Stylistic figures: types, examples. Stylistic figures

Fine- means of expression Languages ​​allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. expressive stylistic means used when you need an emotional impact on listeners or readers. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.

The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
• homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
• Homoforms are words that sound the same but refer to different parts speech (flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).

Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Synonym types:

• full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
• stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time refer to different styles speech (finger-finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
• contextual (author's) - used in the used context for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms - words have opposites lexical meaning belong to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.

Trail definition

	Definition
Allegory	Allegorical words and expressions that convey the essence and main features of a particular image. Often used in fables.
Hyperbola	Artistic exaggeration. Allows you to vividly describe properties, events, signs.
Grotesque	The technique is used to satirically describe the vices of society.
Irony	Tropes that are designed to hide the true meaning of the expression through light mockery.
Litotes	The opposite of hyperbole - the properties and qualities of the subject are deliberately underestimated.
personification	A technique in which inanimate objects are attributed the qualities of living beings.
Oxymoron	Connection in one sentence of incompatible concepts (dead souls).
paraphrase	Description of the item. A person, an event without a precise name.
Synecdoche	Description of the whole through the part. The image of a person is recreated by describing clothes, appearance.
Comparison	The difference from metaphor is that there is both what is being compared and what is being compared with. In comparison, unions are often present - as if.
Epithet	The most common figurative definition. Adjectives are not always used for epithets.

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at an external comparison of objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

The name of the syntactic construction	Description
Anaphora	The use of the same syntactic constructions at the beginning of adjacent sentences. Allows you to logically highlight a section of text or a sentence.
Epiphora	The use of the same words and expressions at the end of adjacent sentences. Such figures of speech give the text emotionality, allow you to clearly convey intonations.
Parallelism	Construction of neighboring sentences in the same form. Often used to reinforce a rhetorical exclamation or question.
Ellipsis	Deliberate exclusion of an implied member of a sentence. Makes speech more lively.
gradation	Each subsequent word in the sentence reinforces the meaning of the previous one.
Inversion	The arrangement of words in a sentence is not in direct order. Reception allows you to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Give the phrase a new sound.
Default	Conscious understatement in the text. It is designed to awaken deep feelings and thoughts in the reader.
Rhetorical address	Emphasized appeal to a person or inanimate objects.
Rhetorical question	A question that does not imply an answer, its purpose is to attract the attention of the reader or listener.
Rhetorical exclamation	Special figures of speech to convey expression, tension of speech. Make the text emotional. Grab the reader's or listener's attention.
polyunion	Repeated repetition of the same unions to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Asyndeton	Intentional omission of unions. This technique gives dynamism to speech.
Antithesis	Sharp opposition of images, concepts. The technique is used to create a contrast, it expresses the author's attitude to the event being described.

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turnovers are indispensable in public speaking, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. AT scientific publications and official business speech such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.

Every day we are faced with a mass of funds artistic expressiveness, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are paths, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in oral speech each person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: At the faculty international relations learns and Russian, and Finn, and English, and Tatar.
• personification- assignment of animate qualities inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in speech. modern man, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities- cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My friend is amazing huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

Lexical means and examples
Synonyms	Let us be humiliated and offended, but we deserve a better life.
Antonyms	My life is nothing but black and white stripes.
Phraseologisms	Before buying jeans, find out about their quality, otherwise you will be slipped a pig in a poke.
Archaisms	Barbers (hairdressers) do their job quickly and efficiently.
historicisms	Bast shoes are an original and necessary thing, but not everyone has them today.
Dialectisms	Kozyuli (snakes) were found in this area.
Stylistic tropes (examples)
Metaphor	You have my friend.
personification	The leaves sway and dance in the wind.
	The red sun sets over the horizon.
Metonymy	I've already eaten three bowls.
Synecdoche	The consumer always chooses quality products.
paraphrase	Let's go to the zoo to look at the king of animals (about the lion).
Allegory	You are a real donkey (about stupidity).
Hyperbola	I've been waiting for you for three hours!
	Is this a man? A man with a fingernail, and nothing more!
Syntactic figures (examples)
	How many of those with whom I can be sad How few I can love.
	We'll go raspberry! Do you like raspberries? Not? Tell Daniel Let's go for raspberries.
gradation	I think about you, I miss you, I remember you, I miss you, I pray.
Pun	I, through your fault, began to drown sadness in wine.
Rhetorical figures (address, exclamation, question, default)	When will you, the younger generation, become polite? Oh what a wonderful day today! And you say that you know the material superbly? Come home soon - look...
polyunion	I perfectly know algebra, and geometry, and physics, and chemistry, and geography, and biology.
Asyndeton	The store sells shortbread, crumbly, peanut, oatmeal, honey, chocolate, diet, banana cookies.
Ellipsis	Not there (it was)!
Inversion	I would like to tell you one story.
Antithesis	You are everything and nothing to me.
Oxymoron	Living Dead.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. With a variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

Beyond the trails important means imagery of the Russian language are also stylistic figures.

stylistic figure(lat. "stіlus" - stylus for writing and "figura" - image, appearance) - unusual syntactic turns that violate language norms and are used to decorate speech. Stylistic figures quite common in poetry, where they are designed not only to individualize the author's speech, but also to enrich it with emotional nuances, to make the artistic image more expressive. Therefore, stylistic figures are also called figures of poetic speech. Stylistic figures should be strictly distinguished from tropes, which are not built according to the syntactic principle. Among the main and most used stylistic figures are anaphora, epiphora, ring (anepiphora), parallelism, gradation, ellipsis, inversion, chiasm, anacoluf, asyndeton, polysyndeton. Bogdanova L.I. Stylistics of the Russian language and culture of speech. Lexicology for speech actions. - M.: Nauka, 2011. - 520 p.

Let's analyze them in more detail. Anaphora(from Greek - bringing up, repetition) - a stylistic figure that is formed by repeating words or phrases at the beginning of adjacent language units. For example, " I swear I am the first day of creation, I swear his last day. I swear the shame of crime And the triumph of eternal truth ... ”(M. Lermontov).

Most often, anaphora is found in poetic texts, less often in prose. prosaic anaphora usually connects the beginning of adjacent sentences, for example: " No matter how people tried, gathered in one small place ..., no matter how they stoned the ground with stones so that nothing would grow on it...” (L. Tolstoy). Very rarely, anaphoric repetition connects not adjacent, but separated linguistic units in the text, for example, the beginnings of chapters of a story or a novel. A prosaic anaphora most often enhances and makes more emotionally expressive the content of what is being told, although it can also perform a purely compositional function, which is usually marked by an anaphoric repetition in poetic texts, where the anaphora serves as an additional (along with a constant pause) signal for the end of the previous line and start of the next one. Often, anaphoric repetition can be maintained throughout the entire poetic work (usually small in volume).

The opposite of anaphora is such a stylistic figure as epiphora- repetition of individual words or phrases at the end of adjacent language units: “Here they came ashore guests, Tsar Saltan is calling them visit... "(A. Pushkin). Much less often, epiphora is found in prose: “I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? (N. Gogol). Sometimes also isolated epanophora (joint or anadiplosis) - repetition of a word or phrase at the end of the previous language unit, as well as at the beginning of the next, for example: “The barrels rolled with a fierce potion, with a fierce potion, with black powder…” (folklore). Similar repetition most often found in folklore, but sometimes, mainly as a compositional technique, it is also used in prose. An interesting example is found in famous novel M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", the twenty-fourth chapter of which ends like this: “... and as much as you like, at least until dawn, Margarita could rustle the letters of notebooks, look at them and kiss them, and reread them again: - The darkness that came from mediterranean sea , covered the garden hated by the procurator ... Yes, darkness, ”and the twenty-fifth begins with the words: "The darkness that came from the Mediterranean, covered the garden hated by the procurator. The suspension bridges connecting the temple with the terrible Anthony Tower disappeared, the abyss fell from the sky ... ". Krupchanov L. M. Theory of Literature. - M.: Nauka, 2012. - 360 p.

ring or anepithora called a stylistic figure of speech that connects the beginning and end of adjacent language units (paragraph, stanza) and/or one unit (sentence or line of verse) by repeating individual words or phrases. Explaining the name of this figure, literary theorists, in particular, write: “The repetition of the initial word or phrase at the end of that very sentence, verse, stanza or whole play, due to which this sentence or a series of sentences that form a logical unity, receive a certain kind of rounding; hence the name of the figure. For example: " in vain! Wherever I look, I meet failure everywhere, And it is painful to my heart that I am obliged to lie all the time; I smile at you, but inwardly I cry bitterly, in vain"(A. Fet).

Often the anepiphora is also simplock- a combination of anaphora with epiphora, which is reflected in the very name of the term: " We have a road for young people everywhere, We honor old people everywhere"(V. Lebedev-Kumach). Artistic text. Structure and poetics. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2005. - 296 p.

The next similar stylistic figure is parallelism(Greek "one who walks beside") or syntactic parallelism- this is a figure based on the same type of syntactic construction of two or more adjacent language units, mainly lines poetic text, which gives rise to a sense of their symmetry. For example: " Your mind is as deep as the sea, Your spirit is as high as the mountains."(V. Bryusov).

Most often, parallelism, symmetry in the syntactic construction of adjacent poetic lines is accompanied by a figurative comparison of the thoughts expressed in them - the so-called figurative-psychological parallelism: for example, between the life of nature and fragments of human life. Parallelism can often include symbols that we wrote about earlier when analyzing paths. Therefore, we can come to the conclusion that tropes and stylistic figures do not exclude, but mutually complement each other.

Parallelism occupies an important place in the Russian language, especially in poetry, and has been known since ancient times. Most often, it is also resorted to in folk poetry. It gained significant distribution in romantic poetry at the beginning of the 19th century, often as a pastiche of folklore motifs. This stylistic figure can form the compositional basis of a lyrical poetic work.

gradation- this is a stylistic figure, which consists in the gradual injection of means of artistic expression in order to increase (the so-called. menopause, for example, “In the care of sweet-foggy Not an hour, not a day, not a year will leave ... "E. Baratynsky) or demotion ( anticlimax, for example, " I won't break, I won't falter, I won't get tired, Not a grain I won’t forgive my enemies” O. Bergolts) their emotional and semantic significance. Gradation differs according to spatio-temporal (mainly in prose), intonation-emotional (poetry) and psychological (drama) features. The expressiveness of gradation is enhanced by combining it with anaphora, for example, in the famous saying of Julius Caesar: “I came, I saw, I conquered!”.

Ellipsis(Greek - “omission”, “lack”) is a stylistic figure built by skipping a word or several words. For example, “Eyes like the sky, blue, smile, linen curls - all in Olga... (A. Pushkin). In this case, the poet omitted the word "combined" or another close in meaning. Ellipsis can enhance the dynamism of the phrase, the intensity of the change of action, emphasize laconism, lyrical excitement, colloquial intonations. It is often found in proverbs and sayings. This figure may underlie the whole artwork, especially poetic or part of it.

Has always been in high demand inversion- a stylistic figure built on a violation of the order of words in a sentence that seems normalized, ordinary, for example, " Obedient Perun old man alone... "(A. Pushkin), instead of" The old man is obedient to one Perun. Russian, like other East Slavic languages, belongs to languages ​​with a free word order in sentences, however, a certain syntactic sequence, due to its familiarity, and also because of its subordination to the logic of the development of the expressed thought, seems more natural, while changing such a sequence psychologically perceived as a deviation from a certain constant norm. Logical sequence of thought development regulates, in particular, the order of the main members of the sentence, which form a kind of syntactic skeleton of the expressed thought. The normal logical sequence of the development of thought presupposes its movement from the already known (i.e., what has already been said, or what is presented as obviously known) to the unknown, what, in fact, is reported about this “already known” and fixes it has some changes. Since the “already known” in a sentence is usually expressed through the subject (the subject of thought), and the “unknown”, the new through the predicate (the predicate of the thought), it is natural or, as they say, word order is correct, in which the predicate will be placed behind the subject, and inversion there will be their reverse order: the predicate before the subject. Sannikov V.Z. Russian syntax in the semantic-pragmatic space. - M.: Languages ​​of Slavic culture, 2008. - 624 p.

If the syntactic order of the main members of a sentence is regulated by the norms of the logical sequence of the unfolding of the expressed thought, then the order of the secondary members of the sentence in each national language is established by the historically established norms of the syntactic construction of verbal constructions in it. In particular, for the Russian language, it will be more natural to place additions and adverbs expressed by nouns in position - after the word to which they refer, and definitions and adverbial circumstances in position - before the word to which they refer. The reverse order of their placement is perceived as inverted. For example, “In the evening, rainy autumn, In the distant the maiden walked places... "(A. Pushkin).

Inversion individualizes and emotionally emphasizes speech and its components. But this is not its main function. The syntactically inverted order of the members of the sentence serves, first of all, the purpose of highlighting the individual words that are most significant in the context of the given utterance. This function of inversion reveals itself especially clearly in the case when the inverted word not only changes its generally accepted syntactic position, but also separates from the member of the sentence to which it is subordinate.

A type of inversion is chiasmus- a linguo-stylistic device used in poetry, the essence of which is to rearrange the main members of the sentence to increase the expressiveness of poetic speech, for example: " Divide fun - everyone is ready: Nobody doesn't want sadness to share"(M. Lermontov).

A similar variety can be considered anacoluthon- a stylistic figure built with a violation of grammatical consistency between words, members of a sentence, for example, " Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off"(A. Chekhov). As we can see, the anacoluf is used deliberately, more often to give an ironic or comic connotation to speech in its given context.

Somewhat reminiscent of inversion and asyndeton or asyndeton- a stylistic figure, which consists in skipping unions that connect individual words and parts of phrases. For example: " Night, street, lantern, pharmacy, Senseless and dim light"(A. Blok). Non-union enhances the expressiveness of speech, emphasizing the dynamic aspect in it, serves to highlight individual words.

The opposite of asyndeton is polysyndeton or polyunion- a cluster of unions that connect individual words and parts of a phrase, for example, “The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed and thundered, and sparkled, and faded away and glowed, and went somewhere to infinity ”(V. Korolenko). Polyunion is used as a means that slows down speech, serves to highlight meaningful words, makes the speech solemn, as it is often associated with polyunion syntactic constructions of biblical texts. The figure of a polyunion can be formed, firstly, by different unions. Secondly, - not only by unions as such, but also by other service words that are received in the context of the function of unions.

Rarer stylistic figures include pleonasm and tautology, as well as amplification, paronomasia(comparison of words similar in sound, but different in meaning) and antithesis(opposition). Telpukhovskaya Yu.N. Russian language. Phonetics. Graphic arts. Word formation. Morphology. Syntax. Vocabulary and phraseology. - M.: Vesta, 2008. - 64 p.

Pleonasm(Greek “excess”) is a stylistic figure that is based on the synonymic repetition of the previous word, for example, “fell down”, “ gestured with his hands», « nostalgia for home», « top priority », « incriminate guilt"," hackneyed banality. Pleonastic repetition is not logically motivated and is used as a means of stylistic diversity of speech. Most often it is used in folklore, but it is also found in author's poetry.

Related to pleonasm tautology implies a single-root repetition of words, for example: " miraculous wonder miraculous wonder" etc.

Amplification(lat. “spread”, “increase”) - a stylistic figure that consists in the emphasized accumulation within adjacent statements (usually one, two or three sentences or a short paragraph) of the same type of language units, for example, “ Beret- like a bomb beret- like a hedgehog, like a double-edged razor, beret like a two-meter tall snake rattling at 20” (V. Mayakovsky).

Phrasal components, which are called figures of speech, differ. These are usually phrases or sentences.

They are expressive syntactic constructions that convey the expression of the text.

If trope is a word with figurative meaning(it has to do with vocabulary), then a figure is a part of a sentence that plays a certain function in it (here syntax acquires its rights).

Consider examples various figures of speech.

paraphrase- replacement of a word or phrase with a descriptive expression, turnover.

Greetings, desert corner,

Shelter of tranquility, work and inspiration.

A.S. Pushkin

The light of day has gone out;

Fog fell on the blue evening sea.

Noise, noise, obedient sail,

Wave under me, sullen ocean.

A.S. Pushkin

Inversion– stylistically significant change normal word order.

Where people's eyes break off stubby,

head of the hungry hordes,

in the crown of thorns revolutions

the sixteenth year is coming.

V. Mayakovsky

Anaphora- unity of command, repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence, poetic lines or stanzas.

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slim look...

A.S. Pushkin

Epiphora The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a line of poetry.

Steppes and roads

The account is not over;

Stones and thresholds

Account not found.

E. Bagritsky

Antithesis- contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts.

I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!

G.R. Derzhavin

When in a circle murderous worries

Everything freezes us - and life is like a pile of stones,

Lies on us - suddenly God knows where

We will breathe comfort into our souls,

The past will wrap around and hug us

And a terrible load will instantly lift.

F. Tyutchev

gradation- the arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance.

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry …

S. Yesenin

The earth is warmed by the breeze of spring.
Yet not the beginning spring, and harbinger ,
and even more not a harbinger – hint,
What will happen,
what's next
that the time is not far off.

V. Tushnova

Oxymoron - a combination of words opposite in meaning for the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of a new concept.

But their ugly beauty

I soon comprehended the mystery

And I'm bored of them incoherent

And deafening language.

M. Lermontov

Toy sad joy that I was alive.

S. Yesenin

Rhetorical question- a turn of speech in an interrogative form that does not require an answer.

What are you howling about, night wind?

What are you complaining about so madly? ..

Either deafly plaintive, then noisy?

F. Tyutchev

Familiar clouds! How do you live?

Who do you intend to threaten now?

M. Svetlov

Rhetorical address- an underlined appeal to something inanimate or to someone unfamiliar.

hello tribe.

Young, unfamiliar! Not me

I will see your mighty late age,

When you outgrow my friends...

A.S. Pushkin

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you in soul.

I'm always glad to see the difference

Between Onegin and me...

A.S. Pushkin

Rhetorical exclamation- an exclamatory statement.

What a summer! What a summer!

Yes, it's just witchcraft.

F. Tyutchev

Default- a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and think about what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.

Every house is alien to me, every temple is empty to me,

And everything is the same, and everything is one,

But if on the way - a bush

Stands up, especially rowan...

M. Tsvetaeva

Parallelism- a similar construction of adjacent phrases, lines or stanzas.

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing .

M. Lermontov.

I came to you with greetings
Tell what Sun is up…
Tell what the forest wakes up...
Tell what with the same passion...
Tell what from everywhere
It exudes joy for me...

Ellipsis- the omission of a word that is easily recovered from the context.

The beast needs a lair

Wanderer - the road ...

M. Tsvetaeva

The rich fell in love with the poor, man - girl

The scientist fell in love - stupid,

I fell in love with ruddy - pale,

Loved the good - the bad...

M. Tsvetaeva

Parceling- intentional division of the phrase in order to enhance expressiveness, expressiveness.

Any verses for the sake of the last line.

Which comes first.

M. Tsvetaeva

"I? To you? Did you give me a phone? What nonsense!” - not understanding, said Nikitin.

Phraseological units and winged words

“sea of ​​tears”, “fast as lightning”, “lightning fast”, “numerous as sand on the seashore”, “we haven’t seen each other for a hundred years!”, “the [drunk] sea is knee-deep… [but zha - up to his ears]”, “who is old rumpled-no - that eye out! And who will forget - both!

Antique examples

Give me a foothold and I will move the Earth. Dos moipu sto, kai tan gan kinas Archimedes

Hyperbolic Metaphors in the Gospel

« Why do you look at the straw in your brother's eye, but don't see the beam in your own eye?» ( Matthew 7:1-3). In this figurative picture, a critical person proposes to remove the straw from the "eye" of his neighbor. The critic wants to say that his neighbor does not see clearly and is therefore incapable of judging sensibly, while the critic himself is prevented from judging sensibly by a whole log.

On another occasion, Jesus condemned Pharisees for what they blind guides who strain out a gnat, but swallow a camel» ( Matthew 23:24). Also, Jesus knew that the Pharisees strained wine through cloth. These champions of the rules did this in order not to accidentally swallow a mosquito and not become ceremonially impure. At the same time, figuratively speaking, they swallowed the camel people, who were also considered unclean ( Lev.11:4, 21-24).

“Faith the size of a [tiny] mustard seed” that could move a mountain is a way of emphasizing that even a little faith can do a lot ( Matthew 17:20). Camel tries to go through the eye of a needle - also hyperbole Jesus Christ, which clearly shows how difficult it is for a rich person to lead materialistic lifestyle trying to serve God Matthew 19:24).

Classics of Marxism

What a lump, huh? What a hardened human being!

- V. I. Lenin. Lev Tolstoy like a mirror of the Russian revolution

Doctrine Marx omnipotent, because it is true.

- V. I. Lenin. Three sources and three components Marxism

Prose

Ivan Nikiforovich, on the other hand, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.

N. Gogol. The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

A million Cossack hats suddenly poured into the square. …

... for one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.

- N. Gogol. Taras Bulba

And at that very moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone!

- N. Gogol. Auditor

Poems, songs

And even if I'm a Negro of advanced years,
and then without despondency and laziness,
I would learn Russian only for
what was said to them Lenin.

- Vladimir Mayakovsky. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

I would be a wolf
gnawed out
bureaucracy.
To mandates
there is no respect.

- Vladimir Mayakovsky. Poems about the Soviet passport

I, friends, will go out to the bear without fear,
If I am with a friend, and the bear is without a friend.

Song from the movie "Secret around the world." Muses: V. Shainsky, sl. M. Tanicha

About our meeting - what is there to say,
I was waiting for her, as they are waiting natural Disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of detrimental consequences! (2 times)
…
What I asked for - I did in an instant,
to me every hour wanted to do wedding night,
Because of you I jumped under the train,
But, thank God, not entirely successful ... (2 times)

... And if you were waiting for me that year,
When I was sent to dacha , -
I would steal everything for you firmament
And two Kremlin stars in addition! (2 times)

And I swear - the last one will be a bastard! -
Do not lie, do not drink - and I will forgive treason!
And I will give you big theater
And small sports arena ! (2 times)

But now I'm not ready for the meeting -
I'm afraid of you, I'm afraid of intimate nights,
Like the inhabitants of Japanese cities
Afraid of repetition Hiroshima . (2 times)

- Vladimir Vysotsky

Well, judge for yourself: on the wires in the USA
All the hippies with hair shaved their hair
They tore off his sweater, gnawed off his watch in an instant,
And they pulled the slabs right off the runway.

- Vladimir Vysotsky

For four years we have been preparing an escape,
We saved three tons of grubs ...

Vladimir Vysotsky