"Flemish Proverbs" by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Sources of phraseological units. The use of phraseological units in speech How often do we use winged phrases? Phraseologisms in everyday speech

Completed by: Kirill Kuzmin, Gymnasium No. 5, Grade 8 A

1. Explain the meaning of French phraseological units. Pick up Russian synonyms for them.

Strike twice with one stone - Kill two birds with one stone. Meaning: to do two important things at once, to achieve two goals.

Pull the devil by the tail - Fight like a fish on ice. Meaning: to make futile efforts, to endure extreme need, to be in poverty.

My business is a matter of honor - I took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty. Meaning: Starting a business, do it well and bring it to the end.

In every Frenchman you can see the Carolingian - White bone, blue blood. From the blood of Rurik (Dal). Meaning: noble birth.

2. Replace the following expressions with one or two words.

Burn the ships - all in, there is no turning back.

Leaving without salty slurping - to no avail.

No stake, no yard - poverty.

Red thread - the main idea.

The swan song is the last attempt, the last chance.

In all Ivanovo - very loudly.

Scarecrow pea scarecrow.

Get into a mess - make a mistake, disgrace, trouble, failure.

Crepe de chine, pasta, foliage, tulle, aspen, threshing floor, monsieur, menu, scissors, poker, procession, rye.

Pasta, scissors.

Words cannot have a plural form:

Crepe de chine, foliage, tulle, aspen, monsieur, rye.

Inappropriateness, cultivate, lash out, turned on, open.

See Attachment

7. Parse the entire group of words in pairs, taking into account their historical family ties. Prove this connection.

Treasure, button accordion, breakfast, blood, dot, cinder, joint, morning, thunder, fable, share, rut, knife, burst, heat, throat, splinter, wheel, mountain, east, smell, necklace, share, stink, pillow, chamber, blow, flow.

Knife - splinter(words with the general meaning "something sharp", going back to the common Slavic root nozъ).

Breakfast - morning(With The word breakfast is derived from the word tomorrow with the suffix -k-. The word tomorrow is for + morning (r. p. from morning). The modern meaning of the word tomorrow is "the next day", and the word breakfast retains the original meaning of this word - "in the morning").

Throat - necklace(In the Old Russian language, two words were used in the meaning of “throat”: garlo and zherelo. From the word zherelo the word necklace is formed - “that which is around the throat”). Upper room - mountain(the upper room is a derivative of the Old Russian gorn "upper" from "mountain").

Treasure - blood According to the version, they are formed from the Old Russian kry).

share - share(share is a derivative of the same stem as “divide”. Share is literally “part, separated”).

Smell - stink(Researchers believe that the word "smell" appeared in the 11th century. This word comes from the Old Slavonic "stink", which means "smell").

Track - wheel(rut is derived from kolo “wheel”. Rut is literally “track from the wheels”).

Thunder - thunder(according to the version, burst - "rattle, bang, make a loud sound." Thunder - from "rattle").

Burn - fever(derived from "to burn").

Bayan - fable(formed from the Old Russian verb "bayati", which comes from the Church Slavonic "bay", "bayati" - "to tell, speak").

Joint - point(The root of these words is the same as the verb to poke, and the original meaning is “point” - “the place where they poked”, “joint” - “the place where they stuck”, “docked”).

Pillow - blow(Pillow literally - "inflated")

East - flow(the word east is borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, where it is a derivational tracing paper of the Greek anatolē (ana - въс, tolē - tok). The word tok is ancient, Proto-Slavic. The words flow, stream, east are etymologically related to it. The word east has experienced a simplification of the stem: in in it, the prefix merged with the root, resulting in a new root east-).

8. Having studied a group of synonymous words, indicate their lexical differences from each other. When proving, use references to reference dictionaries.

Volapyuk, gibberish, nonsense, nonsense, abracadabra.

VOLAPYUK (artificial international language invented in 1879 by Schleyer and not used). Used in the meaning - overly overloaded with incomprehensible terms, abstruse words, foreign words, speech.

“Don’t use so many unnecessary foreign terms, otherwise you get some kind of volapuk.”

gibberish (1. The same as gibberish writing, gibberish writing. 2. Something meaningless and incomprehensible). It is used in the meaning - a set of incomprehensible words that do not reflect the main idea. Sometimes, the words are familiar, understandable, but the general meaning of the speech is not clear. Often the meaning of speech is not available to others, due to different levels of education, values.

NON-SENSE (incoherent set of words, meaningless speech). Used in the meaning - nonsense, stupidity. "Courage nonsense." Deprived of rationality act, judgment. “Why argue with a fool? this is nonsense."

NONSENSE (eng. nonsense from lat. non - not and sensus - meaning. Incongruity, nonsense). It is used in the meaning - this cannot be! This phenomenon, this idea, this thought does not correspond to objective reality.

ABRACADABRA (from an old magic spell. Nonsense, an incomprehensible set of words). Used in the meaning - incomprehensible, overloaded with formulas, symbols, figurative meanings, speech.

Literature

1. Kuznetsov explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. SPb., 1998.

2., Shvedova Dictionary of the Russian Language. M., 2003.

3. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. - M .: Russian language, 1988. - T. IV.

4. Fasmer dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow: Progress, 1964-1973.

6. Tsyganenko dictionary of the Russian language. Kyiv, 1989.

7. , . School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Origin of words. M.: Bustard, 2004.

8. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. M .: Russian language from A to Z. Publishing house "UNVES", M., 2003.

The Russian language is one of the richest and most expressive in the world due to the abundance of expressive means. Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies lexically indivisible combinations of words, called special phraseological units. With the help of them, speech becomes more beautiful.

What does "phraseologism" mean? Term meaning

Each person uses catchphrases in his speech, intentionally or unconsciously, in order to give it an emotional coloring. Not everyone knows the sources of the origin of phraseological units and how they differ from other expressions. To understand the functions of catchphrases and not to confuse them with other units of speech, it is necessary to know their characteristics.

1. Phraseologisms are always complex in composition, that is, they consist of two or more words.

2. Have an undivided meaning. Phraseologism cannot be divided, but can be expressed in other synonymous words. For example, the expression "roll a barrel" is used in the sense of "unreasonably reproach someone."

3. Unlike free phrases, phraseological units are characterized by constancy of composition - the components do not change in numbers and genders (you cannot say "the cat cried" instead of the classic combination "the cat cried" or instead of "hens do not peck" - "roosters do not peck"; by the way, phraseological units with the meanings "a lot" and "little" are most often used in speech).

4. Word order is fixed in catchphrases. It is wrong to say "bones and skin" instead of "skin and bones". This rule applies to all phraseological units.

5. Catch phrases of one language, as a rule, are not translated verbatim into another. If in Russian there is the phrase "spit on the ceiling", the British will say "sit and twirl your thumb", while the meaning will be the same - "idle".

Functions of phraseological units in the language

Catch phrases give speech liveliness and imagery. Knowledge of phraseology is valued in all areas of human activity, often journalists turn to such techniques in feuilletons and essays, but for this you need to know exactly what phraseology means. The performance of a humorist or satirist becomes brighter and more expressive if he inserts catchphrases into his speech. The use of phraseological units in newspaper headlines has always been relevant, and often the author of the article subjects them to creative transformations. There are 5 cases where the catchphrase carries a new meaning.

1. Expansion of the composition through the use of clarifying words: "Cats, not small fluffy, but large, with dirty sharp claws, scraped her heart." In this case, the well-known phraseological unit was dissected by other words.
2. Reception of reduction (abbreviation) is demonstrated in the famous TV series "Don't Be Born Beautiful". It begs to be continued: "And be born happy."
3. The sources of author's phraseological units are drawn from classical stable combinations. So, the Latin motto "veni, vidi, vici" can be remade by a journalist in his own way: "I came, I saw, I wrote down."
4. A combination of several expressions: "Isn't fear called panic because the god Pan laughed with aspic Homeric laughter?" The connection must be successful so that the phrase does not look ridiculous.
5. The destruction of the figurative meaning, when the phraseological unit carries a direct meaning, and not a metaphorical one, for example: "The Buddha statue had golden hands."

How did catchphrases originate?

The formation of the culture of each nation took place over many centuries, the heritage of one country began to interest others, as a result of which one can notice the phenomenon of assimilation. The sources of Russian phraseological units are divided into two large groups: native Russian and borrowed. Winged expressions in the Russian language were borrowed from Slavic and non-Slavic languages. Interesting phrases "a storm in a teacup", "to be or not to be", "the princess and the pea" came from English. In turn, Russian phraseological units have spread throughout the world. The Czechs and the British are still in awe of the popular expressions "disservice", "hero of our time" and many others.

Native Russian phraseological units are divided into three large groups: common Slavic, East Slavic and proper Russian. The differences are explained by the territory in which they were distributed.

1. Phraseological units on topics related to biblical motifs, for example, "in Christ's bosom" in the sense of "in complete safety" can be attributed to the oldest common Slavic or Proto-Slavic phraseological units.
2. East Slavic phraseological units were spread by Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians ("put a pig" - "commit meanness", "no stake or yard" - "nothing at all").
3. Proprietary Russian catchphrases: "with gulkin's nose" - "little", "keep your mouth shut" - "keep quiet".

Stylistic layers of phraseology

A person uses in his speech well-established combinations of words with a figurative meaning, without even thinking about it, and some of them sometimes seem indecent. Scientists divided everything into three layers depending on their stylistic coloring.

1. Neutral combinations, such as "new year", "point of view". Phraseologisms with the meanings of such a plan, as a rule, are easy to interpret, since a person uses them in his speech quite often.
2. book. They can be used not only in printed publications, but also in everyday speech - this will indicate a person’s education (“Babylonian pandemonium”, However, it is inappropriate to use book phraseological units in an informal setting or too often.
3. colloquial. Quite often, "white crow", "pea jester" and other phraseological units are used. Grade 6 is the best time to familiarize a student with such expressions so that he begins to actively use them.
4. Colloquial phraseological units unacceptable in the speech of an educated person, especially in an official setting. For characterization, you can choose a more decent phrase. So, the phrase "stuffed fool" can be replaced by the phraseological unit "comes like a giraffe."

Popular expressions in other languages

All peoples of the world have a great cultural heritage, which includes literature. Catch phrases are present not only in Russian, but also in many others. Often the components change, so it is not always possible to understand what phraseology means, but its meaning remains the same. Some differences can be identified in the example of the English language.

• The expression "rare bird" ("rara avis") comes from Latin. In Russian, the phraseological unit "white crow" appeared, but in English the translation has not changed.
• "To fight like a fish on ice" - this is how they say about a person who is engaged in difficult and empty work. In English, the expression sounds like "pull the devil by the tail."
• Phraseologisms "make a mountain out of a molehill" and "make an elephant out of a fly" are complete synonyms, but the first one is found among the peoples of Europe.
• In English, the popular expression "as blown away by the wind" sounds like "disappear into transparent air." So they say about a person who quickly and suddenly disappeared without explaining himself.
• The well-known expression "like twice two is four" among the English sounds completely different: "as clear as a nose on a face." Is it due to poor knowledge of mathematics?
• In English, the idiom "to call a spade a spade" sounds more literally: "to call a shovel a shovel". An interesting question may arise: "Why a garden tool, and not pudding or coffee?"

• If a Russian person says "keep your mouth shut," an Englishman will make the talker "button his lips." To know for sure what a phraseological unit that you have not heard before means, you need to refer to the dictionary.
• Some catchphrases from different peoples of the world completely preserve the dictionary component when translated. Thus, the phraseological units "pass through fire and water", "verbal diarrhea", "open soul" and "look for a needle in a haystack" sound the same in both English and Russian.

Winged expressions of carpenters, sailors and others

In the Russian language, a large group is occupied by phraseological units that were once used in a certain type of activity. Pay attention to how phraseological units arise in a narrow circle of people, which subsequently become relevant among the people. Thus, the popular sayings among sailors "to run aground" and "to go with the flow" also have a figurative meaning - "to be left with nothing" and "submit to circumstances". The phrases "no hitch", "finish walnut" and others were used in the professional field by carpenters, and subsequently by everyone else. If fishermen use in their speech the phrases "get on the bait" or "peck on the hook" in the literal sense, the rest say so in situations not related to fishing. Thus, the sources of phraseological units can be found in professional fields of activity.

Popular expressions and antiquity

The modern world owes a lot to the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome, since the classical examples of art were laid in this era. Excerpts from ancient myths and epics are used in the literature of the current years. The sources of phraseological units can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, since ancient stories have always been of interest to the public.

Today it is rare to hear the idiom "to fall into the arms of Morpheus", and earlier masters of the word often turned to this turnover. The origin of the popular expression is associated with two phenomena at once. Sleeping pills morphine is obtained from the heads of the poppy flower, and the god Morpheus in Ancient Greece was showered with poppy flowers and never opened his eyes.

Hymen in the ancient world is the patron saint of marriage. Speaking of the union of two lovers, they often use phrases that include a word that symbolizes chains, ligaments or other connecting elements. They tied one person to another with ties - and this is how a phraseological unit appeared meaning eternal love and affection of two people.

Long ago, the goddess of discord, Eris, decided to take revenge on the gods who did not invite her to a feast. She threw them a golden apple with the inscription "to the most beautiful Hera, Aphrodite and Athena." The three goddesses argued for a long time who should rightfully bear this title, but Paris made his choice in favor of the goddess of love. For this, she helped him get Helen, because of which the long Trojan War began. So the phraseological unit "apple of discord" appeared.

The ancient Greek fabulist Aesop was not given to everyone to understand. In speech, he often used the technique of allegory, because of which those around him could not guess what he was talking about. Today, the expression "Aesopian language" means the ability to express one's thoughts in allegories and parables.

The role of phraseological units in the media

The task of printed publications is to attract the attention of readers and gain a large target audience, thanks to which the demand for the newspaper will always be high. Competent journalists often try to pick up a bright metaphorical title, which is based on phraseological units. In the CIS countries, Russian writers of the Golden Age are honored and remembered, so they often choose Griboedov's famous quote "And who are the judges" for the title of an article? from his work "Woe from Wit". Most often, the authors use phraseological units or supplement them with new vocabulary components. Thus, in the headline "Draft Laws Don't Burn" there is a connection with Mikhail Bulgakov and his famous saying "Manuscripts Don't Burn". Thus, the sources of phraseological units are also fiction. Popular catch phrases "a big ship has a long voyage" and "chickens are counted in autumn" were changed by journalists to "a big ruble is a big voyage" and "May decrees are counted in autumn." Experts confirm that the use of phraseological units in the media always attracts readers. It is important to know the meaning of each stylistic figure so that embarrassment does not occur.

Mistakes in the use of phraseological units

An educated person tries to embellish his speech with catchphrases, use professional terms and foreign words. Often the use of one form or another is erroneous, which can affect the meaning of the context and completely change it. There are several oversights that most often appear in human speech.

Some unjustifiably reduce the composition of a phraseological unit as a result of missing a component: "the success of the student wants the best" instead of "the success of the student leaves much to be desired." The first form is used incorrectly. Replacing one of the components may be original, but sometimes it just causes laughter.

Media workers often use phraseological units "where the journalist's foot has not yet set foot" in their speech. In a stable combination in this case, another word was chosen instead of the word "man".

Replacing a component with a similar sound is a mistake that can lead an educated person to a dead end. So, instead of the correct form "do not lose heart" you can hear "do not lose heart" - the verb is chosen in the past tense instead of the infinitive.

An erroneous replacement of grammatical forms can also cause laughter, especially when instead of phraseologism people hear "kill the worms." Changing the singular to plural is not allowed.

Often the error manifests itself in the confusion of two phrases. Phraseologisms "to matter" and "to play a role" can be confused with each other, as a result, a funny turnover "to play a role" is obtained.

Misunderstanding the meaning of catchphrases is a rather serious oversight, because this can result in ridiculous sentences, so it is important to know how phraseological units arise and in what cases they should be used. So, the phrase "merry graduates sang their swan song" (the song is sung by a dying bird) sounds ridiculous, so if you are not sure about the use of phraseology, do not risk it.

How often do we use catchphrases? Phraseologisms in everyday speech

A person uses catchphrases in speech much more often than he thinks. As a rule, this happens unconsciously. So, for a day, some pronounce several dozen expressions. Often phraseological units are included in the school curriculum (grade 6 and on).

We name a person who has to account for the misdeeds of others, and getting angry at someone, we say "I'll show you Kuz'kin's mother!" Trying to achieve the desired result with all our efforts, we “spin as if we are lazy, we begin to“ work carelessly. ”When we see a quiet, modest old woman, we will call her“ God’s dandelion ”, and a person who stands out with the negative side of character -“ a black sheep in the family.

Much less often, a person wants to choose phraseological units consciously in order to give speech an aesthetic coloring. Speakers, depending on the subject of their speech, begin it with catch phrases so that the listeners show a lively interest. Young guys often "kill the arrow" to sort things out, and before that they decide to "starve the worm" in order to gain strength. Restless children "let past their ears" the wise instructions of their parents, which they "deeply" regret years later. Thus, phraseology has firmly entered the life of every person.

Quote message "Flemish Proverbs" by Pieter Brueghel the Elder.

Flemish proverbs, 1559

"Flemish proverbs" (or "Dutch proverbs", "The world is upside down") (Eng. The Topsy Turvy World) is a painting painted in 1559Pieter Brueghel the Elder,which depicts the literal meanings of Dutch proverbs. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, also known as the “Peasant” (Pieter Bruegel de Oude,: ca. 1525 - 1569) is a South Dutch painter and graphic artist, the most famous and significant of the artists who bore this name. Master of landscape and genre scenes. Father of artists Pieter Brueghel the Younger (Hellish) and Jan Brueghel the Elder (Paradise, Flower, Velvet).The painting, exhibited in the Berlin Art Gallery, is filled with symbols related to Dutch proverbs and sayings, but not all of them have been deciphered by modern researchers, as some expressions have been forgotten over time.With great artistic power, Brueghel presents a picture of the absurdity, weakness, stupidity of man.His sonmade about 20 copies of his father's work, and not all copies exactly reproduce the original, differing from it in a number of details.The painting depicts about a hundred well-known proverbs, although it is likely that Brueghel actually depicted even more that are not deciphered today. Some proverbs are still common, some are gradually losing their meaning.Mass scenes are one of Brueghel's favorite subjects. This picture, perhaps the strangest of all, adjoins Breugel's "extras". Collecting proverbs is one of the many expressions of the encyclopedic spirit of the 16th century. The beginning of this hobby was laid in 1500 by the great humanist of the Northern Renaissance, Erasmus of Rotterdam. His publication of proverbs and famous sayings of Latin authors was followed by Flemish and German collections. In 1564, Rabelais's satirical novel Gargantua and Pantagruel was published, which describes the island of proverbs. By 1558, Bruegel had already written the Twelve Proverbs cycle, which consisted of separate small boards. And his "village of proverbs" had no precedents in the past; this is not just a set of proverbs, somehow forcibly brought together, but a carefully crafted picture. The canvas itself is small, 117 by 164 cm. And in such a small space, the artist managed to place more than a hundred miniature scenes!

Let's try to consider at least some plots on a small reproduction. The composition of the whole picture line up like this: individual miniatures are not connected purely mechanically, but one plot turns out to be continued and developed by another in meaning. Looking at the characters, solving the cipher, you suddenly understand the meaning of this complex picture. It turns out that Brueghel in "Netherlands proverbs" is not at all a banal collector of proverbs. And his work is not entertainment for a bored idler, but edification. It is easy to see that most of the proverbs, even those that were included in the review, are tendentious, they condemn stupid, immoral behavior. This is where the meaning of pairing in the picture of the image of the globe becomes clear - in normal and inverted form. The world of the picture is an inverted world in which a terrible reality has become something that should not be a reality. Not only stupidity is going on in it so casually, so everyday, but the next evil is going on hand in hand with stupidity. Overturned world. Changeling. Destroyed world.

1. “She would have tied the devil to the pillow” - she is not afraid of either God or the devil: this vixen is able to curb the most obstinate fellow; straight as hell.
2. “Gnawing a pillar” - a hypocrite, a pillar of the church, a hypocrite, a saint.
3. “In one hand she carries water, and in the other fire” - she is an insincere woman, she should not be trusted. The expression has also been used to characterize conflicting behavior (serves both ours and yours).
4. "Fry herring to eat caviar" - an expression often used in the sense of "overspending". Another Dutch proverb is applicable to the same fragment: “The herring is not fried there”, i.e. his attempts fail, he does not get what he hopes for.
5. “Sit in the ashes between two chairs” - show indecision in some business, be in a difficult position, for example, due to a missed moment to make the right decision.
6. “Let the dog into the house, it will climb into the pot or cupboard” - literally: enter the house and find that the dog has emptied the pot or sideboard; hence the figurative expression: come too late, miss your chance, be left with nothing.
7. "The pig pulls a plug out of the barrel" - the owner does not follow his good. Another meaning: his end is near.
8. “Banging your head against the wall” - he wanted to do the impossible, the business was obviously doomed to failure, he received a painful refusal.
9. “One shears a sheep, the other a pig” - one uses the situation to the extent possible, the other seeks to benefit at any cost; one is content, the other falls into poverty.
10. "Hang a bell around the cat's neck" - raise the alarm first, raise a scandal; take the first step in a delicate matter. Brant also says in "Ship of Fools": "He who ties a bell to a cat lets the rats run where they please."
11. "To be armed to the teeth" - to be well equipped for some business.
12. “This house has a scissors sign” - there is something to profit from in a rich house. Scissors usually served as a sign for tailors who used to cash in on their clients.
13. "Gnaw bones" - to be extremely busy, take something to heart, think over, chew, solve a difficult problem.
14. "Feel the chicken" - this expression has different meanings: a homebody who only deals with housekeeping and cooking; a man who resembles a woman.
15. "He speaks with two mouths" - the character is deceitful, hypocritical, two-faced, he cannot be trusted.
16. “Carry the light with baskets” - waste time; do unnecessary things.
17. "Light candles before the devil" - to flatter a bad ruler or unrighteous authority for the sake of gaining benefits or support.
18. "Go to confession to the devil" - trust your secrets to an enemy or adversary. Also used in the sense of "seeking protection from someone who is not inclined to provide it."
19. "Whisper something in someone's ear" - to say nasty things, secretly set someone up, open someone's eyes to what was hidden from him, induce distrust or jealousy.
20. "Spin yarn from someone else's spindle" - finish work started by others.
21. “She puts a blue cloak on her husband” - she deceives her husband, horns him. In the treatise of the XIV-XV centuries “On Women and Love” we read: “I respect a woman who knows how to confuse her husband to the point that he will be a complete fool; and although she puts a blue cloak on him, he imagines himself that she idolizes him.
22. “When the calf drowned, they decided to fill up the hole” - it’s too late to correct the mistake or provide assistance (like a dead poultice).
23. “You have to bend in order to achieve something in this world” - one who wants to get what he wants must behave helpfully.
24. Throw daisies to the pigs Do not cast your pearls before swine (Matthew 7:6)- offer someone something that he is not able to appreciate (throwing pearls in front of pigs).
25. “He rips open the belly of a pig” - the matter is settled in advance; pre-prepared combination.
26. "Two dogs bite on a bone" - they argue about what to do; opponents can rarely agree; they are both hardened by the same thing. So it is said about the one who sows discord.
27. "The Fox and the Crane" - they will furnish the deceiver; pay with the same coin; two of a Kind.
28. "Peeing into the fire is good" - a satisfactory explanation for this expression has not been found, it is possible that this is a hint of superstitious actions.
29. "He makes the world spin around his thumb" - vanity and false claims; he is a man of influence, he gets what he wants.
30. "Put a stick in the wheels" - interfere with the implementation of any business.
31. “The one who knocked over his porridge cannot always collect all of it” - the one who made a mistake must endure the consequences, you can never completely correct the consequences of your stupidity.
32. "He is looking for a hatchet" - he is looking for a loophole, an excuse.
33. “He cannot reach either one or the other bread” - he is unlikely to connect one end to the other; barely make ends meet.
34. “They reach out to grab the longest (piece)” - everyone is looking for their own benefit.
35. "Yawn in the oven" - overestimate one's strength, make vain efforts.
36. “To the Lord God tie a false beard” - try to act deceitfully, behave hypocritically.
37. “Do not look for another in the stove if you yourself were there” - one who is ready to suspect his neighbor of something bad, probably has sins himself.
38. “She takes a chicken egg and leaves a goose egg lying” - she withholds evidence; greed deceives wisdom. Another interpretation: making the wrong choice.
39. "Fall through the basket" - not being able to confirm what was said; the need to recognize what previously seemed completely different.
40. "Sit on burning coals" - to be in terrible impatience; something to look forward to.
41. "The world inside out" is the complete opposite of what should have been.
42. "To relieve the need in front of the whole world" - he spits on everyone; he despises everyone.
43. "Fools get the best cards" - fortune favors fools; the ignorant are rowing handfuls. A similar motif sounds from Godtals: “Fools, as a rule, draw the right card. Better happiness than intelligence."
44. “They lead each other by the nose” - they deceive each other, leave each other with a nose.
45. "To stretch through the rings of scissors" - to act dishonestly within the framework of one's craft or profession.
46. ​​"Leave an egg in the nest" - do not spend everything at once, save in case of need.
47. "Look through your fingers" - closing your eyes is not an inaccuracy or a mistake, since the benefit will be extracted one way or another.
48. "To get married under a broom" - to live together without a church blessing.
49. “There is a broom stuck in there” - they are feasting there.
50. "The roofs there are covered with sweet pies" - there you can see a rooster in the dough; illusory abundance, milky rivers and jelly banks.
51. "Peeing on the moon" - means that things will end badly for him. In the painting "Twelve Proverbs" the legend reads as follows: "I never manage to achieve what I need, I always piss on the moon."
52. "Two fools under one cap" - stupidity loves company; two of a Kind.
53. "Shave the fool without soap" - to mock someone; laugh, make fun of someone.
54. "Catch fish for a net" - arrive too late, miss an opportunity, let another run away with prey.
55. "Itching back against the door" - sneeze, spit on everyone; pay no attention to anything. There is also an opposite interpretation: “Everyone carries his own bundle” - he has an unclean conscience; everyone has their own worries. This fragment can have both interpretations - a joke quite in the spirit of Brueghel.
56. “Kiss the door lock” - a lover who has received a resignation, or “kiss the lock” - do not find the girl at home. A noteworthy passage is found in the book Panurge's Travel and Swimming: “After they (young goats) have their ears cut off, they become female and are called combed goats. Several times they are so in love that the ground leaves under their feet, as happens with lovers who often kiss the latch of the door of the one they consider their beloved.
57. “Fall (jump) from a bull to a donkey” - in the 16th century, the expression had two meanings: to do bad deeds; be fickle, capricious.
59. "Release arrow after arrow" - find a new means, play a trump card. In sources contemporary to Brueghel, one can also find the following expression: "We release only non-returning arrows."
60. “Where the gates are open, the pigs run into the crops” - when the house is unattended by the owners, the servants do what they want; the cat is sleeping - the mice are dancing.
61. "Running like a scalded" - to be in great care.
62. "Hanging a cloak in the wind" - change your beliefs depending on the circumstances; sail where the wind blows.
63. "She looks after the stork" - she is lazy, wasting time in vain, says the raven.
64. "Scatter feathers or grain in the wind" - act thoughtlessly, randomly; work without a clear goal.
65. "Big fish devour small ones" - the powerful oppress the weak; eat yourself or be eaten.
66. “Catching cod for smelt” - sacrificing an item of little value in order to get a more expensive one; giving an egg in the hope of getting a cow; deftly fish out someone's secret.
67. "Do not endure the brilliance of the sun on the water" - to envy the wealth or honors that another has won.
68. “Swim against the current” - to be of the opposite opinion; act contrary to society; strive to achieve your goal, despite the obstacles.
69. "Pull the eel by the tail" - a matter that will most likely end in failure; deal with a slippery person.
70. “It’s easy to cut good belts from someone else’s skin” - to be generous at someone else’s expense; take advantage of another's property.
71. “A jug walks on water until it breaks” - endanger yourself; end badly.
72. "Hang a jacket over the fence" - renounce the spiritual dignity; quit your old job.
73. "Throw money into the river" - throw money into the wind; it is unwise to waste your good, to be wasteful.
74. "To relieve the need in one hole" - inseparable friends connected by common interests.
76. “It doesn’t matter to him that someone’s house is on fire, since he can warm himself” - a complete egoist, he does not care about the troubles of his neighbor; he warms himself by someone else's fire.
77. "To carry a deck" - to communicate with the intractable; do unnecessary work.
78. “Horse apples are by no means figs” - do not flatter yourself, be realistic, do not take lanterns for stars.
80. “Whatever the reason, but the geese walk barefoot” - if things are going as they are, then there is a reason for that; or: don't ask questions that don't have an answer.
81. "Keep a sail in the eye" - be on the lookout; do not miss anything; keep your nose to the wind.
82. "To relieve the need at the gallows" - to be a fool, not to be afraid of anything and not to worry about anything.
83. "Necessity makes the old nags jump" - to force someone to act, there is no better means than to instill fear in him.
84. “When the blind lead the blind, they both fall into the pit” - when ignorance is led by another ignorance, things will turn out badly.
85. “No one manages to cheat indefinitely (without the sun discovering it)” - everything secret becomes clear sooner or later.

And here is another interpretation of proverbs and sayings that take place in this picture:

- "Fools always get the best cards" or "Fools are lucky" (this is symbolized by the figure of a jester with cards)
-"It all depends on the card" or "How the card will fall" (cards that fell on the roof)

The world revolves on his thumb (everyone dances to his tune);
- Poke spokes into other people's wheels (make obstacles);
- You have to bow if you want to succeed (who wants to achieve a lot must be cunning and unscrupulous in means);
- He ties a flaxen beard to the face of Christ (often deceit is hidden behind the mask of piety);
- one who wants to over-yawn the mouth of the oven must yawn for a very long time (he tries to open his mouth wider than the mouth of the oven, that is, he overestimates his abilities;
- the one who spilled the porridge will no longer collect everything back (if you make a mistake once, you can’t fix it; “What’s the use of crying over the runaway milk”).

- The roof is covered with pirogues (land of plenty; fools' paradise; "Cockane Country").
-Marry through a broomstick (get married around a willow bush, a marriage ceremony that has no legal force; living in sin under one roof is convenient, but shameful).
-Put a broom (the owners are not at home; “The cat is visiting, the mice are on holiday”).
- He looks through his fingers (he can be chic, as he has sufficient income).
- Hanging knife (call).
-Clogs stand (wait in vain).

The dice are thrown (it's decided).
-He poops on the world (he despises everyone).
- The world is upside down (everything topsy-turvy; the world is upside down).
- Pull through a hole in the scissors (to make a dishonest profit; or "An eye for an eye").
- Leave at least one egg in the nest (keep a lining, "Keep for a rainy day").
- He has a toothache behind his ears (perhaps feigning illness).
- a) He is pissing on the moon (trying to do the impossible; Barking at the moon) or Pissing against the wind)).
b) He peed on the moon (failed).
- It has a hole in the roof.
- The old roof has to be patched often.
- The roof has a crate ("Walls have ears").
- Hanging pot (in the world, a chamber pot hangs upside down in a tavern, not a jug).
- To shave a fool without foam (to fool someone; to inflate).
- Grow out of the window (you can't hide it; "The secret always becomes clear") - Two fools under one hood; a fool sees a fool from afar)).
-a) Shoot a second arrow to find the first (pointless persistence).
-b) Release all arrows (unwise to spend all the funds at once, leaving nothing in case of need).

A) Fry a whole herring for caviar (throw a sprat to catch a herring), that is, risk a little for a big one).
-b) His herring is not fried here (everything is not going according to plan).
-c) Get a cap on your head (they ordered you to compensate for the damage; they forced you to keep the bag); he had to disentangle).
-It will contain more than an empty herring (many things have a deeper meaning than it seems at first glance; "It's not as simple as it seems").
-Sit in the ashes between two stools (miss an opportunity; fail due to indecision; "Sit between two chairs).
- What can smoke do to iron? (no point in trying to change the existing order).
-The spindle falls into ashes (the case did not burn out).
-Find a dog in a potty. Let the dog into the house, climb into the pantry (trouble for no reason, no reason; it’s too late to realize; “Let the goat into the garden”).
- The pig pulls out the plug (oversight; negligence should be punished).
-Bang your head against a stone wall (persist in achieving the impossible).
- Drive into armor (get angry, get furious; "Ready to rush into battle").
- Hang a bell for the cat (if everyone knows about your plans, expect failure).
- Armed to the teeth.
- Biting iron (talker).
-Feeling the chicken (Counting the chicks before they hatch).
-He always gnaws on one bone (endless tedious work; or constant repetition of the same thing; “Pull the same song”).
- Hang scissors (symbolizes pickpocketing; a brothel where they will deceive and clean; robbed).
- He speaks with two mouths (duplicity, deceit; speak with two sides of the mouth).
-One shears sheep, the other pigs (one has everything, and the other nothing; or one lives in luxury, and the other in need; rich man and poor man).
- Loud scream, but little wool ("Much Ado About Nothing").

He holds on tight (perhaps love is where the money is).
- a) He blocks the light to himself.
-b) No one will look for another in the furnace if he himself has not been in it (only the spoiled think badly of others; "Do not judge others by yourself").
- He plays at the pillory (should not put his shame on public display; "Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones"); See also: Don't be prejudiced.
- He fell from the bull to the donkey (make a bad deal; go through bad times).
- One beggar feels sorry for another standing in front of the door.
- Anyone can see through an oak board if there is a hole in it.
- a) Rub your ass against the door (do not take anything to heart).
b) He walks with a burden on his shoulders.
- He kisses the (door) ring (insincere, exaggerated respect).
-He fishes below the net (to miss the opportunity, in vain).
- Big fish eat small fish.
- He cannot stand the radiance of the sun on the water (I am haunted by the property of a neighbor and irritate the glare of the sun on the water surface; envy, jealousy).
- He throws his money into the water (extravagance; "Throw money down the drain"; "Blow money").
- They poop in the same hole (inseparable friends).
- Hanging like a toilet point cash gutter (of course).
- He wants to kill two flies at once (but he won't catch either; excessive ambition is punishable).
- She is staring at the stork (she is wasting her time).
- Recognize the bird by its feathers.
- Keep the cloak in the wind (changes his views in accordance with the circumstances; "Cut the sails in the wind"; "Go with the flow").
- He throws feathers into the wind (his efforts lead to nothing; unsystematic work).
- The best belts are obtained from someone else's skin (it's easy to dispose of someone else's property).
- The jug will go for water (to the well) until it breaks (there is a limit to everything). 101 Hold a slippery eel by the tail (a bad business, doomed to failure).
- It is difficult to swim against the current (it is difficult for someone who rebels and does not want to put up with generally accepted norms).
- He throws his cassock over the hedge (he discards the familiar, not knowing if he will cope in a new field).
- This proverb is not recognized. The following values ​​are possible:
a) He sees the bears dancing (he is starving).
b) wild bears prefer each other's company (it's a shame not to be able to get along with
equals).
- a) He runs like his ass is on fire (he's in trouble).
b) Whoever eats fire, poops with sparks (when starting a dangerous business, one should not be surprised
consequences).
-a) If the gates are open, the pigs will run to eat grain (without supervision, everything goes topsy-turvy).
b) When the grain gets smaller, the pigs get bigger (by weight); "At one
will decrease, another will arrive").
- He doesn't care whose house is on fire as long as he's basking in the flame (he doesn't shy away from anything for his own benefit).
- The wall with cracks will soon collapse.
- It is easy to sail with the wind (in good conditions it is easy to succeed).
- He watches the sail ("Know which way the wind blows").
- a) Who knows why geese go barefoot (everything has its own reason).
b) If the geese are not mine, then let the geese be geese.
- Horse dung - not figs (don't let yourself be fooled).
- To drag a blank (a deceived gentleman; to give all the best in a meaningless business).
- From fear, the old woman will run (unexpected abilities open up in need).
- To poop under the gallows (punishment does not frighten him; the gallows will have a bad end).
-Where the carcass lies, crows fly there.
- If the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch (when the ignorant leads others, trouble cannot be avoided).
- The view of the church and the bell tower in the distance does not yet mean the end of the journey (the goal can be considered achieved only by fully completing the task ahead).
Another proverb refers to the sun in the sky: “No matter how cleverly you wrap it, everything will come to light” (in the end, nothing will remain secret and unavenged).

Pull, pull, Ph.D. no, nope. 1. whom what. Straining, pulling, dragging, dragging. Pull tackle. Pull the rope. Pull cord. || Straining, straightening, expanding. Pull the canvas. 2. what. To make metal (wire) by drawing (special) ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PULL, pull or pull what, and pull, pull south., west. grasping to drag, call by force on oneself, smoothly pull; attract, attract, drag, ·opposite. push, shove, poke away. Pull, southern, western they say instead of pull: pull harder / ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

to pull- Pull the veins to torment, harass someone. than n., to exploit whom n. How many veins can be pulled from us! To pull on the soul of someone that (colloquial) to torment someone, to force someone to experience an unpleasant state of mind. Unfinished business pulls for ... ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

PULL, pull, pull; drawn; incompatibility 1. whom (what). Stretch, drag or straighten; straining, pulling towards you. T. net. 2. what. To make from metal by drawing or to process metal in this way (special). T. wire. T. silver. 3.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (To haul, to pull, to drag) grabbing, dragging, dragging. Pull the tackle to drag smoothly, without jerking. Pull the vessel with a tackle to stretch, choosing a tackle. Pull, pull, and give back the old sailor's saying. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L .: ... ... Marine Dictionary

to pull- PULL, well, you pull; nesov. 1. as without add. Smoking, puffing on a cigarette. 2. what. Drink. Pull beer. 3. on whom, whom and without additional. Blame who. in what l. (usually unreasonable); come on, get bored. 3. cf. corner "pull" to sort things out, ... ... Dictionary of Russian Argo

to pull- time approaching / moving away pull existence / creation with dampness, indirect object, perception pull existence / creation with coldness, indirect object ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

Verb, nsv., use. often Morphology: I pull, you pull, he/she/it pulls, we pull, you pull, they pull, pull, pull, pulled, pulled, pulled, pulled, pulling, pulling, pulling; St. pull, pull, stretch 1. If you pull ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

to pull- pull/, pull/nesh; pulling; pull/nuty; chickpea, ah, oh; nsv. see also stretch 1) a) someone that Taking, grabbing the edge, the end of what l., move, drag towards oneself by force, effort. I pull / pull the rope. Let go, do not pull the dress! … Dictionary of many expressions

I pull, you pull; pulling; drawn; chickpea, ah, oh; nsv. 1. whom what. Taking, grabbing the edge, the end of something, move, drag towards oneself by force, effort. T. rope. Let go, do not pull the dress! Pull the rope towards you! Brother pulls sister by the sleeve. Where are you taking me?... encyclopedic Dictionary

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• , Perry John. Not all people procrastinate, and not every procrastinator can benefit from an orderly procrastination strategy, because sometimes this property is a manifestation of problems ...
• The art of procrastination. How to procrastinate, procrastinate and put off until tomorrow by John Perry. “Not all people procrastinate, and not every procrastinator can be helped by an orderly procrastination strategy, because sometimes this property is a manifestation of problems ...