Socialism and ways of solving the problems of modern man. Socialism and ways to solve the problems of modern man Ways to solve social problems liberalism conservatism socialism
The role of the state in the economy - liberalism
The main value is freedom
The ideal is a market economy
The state should not interfere in the economy
The principle of separation of powers: legislative, executive, judicial
Position on the social question - liberalism
The individual is free and is responsible for his own well-being.
All people are equal, everyone has equal opportunities
Ways to solve social problems - liberalism
Government reforms
Limits of freedom - liberalism
From birth, a person has inalienable rights: to life, freedom, etc.
“Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed” - complete freedom in everything.
Only those who can be responsible for their decisions can be free, i.e. whether the owners are an educated person.
The role of the state in the economy - conservatism
The goal is to preserve traditions, religion and order
The state has the right to intervene in the economy if it is necessary to preserve traditions
The power of the state is not limited by anyone and nothing
Ideal - absolute monarchy
Position on the social question - conservatism
Saving the old estate layer
Do not believe in the possibility of social equality
Ways to solve social problems - conservatism
The people must obey, the state can use violence against revolutions
Reforms as a last resort to prevent social explosions
Limits of freedom - Conservatism
The state subjugates the individual
Freedom is expressed in the observance of traditions, religious humility
The role of the state in the economy - Socialism
Destruction of private property, free market and competition
The state completely controls the economy, helps the poor
MARXISM - form of government - DICTATORY OF THE PROLETARIAT (workers' power)
ANARCHISM - the state must be destroyed
Position on the social question - socialism
All people should have equal rights and benefits
The state itself decides all social issues, ensuring workers their rights
Ways to solve social problems - socialism
socialist revolution
Destruction of inequality and the class of owners
Limits of freedom - socialism
Freedom is achieved by the provision of all goods and is limited by the state
Work is compulsory for all
Entrepreneurship and private property are prohibited
Question 01. Explain the statements in the paragraph: “Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed”, “Preserve traditional values!”, “The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead”, “Property is theft”.
The phrase “Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed” literally means that in controversial cases a person has the right to do what to do, if the law does not prohibit it. Man is free to take his own initiative. This statement is typical of liberals, who just welcomed private initiative in all spheres, especially in the economy.
I don't think it's necessary to decipher the call to "Preserve traditional values!" It is typical for conservatives, from radical ones (for example, in Russia), who reacted with hostility to almost any innovation, to moderate ones (for example, in Great Britain), who themselves sometimes proposed reforms, but called for weighing any decisions about changes, opposed reforms for the sake of reforms. .
Since antiquity, people have been looking for a golden age in the past, calling it one or another period of history. But in the 19th century they began to say "The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead." In this way, boundless faith in progress was expressed, in the solution of all problems in the future thanks to progress. This belief was shaken only by World War I, which showed that progress brings not only unprecedented improvements in human life, but also means of destroying people, which they could not even think of before.
One of the principles of the socialists was "Property is theft." This phrase directly belongs to an anarchist named Proudhon, but such convictions were also characteristic of other socialists. Socialists, especially radical ones, believed that only when all resources are under the control of society (in practice it turned out, the state), the distribution of benefits will be fair. Ownership means that someone can own more than they deserve and because of this, others will not have what they need.
Question 02. Describe the main views of liberals on the development of society, the role of the state and human rights.
Answer. Liberals stood for the maximum possible freedom of a person within the framework of the laws of society, but subject to the responsibility of a person for his actions. They especially emphasized the importance of the individual rights of each person. In order for the state not to encroach on the rights of a citizen, it must be based on the principle of separation of powers, have other mechanisms for mutual regulation of parts and control of society over the state. In the economic sphere, in their opinion, freedom should be maximum, only then the economy will develop and regulate itself.
Question 03. List the basic principles of conservatism. Think about the differences between liberals and conservatives on issues of the role of the state in society and human rights.
Answer. While the liberals assigned the state only a minimal role of punishing criminals, the conservatives proceeded from the ancient Roman proverb “Man is a wolf to man” and argued that in order for people not to oppress each other, a strong state is needed, which should regulate relations between people. This was to be achieved, in their opinion, by maintaining the traditional structure of society with inequality of rights, but also duties of different strata of society.
Question 04. Tell us about the basic principles of Marxist teaching.
Answer. Marxism is the doctrine of building communism, in which all property should be concentrated in the hands of the whole society and distributed according to the principle: from each according to his ability, to each according to his work. Communism was to be built by the proletariat as the most progressive class, headed by the party of the proletariat, seizing power by force.
Question 05. Fill in the table "The main ideas of socio-political doctrines of the 19th century."
History in the 8th grade on the topic "Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what society and the state should be like"
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
to give an idea of the main directions of social thought of the 19th century.
Developing:
develop students' ability to comprehend theoretical material, working with a textbook and additional sources;
systematize it, highlighting the main thing, evaluate and compare the views of representatives of different ideological and political trends, compiling tables.
Educational:
education in the spirit of tolerance and the formation of the ability to interact with classmates when working in a group.
Basic concepts:
liberalism,
neoliberalism,
conservatism,
neoconservatism,
socialism,
utopian socialism,
Marxism,
Lesson equipment: CD
During the classes
1. Introduction. Introduction by the teacher. Statement of the general problem.
Teacher: The lesson devoted to acquaintance with the ideological and political teachings of the 19th century is quite complex, since it relates not only to history, but also to philosophy. Philosophers - thinkers of the 19th century, like philosophers in previous centuries, were worried about the questions: how does society develop? What is more preferable - revolution or reform? Where is history heading? What should be the relationship between the state and the individual, the individual and the church, between the new classes - the bourgeoisie and wage workers? I hope that we will cope with this difficult task today in the lesson, because we already have knowledge on this topic: you received home the task to get acquainted with the teachings of liberalism, conservatism and socialism - they will serve as the basis for mastering new material.
What are your goals for today's lesson? (answers guys)
2. Learning new material.
The class is divided into 3 groups. Group work.
Each group receives tasks: choose one of the socio-political movements, get acquainted with the main provisions of these movements, fill in the table and prepare a presentation. (additional information - appendix 1)
On the table are expressions characterizing the main provisions of the teachings:
the activities of the state are limited by law
there are three branches of government
free market
free competition
freedom of private enterprise
the state does not interfere in the economy
individual is responsible for his own well-being
path of change - reforms
complete freedom and responsibility of the individual
the power of the state is not limited
preservation of old traditions and foundations
the state regulates the economy, but does not encroach on property
denied "equality and brotherhood"
the state subjugates the individual
freedom of the individual
observance of traditions
unlimited power of the state in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat
destruction of private property
destruction of competition
destruction of the free market
the state controls the economy
all people have equal rights and benefits
transformation of society - revolution
destruction of estates and classes
elimination of wealth inequality
the state solves social problems
individual freedom is limited by the state
work is compulsory for all
entrepreneurship is prohibited
private property prohibited
private property serves all members of society or is replaced by public
no strong state power
the state governs human life
money cancelled.
3. Each group analyzes their teaching.
4. Generalizing conversation.
Teacher: What do liberals and conservatives have in common? What are the differences? What is the main difference between socialists, on the one hand, and liberals and conservatives, on the other? (in relation to the revolution and private property). What segments of the population will support liberals, conservatives, socialists? Why is it necessary for a modern young person to know the basic ideas of conservatism, liberalism, socialism?
5. Summing up. Summation of approaches and points of view.
What role do you agree to assign to the state?
What ways of solving social problems do you see?
How do you imagine the limits of individual human freedom?
What conclusion can you draw from the lesson?
Conclusion: None of the socio-political doctrines can claim to be "the only truly correct one." It is necessary to critically approach any teaching.
Attachment 1
Liberals, Conservatives, Socialists
1. The radical direction of liberalism.
After the end of the Congress of Vienna, the map of Europe took on a new look. The territories of many states were divided into separate regions, principalities and kingdoms, which were then divided among themselves by large and influential powers. In most European countries, the monarchy was restored. The Holy Alliance made every effort to maintain order and eradicate every revolutionary movement. However, contrary to the wishes of politicians in Europe, capitalist relations continued to develop, which came into conflict with the laws of the old political system. At the same time, the problems caused by economic development were compounded by the difficulties associated with the infringement of national interests in various states. All this led to the appearance in the 19th century. in Europe, new political directions, organizations and movements, as well as to numerous revolutionary speeches. In the 1830s, the national liberation and revolutionary movement swept France and England, Belgium and Ireland, Italy and Poland.
In the first half of the 19th century In Europe, two main socio-political currents were formed: conservatism and liberalism. The word liberalism comes from the Latin “Liberum” (liberum), that is, referring to freedom. The ideas of liberalism were expressed as early as the 18th century. during the Age of Enlightenment by Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire. However, this term became widespread in the second decade of the 19th century, although its meaning at that time was extremely vague. Liberalism began to take shape in France during the Restoration into a complete system of political views.
Proponents of liberalism believed that humanity would be able to move along the path of progress and achieve social harmony only if the principle of private property was put at the heart of society. The common good, in their opinion, consists of the successful achievement by citizens of their personal goals. Therefore, it is necessary to provide people with freedom of action both in the economic sphere and in other spheres of activity with the help of laws. The boundaries of this freedom, as it was indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, must also be determined by laws. That is, the motto of the liberals was the later famous phrase: "everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed." At the same time, liberals believed that only the person who is able to answer for his actions can be free. They referred only educated owners to the category of people who are able to be responsible for their actions. The actions of the state must also be limited by laws. Liberals believed that the power in the state should be divided into legislative, executive and judicial.
In the economic field, liberalism advocated a free market and free competition between entrepreneurs. At the same time, in their opinion, the state did not have the right to interfere in market relations, but was obliged to play the role of a “guardian” of private property. Only in the last third of the 19th century. the so-called "new liberals" began to say that the state should also support the poor, restrain the growth of interclass contradictions and achieve general welfare.
Liberals have always been convinced that transformations in the state should be carried out with the help of reforms, but by no means in the course of revolutions. Unlike many other currents, liberalism assumed that there is a place in the state for those who do not support the existing government, who think and speak differently than the majority of citizens, and even differently than the liberals themselves. That is, the supporters of liberal views were convinced that the opposition had the right to legal existence and even to express their views. She was categorically forbidden only one thing: revolutionary actions aimed at changing the form of government.
In the 19th century liberalism has become the ideology of many political parties, uniting supporters of the parliamentary system, bourgeois freedoms and freedom of capitalist enterprise. At the same time, there were various forms of liberalism. Moderate liberals considered a constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state system. A different opinion was held by radical liberals who sought to establish a republic.
2. Conservatives.
The liberals were opposed by the conservatives. The name "conservatism" comes from the Latin word "conservatio" (conservation), which means "to protect" or "preserve". The more liberal and revolutionary ideas spread in society, the stronger became the need to preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order. The conservatives sought to create a state that, on the one hand, would recognize the sacred right to property, and on the other hand, would be able to protect the usual values. At the same time, according to conservatives, the authorities have the right to intervene in the economy and regulate its development, and citizens must obey the instructions of state power. Conservatives did not believe in the possibility of universal equality. They said: "All people have equal rights, but not the same benefits." They saw the freedom of the individual in the ability to preserve and maintain traditions. The conservatives regarded social reforms as a last resort in the face of revolutionary danger. However, with the development of the popularity of liberalism and the emergence of the threat of losing votes in parliamentary elections, the conservatives had to gradually recognize the need for social transformation, as well as accept the principle of state non-intervention in the economy. Therefore, as a result, almost all social legislation in the 19th century. was adopted by the Conservatives.
3. Socialism.
In addition to conservatism and liberalism in the 19th century. the ideas of socialism are widely spread. This term comes from the Latin word “socialis” (socialis), i.e. “public”. Socialist thinkers saw the hardship of the life of ruined artisans, workers in manufactories and factory workers. They dreamed of a society in which poverty and enmity between citizens would disappear forever, and the life of every person would be protected and inviolable. Representatives of this trend saw the main problem of contemporary society in private property. The socialist Count Henri Saint-Simon believed that all citizens of the state are divided into "industrialists" engaged in useful creative work and "owners" who appropriate the income of other people's labor. However, he did not consider it necessary to deprive the latter of private property. He hoped that, by appealing to Christian morality, it would be possible to convince the owners to voluntarily share their income with their "younger brothers" - the workers. Another supporter of socialist views, François Fourier, also believed that classes, private property and unearned income should be preserved in an ideal state. All problems must be solved by increasing the productivity of labor to such a level that wealth will be ensured for all citizens. The revenues of the state will have to be distributed among the inhabitants of the country, depending on the contribution made by each of them. The English thinker Robert Owen had a different opinion on the issue of private property. He thought that only public property should exist in the state, and money should be abolished altogether. According to Owen, with the help of machines, a society can produce a sufficient amount of material goods, it is only necessary to distribute them fairly among all its members. Both Saint-Simon, and Fourier, and Owen were convinced that an ideal society awaits humanity in the future. At the same time, the path to it should be exclusively peaceful. Socialists relied on persuading, developing and educating people.
The ideas of the socialists were further developed in the works of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his friend and colleague Friedrich Engels. They created a new doctrine called "Marxism". Unlike their predecessors, Marx and Engels believed that in an ideal society there is no place for private property. Such a society began to be called communist. The revolution must lead mankind to a new order. In their opinion, this should happen in the following way. With the development of capitalism, the impoverishment of the masses of the people will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase. The class struggle will then become more widespread. It will be headed by the Social Democratic parties. The result of the struggle will be a revolution, during which the power of the workers or the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established, private property will be abolished, and the resistance of the bourgeoisie will be finally broken. In the new society, political freedoms and equality of all citizens in rights will not only be established, but also observed. The workers will take an active part in the management of enterprises, and the state will have to control the economy and regulate the processes taking place in it in the interests of all citizens. At the same time, each person will receive all the opportunities for comprehensive and harmonious development. However, later Marx and Engels came to the conclusion that the socialist revolution is not the only way to resolve social and political contradictions.
4. Revisionism.
In the 90s. 19th century there have been great changes in the life of states, peoples, political and social movements. The world has entered a new period of development - the era of imperialism. This required theoretical reflection. Students are already aware of changes in the economic life of society and its social structure. Revolutions were a thing of the past, socialist thought was in deep crisis, and the socialist movement was in a split.
The German Social Democrat E. Bernstein criticized classical Marxism. The essence of E. Bernstein's theory can be reduced to the following provisions:
1. He proved that the growing concentration of production does not lead to a decrease in the number of owners, that the development of the joint-stock form of ownership increases their number, that along with monopolistic associations, medium and small enterprises remain.
2. He pointed out that the class structure of society is becoming more complex: the middle strata of the population appeared - employees and officials, whose number in percentage terms is growing faster than the number of wage workers.
3. He showed the growing heterogeneity of the working class, the existence in it of highly paid sections of skilled workers and unskilled workers, whose labor was paid extremely low.
4. He wrote that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. workers did not yet make up the majority of the population and were not ready to take on the independent management of society. From this he concluded that the conditions for a socialist revolution were not yet ripe.
All of the above shook E. Bernstein's confidence that the development of society can only take a revolutionary path. It became obvious that the reorganization of society could be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through popularly and democratically elected authorities. Socialism can win not as a result of a revolution, but under the conditions of expanding voting rights. E. Bernstein and his supporters believed that the main thing was not a revolution, but the struggle for democracy and the adoption of laws that ensure the rights of workers. This is how the doctrine of reformist socialism arose.
Bernstein did not consider development towards socialism as the only possible one. Whether development takes this path depends on whether the majority of the people want it and on whether the socialists can lead people to the desired goal.
5. Anarchism.
Criticism of Marxism was also published from the other side. Anarchists opposed him. They were followers of anarchism (from the Greek. anarchia - anarchy) - a political movement that proclaimed its goal the destruction of the state. The ideas of anarchism were developed in modern times by the English writer W. Godwin, who in his book A Study on Political Justice (1793) proclaimed the slogan "Society without a State!" Anarchist included a variety of teachings - both "left" and "right", a variety of performances - from rebellious and terrorist to the movement of cooperators. But all the numerous teachings and speeches of the anarchists had one thing in common - the denial of the need for the state.
set before his followers only the task of destruction, "clearing the ground for future construction." For the sake of this "cleansing" he called on the masses of the people to protest and terrorist acts against representatives of the class of oppressors. Bakunin did not know what the future anarchist society would look like and did not work on this problem, believing that the “deed of creation” belongs to the future. In the meantime, a revolution was needed, after the victory of which, first of all, the state should be destroyed. Bakunin also did not recognize the participation of workers in parliamentary elections, in the work of any representative organizations.
In the last third of the XIX century. the development of the theory of anarchism is associated with the name of the most prominent theoretician of this political doctrine, Pyotr Aleksandrovich Kropotkin (1842-1921). In 1876, he fled from Russia abroad and began to publish the journal La Revolte in Geneva, which became the main printed organ of anarchism. Kropotkin's teaching is called "communist" anarchism. He sought to prove that anarchism is historically inevitable and is an obligatory step in the development of society. Kropotkin believed that state laws interfere with the development of natural human rights, mutual support and equality, and therefore give rise to all sorts of abuses. He formulated the so-called "biosociological law of mutual assistance", which supposedly determines the desire of people to cooperate, and not to fight with each other. He considered the federation to be the ideal organization of society: a federation of clans and tribes, a federation of free cities, villages and communities in the Middle Ages, modern state federations. What should cement a society in which there is no state mechanism? It was here that Kropotkin applied his "law of mutual assistance", pointing out that the role of a unifying force will be performed by mutual assistance, justice and morality, feelings inherent in human nature.
Kropotkin explained the creation of the state by the emergence of land ownership. Therefore, in his opinion, it was possible to pass to a federation of free communes only through the revolutionary destruction of what separates people - state power and private property.
Kropotkin considered a person to be a kind and perfect being, and meanwhile anarchists increasingly used terrorist methods, explosions thundered in Europe and the USA, people died.
Questions and tasks:
Fill in the table: "The main ideas of the socio-political doctrines of the 19th century."
Questions for comparison | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism (Marxism) | Revisionism | Anarchism |
The role of the state in economic life | |||||
Position on the social issue and ways to solve social problems | |||||
Limits of individual freedom |
Liberalism:
the role of the state in economic life: the activity of the state is limited by law. There are three branches of government. The economy has a free market and free competition. The state interferes little in the economy position on the social issue and ways to solve problems: the individual is free. The way of transformation of society through reforms. New liberals came to the conclusion about the need for social reforms
limits of individual freedom: complete freedom of the individual: "Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed." But individual freedom is granted to those who are responsible for their self-decisions.
Conservatism:
the role of the state in economic life: the power of the state is practically unlimited and is aimed at preserving the old traditional values. In the economy: the state can regulate the economy, but without encroaching on private property
position on the social issue and ways to solve problems: fought for the preservation of the old order. They denied the possibility of equality and brotherhood. But the new conservatives were forced to accept some democratization of society.
limits of individual freedom: the state subjugates the individual. The freedom of the individual is expressed in the observance of traditions.
Socialism (Marxism):
the role of the state in economic life: the unlimited activity of the state in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the economy: the destruction of private property, the free market and competition. The state fully regulates the economy.
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: everyone should have equal rights and equal benefits. Solving a social problem through a social revolution
limits of individual freedom: the state itself decides all social issues. The freedom of the individual is limited by the state dictatorship of the proletariat. Labor is required. Private enterprise and private property are prohibited.
comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | Granting rights and freedoms to the individual, maintaining private property, developing market relations, separating powers | Preservation of strict order, traditional values, private property and strong state power | Destruction of private property, establishment of property equality, rights and freedoms |
The role of the state in economic life | The state does not interfere in the economic sphere | State regulation of the economy |
|
Attitude towards social issues | The state does not interfere in the social sphere | Preservation of estate and class distinctions | The state ensures the provision of social rights to all citizens |
Ways to solve social issues | Rejection of the revolution, the path of transformation is reform | Rejection of revolution, reform as a last resort | The path of transformation is revolution |
Subject: HISTORY
Romanova Natalya Viktorovna
A history teacher
Achinsk Cadet Corps
Lesson methodology.
Grade: 8
Course Name: "New History"
Topic title: Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what society and the state should be like.
Lesson Objectives:
Introduce social trends: liberalism, conservatism, socialism;
Determine how they influenced the development of society and what role they defined the state in public life;
Develop speech, logical thinking;
To form the ability to select the necessary information and briefly write it down;
Develop students' curiosity.
Software:
Microsoftpowerpoint, MicrosoftWord.
LLC "Cyril and Methodius" and the library of electronic visual aids "New History Grade 8"
Technical support:
Multimedia projector and screen, scanner, printer.
Lesson plan:
1. Exploring a new topic:
Updating a new theme;
Conversation;
Work with text;
Work on the table;
Scene on the topic;
3. Summing up.
4. Creative homework .
During the classes:
Exploring a new topic.
Updating a new theme.
Teacher:
How is society developing? What is more preferable - revolution or reform? What is the role of the state in society? What rights does each of us have? These questions have haunted the minds of philosophers and thinkers for many centuries.
In the middle XIXcentury in Europe there was a surge of new ideas, which led to an amazing leap in science, prompted Europeans to question the entire state and social system.
Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that "the human mind is able to find the answer to any questions."
What do you think he meant by that?
Society during this period ceases to feel like a mass. The prevailing opinion is that each person is endowed with personal rights and no one, not even the state, has the right to impose their will on him.
Questions were raised not only about the place of man in the world, but also about the new system of governance of society, which was created by the industrial class of the West.
Therefore, the problem arose of how to build relations between society and the state.
Trying to solve this problem, people of mental labor, inXIXcentury in Western Europe were defined in three main socio-political doctrines.
The theme of our lesson is "Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what should society and the state be like"
From slide 1: the topic of the lesson.
What do you think we should learn when studying this topic?
We will have to get acquainted with the main socio-political doctrines, trace how they influenced the development of society, and what role they determined for the state in public life.
This is a serious topic, it is very important to understand it, since the material studied today will be useful to you in the 9th grade.
Conversation, work with text.
Slide 2: work with terms
Questions:
Think about what these terms mean.
Using the dictionary in the textbook, write out the definitions in the notebook?
Work on the table, work with text.
Teacher:
Let us trace the basic principles of each movement from the point of view of what role was assigned to the state in economic life, how it was proposed to solve social problems and what personal freedoms a person could have (fill in the table by dividing into rows while working with the text of the textbook).
Assignment: 1. socialism (pp. 72-74 - “Why did socialist teachings appear?”, “The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead”)
2. conservatism (72pp. - "Keep traditional values")
3. liberalism (70-72pp. - “Everything that is not forbidden is allowed”)
Slide 3: table.
Questions in the process of filling out the table:
Conservatives: how did representatives of conservatism see the path of development of society?; Do you think their teaching is still relevant today?
Liberals: how did representatives of liberalism see the path of development of society?; What points of their teaching do you think are relevant to today's society?
Socialists: what caused the emergence of social doctrine?
We have traced the basic principles of conservative, liberal and socialist teachings.
Scene on the topic.
Teacher:
Imagine that we witnessed a conversation between three passers-by on a London street inXIX century.
Scene:
– Hello William! We haven't seen you for a long time! How are you doing?
I'm good! Here I go from Mass. Have you heard what's going on in the world? God bless our king!
– And I recently arrived from France and, you know, at the next meeting in Parliament, I will raise the issue of protecting the rights of the poor in order to prevent revolutionary moods in the country! It seems to me that the government should choose a course of social reforms - this can smooth out class discontent!
I doubt it. It would be better if everything remained as before! What do you think, Ben?
– I also think that this will not solve our problems! However, it makes no sense to leave everything as it was. I believe that all evil comes from private property, it must be abolished! Then there will be neither poor nor rich, and, consequently, the class struggle will cease. That's my opinion!
Assignment: based on the conversation of the disputants, determine who belongs to which trend. Justify your answer.
There is an opinion that none of the socio-political doctrines can claim to be the "only" truly correct one. Therefore, as opposition to each other, there are several teachings. And today we met the most popular ones.
Consolidation of the studied material.
Task: mark the ideas belonging to conservatism, liberalism, socialism.
The development of society can lead to the loss of fundamental traditions and values.
The state of the dictatorship of the proletariat will replace the capitalist state.
Free market, competition, entrepreneurship, preservation of private property.
A commitment to something that has stood the test of time.
Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed.
Man himself is responsible for his own well-being.
Reforms distract workers from the main goal - the world revolution.
The elimination of private property will lead to the disappearance of exploitation and classes.
The state has the right to intervene in the economic sphere, but private property remains.
Summarizing.
Questions:
What social and political doctrines did you get acquainted with today?
What was the impact of these teachings on the development of society?
(Answer: people became politically active, they themselves began to defend their rights.)
Those socio-political processes that were launched inXIXcentury, led to the formation inII half XXcentury of modern legal European states.
We all admire the standard of living, the state of the rights of Europeans. And as we can see, this is the result of a long social struggle.
Slide: lesson outcomes.
Creative homework.
On the basis of the teachings you have studied, try to create your own project of possible ways for the development of society in our time.
Date: 09/28/2015
Lesson: story
Class: 8
Topic:"Liberals, Conservatives, and Socialists: What Should Society and State Be Like?"
Goals: to acquaint students with the main ideological methods for implementing the ideas of liberals, conservatives, socialists, Marxists; find out the interests of which strata of society reflected these teachings; develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw a conclusion, work with a historical source;
Equipment: computer, presentation, materials for checking homework
Download:
Preview:
Date: 09/28/2015
Lesson: History
Grade: 8
Topic: "Liberals, Conservatives, and Socialists: What Should Society and State Be Like?"
Goals: to acquaint students with the main ideological methods for implementing the ideas of liberals, conservatives, socialists, Marxists; find out the interests of which strata of society reflected these teachings; develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw a conclusion, work with a historical source;
Equipment: computer, presentation, materials for checking homework
During the classes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Organizational beginning of the lesson. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Checking homework: Testing knowledge on the topic: "Culture of the 19th century" Assignment: Based on the description of a painting or work of art, try to guess what it is about and who is its author? 1. The action in this novel takes place in Paris, covered by popular phenomena. The strength of the rebels, their courage and spiritual beauty is revealed in the images of the gentle and dreamy Esmeralda, the kind and noble Quasimodo. What is the name of this novel and who is its author? 2. The ballerinas in this picture are shown close up. The professional refinement of their movements, grace and ease, a special musical rhythm create the illusion of rotation. Smooth and precise lines, the finest nuances of blue color envelop the bodies of the dancers, giving them a poetic charm. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. A dramatic story about a rider who rushes with a sick child through an unkind fairy forest. This music draws to the listener a gloomy, mysterious thicket, a frenzied rhythm of the race, leading to a tragic finale. Name the piece of music and its author. ___________________________________________________________________ 4. The political situation sends the hero of this work in search of a new life. Together with the heroes, the author mourns the fate of Greece, which is enslaved by the Turks, admires the courage of the Spaniards fighting the Napoleonic troops. Who is the author of this work and what is the name of it? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. The youth and beauty of this actress captivated not only the artist who painted her portrait, but also many admirers of her art. Before us is a personality: a talented actress, a witty and brilliant interlocutor. What is the name of this painting and who painted it? ___________________________________________________________________ 6. The book of this author is dedicated to stories about distant India, where he lived for many years. Who doesn't remember the wonderful little hippopotamus, or the exciting story of how a camel got a hump or a baby elephant's trunk? BUT most of all the adventure of a human cub fed by wolves is amazing. What book is it and who is its author? ___________________________________________________________________ 7. The plot of the French writer Prosper Mérimée is the basis of this opera. The protagonist of the opera, the simple-minded village boy Jose, finds himself in the city, where he is serving in the military. Suddenly, a violent gypsy bursts into his life, for the sake of which he does crazy things, becomes a smuggler, leads a free and dangerous life. What opera are you talking about and who wrote this music? ___________________________________________________________________ 8. The picture of this artist depicts rows of endless benches, on which deputies are located, called to administer justice, disgusting freaks - a symbol of the inertia of the July Monarchy. Name the artist and the title of the painting. ___________________________________________________________________ 9. One day, while filming traffic, this man got distracted for a moment and stopped turning the handle of the camera. During this time, the place of one object was taken by another. When viewing the tape, they saw a miracle: one object "turned" into another. What phenomenon are we talking about and who is this person who made this “discovery”? ___________________________________________________________________ 10. This canvas depicts a doctor who treated our hero. When the artist presented him with this picture as a token of gratitude, the doctor hid it in the attic. Then he covered the yard on the street. And only a case helped to appreciate this picture. What picture are we talking about? Who is its author? ___________________________________________________________________ Quest key:
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Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson. (slide) Lesson objectives: Consider the specific features of the intellectual life of Europe in the 19th century; Describe the main directions of European politics in the 19th century. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Learning new material.
(slide) Philosophers-thinkers of the 19th century were concerned with the questions: 1) How does society develop? 2) Which is preferable: reform or revolution? 3) Where is the story going? They were also looking for answers to problems that had arisen since the birth of industrial society: 1) what should be the relationship between the state and the individual? 2) how to build a relationship between the individual and the church? 3) what is the relationship between the new classes - the industrial bourgeoisie and wage workers? Almost until the end of the 19th century, European states did not fight poverty, did not carry out social reforms, the lower classes did not have their representatives in parliament. (slide) In the 19th century, 3 main socio-political movements took shape in Western Europe: 1) liberalism 2) conservatism 3) socialism Studying new material, we will have to fill in this table.(slide)
(slide) - Consider the basic principles of liberalism. from Latin - liberum - pertaining to freedom. Liberalism received its development in the 19th century, both in theory and practice. Let's make a guess, what principles will they proclaim? Principles:
Considering individual freedom to be an important value, liberals had to define its limits. And this border was defined by the words:“Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed” And how do you figure out which of the two paths of development of society they will choose: reform or revolution? Justify your answer(slide) (slide) Liberal demands:
In the last third of the 19th century, a new liberalism appeared, which declared that the state should carry out reforms, protect the least significant layers, prevent revolutionary explosions, destroy enmity between classes, and achieve general welfare. (slide) The New Liberals demanded: Introduce unemployment and disability insurance Introduce old age pension The state must guarantee the minimum wage Destroy monopolies and restore free competition (slide) The English House of Whigs put forward from its midst the most striking figure of British liberalism - William Gladstone, who carried out a number of reforms: electoral, school, self-government, etc. We will talk about them in more detail when we study the history of England. (slide) - Still, the more influential ideology was conservatism. from Latin. conservation - protect, preserve. Conservatism - a doctrine that arose in the 18th century, seeking to justify the need to preserve the old order and traditional values (slide) - Conservatism began to grow in society as opposed to the spread of liberal ideas. Chief him principle - preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order. Unlike liberals, conservatives recognized:
(slide) - since society had already experienced many revolutionary upheavals that threatened the preservation of the traditional order, the conservatives recognized the possibility of holding "protective" social reforms only as the last resort. (slide) Fearing the rise of "new liberalism", conservatives agreed that 1) society should become more democratic, 2) it is necessary to expand voting rights, 3) the state should not interfere in the economy (slide) As a result, the leaders of the British (Benjamin Disraeli) and German (Otto von Bismarck) conservative parties became social reformers - they had no other choice in the face of the growing popularity of liberalism. (slide) Along with liberalism and conservatism in the 19th century, socialist ideas about the need to abolish private property and protect public interests and the idea of egalitarian communism became popular in Western Europe. social and state structure, principles which are: 1) establishment of political freedoms; 2) equality in rights; 3) the participation of workers in the management of the enterprises in which they work. 4) the duty of the state to regulate the economy. (slide) “The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead” - these words belong to Count Henri Saint-Simon. In his books, he outlined plans for the reorganization of society. He believed that society consists of two classes - idle owners and working industrialists. Let's determine who could belong to the first group, and who to the second? The first group includes: large landowners, capitalist-rentiers, military and high-ranking officials. The second group (96% of the population) includes all people engaged in useful activities: peasants, hired workers, artisans, manufacturers, merchants, bankers, scientists, and artists. (slide) Charles Fourier proposed to transform society by uniting workers - phalanxes, which would combine industrial and agriculture. They will not have wages and hired labor. All income is distributed in accordance with the amount of "talent and labor" invested by each. Property inequality will remain in the phalanx. Everyone is guaranteed a living minimum. The phalanx provides its members with schools, theaters, libraries, and organizes holidays. (slide) Robert Owen went further in his writings, reading it necessary to replace private property with public property and abolish money. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
textbook work (slide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
teacher's story: (slide) Revisionism - ideological directions proclaiming the need to revise any established theory or doctrine. The person who revised the teachings of K. Marx for compliance with his real life of society in the last third of the 19th century was Eduard Bernstein (slide) Eduard Bernstein saw that 1) the development of the joint-stock form of ownership increases the number of owners, along with monopoly associations, medium and small owners remain; 2) the class structure of society becomes more complex, new layers appear 3) the heterogeneity of the working class is increasing - there are skilled and unskilled workers with different wages. 4) the workers are not yet ready to take over the independent management of society. He came to the conclusion: The reorganization of societies can be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through popularly and democratically elected authorities. (slide) Anarchism (- from Greek anarcia) - anarchy. Within anarchism, there were a variety of left and right currents: rebellious (terrorist acts) and cooperators. What are the characteristics of anarchism? (slide) 1. Faith in the good side of human nature. 2. Belief in the possibility of communication between people based on love. 3. It is necessary to destroy the power that exercises violence against a person. (slide) prominent representatives of anarchism | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Summing up the lesson: (slide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(slide) Homework: Paragraph 9-10, records, table, questions 8.10 writing. |
Application:
In the course of explaining the new material, the following table should be obtained:
comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | |||
State regulation of the economy |
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Attitude towards social issues | |||
Ways to solve social issues |
Attachment 1
Liberals, Conservatives, Socialists
1. The radical direction of liberalism.
After the end of the Congress of Vienna, the map of Europe took on a new look. The territories of many states were divided into separate regions, principalities and kingdoms, which were then divided among themselves by large and influential powers. In most European countries, the monarchy was restored. The Holy Alliance made every effort to maintain order and eradicate every revolutionary movement. However, contrary to the wishes of politicians in Europe, capitalist relations continued to develop, which came into conflict with the laws of the old political system. At the same time, the problems caused by economic development were compounded by the difficulties associated with the infringement of national interests in various states. All this led to the appearance in the 19th century. in Europe, new political directions, organizations and movements, as well as to numerous revolutionary speeches. In the 1830s, the national liberation and revolutionary movement swept France and England, Belgium and Ireland, Italy and Poland.
In the first half of the 19th century In Europe, two main socio-political currents were formed: conservatism and liberalism. The word liberalism comes from the Latin “Liberum” (liberum), i.e. pertaining to freedom. The ideas of liberalism were expressed as early as the 18th century. during the Age of Enlightenment by Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire. However, this term became widespread in the second decade of the 19th century, although its meaning at that time was extremely vague. Liberalism began to take shape in France during the Restoration into a complete system of political views.
Proponents of liberalism believed that humanity would be able to move along the path of progress and achieve social harmony only if the principle of private property was put at the heart of society. The common good, in their opinion, consists of the successful achievement by citizens of their personal goals. Therefore, it is necessary to provide people with freedom of action both in the economic sphere and in other spheres of activity with the help of laws. The boundaries of this freedom, as it was indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, must also be determined by laws. Those. the motto of the liberals was the later famous phrase: "everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed." At the same time, liberals believed that only the person who is able to answer for his actions can be free. They referred only educated owners to the category of people who are able to be responsible for their actions. The actions of the state must also be limited by laws. Liberals believed that the power in the state should be divided into legislative, executive and judicial.
In the economic field, liberalism advocated a free market and free competition between entrepreneurs. At the same time, in their opinion, the state did not have the right to interfere in market relations, but was obliged to play the role of a “guardian” of private property. Only in the last third of the 19th century. the so-called "new liberals" began to say that the state should also support the poor, restrain the growth of interclass contradictions and achieve general welfare.
Liberals have always been convinced that transformations in the state should be carried out with the help of reforms, but by no means in the course of revolutions. Unlike many other currents, liberalism assumed that there is a place in the state for those who do not support the existing government, who think and speak differently than the majority of citizens, and even differently than the liberals themselves. Those. supporters of liberal views were convinced that the opposition had the right to legal existence and even to express their views. She was categorically forbidden only one thing: revolutionary actions aimed at changing the form of government.
In the 19th century liberalism has become the ideology of many political parties, uniting supporters of the parliamentary system, bourgeois freedoms and freedom of capitalist enterprise. At the same time, there were various forms of liberalism. Moderate liberals considered a constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state system. A different opinion was held by radical liberals who sought to establish a republic.
2. Conservatives.
The liberals were opposed by the conservatives. The name "conservatism" comes from the Latin word "conservatio" (conservation), which means "to protect" or "preserve". The more liberal and revolutionary ideas spread in society, the stronger became the need to preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order. The conservatives sought to create a state that, on the one hand, would recognize the sacred right to property, and on the other hand, would be able to protect the usual values. At the same time, according to conservatives, the authorities have the right to intervene in the economy and regulate its development, and citizens must obey the instructions of state power. Conservatives did not believe in the possibility of universal equality. They said: "All people have equal rights, but not the same benefits." They saw the freedom of the individual in the ability to preserve and maintain traditions. The conservatives regarded social reforms as a last resort in the face of revolutionary danger. However, with the development of the popularity of liberalism and the emergence of the threat of losing votes in parliamentary elections, the conservatives had to gradually recognize the need for social transformation, as well as accept the principle of state non-intervention in the economy. Therefore, as a result, almost all social legislation in the 19th century. was adopted by the Conservatives.
3. Socialism.
In addition to conservatism and liberalism in the 19th century. the ideas of socialism are widely spread. This term comes from the Latin word “socialis” (socialis), i.e. "public". Socialist thinkers saw the hardship of the life of ruined artisans, workers in manufactories and factory workers. They dreamed of a society in which poverty and enmity between citizens would disappear forever, and the life of every person would be protected and inviolable. Representatives of this trend saw the main problem of contemporary society in private property. The socialist Count Henri Saint-Simon believed that all citizens of the state are divided into "industrialists" engaged in useful creative work and "owners" who appropriate the income of other people's labor. However, he did not consider it necessary to deprive the latter of private property. He hoped that, by appealing to Christian morality, it would be possible to convince the owners to voluntarily share their income with their "younger brothers" - the workers. Another supporter of socialist views, François Fourier, also believed that classes, private property and unearned income should be preserved in an ideal state. All problems must be solved by increasing the productivity of labor to such a level that wealth will be ensured for all citizens. The revenues of the state will have to be distributed among the inhabitants of the country, depending on the contribution made by each of them. The English thinker Robert Owen had a different opinion on the issue of private property. He thought that only public property should exist in the state, and money should be abolished altogether. According to Owen, with the help of machines, a society can produce a sufficient amount of material goods, it is only necessary to distribute them fairly among all its members. Both Saint-Simon, and Fourier, and Owen were convinced that an ideal society awaits humanity in the future. At the same time, the path to it should be exclusively peaceful. Socialists relied on persuading, developing and educating people.
The ideas of the socialists were further developed in the works of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his friend and colleague Friedrich Engels. They created a new doctrine called "Marxism". Unlike their predecessors, Marx and Engels believed that in an ideal society there is no place for private property. Such a society began to be called communist. The revolution must lead mankind to a new order. In their opinion, this should happen in the following way. With the development of capitalism, the impoverishment of the masses of the people will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase. The class struggle will then become more widespread. It will be headed by the Social Democratic parties. The result of the struggle will be a revolution, during which the power of the workers or the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established, private property will be abolished, and the resistance of the bourgeoisie will be finally broken. In the new society, political freedoms and equality of all citizens in rights will not only be established, but also observed. The workers will take an active part in the management of enterprises, and the state will have to control the economy and regulate the processes taking place in it in the interests of all citizens. At the same time, each person will receive all the opportunities for comprehensive and harmonious development. However, later Marx and Engels came to the conclusion that the socialist revolution is not the only way to resolve social and political contradictions.
4. Revisionism.
In the 90s. 19th century there have been great changes in the life of states, peoples, political and social movements. The world has entered a new period of development - the era of imperialism. This required theoretical reflection. Students are already aware of changes in the economic life of society and its social structure. Revolutions were a thing of the past, socialist thought was in deep crisis, and the socialist movement was in a split.
The German Social Democrat E. Bernstein criticized classical Marxism. The essence of E. Bernstein's theory can be reduced to the following provisions:
1. He proved that the growing concentration of production does not lead to a decrease in the number of owners, that the development of the joint-stock form of ownership increases their number, that along with monopolistic associations, medium and small enterprises remain.
2. He pointed out that the class structure of society is becoming more complex: the middle strata of the population appeared - employees and officials, whose number in percentage terms is growing faster than the number of wage workers.
3. He showed the growing heterogeneity of the working class, the existence in it of highly paid sections of skilled workers and unskilled workers, whose labor was paid extremely low.
4. He wrote that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. workers did not yet make up the majority of the population and were not ready to take on the independent management of society. From this he concluded that the conditions for a socialist revolution were not yet ripe.
All of the above shook E. Bernstein's confidence that the development of society can only take a revolutionary path. It became obvious that the reorganization of society could be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through popularly and democratically elected authorities. Socialism can win not as a result of a revolution, but under the conditions of expanding voting rights. E. Bernstein and his supporters believed that the main thing was not a revolution, but the struggle for democracy and the adoption of laws that ensure the rights of workers. This is how the doctrine of reformist socialism arose.
Bernstein did not consider development towards socialism as the only possible one. Whether development takes this path depends on whether the majority of the people want it and on whether the socialists can lead people to the desired goal.
5. Anarchism.
Criticism of Marxism was also published from the other side. Anarchists opposed him. They were followers of anarchism (from the Greek. anarchia - anarchy) - a political movement that proclaimed its goal the destruction of the state. The ideas of anarchism were developed in modern times by the English writer W. Godwin, who in his book A Study on Political Justice (1793) proclaimed the slogan "Society without a State!" Anarchist included a variety of teachings - both "left" and "right", a variety of performances - from rebellious and terrorist to the movement of cooperators. But all the numerous teachings and speeches of the anarchists had one thing in common - the denial of the need for the state.
M. A. Bakunin set before his followers only the task of destruction, "clearing the ground for future construction." For the sake of this "cleansing" he called on the masses of the people to protest and terrorist acts against representatives of the class of oppressors. Bakunin did not know what the future anarchist society would look like and did not work on this problem, believing that the “deed of creation” belongs to the future. In the meantime, a revolution was needed, after the victory of which, first of all, the state should be destroyed. Bakunin also did not recognize the participation of workers in parliamentary elections, in the work of any representative organizations.
In the last third of the XIX century. the development of the theory of anarchism is associated with the name of the most prominent theoretician of this political doctrine, Pyotr Aleksandrovich Kropotkin (1842-1921). In 1876, he fled from Russia abroad and began to publish the journal La Revolte in Geneva, which became the main printed organ of anarchism. Kropotkin's teaching is called "communist" anarchism. He sought to prove that anarchism is historically inevitable and is an obligatory step in the development of society. Kropotkin believed that state laws interfere with the development of natural human rights, mutual support and equality, and therefore give rise to all sorts of abuses. He formulated the so-called "biosociological law of mutual assistance", which supposedly determines the desire of people to cooperate, and not to fight with each other. He considered the federation to be the ideal organization of society: a federation of clans and tribes, a federation of free cities, villages and communities in the Middle Ages, modern state federations. What should cement a society in which there is no state mechanism? It was here that Kropotkin applied his "law of mutual assistance", pointing out that the role of a unifying force will be played by mutual assistance, justice and morality, feelings inherent in human nature.
Kropotkin explained the creation of the state by the emergence of land ownership. Therefore, in his opinion, it was possible to pass to a federation of free communes only through the revolutionary destruction of what separates people - state power and private property.
Kropotkin considered a person to be a kind and perfect being, and meanwhile anarchists increasingly used terrorist methods, explosions thundered in Europe and the USA, people died.
Questions and tasks:
- Fill in the table: "The main ideas of the socio-political doctrines of the 19th century."
Questions for comparison | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism (Marxism) | Revisionism | Anarchism |
The role of the state in economic life | |||||
Position on the social issue and ways to solve social problems | |||||
Limits of individual freedom |
- How did representatives of liberalism see the path of development of society? What provisions of their teaching seem to you relevant for modern society?
- How did representatives of conservatism see the path of development of society? Do you think their teaching is still relevant today?
- What caused the emergence of socialist doctrines? Are there conditions for the development of socialist doctrine in the 21st century?
- On the basis of the teachings known to you, try to create your own project of possible ways for the development of society in our time. What role do you agree to assign to the state? What do you see as ways to solve social problems? How do you imagine the limits of individual human freedom?
Liberalism:
the role of the state in economic life: the activity of the state is limited by law. There are three branches of government. The economy has a free market and free competition. The state interferes little in the economy position on the social issue and ways to solve problems: the individual is free. The way of transformation of society through reforms. New liberals came to the conclusion about the need for social reforms
limits of individual freedom: complete freedom of the individual: "Everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed." But individual freedom is granted to those who are responsible for their self-decisions.
Conservatism:
the role of the state in economic life: the power of the state is practically unlimited and is aimed at preserving the old traditional values. In the economy: the state can regulate the economy, but without encroaching on private property
position on the social issue and ways to solve problems: fought for the preservation of the old order. They denied the possibility of equality and brotherhood. But the new conservatives were forced to accept some democratization of society.
limits of individual freedom: the state subjugates the individual. The freedom of the individual is expressed in the observance of traditions.
Socialism (Marxism):
the role of the state in economic life: the unlimited activity of the state in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the economy: the destruction of private property, the free market and competition. The state fully regulates the economy.
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: everyone should have equal rights and equal benefits. Solving a social problem through a social revolution
limits of individual freedom: the state itself decides all social issues. The freedom of the individual is limited by the state dictatorship of the proletariat. Labor is required. Private enterprise and private property are prohibited.
comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | Granting rights and freedoms to the individual, maintaining private property, developing market relations, separating powers | Preservation of strict order, traditional values, private property and strong state power | Destruction of private property, establishment of property equality, rights and freedoms |
The role of the state in economic life | The state does not interfere in the economic sphere | State regulation of the economy | State regulation of the economy |
Attitude towards social issues | The state does not interfere in the social sphere | Preservation of estate and class distinctions | The state ensures the provision of social rights to all citizens |
Ways to solve social issues | Rejection of the revolution, the path of transformation is reform | Rejection of revolution, reform as a last resort | The path of transformation is revolution |