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The kings and kings of politics begin. History of the Russian monarchy

History of the Russian monarchy

The creation of the summer residence of the Russian emperors, Tsarskoye Selo, depended to a greater extent on personal tastes, and sometimes simply the whims of its changing august owners. Since 1834, Tsarskoe Selo became a "sovereign" estate belonging to the reigning monarch. From that time on, it could not be bequeathed, was not subject to division or any kind of alienation, but was transferred to the new king with accession to the throne. Here, in a cozy corner, near the capital St. Petersburg, the imperial family was not only an august family, whose life was elevated to the rank of state policy, but also a large friendly family, with all the inherent human interests and joys.

EMPEROR PETER I

Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725) - Tsar since 1682, Emperor since 1721. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) from his second marriage to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694). Statesman, commander, diplomat, founder of the city of St. Petersburg. Peter I was married twice: first marriage - to Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina (1669-1731), from whom he had a son, Tsarevich Alexei (1690-1718), who was executed in 1718; two sons who died in infancy; second marriage - to Catherine Alekseevna Skavronskaya (1683-1727; later Empress Catherine I), from whom he had 9 children, most of whom, with the exception of Anna (1708-1728) and Elizabeth (1709-1761; later Empress Elizaveta Petrovna), died juveniles. During the Northern War (1700-1721), Peter I annexed to Russia the lands along the Neva River, in Karelia and the Baltic States, previously conquered by Sweden, including the territory with the manor - Saris hoff, Saaris Moisio, on which the front summer residence was later created Russian emperors - Tsarskoye Selo. In 1710, Peter I presented the manor to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna, and the manor was named "Sarskaya" or "Sarskoye Selo".

EMPRESS CATHERINE I

Catherine I Alekseevna (1684-1727) - Empress since 1725. She ascended the throne after the death of her husband, Emperor Peter I (1672-1725). She was declared queen in 1711, empress in 1721, crowned in 1724. Combined church marriage with Emperor Peter I in 1712. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky before the adoption of Orthodoxy was named Marta. The first royal owner of Sarskoye Selo, the future Tsarskoye Selo, after whom the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace was later named Catherine's. Under her rule, the first stone structures were erected here in 1717-1723, which formed the basis of the Catherine Palace, and part of the regular park was laid out.

EMPEROR PETER II

Peter II Alekseevich (1715 - 1730) - Emperor since 1727. The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718) and Princess Charlotte-Christina-Sophia of Braunschweig - Wolfenbüttel (died 1715); grandson of Peter I (1672-1725) and Evdokia Lopukhina (1669-1731). He ascended the throne after the death of Empress Catherine I in 1727 according to her will. After the death of Catherine I, the Sarskoye village was inherited by her daughter Tsesarevna Elizaveta (1709-1761; future Empress Elizaveta Petrovna). At that time, the outbuildings of the Great (Ekaterininsky) Palace were erected here and the park and improvement of reservoirs were further developed.

EMPRESS ANNA IANOVNA

Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) - Empress since 1730. Daughter of Tsar John V Alekseevich (1666-1696) and Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna, née Saltykova (1664-1723). She ascended the throne after the death of her cousin, Emperor Peter II (1715-1730) and was crowned in 1730. During this period, Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo) belonged to Tsesarevna Elizaveta (1709-1761; later Empress Elizaveta Petrovna) and was used as a country residence and a hunting castle.

EMPEROR IVAN VI

John VI Antonovich (1740-1764) - emperor from 1740 to 1741. The son of the niece of Empress Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740), Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was elevated to the throne after the death of his great-aunt, Empress Anna Ioannovna, according to her will. On November 9, 1740, his mother Anna Leopoldovna staged a palace coup and declared herself the ruler of Russia. In 1741, as a result of a palace coup, the ruler Anna Leopoldovna and the young emperor Ioann Antonovich were deposed from the throne by Tsarina Elizabeth (1709-1761), daughter of Peter I (1672-1725). During this time, there were no significant changes in Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo).

EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761) - Empress since 1741, ascended the throne, overthrowing Emperor John VI Antonovich (1740-1764). Daughter of Emperor Peter I (1672-1725) and Empress Catherine I (1684-1727). She owned Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo) since 1727, which was bequeathed to her by Catherine I. After ascending the throne, Elizaveta Petrovna ordered a significant reconstruction and expansion of the Grand Palace (later the Catherine Palace), the creation of a New Garden and the expansion of the old park, the construction of Hermitage park pavilions , Grotto and others in Sarskoye Selo (later Tsarskoe Selo).

EMPEROR PETER III

Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762) - emperor from 1761 to 1762. Son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna (1708-1728), grandson of Emperor Peter I (1672-1725). Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, he bore the name Karl-Peter-Ulrich. The ancestor of the Holstein-Gottorp line of the Romanov dynasty on the Russian throne, which ruled until 1917. He was married to Princess Sophia-Frederike-August of Anhalt-Zerbst (1729-1796), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Catherine Alekseevna (later Empress Catherine II). From his marriage with Ekaterina Alekseevna, he had two children: a son, Paul (1754-1801; future Emperor Paul I) and a daughter who died in infancy. He was overthrown from the throne in 1762 as a result of a palace coup by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna and killed. During the short reign of Peter III, there were no significant changes in the appearance of Tsarskoye Selo.

EMPRESS CATHERINE II

Catherine II Alekseevna (1729-1796) - Empress since 1762. She ascended the throne by overthrowing her husband, Emperor Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762). German Princess Sophia-Friederike-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. After the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna. In 1745, she married the heir to the Russian throne, Peter Fedorovich, later Emperor Peter III. From this marriage she had two children: son Pavel (1754-1801; future Emperor Paul I) and a daughter who died in infancy. The reign of Catherine II significantly influenced the appearance of Tsarskoe Selo, it was during her reign that the former Sarskoe Selo began to be called that. Tsarskoe Selo was the favorite summer residence of Catherine II. By her order, the Great Palace (at the end of the reign of Catherine II it became known as the Catherine Palace) was rebuilt here, the design of new interiors in it, the creation of the landscape part of the Catherine Park, the construction of park structures: the Cameron Gallery, the Cold Bath, the Agate Rooms and others, the construction of the Alexander palace.

EMPEROR PAUL I

Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801) - emperor since 1796. Son of Emperor Peter III (1728-1762) and Empress Catherine II (1729-1796). He was married twice: first marriage (1773) - to the German princess Wilhelmine-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1755-1776), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, named Natalya Alekseevna, who died from childbirth in 1776; second marriage (1776) - to the German princess Sophia-Dorotea-August-Louise of Württemberg (1759-1828; in Orthodoxy Maria Feodorovna), from whom he had 10 children - 4 sons, including future emperors Alexander I (1777-1825 ) and Nicholas I (1796-1855), and 6 daughters. He was killed during a palace coup in 1801. Paul I did not like Tsarskoye Selo and preferred Gatchina and Pavlovsk to him. At this time, in Tsarskoye Selo, the interiors of the Alexander Palace were made out for the Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich (later Emperor Alexander I), the eldest son of Emperor Paul I.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER I

Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825) - emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and his second wife Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828). He ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Emperor Paul I, as a result of a palace conspiracy. He was married to the German princess Louise-Maria-August of Baden-Baden (1779-1826), who adopted the name Elizaveta Alekseevna during the transition to Orthodoxy, from whose marriage he had two daughters who died in infancy. During his reign, Tsarskoye Selo again acquires the significance of the main suburban imperial residence. New interiors were decorated in the Catherine Palace, and various structures were built in the Catherine and Alexander parks.

EMPEROR NICHOLAS I

Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855) - emperor since 1825. The third son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828). He ascended the throne after the death of his elder brother Emperor Alexander I (1777-1825) and in connection with the renunciation of the throne by the second oldest son of Emperor Paul I, Grand Duke Konstantin (1779-1831). He was married (1817) to the Prussian princess Frederick-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhelmina (1798-1860), who adopted the name Alexandra Feodorovna during the transition to Orthodoxy. They had 7 children, including the future Emperor Alexander II (1818-1881). During this period, new interiors were being designed in the Catherine and Alexander Palaces in Tsarskoe Selo, and the number of park facilities in the Catherine and Alexander parks was expanding.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER II

Alexander II Nikolaevich (1818-1881) - emperor since 1855. Eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I (1796-1855) and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1798-1860). Statesman, reformer, diplomat. He was married to the German princess Maximilian-Wilhelmina-August-Sophia-Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (1824-1880), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Maria Alexandrovna. From this marriage there were 8 children, including the future Emperor Alexander III (1845-1894). After the death of his wife, Maria Alexandrovna, he entered into a morganatic marriage in 1880 with Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (1849-1922), who, after her marriage to the emperor, received the title of Most Serene Princess Yuryevskaya. From E. M. Dolgorukova, Alexander II had three children who inherited the name and title of their mother. In 1881, Emperor Alexander II died from a bomb explosion thrown at him by a terrorist revolutionary I. I. Grinevitsky. During his reign, there were no significant changes in the appearance of the Tsarskoye Selo imperial residence. New interiors were created in the Catherine Palace and part of the Catherine Park was re-planned.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER III

Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894) - emperor since 1881. The second son of Emperor Alexander II (1818-1881) and Empress Maria Alexandrovna (1824-1880). He ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Emperor Alexander II, by a terrorist revolutionary in 1881. He was married (1866) to the Danish princess Maria-Sophia-Frederike-Dagmar (1847-1928), who adopted the name Maria Feodorovna during the transition to Orthodoxy. From this marriage, 6 children were born, including the future Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918). At this time, there were no significant changes in the architectural appearance of Tsarskoe Selo, the changes affected only the decoration of some interiors of the Catherine Palace.

EMPEROR NICHOLAS II

Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1868-1918) - the last Russian emperor - ruled from 1894 to 1917. Eldest son of Emperor Alexander III (1845-1894) and Empress Maria Feodorovna (1847-1928). He was married (1894) to the German princess Alice-Victoria-Helena-Louise-Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt (1872-1918), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name of Alexandra Feodorovna. From this marriage there were 5 children: daughters - Olga (1895-1918), Tatyana (1897-1918), Maria (1899-1918) and Anastasia (1901-1918); son - Tsarevich, heir to the throne Alexei (1904-1918). As a result of the revolution that took place in Russia on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. After the abdication, Nicholas II and his family were arrested and held in custody at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, from where, on August 14, 1917, Nicholas Romanov and his family were sent to Tobolsk. On July 17, 1918, former Emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna and five children were shot by order of the revolutionary government. During the reign of Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, the design of new interiors in the Alexander Palace, the construction of the Fedorovsky town in Tsarskoye Selo, an architectural ensemble, decided in the forms of ancient Russian architecture, took place.

For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn completely different people- from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.

Rurikovichi

Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed many times political system. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When after a period political fragmentation a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.

This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.

Historical figures such as this king big influence for the development of the entire country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.

Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.

Time of Troubles

After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.

In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.

The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, which was inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.

The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.

First Romanovs

When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.

The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.

These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of reign until mid-seventeenth century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.

Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.

Peter the Great

Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (let's look at all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.

Appeared new army and fleet. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, in 1703, St. Petersburg was founded - the new capital of Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.

The era of palace coups

Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).

The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II was on the throne.

Catherine II and Paul I

Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.

All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.

After death great empress her son Pavel I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.

First half of the 19th century

In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".

Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.

At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.

Second half of the 19th century

Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost started under Nicholas I presented him.

But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.

Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.

The last king

Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.

In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions public opinion. He agreed to establish constitutional monarchy and parliament.

The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.

In 1914 the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.

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Mikhail Fedorovich

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty (since 1613). Son of Fyodor Nikitich (Filaret) Romanov. Elected Tsar by the Zemsky Sobor with the support of the Cossacks. Thanks to I.M. Susanin escaped death during the Polish intervention. Indecisive, sickly and weak-willed, he was under the influence of his mother - the old woman Martha, relatives - the boyars Saltykov, in 1619-33 he was subordinate to his father. Under him, the Russian state, ruined during the "Time of Troubles", was revived.

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  3. Michael Fedorovich // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVII century / Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1997.- S. 158-176.
  4. Zhitetsky I.P. Mikhail Fedorovich / I.Zh. // encyclopedic Dictionary. T.38.- Reprint. reproduction ed. F. Brockhaus - I.A. Efron, 1890 - M.: Terra, 1992.- S. 482-485.
  5. Morozova L.E. Mikhail Fedorovich: [Tsar, 1596-1645] / L.E. Morozova // Questions of History.- 1992.- No. 1.- P. 32-47.
  6. Polevoy P.N. Chosen One of God: [About Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich]: Historical novel / P.N. Field.- M.: Phoenix, 1993.- 222 p.
  7. Presnyakov A.E. Russian autocrats / A.E. Presnyakov.- M.: Book, 1990.- 461 p.

Alexey Mikhailovich

Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), Russian Tsar since 1645. Son of Mikhail Fedorovich. Under him, the central government was strengthened and the formalization of serfdom was completed ( Cathedral Code 1649); Ukraine became part of Russia, Smolensk, Chernihiv land, etc. were conquered from the Commonwealth; uprisings in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov and the uprising of Stepan Timofeevich Razin were suppressed; There was a split in the Russian Church.

  1. Andreev I. Alexey Mikhailovich / I. Andreev.- M.: Mol. Guard, 2003.- 638 p.- (ZhZL).
  2. Andreev I."Reliable hunter": [Personality of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov] / I. Andreev // Science and Life. - 1998. - No. 7. - P. 140-147.
  3. Andreev I. The Quietest Quiet One: [Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov] / I. Andreev // Motherland.- 1998.- No. 9.- P.39-43.
  4. Bakhrevsky V.A. The quietest: A novel [about Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov] / V.A. Bakhrevsky.- M.: Sovremennik, 1992.- 345 p.
  5. Gusev A.V. A man in history: Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich / A.V. Gusev // Teaching history at school. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 30-36.
  6. Ilovaisky D.I. Father of Peter the Great: Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov / D.I. Ilovaisky.- M .: Firm "Charlie": LLP "Algorithm", 1996.- 621 p.
  7. Kotoshikhin G.K. About Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich / G.K. Kotoshikhin.- M.: ROSSPEN, 2000.- 272 p.- (Russian Historical Library).
  8. Kutuzov B. Alekseevskaya reform [XVII century: Ist. essay] / B. Kutuzov // Moscow.- 1992.- No. 5/6.- P. 131-146.
  9. Muscovy and Europe. Grigory Karpovich Kotoshikhin. Patrick Gordon. Jan Streis. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: Memoirs of contemporaries: Memoirs of contemporaries. - M.: Sergei Dubov Fund, 2000. - 618 p. - (History of Russia and the Romanov dynasty in the memoirs of contemporaries, XVII-XX).
  10. Skrynnikov R.G. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Patriarch Nikon. Church schism / R.G. Skrynnikov // Cross and Crown: Church and State in Russia in the 9th - 17th centuries. / R.G. Skrynnikov. - SPb.: Art-SPB, 2000.- S. 383-402.
  11. Sorokin Yu.A. Alexey Mikhailovich: [On the biography of the Russian Tsar, 1626-1676] / Yu.A. Sorokin // Questions of History.- 1992.- No. 4/5.- P. 73-88.

Fedor Alekseevich

Fedor Alekseevich (1676-1682), Russian Tsar since 1676. The son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his 1st marriage with M.I. Miloslavskaya. A student of Simeon of Polotsk; knew ancient Greek and Polish; composed syllabic verses and chants. Under the young and sickly tsar, the struggle for power among court groups (the Miloslavskys, Odoevskys, and others) intensified. In 1679 household taxation was introduced, in 1680 a military district reform was carried out, in 1682 localism was abolished. Reflected Turkish aggression near Chigirin (1677-1678). The Treaty of Bakhchisaray was concluded with Turkey and Crimea, which recognized the reunification of Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv with Russia.

  1. Bogdanov A.P. In the shadow of Peter the Great: [Fyodor Alekseevich and Princess Sophia] / A.P. Bogdanov.- M.: ARMADA, 1998.- 330 p.
  2. Bogdanov A.P. The Unknown War of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich [XVII century] / A.P. Bogdanov // Military History Journal.- 1997.- No. 6.- P. 61-71.
  3. Bogdanov A.P. Fedor Alekseevich: [Historical portrait of the king, 1661-1682] / A.P. Bogdanov // Questions of History.- 1994.- No. 7.- P. 59-77.
  4. Kostomarov N.I. Sovereigns and rebels: The dominance of the Romanov dynasty before the accession to the throne of Catherine II / N.I. Kostomarov.- M.: Firm "Charlie", 1996.- 476 p.
  5. Mosiyash S.P. Grand Sovereign Fedor Alekseevich: Roman / S.P. Mosiyash. Pole Queen: Roman / A. Lavintsev.- M.: ARMADA, 1997.- 568 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels).
  6. Sedov P.V. Construction in Moscow under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich: [Late 1670s - early 1680s] / P.V. Sedov // Domestic History.- 1998.- No. 6.- P. 150-158.

Peter I

Peter I (1682-1725), Russian tsar since 1682, the first Russian emperor (since 1721). The youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich. Carried out government reforms. management (the Senate, boards, bodies of higher state control and political investigation were created; the church was subordinate to the state, the country was divided into provinces, a new capital, St. Petersburg, was built). Under him, manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other factories, shipyards, marinas were created, canals were built. He led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-96, the Northern War of 1770-21, the Prut campaign of 1711, the Persian campaign of 1722-23. etc. Supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. At the initiative of Peter I, many educational establishments, Academy of Sciences, civil alphabet adopted. The reforms of Peter I were carried out by cruel means, which caused the Astrakhan 1705-06, Bulavinsky 1707-early 1709. uprisings. Under Peter I, Russia acquired the significance of a great power.

  1. Anderson M.S. Peter the Great: Translated from English. / M.S. Anderson.- Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 1997.- 352 p.
  2. Brikner A.G. History of Peter the Great / A.G. Brikner. - M.: AST, 2002. - 666 p.: ill. - (Classical thought).
  3. Bryzgalov V. Tricolor: Where and by whom the Russian flag was first raised / V. Bryzgalov // Izvestia. - 2003. - January 10. - P. 11.
  4. Bulatov, Vladimir Nikolayevich. Russian North: Trilogy. Book 3. Pomorie (XVI-beginning of the XVIII century) / V.N. Bulatov. - Arkhangelsk: PGU, 1999. - 334 p.
  5. Walishevsky K. Peter the Great: In 3 books: Per. from fr. / K. Valishevsky.- Reprint. reproduction ed. 1911 - M.: IKPA, 1990.- Book. 1-3.
  6. Vodarsky Ya.E. Peter I / Ya.E. Vodarsky // Questions of History.- 1993.- No. 6.- P. 59-78.
  7. Desyatkov S.G. When the earthly demigod leaves: East. novel / S.G. Desyatkov.- M.: ARMADA, 1995.- 527 p.- (Russia. History in novels: The reign of Peter the Great. XVIII century).
  8. funny and instructive stories from the life of Emperor Peter the Great / Comp.: Yu.N. Lyubchenkov, V.I. Romanov.- M.: MP "Ezhva", 1991.- 142 p.
  9. Legislation Peter I / Rev. editor: A.A. Preobrazhensky, T.E. Novitskaya.- M.: Yurid. lit., 1997.- 878 p.
  10. History of Peter Great: For youth: Comp. according to Golikov, Ustryalov and Solovyov / Comp. S.A. Chistyakova.- Reprint. reproduction ed. 1875 - M.: Sovremennik, 1994.- 352 p.
  11. Kamensky A.B. From Peter I to Paul I: Reforms in Russia XVIII century: An experience of a holistic analysis / A.B. Kamensky. - M.: RGGU, 2001. - 575p.
  12. Karpov G.M. Petrine era in Russian history and culture / G.M. Karpov // Teaching history at school. - 1998. - No. 4. - P. 69-80; No. 7.- S. 61-80.
  13. Kipriyanov V.I. Everything about Peter the Great: stories, historical sketches, diplomats' diaries, documents, memoirs, anecdotes / V.I. Kipriyanov. - 2nd ed., additional - Arkhangelsk, 1992. - 95 p.
  14. Knyazkov C. Essays on the history of Peter the Great and his time / S. Knyazkov. - Reprint. reproduction ed. 1914 - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - Pushkino: Culture, 1990. - 648 p.
  15. When Russia young mature with the genius of Peter...: Rec. bibliography decree. / State. publ. Library of the RSFSR.- M .: Book. chamber, 1990.- 87 p.
  16. Molchanov N.N. Diplomacy of Peter the Great / N.N. Molchanov.- 3rd ed.- M.: International. relations, 1990.- 444 p.
  17. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great / N.I. Pavlenko.- M.: Thought, 1990.- 591 p.
  18. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his transformations / N.I. Pavlenko // Teaching history and social science at school. - 2002. - No. 3. - P. 2-13.
  19. Peter the Great: pro et contra: The personality and deeds of Peter I in the assessment of Russian thinkers and researchers: Anthology / Redkol. D.K. Burlaka and others - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the RKhGI, 2003. - 1024 p. - (Russian way).
  20. Pulkin V. The Sovereign's Road: 300 years ago: [Peter I in the North] / V. Pulkin // Dvina. - 2002. - No. 3(7). - P. 47-48.
  21. Birth empires / Ed.- comp.: I. Korb, I. Zhelyabuzhsky, A. Matveev.- M., 1997.- 538 p.- (History of Russia and the Romanov dynasty in the memoirs of contemporaries. XVII-XX).
  22. Russia under Princess Sophia and Peter I: Notes of Russian people / Comp., author. intro. Art., comment. and decree. A.P. Bogdanov.- M.: Sovremennik. 1990.- 446 p.
  23. Semenovsky M.I. The Secret Service of Peter I: Doc. story / M.I. Semenovsky.- Minsk: Belarus, 1993.- 623 p.

Catherine I

Catherine I (1725-1727), Russian empress from 1725 Daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. Aug 25 1702 in Marienburg fell into Russian captivity and soon became actual. wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized in 1712, in 1724 the coronation took place. From the marriage with Peter, two daughters survived - Anna and Elizabeth. After the death of Peter I, who did not appoint a successor, she was enthroned guards regiments under the direction of A.D. Menshikov. Catherine I herself was not involved in state affairs, transferring control of the state to the Supreme Privy Council. A few days before her death, Catherine I signed a will on the transfer of the throne to the grandson of Peter I - Peter II.

  1. Anisimov E.V. Russia without Peter: 1725-1740 / E.V. Anisimov.- St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1994.- 496 p.
  2. Buganov V.I. Catherine I: [Historical portrait of the Empress, 1684-1727] / V.I. Buganov // Issues of History.- 1994.- No. 11.- P. 39-49.
  3. Zavadskaya Z.M. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Book 1. / Z.M. Zavadskaya.- M.: Komtekh, 1996.- 427 p.
  4. Kiziwetter A. Catherine I: Biographical sketch / A. Kiziwetter // Historical silhouettes / A. Kiziwetter.- Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 1997.- P. 45-61.
  5. Kurukin I. The vicissitudes of Fortune, or Pictures from the life of Catherine I / I. Kurukin // Knowledge is power. - 2002. - No. 4. - P. 112-120.
  6. Petrov P.N. White and black / P.N. Petrov. Wax person / Yu.N. Tynyanov. In the name of Her Majesty / V.N. Druzhinin: Story. Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1996.- 782 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Catherine I. 1684-1727).

Peter II

Peter II (1727-1730), Russian emperor since 1725. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Sophia Charlotte of Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel; grandson of Peter I the Great. In the first months of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A.D. Menshikov. After Menshikov's exile, Peter II, under the influence of the old boyar aristocracy, declared himself an opponent of the transformations of Peter I. The institutions created by Peter I were destroyed, the royal court was in Moscow. Peter II was engaged to Princess E.A. Dolgorukova. While preparing for the coronation, he died of smallpox.

  1. Anisimov E.V. Peter II: Historical portrait [of the emperor, 1715-1730] / E.V. Anisimov // Questions of History.- 1994.- No. 8.- P. 61-74.
  2. On the Russian throne 1725-1796: Russian monarchs after Peter the Great / V.S. Belyavsky, S.I. Vdovina, I.V. Volkova and others - M.: Interpraks, 1993.- 383 p.
  3. Peter II Alekseevich // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVIII century / Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1996.- S. 152-156.
  4. Solovyov V.S. Young Emperor: [About Peter II]: Historical novel / V.S. Solovyov.- M.: Sovremennik, 1993.- 252 p.
  5. Turin V. Death from captivity?: [On the fate of Emperor Peter II] / V. Tyurin // Knowledge is power. - 1992. - No. 4. - P. 74-83. .

Anna Ivanovna

Anna Ioanovna (1730-1740), Russian empress since 1730 Daughter of Ivan V, niece of Peter I. In 1710 she was married to the Duke of Courland. Soon widowed, she lived in Courland. She was invited to the throne by the Supreme Privy Council on the terms ("Conditions") of limiting autocracy in favor of the feudal aristocracy. Relying on the nobility and the guards. officers 25 Feb. 1730 refused to fulfill the "Conditions". Granted privileges to the nobility. Close-minded, lazy and poorly educated, Anna Ioannovna paid little attention to state affairs indulging in feasts and entertainment. main support it was the Baltic German nobles, who occupied it, led by the favorite E.I. Biron dominant position in the government

  1. Anisimov E.V. Anna Ivanovna: Historical portrait [of the Empress, 1693-1740] / E.V. Anisimov // Questions of History.- 1993.- No. 4.- P. 19-33.
  2. Anisimov E.V. Anna Ioannovna / E.V. Anisimov.- 2nd ed.- M.: Mol. Guard, 2004.- 365 p.- (ZhZL).
  3. Bespyatykh Yu.N. Petersburg of Anna Ioannovna in foreign descriptions: Introduction. Texts. Comments / Yu.N. Bespyatykh.- St. Petersburg: BLITs, 1997.- 493 p.
  4. Vasilyeva L. Anna Ioannovna: About the Russian Empress. 1693-1740 / L. Vasilyeva // Science and Religion.- 2000.- No. 7.- P. 16-19.
  5. Dolgorukov P.V. Peter II and Anna Ioannovna: From the notes of Prince P.V. Dolgorukov; The Revolution of 1762: Op. and correspondence of participants and contemporaries. - Reprint. reproduction ed. 1909, 1910 - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book. publishing house, 1990.- 511 p.
  6. Pavlenko N. Passion at the Throne: Anna Ioanovna / N. Pavlenko // Rodina.- 1994.- No. 1.- P. 44-49.- Continued. For the beginning, see: 1993.- No. 10.
  7. Sedov S.A. Attempt coup d'état 1730 in Russia / S.A. Sedov // Questions of History.- 1998.- No. 7.- P. 47-62.

John VI Antonovich

John VI Antonovich(1740-1741), nominal Russian emperor (since October 1740), son of Anna Leopoldovna (niece of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna) and the Duke of Brunswick, great-grandson of Ivan V. E. Biron was regent under him, after the overthrow of Biron - Anna Leopoldovna. November 25, 1741 John VI was overthrown by Elizabeth Petrovna. First, John VI, together with his parents, was sent into exile, then transferred to solitary confinement. Since 1756 he was in the Shlisselburg fortress. Killed by guards when officer V.Ya. Mirovich to release him and proclaim him emperor instead of Catherine II.

  1. Belousov R. Nameless convict: [One of the secrets of the Russian Imperial Court - the fate of John VI crowned in childhood] / R. Belousov // Family. - 1996. - No. 8. - P. 16-17.
  2. John VI Antonovich // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVIII century / Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1996.- S. 211-214.
  3. Kamensky A.B. John Antonovich (1740-1764) / A.B. Kamensky // Historical Lexicon. XVIII century: Encyclopedic reference book / Ed. advice: V.N. Kudryavtsev and others - M .: Knowledge, 1997. - S. 318-320.
  4. Kamensky A.B. Ivan VI Antonovich: [Historical portrait of the emperor, 1740-1764] / A.B. Kamensky // Questions of history. - 1994. - No. 11. - P. 50-62.
  5. Karnovich E.P. Love and Crown / E.P. Karnovich. Mirovich / G.P. Danilevsky. Two masks / V.A. Sosnora: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1995.- 766 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: John Antonovich, 1740-1764).
  6. Kurgatnikov A.V. Year 1740 / A.V. Kurgatnikov; Afterword S. Iskulya.- St. Petersburg: LIK, 1998.- 174 p.

Elizaveta Petrovna

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761), Russian empress since 1741. Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Secretly married to A.G. Razumovsky. Relying on the guard, she removed Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan VI from power. She returned to the principles of the reign of Peter I. Restored the role of the Senate, Berg and Manufacture Colleges, Ch. magistrate; established the Conference at the Highest Court; eliminated internal customs, abolished the death penalty. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-43. part of Finland went to Russia; Russia was a participant in the Seven Years' War of 1756-63. The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna is the heyday of Russian culture and science (the activities of M.V. Lomonosov, the opening of Moscow University, etc.).

  1. Anisimov E.V. Elizaveta Petrovna / E.V. Anisimov.- M.: Mol. guard, 2000.- 426 p.- (ZhZL).
  2. Daughter Peter the Great / Comp., entry. Art. I. Pankeeva.- M.: OLMA-PRESS, 1999.- 575 p.
  3. Krasnov P.N. Tsesarevna: A novel [about Empress Elizabeth Petrovna] / P.N. Krasnov.- M.: Sovremennik, 1996.- 302 p.
  4. Maurin E.I. Louis and Elizabeth / E.I. Maureen. Daughter of the Great Peter / N.E. Heinze: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1996.- 717 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Elizaveta Petrovna, 1709-1761).
  5. Naumov V.P. Elizaveta Petrovna: Historical portrait [of the Empress, 1709-1761] / V.P. Naumov // Questions of history. - 1993. - No. 5. - P. 51-72.
  6. Pavlenko N. Elizaveta Petrovna / N. Pavlenko // Rodina.- 1994.- No. 9.- P. 58-65.

Peter III

Peter III (1761-1762), Russian emperor since 1761, german prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter I. In 1742, the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter III's aunt, declared him her heir. In 1761, he made peace with Prussia, which nullified the results of the victories of the Russian troops in the Seven Years' War of 1756-63. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, disregard for Russian customs, the introduction of the Prussian order in the army created the opposition of the guard, which was headed by his wife Catherine (the future empress). As a result of the palace coup in 1762, Peter III was dethroned, arrested, and soon killed. Many impostors (including Yemelyan Pugachev) spoke under the name of Peter III.

  1. Kovalevsky P.I. Emperor Peter III / P.I. Kovalevsky // Psychiatric sketches from history: In 2 vols. T.1. / P.I. Kovalevsky. - M.: TERRA, 1995.- S. 377-408.
  2. Mylnikov A.S. Temptation by a miracle: "the Russian prince", his prototypes and impostor doubles: [Peter III] / A.S. Mylnikov; Academy of Sciences of the USSR.- L.: Nauka, 1991.- 265 p.
  3. Mylnikov A.S."He did not look like a sovereign ...": Peter III: Narration in documents and versions / A.S. Mylnikov. - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 2001. - 670 p.: ill. -( Historical facts and literary versions).
  4. Mylnikov A.S. Peter III / A.S. Mylnikov // Questions of History.- 1991.- No. 4/5.- P.43-58.
  5. Pavlenko N. Peter III / N. Pavlenko // Motherland.- 1994.- No. 11.- P.66-73.
  6. Samarov G. On the throne of the great grandfather / G. Samarov. Witness / E.M. Skobelev: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1995.- 715 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Peter III, 1728-1762)

Catherine II

Catherine II (1762-1796), Russian empress (since 1762). German Princess Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. Since 1744 - in Russia. Since 1745, the wife of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, whom she overthrew from the throne (1762), relying on the guards, G.G. and A.G. Orlov and others. Reorganized the Senate, secularized the lands, abolished the hetmanate in Ukraine. She published the Institution for the Administration of the Provinces, the Charter to the Nobility and the Charter to the Cities. Under Catherine II, as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-74, 1787-91. Russia finally entrenched itself in the Black Sea. Accepted into Russian citizenship Vost. Georgia. During the reign of Catherine II, the divisions of the Commonwealth were carried out, there was an uprising by Yemelyan Pugachev. Corresponded with Voltaire and other figures of the French Enlightenment. Author of many journalistic, dramatic, popular science works.

  1. Borzakovsky P.K. Empress Catherine II the Great / P.K. Borzakovsky.- M.: Panorama, 1991.- 48 p.
  2. Brikner A.G. History of Catherine II. In 3 volumes / A.G. Brikner. - M.: TERRA, 1996.- V.1-3.
  3. Century Catherine II: Balkan Affairs / Responsible. ed. V.N. Vinogradov. - M.: Nauka, 2000. - 295 p.
  4. Vinogradov V.N. Diplomacy of Catherine the Great / V.N. Vinogradov // New and Contemporary History.- 2001.- No. 6.- P. 109-136.
  5. Donnert E. Catherine the Great: Personality and Epoch: Per. with him. / E. Donnert. - St. Petersburg: Vita Nova, 2003. - 600 p.
  6. Catherine II and G.A. Potemkin: Personal correspondence, 1769-1791 / RAS; Ed. prepared by V.S. Lopatin.- M.: Nauka, 1997.- 989 p.- (Literary monuments).
  7. Zaichkin I.A. Russian History: From Catherine the Great to Alexander II / I.A. Zaichkin, I.N. Pochkarev.- M.: Thought, 1994.- 765 p.
  8. Legislation Catherine II: In 2 volumes / Resp. ed. O.I. Chistyakov, T.E. Novitskaya. - M.: Legal literature, 2000, 2001.- T.1-2.
  9. Notes Empress Catherine II, 1859, London. - Reprint. reproduction.- M.: Nauka, 1990.- 288 p.
  10. Zakharov V. Yu. Debatable aspects of the policy of enlightened absolutism of Catherine II / V. Yu. Zakharov // Teaching history and social science at school. - 2003. - N 4. - S. 10-16.
  11. Ivanov V.N. Empress Fike: A Tale / V.N. Ivanov. Catherine the Great: A Novel / P.N. Krasnov. Peter's Days: A Tale / E.A. Salias.- M.: ARMADA, 1996.- 732 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Catherine the Great, 1729-1796).
  12. Kamensky A.B. Catherine II: [Historical essay] / A.B. Kamensky // Questions of History.- 1989.- No. 3.- P. 62-88.
  13. Kamensky A.B. Catherine II (1729-1796) / A.B. Kamensky // Historical Lexicon. XVIII century: Encyclopedic reference book / Ed. advice: V.N. Kudryavtsev and others - M.: Knowledge, 1997.- S. 282-293.
  14. Kiesewetter A. Catherine II: Biographical sketch / A. Kizevetter // Historical silhouettes / A. Kizevetter.- Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 1997.- P. 117-137.
  15. Kovalenko V. Catherine II / V. Kovalenko // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser.12, Political sciences.- 1999.- No. 3.- P. 104-115.
  16. Madariaga I., de. Russia in the era of Catherine the Great: Per. from English. / I. de Madariaga.- M.: New lit. Review, 2002.- 976 p.- (Historia Rossica).
  17. Pavlenko N.I. Catherine the Great / N.I. Pavlenko.- 3rd ed.- M.: Mol. Guard, 2003.- 495 p.- (ZhZL).
  18. Way to the Throne: The History of the Palace Revolution of June 28, 1762 / Ed. D. Tevekelyan. - M .: Slovo, 1997. - 558s. - (Russian memoirs; Book 1).
  19. Rakhmatullin M.A. Unshakable Catherine / M.A. Rakhmatullin // Domestic History.- 1996.- No. 6.- P. 19-44; 1997.- No. 1.- S. 13-25.
  20. Stegniy P. V. Partitions of Poland in the diplomacy of Catherine II / P. V. Stegniy // International Affairs. - 2002. - N 6. - S. 65-76.

Pavel I

Pavel I (1796-1801), Russian emperor since 1796. Son of imp. Peter III and Empress Catherine II. Changed many Catherine's orders. He limited the privileges of the nobility, reducing the exploitation of the peasants (decree of 1797 on a three-day corvee). He relied in his activities on the favorites of the temporary workers (A.A. Arakcheev and others). He spoke out against revolutionary France, took part in coalitions. wars (putting A.S. Suvorov at the head of the Russian army), but in 1800 he made peace with Napoleon Bonaparte, taking an anti-English position. Paul I was distinguished by an unbalanced character, petty pickiness, which caused discontent among the courtiers. A conspiracy has matured among the guards officers. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators killed Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Castle.

  1. Kovalevsky P.I. Emperor Paul I / P.I. Kovalevsky // Psychiatric sketches from history: In 2 vols. T.1. / P.I. Kovalevsky. - M.: TERRA, 1995.- S. 409-476.
  2. Krestovsky V.V. Grandfathers / V.V. Krestovsky. Knights of Malta in Russia / E.P. Karnovich. Conspiracy / M.A. Aldanov: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1996.- 733 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Paul I, 1734-1801).
  3. Peskov A.M. Pavel I / A.M. Peskov.- 3rd ed.- M.: Mol. Guard, 2003.- 422 p.- (ZhZL).
  4. Turin V. Poor Pavel: [On the fate of Emperor Paul I] / V. Tyurin // Knowledge is power. - 1992. - No. 3. - P. 82-94.

Alexander I

Alexander I (1801-1825), Russian emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Emperor Paul I. Carried out reforms prepared by the Unofficial Committee and M.M. Speransky. Under his leadership, Russia participated in anti-French coalitions; successful wars were fought with Turkey (1806-12) and Sweden (1808-09). Under Alexander I, Eastern Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, Northern Azerbaijan, part of the territory of the former Duchy of Warsaw were annexed to the Russian Empire. After Patriotic War 1812 led in 1813-14. anti-French coalition. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) and the organizers of the Holy Alliance. In the 1810s introduced in Russia the so-called. military settlements. After the sudden death of Alexander I in Taganrog, the legend that Alexander I, after 1825, was hiding in Siberia under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich, became widespread. AT official literature called "Blessed".

  1. Alexander I Pavlovich. 1777-1825 // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XIX century. First half / M.A. Opalinskaya, S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov; Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1997.- S. 8-34.- Bibliography: p.32-34.
  2. Arkhangelsky A.N. Alexander I / A.N. Arkhangelsk. - M.: VAGRIUS, 2000. - 575 p.
  3. Arkhangelsky A. Wandering fire. Discourses about Alexander I / A. Arkhangelsky // Friendship of Peoples.- 1996.- No. 12.- P. 56-115.- End. For the beginning, see: 1996.- No. 11.
  4. Arkhangelsky A. First and last: Elder Theodore Kozmich and Tsar Alexander I: Roman / A. Arkhangelsky // Novy Mir.- 1995.- No. 11.- P. 183-210.
  5. Balyazin V.N. Alexander the Blessed: A novel / V.N. Balyazin.- M.: ARMADA, 1998.- 410 p.- (Russia. History in the novels: The reign of Alexander I).
  6. Baryatinsky V.V. Royal mystic: (Emperor Alexander I - Fyodor Kuzmich) / V.V. Baryatinsky.- L.: SKAZ, 1990.- 160 p.
  7. Bokhanov A.N. The Romanovs: Secrets of the Heart / A.N. Bokhanov. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2000. - 400 p. - (Historical investigation).
  8. Vallotton A. Alexander I: Per. from fr. / A. Vallotton.- M.: Progress, 1991.- 397 p.
  9. Degoev V.V. Alexander I and the problem of European consent after the Congress of Vienna / V.V. Degoev // Questions of History.- 2002.- No. 2.- P. 119-132.
  10. Dmitriev D.S. Two Emperors / D.S. Dmitriev. Alexander the First / D.S. Merezhkovsky: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1997.- 749 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Alexander I, 1777-1825).
  11. Kevorkova N. Russia in the reign of Alexander I: [From a new textbook. for high school students] / N. Kevorkova, A. Polonsky // Teaching history at school. - 1999. - No. 2. - P. 49-57.
  12. Kiesewetter A. Emperor Alexander I: Biographical sketch / A. Kizevetter // Historical silhouettes / A. Kizevetter.- Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 1997.- P. 311-433.
  13. Orlik O.V."European idea" of Alexander I / O.V. Orlik // Modern and Contemporary History.- 1997.- No. 3.- P. 46-68.
  14. Pypin A.N. Social movement in Russia under Alexander I / A.N. Pypin. - St. Petersburg: Academic project, 2001. - 556 p.
  15. Pypin A.N. Religious movements under Alexander I / Pypin A.N. - St. Petersburg: Academic project, 2000. - 476 p. - (Pushkin library).
  16. Sakharov A.N. Alexander I / A.N. Sakharov.- M.: Nauka, 1998.- 235 p. Soloviev S.M. Works: In 3 vols. Vol. 3.
  17. Emperor Alexander I: Politics, diplomacy / S.M. Solovyov.- Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 1997.- 637 p.
  18. Solovyov S. Emperor Alexander I: Politics, diplomacy / S. Solovyov.- M .: AST, Astrel, 2003.- 639 p.- (Historical Library).
  19. Fedorov V.A. Alexander I / V.A. Fedorov // Issues of History.- 1990.- No. 1.- P. 50-72.
  20. Yakovlev S. Diamonds for citizens, or How the Sovereign Emperor Alexander I visited Arkhangelsk / S. Yakovlev // Pravda Severa.- 2003.- April 3.- P. 17.- (Former).

Nicholas I

Nicholas I (1825-1855), Russian emperor since 1825. The third son of Emperor Paul I. He ascended the throne after the sudden death of Emperor Alexander I and the abdication of his older brother Constantine. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising, executed its leaders. Under Nicholas I, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up and complete collection laws, introduced new censorship charters. The theory of official nationality (which was based on the formula: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality") became widespread. Nicholas I began railway construction. The Polish uprising of 1830-31, the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1949 were suppressed. An important aspect of the foreign policy of Nicholas I is the return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia participated in the wars: Caucasian 1817-64, Russian-Turkish 1828-29, Crimean 1853-56. He died after the defeat in the Crimean War.

  1. Antonov V. Nicholas I and his time / V. Antonov // History. App. to gas. "First of September. - 1996. - No. 3 / Jan. - S. 13-16.
  2. Vinogradov V.N. Nicholas I in the "Crimean Trap" / V.N. Vinogradov // Modern and Contemporary History.- 1992.- No. 4.- P. 27-40.
  3. Vyskochkov L. Nicholas I / L. Vyskochkov.- M .: Young Guard, 2003.- 693 p.- (ZhZL).
  4. Grebelsky P.Kh. Emperor Nicholas I Pavlovich / P.Kh. Grebelsky, A.B. Mirvis // House of Romanovs: Biogr. Member Information the reigning house, their ancestors and relatives. - 2nd ed., add. and revised - St. Petersburg: LIO Editor, 1992.- S. 91-93.
  5. Kapustina T.A. Nicholas I: Historical portrait / T.A. Kapustina // Questions of History.- 1993.- No. 11/12.- P. 27-49.
  6. Kinyapina N.S. Foreign policy of Nicholas I / N. S. Kinyapina // New and recent history. - 2001. - N 1. - S. 192-210; No. 2.- S. 139-152.
  7. Kinyapina N.S. Nicholas I: personality and politics / N.S. Kinyapina // Vestn. Moscow university Ser.8. History. - 2000. - No. 6. - S. 8-40.
  8. Kornilov A.A. Nicholas I / A.A. Kornilov // Rodina.- 1992.- No. 5.- S. 74-78.
  9. Custine A. de Nikolaev Russia: [Trans. from French] / A. de Custine; [Intro. Art. S. Gessen, A. Predtechensky.- M.: Terra, 1990.- 285 p.
  10. Mironenko S.V. Nicholas I / S.V. Mironenko // Russian autocrats: 1801-1917 / A.N. Bokhanov, L.G. Zakharova, S.V. Mironenko and others - 2nd ed. - M., 1994. - S. 91-158.
  11. Nicholas The First and His Time: [Collection]: In 2 volumes / Comp., entry. Art. and comment. B. Tarasova.- M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2000.
  12. Nicholas I Pavlovich. 1796-1855 // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XIX century. First half / M.A. Opalinskaya, S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov; Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1997.- S. 342-352.- Bibliography: p. 351-352.
  13. Ovchinnikov A.V. Public education during the reign of Nicholas I / A. V. Ovchinnikov // Pedagogy. - 2003. - N 5. - S. 61-67.
  14. Platonov S.F. Time of Nicholas I / S.F. Platonov // Lectures on Russian history / S.F. Platonov.- M., 1993.- S. 670-690.
  15. Rakhmatullin M.A. Emperor Nicholas I and his reign / M.A. Rakhmatullin // Science and Life.- 2002.- No. 1.- P. 96-106; No. 2.- S. 64-72; No. 3.- S. 90-99.
  16. Rakhmatullin M.A. Emperor Nicholas I and the families of the Decembrists / M.A. Rakhmatullin // Domestic History.- 1995.- No. 6.- P. 3-20.
  17. Smirnov A. The clue to the death of the emperor / A. Smirov // Knowledge is power. - 1992. - No. 12. - P. 80-89.
  18. Tarasov B. Features of the reign of Nicholas I: Art. 1, 2 / B. Tarasov // Literature at school. - 2002. - N 4. - S. 13-17; No. 5.- S. 13-18.
  19. Troya A. Nicholas I: Per. from fr. / A. Troyat. - M.: EKSMO, 2003. - 224 p. - (Russian biographies).
  20. fourteenth December / D.S. Merezhkovsky. Tsar and lieutenant / K.A. Bolshakov. Scythian in Europe / R.B. Ghoul. Nikolai / V.A. Sosnora: Novels. Tale.- M .: ARMADA, 1994.- 715 p.- (The Romanovs. Dynasty in the novels: Nicholas I).
  21. Yachmenikhin K. M. Count A. A. Arakcheev and Nicholas I / K. M. Yachmenikhin // Vestn. Moscow university Ser. 8, History. - 2003. - N 1. - S. 25-39.

Alexander II

Alexander II (1855-1881), Russian emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I. In the 1860s and 70s, he carried out a number of reforms: he abolished serfdom (peasant reform 1861), zemstvo, judicial, urban, military and other reforms. In the reign of Alexander II, the accession to the Russian Empire of the Caucasus (1864), Kazakhstan (1865), most of Central Asia(1865-81). Several assassination attempts were made on Alexander II by members of the Narodnaya Volya organization. First assassination attempt 4 Apr. 1866 D.W. Karakozov, then in 1867 and in 1879; organized by the explosion of the royal train and an explosion in winter palace(1880). After the assassination attempts, Alexander II intensified his repressive policy. On March 1, 1881, he was killed by a bomb thrown by I.I. Grinevitsky. Alexander II in the official literature of the pre-revolutionary period was called the "Liberator".

  1. Alexander II. 1818-1881 // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XIX century. The second half / M.A. Opalinskaya, S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov; Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1998.- S. 8-23.
  2. Alexander II- the man on the throne: East. biogr.- Paris: Imka-press, 1986.- 632 p.
  3. Wedding with Russia: Correspondence of Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich with Emperor Nicholas I. 1837 / Comp. L.G. Zakharova, L.I. Tyutyunnik.- M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999.- 184 p.- (Proceedings of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University).
  4. Dolbilov M.D. Alexander II and the abolition of serfdom / M.D. Dolbilov // Issues of History.- 1998.- No. 10.- P. 32-51.
  5. Zakharova L.G. Alexander II: [Historical portrait, 1818-1881] / L.G. Zakharova // Questions of History.- 1992.- No. 6/7.- P. 58-79.
  6. Zakharova L.G. Alexander II / L.G. Zakharova // Russian samodertsy. 1801-1917.- M., 1994.- S. 159-214.
  7. Ivanova T."Let's prepare terrible bombs ...": [On the reforms of Alexander II] / T. Ivanova // Motherland. - 1997. - No. 9. - P. 92-96.
  8. Lewandowski A. The end of the reformer: [On the assassination of Alexander II] / A. Lewandowski // Knowledge is power. - 1992. - No. 2. - P. 3-15.
  9. Lyashenko L. Alexander II, or the History of three solitudes / L. Lyashenko. - 2nd ed., add. - M .: Mol. Guard, 2003.- 359 p.- (ZhZL).
  10. Novitskaya T. The great reforms of Alexander II: (From the liquidation of the secret police to the introduction of a jury trial) / T. Novitskaya // Russian Justice. - 1998. - No. 4. - P. 59-62.
  11. Paleolog M. Emperor's novel. Emperor Alexander II and Princess Yurievskaya: Per. from fr. / M. Paleolog.- M., 1990.
  12. March 1st 1881: The execution of Emperor Alexander II: Documents and memoirs.- L .: Lenizdat, 1991.- 382 p.
  13. reforms Alexander II: [Legislative acts of the reforms of the nineteenth century]: Collection.- M .: Jurid. lit., 1998.- 460 p.
  14. Rimsky S.V. Church reform of Alexander II / S.V. Rimsky // Questions of History.- 1996.- No. 4.- P. 32-48.
  15. Semanov S. Alexander II: History of the Tsar - the Liberator, his father and his son / S. Semanov. - M .: Algorithm: Eksmo, 2003. - 416 p. - (Political biogr. History in persons and facts).
  16. Tolmachev E.P. Alexander II and his time: In 2 books. / E.P. Tolmachev.- M.: TERRA, 1998.
  17. Troya A. Alexander II: Per. from fr. / A. Troyat.- M.: Eksmo, 2003.- 288 p.- (Russian biographies).
  18. Tumasov B.E. As long as there is Russia / B.E. Tumasov. Kingslayers / P.N. Krasnov: Novels.- M.: ARMADA, 1997.- 599 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Alexander II, 1818-1881).
  19. Chulkov G.I. Emperors: Psychological portraits/ G.I. Chulkov.- M.: Art, 1995.- 461 p.
  20. Yakovlev A. Alexander II and the great reforms in Russia / A. Yakovlev // Prospects. - 1991. - No. 11. - P. 91-100.
  21. Yakovlev A.I. Alexander II and his era / A.I. Yakovlev.- M., 1992.
  22. Yakovlev S. Redheads for the emperor: How Alexander II visited Arkhangelsk / S. Yakovlev // Pravda Severa.- 2003.- May 22.- S. 17.- (Former).

Alexander III

Alexander III (1881-1894), Russian emperor since 1881. The second son of Emperor Alexander II. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas (1865) he became the heir to the throne. In the first half of the 80s. carried out a number of reforms (the abolition of the poll tax, the introduction of mandatory redemption, lowering redemption payments). At the end of the 80s. - early 90s. so-called. counter-reforms (introduction of the institution of zemstvo chiefs, revision of zemstvo and city regulations, etc.). The role of the police and the state apparatus has been strengthened. In foreign policy: deterioration of Russian-German relations and rapprochement with France, a Franco-Russian alliance was concluded (1891-93). In the official literature, he was called the "Peacemaker".

  1. Alexander III Aleksandrovich. 1845-1894 // History of the Russian State: Biographies. XIX century. The second half / Ros. nat. b-ka .- M .: Prince. Chamber, 1998.- S. 116-130.- Bibliography: p.128-130.
  2. Barkovets O. Unknown Emperor Alexander III / O. Barkovets, A. Krylov-Tolstikovich.- M.: RIPOL CLASSIC, 2002.- 272 p.
  3. Bokhanov A.N. Emperor Alexander III / A.N. Bokhanov.- M.: Rus. word, 2001.- 512 p.
  4. Kudrina Yu. Owner: [About Emperor Alexander III] / Y. Kudrin // Knowledge is power. - 1998. - No. 1. - P. 130-139.
  5. Mironov G. Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894): The era in faces: Russian reformers / G. Mironov // Marketing. - 1994. - No. 2. - P. 135-146.
  6. Mikhailov O.N. Forgotten Emperor: [Alexander III]: Historical novel / O.N. Mikhailov.- M.: ARMADA, 1996.- 455 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Alexander III, 1881-1894).
  7. Troitsky N."There is a chest of drawers on the ground ...": Alexander III: time of reign, personality / N. Troitsky // Svobodnaya mysl.- 2000.- No. 5.- P. 88-98.

Nicholas II

Nicholas II (1894-1917), the last Russian emperor, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III. The reign of Nicholas II coincided with the rapid socio-economic development of Russia. Under Nicholas II, the Russian Empire was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the Revolution of 1905-07. Nicholas II was forced to issue a Manifesto on October 17, 1905 with the promise of a legislative Duma and bourgeois-democratic freedoms, and the Stolypin agrarian reform began to be implemented. In 1907, Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it joined the 1st world war 1914-18 From Aug. 1915 Nicholas II took over as commander in chief. During February Revolution Nicholas II 2 (15) March 1917 abdicated and was arrested. After the October Revolution, he was sent to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot with his family in 1918.

  1. Archive recent history Russia. T.3. The mournful path of the Romanovs (1917-1918). Doom royal family: Sat. documents and materials / Resp. ed., comp. V.M. Khrustalev. - M.: ROSSPEN, 2001. - 320 p. - (Publications).
  2. Bokhanov A.N. Nicholas II / A.N. Bokhanov.- M.: Young Guard, 1997.- 477 p.- (Life of remarkable people).
  3. Bykov P.M. Last days Romanovs / P.M. Bykov. - Sverdlovsk: Ural. worker, 1990.- 109 p.
  4. Voeikov V.N. With the king and without the king: Memoirs of the last palace commandant of the sovereign, imp. Nicholas II / V.N. Voeikov. - M.: TERRA, 1995. - 480 p. - (Secrets of history in novels, stories and documents: Century XX).
  5. Volkov A.A. About the royal family: [Memoirs] / A.A. Volkov.- M., 1993.- 221 p.
  6. Doom royal family: In 2 volumes / Comp. V. Tretyakova.- M.: TERRA, Book. shop-RTR, 1996.- (Secrets of history in novels, stories and documents).
  7. Gilliard P. Emperor Nicholas II and his family (Peterhof, Sept. 1905-Yekaterinburg, May 1918): According to personal recollections / P. Gilliard; Author entry. Art. V. Soloukhin. - Reprint reproduction ed. 1921. - L.: Nauka, 1990. - 284 p.
  8. Ivanov E. By the Grace of God We, Nicholas II…: Roman / E. Ivanov.- M.: ARMADA, 1998.- 713 p.- (Romanovs. Dynasty in novels: Nicholas II, 1868-1918).
  9. Ioffe G.Z. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs / G.Z. Ioffe.- M.: Respublika, 1992.- 349 p.
  10. Kurlov P.G. The death of imperial Russia / P.G. Kurlov.- M.: Sovremennik, 1991.- 255 p.
  11. Massey R. Nicholas and Alexandra: Per. from English. / R. Massi.- St. Petersburg: Lira Plus, 1998.- 591 p.
  12. Meilunas A. Nikolai and Alexandra: Love and Life / A. Meilunas, S. Mironenko.- M.: Progress, 1998.- 655 p.
  13. Oldenburg S.S. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II / S.S. Oldenburg.- M.: TERRA, 1992.- 640 p.
  14. Renunciation Nicholas II: Memoirs of eyewitnesses, documents. - Reprint. ed. 1927, Leningrad. - M.: Council. writer, 1990.- 249 p.
  15. Paleolog M. Tsarist Russia on the eve of the revolution: Per. from fr. / M. Paleolog.- Reprint. reproduction ed. 1923 - M.: Politizdat, 1991. - 494 p.
  16. Radzinsky E.S."Lord...save and pacify Russia." Nicholas II: Life and death / E.S. Radzinsky.- M.: Vagrius, 1993.- 507 p.
  17. Radzinsky E.S. Works: In 7 vols. Vol.1. Nicholas II: life and death / E.S. Radzinsky. - M.: VAGRIUS, 1999. - 511 p.: photo.
  18. Ryabov G.G. How it was: Romanovs: concealment of bodies, search, consequences / G.G. Ryabov.- M.: Politburo, 1998.- 287 p.
  19. Sokolov N.A. The murder of the royal family: From the notes of the forensic investigator N.A. Sokolova / N.A. Sokolov.- St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Spaso-Preobrazhen. Valaam Monastery, 1998.- 391 p.
  20. Surguchev I.D. Childhood of Emperor Nicholas II / I.D. Surguchev.- St. Petersburg: Resurrection, 1999.- 126 p.
  21. Troya A. Nicholas II: Per. from fr. / A. Troyat. - M.: EKSMO, 2003.- 480 p.- (Russian biographies).
  22. Ferro M. Nicholas II / M. Ferro; Per. from fr. G.N. Erofeeva.- M .: Intern. relations, 1991.- 352 p.
  23. Heresh E. Nicholas II: Per. with him. / E. Heresh. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 1998. - 416 p. - (Trace in history).
  24. Shacillo K. Nicholas II: the path to the tragic end / K. Shatsillo // Svobodnaya mysl.- 1998.- No. 7.- P. 70-81.

The list was compiled by Sector of the Scientific and Bibliographic Department Vymorkova Svetlana Vyacheslavovna


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british queen Elizabeth II in February 2017, she celebrated a truly stunning date: the 65th anniversary of her reign. 91-year-old Elizabeth has broken all imaginable and unimaginable records of the British monarchy. None of her predecessor or predecessor ruled at such a venerable age. No one before Elizabeth managed to be on the throne for such a long time.

At the same time, the queen has not managed (at least so far) to set a world record for the duration of the reign. History knows more fantastic cases. Thus, the pharaoh of the 6th dynasty, Piopi II, was allegedly on the throne for 94 years. However, there is no complete certainty in this.

However, it is known for certain that Louis XIV de Bourbon, the king of France, also known as the "sun king", was on the throne for 72 years, which is a record in the history of a European monarchy.

The king of Thailand, Rama IX, who died in October 2016, was a little short of the result of his French counterpart: his reign ended at 71 years old.

Naturally, the inquisitive Russian mind cannot do without the question: “What about ours?” Unfortunately or fortunately, the Russian rulers cannot reach either Piopi II, or the “Sun King”, or Elizabeth II.

Ivan the Terrible - 50 years and 105 days

One of the most famous rulers of Russia, Ivan IV Vasilyevich, not only took Kazan, Astrakhan and Revel, not only surpassed all the kings, general secretaries and presidents in the number of wives, but also bypassed everyone in terms of the duration of his reign. He is the only one who has crossed the mark of 50 years.

True, this result is not recognized by everyone. Nominally, Ivan IV became ruler at the age of 3, but he was crowned king only in 1547. In addition, in 1575-1576. king who experimented with state structure, unexpectedly declared Simeon Bekbulatovich "Grand Duke of All Russia". For a number of historians, this is a reason to subtract the indicated time from the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

And yet, the majority recognizes Ivan Vasilyevich as the absolute champion of Russia.

IvanIII- 43 years, 6 months and 29 days

Ivan III Vasilyevich, he is Ivan the Great, put an end to the Horde game. In 1480, Khan Akhmat did not dare to engage in battle with the army of the Grand Duke of Moscow, which went down in history as “Standing on the Ugra”.

Ivan III made a huge contribution to the creation Russian state. Under him, the process of gathering Russian lands around Moscow went much faster. The foundations of a new state ideology and the legislative base were laid (Sudebnik of Ivan III). And the marriage to Sophia Paleolog, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, became the reason for the informal proclamation of Russia as the successor of the empire.

Peter the Great - 42 years, 9 months and 1 day

Peter I began his reign at the age of 10 with the presence of co-ruler Ivan Alekseevich, who was his brother, and the regency of their sister Sofya Alekseevna. All this, however, does not interfere with bringing the first years of the reign into general experience Peter the Great.

He really did a lot: he brought the country to the Baltic, created a fleet, laid a new capital and, on the whole, turned a regional power into a European empire. Few people managed to spend time on the throne with such benefit.

Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko - 37 years, 1 month and 4 days

Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the baptizer of Russia, is the champion among the rulers of the Old Russian state. Having become the prince of Kyiv at the age of 18, Vladimir ruled for almost four decades, having carried out the transition of the country from paganism to Christianity.

By the way, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who began life as a pagan, can compete with Ivan the Terrible in the number of women and definitely surpasses him in the number of children. The latter circumstance became the reason for the cruel fratricidal struggle of the sons of Vladimir for the princely throne.

Catherine the Great - 34 years, 4 months and 8 days

The purebred German Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having taken the throne of the Russian Empire in a coup in 1762, gave her new homeland as much as most of her Russian predecessors could not.

The "Golden Age" of Ekaterina Alekseevna brought Russia an increase in territories in the west and south, including the annexation of Crimea, a large-scale reform government controlled, the final consolidation in the status of a great European power.

The paradox is that Catherine is like statesman the public is less interested than as a passionate woman. But here all the questions are not for the empress, but for the public.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - 32 years, 4 months and 20 days

The first of the tsars of the Romanov dynasty, whose election by the Zemsky Sobor ended the period of the Great Troubles, - not the most famous Russian monarch.

But the period of his reign had to settle relations with Poland and Sweden, annex the lands along the Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia to Russia, access to Pacific Ocean, the establishment of a strong centralized authority and much more. And even the German Sloboda - a settlement of foreign specialists who arrived at the sovereign's service - was founded under Mikhail Fedorovich.

Joseph Stalin - 30 years, 11 months and 2 days

Joseph Stalin is the undisputed champion among the leaders of the post-monarchist period. Here, however, it is worth mentioning that there are several opinions as to from what moment Stalin's rule can be counted: in some cases, the period will be somewhat shorter.

Stalin is also inferior in terms of reign to several monarchs not mentioned here, but significantly surpasses them in terms of the degree of influence on the history of the country.

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