousand miles without repair. During the war, he spent almost 200 days at sea and did not lose a single fighter. There were no wounded on the ship."

The article uses the materials of A. Tsarenko and S. Balakin.

Article from the almanac "Marine Archive", No. 1, 2011
Chairman of the Editorial Board Markov A.G.
Editor-in-chief Maslov N.K.

They were chosen as the basis for the creation of new Soviet destroyers.

Project 7 destroyers
"Terrible"
Project
The country
Manufacturers
Operators
Follow type	project 7-U
Scheduled	53
Built	28
Canceled	6
Losses	9
Main characteristics
Displacement	Design: 1425 tons (standard), 1715 tons (full) Actual: 1525 - 1670 tons (standard)
Length	112.5-8 m (maximum)
Width	10.2 m
Draft	3.1 m
Engines	2 PTU GTZA-24, 3 boilers
Power	48,000 l. with.
travel speed	38 knots(project) 37.35-39.05 knots (full)
cruising range	2640 miles (at 19.83 knots, design)
Crew	total 246 (including 15 officers)
Armament
Navigation armament	gyrocompass "Kurs-1"
Artillery	4x1 130/50mm B-13
Flak	2x76mm 34-K, 2x45mm 21-K, 2x12.7mm DShK or DK
Anti-submarine weapons	2 BMB-1 bombers (only on ships of factories No. 199-202)
Mine and torpedo armament	2x3 533mm TA 39-Yu; 60 min KB-3 or 65 arr. 1926 or 95 min arr. 1912
Media files at Wikimedia Commons

A total of 53 units were laid. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original project. 18 were completed under the 7-U project. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One (“Resolute”) sank while being towed in a storm after launching (the ship was commanded by the future Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy S. G. Gorshkov) and was not completed.

Development history

Construction history

Armament

Main caliber

Project 7 destroyers have main battery artillery: four 130 mm B-13-I guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, manufactured by the Bolshevik plant, elevation angles from -5 to +45 °. All types of shells (high-explosive fragmentation, semi-armor-piercing and remote grenades) were of the same weight - 33.5 kg and were fired from the barrel at an initial speed of 870 m / s for a maximum range of 139 kbt (25.7 km). The ammunition included 150 shots per barrel, in overload (according to the capacity of the cellars) the ship could take up to 185 shots per barrel - that is, up to 740 shells and charges in total. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually, delivery - pneumatic rammer.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Anti-aircraft weapons were: a pair of 76-mm universal installations 34-K, two 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K, two 12.7-mm machine guns DShK. During the war, anti-aircraft weapons were strengthened by replacing 21-K semi-automatic guns with 70-K automatic guns and installing additional 1-3 (depending on the availability of guns) 70-K machine guns, DShK machine guns or Vickers or Colt anti-aircraft machine guns received under Lend-Lease. The destroyer destroyer of the Baltic Fleet "Grozyashchiy" also received an additional 76-mm 34-K gun.

Torpedo armament

Torpedo armament included two 533 mm triple-tube 39-Yu torpedo tubes. The torpedo launch speed was 12 m/s. 533-mm torpedoes 53-38 (53-38U), length 7.4 m, weight 1615 (1725) kg, explosive weight (TNT) 300 (400) kg, range: 4.0 km, 44.5 knots, 8 .0 - 34.5, 10.0 - 30.5. According to the project, the destroyers could carry an additional 6 spare torpedoes in racks, but manually reloading the vehicles in fresh weather turned out to be impossible. The first to understand this command Northern Fleet and in March 1942 ordered spare torpedoes to be withdrawn.

Anti-submarine weapons

On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 60 minutes of KB-3, or 65 minutes of the 1926 model, or 95 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). Standard set of depth charges - 25 pieces (10 large B-1 and 15 small M-1); later it was brought up to 40 B-1 and 27 M-1. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; small - 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.

Power plant

Two main turbo-gear three-hull units of a mixed active-jet system and three triangular-type water-tube boilers, with a capacity of 48,000 liters. with. at 415 rpm, which rotated two propellers with a diameter of 3.18 m and a pitch of 3.65 m.

Auxiliary devices and systems

Means of detection, navigation and communication

Driving performance: overload, stability, seaworthiness

To increase stability, a part of the "sevens" in 1940-1941 laid solid ballast (82 - 67 tons). The seaworthiness of the "sevens" left much to be desired. Due to the narrowed contours of the bow of the hull, they were heavily buried in the wave; when the sea was 8 points, the speed dropped to 5-8 knots.

External differences

Crew

Service during the Great Patriotic War

Baltic Fleet

By the beginning of the war, the Baltic Fleet had five "sevens" - the destroyers "Wrathful", "Proud", "Threatening", "Sharp-witted" and "Guarding".

The destroyer Gnevny, the lead ship of this series of destroyers, died at the very beginning of the war, on June 23, 1941, when it exploded on a German minefield. The team managed to keep the ship afloat, however, in the conditions of detection of periscopes (which most likely just seemed to observers) and a mine explosion after the "Angry" also the cruiser "Maxim Gorky", the commander of the detachment of ships I. G. Svyatov ordered the destroyer team to be evacuated and the damaged ship to be shot ship.

The destroyer "Proud" in June-August 1941 operated as part of a detachment of light forces of the Baltic Fleet, participated in mine laying, rescue teams from the destroyers "Angry" and "Angry", provided fire support Soviet troops defending Tallinn. On August 28, 1941, during the evacuation of troops and fleet from Tallinn, he received heavy damage from a mine explosion near the side, the next day he was attacked by German aircraft, but reached Kronstadt. On September 29, in Kronstadt, she received additional damage and was transferred to Leningrad, where she was under repair until October 8. In November, the destroyer was among the ships that participated in the evacuation of the garrison of the Khanko Peninsula to Leningrad, but on the night of November 13-14, when moving to Khanko, it was blown up by two mines and sank.

In the first months of the war, the destroyer "Grozyashchiy" operated in the Gulf of Riga and in the waters of the Moonsund Archipelago. On July 20, during a minelaying in the Irben Strait, he was damaged by a mine explosion next to the side, after which he went to Kronstadt and was under repair until September. In September, he supported the Soviet troops at Oranienbaum with fire, but on September 18 he again got under repair in Kronstadt, and on September 21-23, the ship standing in the dock received several hits of air bombs. In October, the damaged destroyer was transferred to Leningrad, where it was repaired until June 1942. After the repair, the Grozashchiy was mainly engaged in artillery support for the troops defending Leningrad, in January 1944 he supported the Soviet troops with fire during the Krasnoselsko-Ropshinsky offensive operation.

The destroyer "Sharp-witted" also operated in the Gulf of Riga in June-early July, then moved to Tallinn. In the second half of July, repairs were carried out in Leningrad, after which he participated in the defense of Tallinn, the Tallinn crossing and in support of the Soviet troops defending Leningrad. On November 3, the ship made the transition to the Hanko naval base, where it took on board 560 soldiers evacuated from the peninsula, but on the way back the destroyer was blown up by two mines and sank, only 80 crew members and 270 passengers were saved.

The destroyer "Guarding" in July-August operated in the Gulf of Riga together with the destroyer "Grozyashchiy". On August 11, the destroyer escorted the hospital ship Vyacheslav Molotov at the passage to Kronstadt, was able to bring the ship blown up by a mine to its destination in tow. On September 21, the destroyer at Peterhof was attacked by a group of German bombers, received several direct hits and sank in shallow water. In October, part of the equipment and weapons were removed from the sunken ship, but it was not possible to carry out full-fledged lifting work due to the proximity of the front line. Only in July 1944, the ship, which had lain at the bottom for almost three years, was raised and in 1948 returned to the fleet.

Black Sea Fleet

The Black Sea Fleet had six "sevens" - the destroyers "Fast", "Cheerful", "Courageous", "Vigilant", "Flawless" and "Merciless".

"Fast" in the early days of the war was engaged in providing air defense of Sevastopol. On July 1, the destroyer was sent for repairs to Nikolaev, but at the exit from the bay it was blown up by a bottom mine and sank. On July 13, Bystry was raised and docked, but on August 30 the ship was taken out of the dock, and in early September the damaged destroyer was attacked by aircraft and sank again. The bow of the damaged destroyer was already in the fall of 1941 used to repair the same type of "Merciless", and the entire hull was raised only after the war for disposal.

"Bodry" met the beginning of the war in Sevastopol, carried out sentinel service from August to October, participated in the support and supply of the Soviet troops defending Odessa. On October 31, the ship was attacked by aircraft and received serious damage from close explosions, which is why it went into repair for a month and a half. At the end of December, the destroyer, together with the cruisers Krasny Kavkaz and Krasny Krym, the leader Kharkiv and the destroyer Nezamozhnik, delivered reinforcements and ammunition to Sevastopol, and in January 1942 participated in the tactical landing at Sudak. In February-July 1942, she again went for repairs in Tuapse, in July she was transferred to Poti, but on July 16, the destroyer, which had already completed repairs, was hit by German bombers attacking the port of Poti, received severe damage and was out of order almost until the end of the war - the repair was completed December 31, 1944.

Boiky, like Bodry, in August-October was engaged in supporting troops in Odessa, participated in the landing at Grigorievka, then escorted transports going to Sevastopol, and in early November ensured the evacuation of troops and ammunition from Yalta to Sevastopol. On December 28-30, the destroyer participated in the landing in the port of Feodosia. In January, the ship underwent repairs, after which it participated in the supply of Sevastopol, several raiding operations, including raids on the Romanian and Bulgarian coasts. In 1943, until the ensuing ban in October on the use of destroyers in combat operations without Moscow's permission, Boyky made several exits to the coast of the Taman Peninsula and the Crimea, shelling the coast and laying mines. Since October, the destroyer went to sea only sporadically (including the wear and tear of mechanisms) and did not take part in hostilities.

"Vigilant" met the beginning of the war in a major overhaul in Sevastopol and did not participate in hostilities until October. In late October - early November, he took part in the evacuation of troops from Donuzlav and from the Tendra Spit to Sevastopol, in February-March he supported the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On April 17, he accompanied the Svanetia ambulance at the crossing from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk, after the death of the transport he saved 143 people. Participated in the delivery of reinforcements to Sevastopol, was one of the last large ships that reached the city (June 25). On July 2, 1942, the destroyer located in Novorossiysk was attacked by German bombers, one of the bombs hit the bow torpedo tube and caused the torpedoes to detonate, from which the ship was literally torn into two parts. The destroyer was not subject to restoration.

"Faultless" at the beginning of the war was engaged in laying minefields, participated in the defense of Odessa, while supporting the landing at Grigorievka, it was seriously damaged by German aircraft. In November, after repairs, he participated in the evacuation of Soviet troops from Yalta and from the Tendrovskaya Spit, the defense of Sevastopol. in January-March 1942, he supported the Soviet landing at Sudak and the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On June 24, the destroyer, together with the leader "Tashkent", delivered reinforcements to Sevastopol and took out the wounded. On June 26, the leader and the destroyer set off on a second voyage, but in the evening of the same day the destroyer was attacked by enemy aircraft and sank with the entire crew and the soldiers on board.

"Merciless" was also engaged in minelaying in the first days of the war, then participated in the defense of Odessa and the landing at Grigorievka, during which he received significant damage and was sent for repairs to Sevastopol. In early November, the ship under repair was again attacked from the air, due to which the hastily repaired ship was evacuated to Poti, where it was under repair until September 1942. From October 1942 to October 1943, the ship participated in the transportation of troops from Poti and Batumi to Tuapse, escorted transports, made several trips to the Crimean coast and to the coast of Bulgaria. October 6, 1943. "Merciless" together with the leader "Kharkov" and the destroyer "Able" made a raid to Yalta and Feodosia. On the way back, the detachment of ships was subjected to four successive bomber attacks, during the second attack the destroyer was heavily damaged, and finished off during the next attack.

Northern Fleet

Pacific Fleet

Modernization

Post-war service

"Threatening" in 1946 became part of the 4th (South-Baltic) Navy, from December 1948 - as part of the 8th (North-Baltic Navy). In June 1952, the ode was staged on overhaul, but already in August of the following year, the repair was stopped, and the ship was expelled from the Navy and sent for scrap.