Nature, climate and minerals. Khmao minerals Rocks with sorption properties

“Minerals Lesson” - What mineral is gasoline obtained from? In swamps In underground mines From the bottom of lakes. What is the name of the place where minerals are found? What minerals are mined in mines? Rare. Find mineral deposits on the map of the Novosibirsk region. Types of minerals. Testing.

"Stones" - The wind brings the seeds of plants into the cracks of the rocks. In nature in warm days stones and rocks are heated. Water enters the cracks. How are stones destroyed? Water rolls pebbles, grinds, grinds and gradually turns into sand and clay. And they get cold at night. Bunches of herbs, bushes and even trees grow in the stones.

"Combustible minerals" - Describe one mineral of your choice; Compose a crossword puzzle on the topic "Mineral Resources". Fuel. First well. Natural gas. Litter for animals. Paints, rubber, plastics, drugs. Oil. Fertilizer. Oils. Condition color smell flammability. Combustible minerals. Coal. Peat.

"Miscellaneous Minerals" - Halite salt. The transparency of the diamond is used in jewelry. Platinum and native gold are considered the densest minerals. Feldspar mica. How are minerals different? Diamond and graphite are made up of the same atoms - carbon atoms. Diamond graphite. The hardest natural mineral is diamond.

"Main Minerals" - Minerals. Remains of plants and animals. Peat. Granite. Oil derrick. Why do people need minerals? Sand. Coal. Deposits of minerals. How minerals are mined. A lesson in the environment. Oil. Clay. Iron ore. Limestone.

"Reserves of minerals" - Tin. Gold. Marble. Our underground wealth. Coal. Fossil fuel. Granite. Silver. Work goals. Limestone. Iron. Ore minerals. Minerals. Oil. Sandstone. Basalt. Malachite. Natural gas. Lead and zinc. Peat. Geology. Solid minerals. Stone natural building materials.

I. Organizational moment.

Siberia is generous and rich to everyone! There is no end to youth here. However, what to convince you with verses Come ... See for yourself! Kazimir Lisovsky.

Hello guys ! We continue to study KhMAO.

- What do you associate the word "Ugra" with?

Long time, Western Siberia was considered absolutely not promising. It was believed that there were no minerals other than peat. Scientific studies have shown the opposite.

Problem question:With what resources most of the treasury of our state and district is replenished?(these are fuel resources - oil, gas)

Let's write the topic of the lesson and decide on a lesson plan.

Lesson plan:

1. Natural resources

2. Distribution areas

3. Problems, ways to solve them.

Tell students the purpose of the lesson.

II. Knowledge update

-Is the relief uniform in our district?

Check: Show the map large landforms near the board:

Upland Belogorsky mainland, North Sosvinskaya upland, Poluyskaya upland, Surgut lowland, Siberian Ridges, r. Ob, r. Irtysh.

Raise your hands, who correctly indicated all the objects of the nomenclature?

What were the difficulties?

III. new material:

As the state and society developed, the values ​​and demand for natural resources changed.

In the 16th century - valuable furs (arctic foxes, squirrels, mink), game. - In the 20th century - Taiga - valuable wood. Tundra - reindeer pasture

Problem question: How can one explain that the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated in Western Siberia?

- What mineral resources does the county have?

The bowels of the district are rich in many types of combustible, metallic, non-metallic minerals, groundwater.

In the middle of the 20th century (50 - 60) - mineral resources.

Find the largest of them Samotlor, Krasnoleninskoye, Priobskoye, Salymskoye, Vateganskoye, Fedorovskoye, Tyanskoye deposits.

In total, 504 hydrocarbon deposits have been explored in the district, including 429 oil, 18 oil and gas condensate, 20 gas, 33 gas and oil, 4 gas condensate.

Task number 1

Construct a bar chart of oil products produced in the district based on the data.

Oil - 88%, gas - 6.5%, condensate - 5.5%.

In 2005-08 17 oil fields were discovered in the distributed subsoil fund. Despite the fact that Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is the main oil production base in the Russian Federation, which accounts for 57%, the prepared resource base does not provide the required production levels.

The volume of oil production increases every year, and the reserves are depleted - in terms of reserves, Russia is in 8th place, and in terms of production - 2nd place in the world, Yugra - 3rd place in the world.

Problem question: Is the fuel industry the only one developed in Western Siberia?

Game "Black Box"

Solid minerals.

If you meet on the road, your legs will get stuck a lot. To make a bowl or a vase - You will need it right away. (clay).

Plants grew in the swamp ... And now it is fuel and fertilizer. (peat).

From fire I come, from fire I will die. (coal).

The kids really need him, he is on the paths in the yard, he is at a construction site and on the beach And even melted in glass. (sand).

This master is white-white, he does not lie idle at school. (a piece of chalk).

No fire, no light, but sparkles with fire. (gold).

Deposits of quartz, brown coal, ore and placer gold, zeolites, rare metals, glass sand, bentonite clays, building stone, siliceous raw materials, brick and expanded clay, building sand, sand and gravel material have been explored on the territory of the district.

Coal, igneous rocks, copper, platinum, gold.

In total, there are 5 quartz deposits, 7 alluvial gold deposits and 1 zeolite deposit in the distributed subsoil fund.

Coal. Six deposits discovered in the Trans-Ural part of the district are confined to the North-Sosva lignite basin. The largest of them are Lyulinskoe and Otorinskoe.

On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01.01.2006. 12 deposits of placer gold 3328 kg, 1 deposit of ore gold in the amount of 1.422 tons were taken into account. The estimated and approved forecast resources of ore gold are 128 tons, placer gold - 13 tons.

rare metals.

Despite the poor study of the territory, in relation to titanium-zirconium, it is possible to identify objects for setting up prospecting and evaluation work in the western part of the district.

non-metallic minerals.

On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01.01.2006. reserves of vein quartz are taken into account - 368 thousand tons, incl. suitable for obtaining high grades of "special pure" quartz.

Children look at a collection of minerals.

IV. Physical education minute(for eyes)

Problem question: What problems do people have with their use and development of natural resources?

Reasons for the difficulty of mining:

The harsh climate of the district, remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans determined the continentality of the climate

The flatness of the territory allows the cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate to the south.

Mountains on the periphery of the plain, fenced off the West Siberian plain from the Atlantic and Central Asian air masses.

Wetness.

Build a swamp diagram on the board (select the desired options)

Flat relief; - low temperatures; - high water on the rivers; - permafrost; - excessive moisture; - peat (retains moisture)

There is a feeling that nature "protected itself" from man and powerful swamps and frozen soils. Now you can imagine the conditions in which you have to work.

v. Practical work

Task number 2.

Handout.

Fill in the table:

- Using knowledge of natural resources, guess what industries can develop here?

( Students are invited to predict the branches of specialization of Western Siberia, focusing on their own raw materials.) (metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry ...)

Teacher.

So, analyzing the data of our table, we were convinced that Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is not only oil and gas in Russia, it is the development of metallurgy, the chemical industry, and mechanical engineering.

Problem question: What specialties will be in demand in KhMAO?

(student answers)

Problem question: What problems exist in the district?

Undeveloped transport network

Bad infrastructure

Lack of labor resources

Underdeveloped manufacturing industry

Child reads:

Having studied the nature of Western Siberia, we noted that these riches ruined it. Thousands of rivers and lakes are flooded with oil and turned into lifeless cesspools, and where fish is still caught, it often smells of oil products.
Forests were thinned out by aimless felling. The remains of the forests are burning just as they did almost 180 years ago.
Teacher:
Geologists are already saying that subsoil reserves have been greatly depleted. It is terrible to imagine how long it will take for the forest to heal its wounds inflicted by the ruthless hand of man!

Question: What is the issue here?

- Who is engaged in the protection of nature?(ecologists)

There are serious ecological problems:

Destruction of reindeer pastures.

Oil pollution of the tundra.

Air pollution with dust, smoke.

Wetness.

Conclusion:

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug has prospects for economic growth.

VI. Summing up the lesson. Reflection.

There is such a song among the peoples of the Mansi:

We will leave, we will leave the earth,
Not to be born again
And on fast horse-skis
Do not slide after sables.
Our boats are like graves
On the sands they rot sadly,
And in the deserted villages
Only mice will live.

What problem of the indigenous people of the North is mentioned in the poem?

VII. Homework:

What other problems of the indigenous population would you add? Suggest ways to solve these problems.

But how to solve these problems - it will be yours homework. Write an essay.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

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2 slide

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Oil production in Yugra accounts for 57% of the volume of oil produced in Russia, 4.7% of gas. Associated petroleum gas is mainly produced on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. The share of natural gas in total oil production is 0.15%.

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Two administrative districts of the Autonomous Okrug: Surgutsky and Nizhnevartovsky account for about 70% of the volume of oil produced in the Okrug. In 2007, out of the 23 largest fields, two fields provided the main increase in oil production: Priobskoye and Yukyaunskoye.

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The largest fields in terms of oil production: Samotlor, oil and gas condensate (Nizhnevartovsky district); Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye oil field (Surgut district), Fedorovskoye oil and gas condensate field (Surgut district), Priobskoye oil field (Khanty-Mansiysk district), Lyantorskoye (Surgut district), Mamontovskoye (Nefteyugansk district), Tyanskoye oil field (Surgut district), Povkhovskoye (Surgut district), Malo-Balykskoye (Surgut district), Prirazlomnoye (Nizhnevartovsk district), Vatyeganskoye (Surgut district) and others.

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The Urals The main deposits of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcrop of crystalline rocks of the Eastern Slope of the Urals, which has a latitude of 20-45 km and a length of up to 450 km.

6 slide

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The Urals is rich in ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, noble and rare metals; non-metallic minerals: gangue quartz, rock crystal, brown and hard coal, bentonite and kaolin clays, etc.

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In Ugra as of 01.01.2008 There are 815 mineral deposits: 577 deposits of sand and sand-gravel mixtures, 138 deposits of peat, 51 deposits of brick clay, 14 deposits of sapropels, 9 deposits of opok. sands and peat brick clays sand and gravel mixtures crushed stone. Chalcopyrite - copper ore Rolled copper

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Sapropels Sapropels are lake silts formed at the bottom of the lake due to the decay products of aquatic plant and animal organisms and clay particles. They have a unique organomineral composition. Explored in the district near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray.

9 slide

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Technogenic impact during oil production on environment The period of technogenic impact on the natural components of Yugra during oil production can be divided into five main stages: Seismological exploration - search for oil and gas deposits, blasting in winter. 2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. 3. Development of the field. 4. Exploitation of the field.

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Description of the slide:

1. Seismological exploration - search for oil and gas fields, blasting in winter. Seismic exploration has a minimal impact on the environment. Accompanied by clearing sites for seismic team bases and clearings for drilling pits for explosives and dragging trailers with recording equipment. The main impact occurs on the forest fund as a result of logging and littering and logging residues, which leads to a deterioration in the sanitary condition and an increase in forest fires. Explosive work is a factor of concern for animals, and poaching causes serious damage to the hunting economy, soils and groundwater are polluted with oil products, territories are littered with logging residues, household and industrial waste.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. During exploration work for both oil and gas, the main negative impact on the environment occurs during the construction of exploration wells. Pollution occurs when fluids leak from wellheads, oil from drilling pits, fuel spills at fuel storage sites, and vehicle parking lots.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

2. Exploration and exploratory drilling. The main contaminants during well construction include: drilling fluids, chemical materials used for their preparation; drilling waste, consisting of drill cuttings, waste drilling fluid, drilling wastewater and oil; fuels and lubricants; household sewage and municipal solid waste. in most cases, natural restoration processes in the territories of exploratory wells prevail over degradation ones. Recovery woody vegetation happens quickly.

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Description of the slide:

3. Development of the field The maximum impact on the environment occurs, it occurs precisely during the construction of wells and technological facilities for oil and gas production. Significant land resources are withdrawn. The main types of negative impact on the environment: degradation and destruction of the soil cover; destruction of grassy; shrub and tree vegetation; violation of the hydrological regime of the territories; pollution of the territory with industrial and household waste; poaching. the greatest environmental hazard represent drilling pits containing drilling waste. Many of them are located in water protection zones and pose a serious threat to river, lake and marsh ecosystems.

14 slide

Description of the slide:

4. Exploitation of the deposit The longest period of impact, calculated in decades. At this time, the environmental situation in the fields is aggravated and there is a threat associated with the transport of produced oil. The main reason is the aging of technological equipment and the accumulation of industrial and household waste in the territories of the fields.

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Description of the slide:

4. Field operation The main type of negative impact on natural complexes during the operation of fields is chemical pollution of the environment with oil, various chemicals, gaseous emissions from flares, etc. The causes of oil entering the environment are: gusts of collectors of the oil gathering system; splashing during flowing from flares, etc. The largest number of recorded oil spills occurs as a result of ruptures in oil pipelines, which is due to corrosion of pipes.

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Description of the slide:

Today, the problem of technogenic impact on the environment is being solved through the creation of new energy-intensive industries.

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Field(mineral) - a natural accumulation of a mineral, which, in quantitative and qualitative terms, can be the subject of industrial development when given state technology and in given economic conditions (industrial deposit). Other accumulations, which, according to their data, could be developed only under changed technical and economic conditions, belong to non-commercial deposits, differing in this sense from ore occurrences. By the size of stocks, it can be large, medium and small. By origin, endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenic deposits are distinguished.

Geological body - these are formations that are different in shape, size and conditions of occurrence earth's crust(layers, veins, lenses, rods, etc.) composed of a useful mineral substance or containing it in a scattered form. Several geological bodies are observed in a number of deposits.

Ore occurrence- a natural accumulation in rocks of useful minerals of small or unexplained sizes. Sometimes, as a result of exploration and study, an ore occurrence can be transferred to a deposit.

Ore- this is an aggregate of minerals, from which it is technologically possible and economically feasible to extract a metal or a metal compound by the gross method.

Mineral resource- a natural mineral substance, which in quality and quantitative relations suitable for use in the national economy.

Minerals. Minerals can be used either in their natural state (high-quality coal, quartz sand), or after their preliminary processing by sorting, crushing, enrichment (most ores).

Minerals find the most diverse application in various sectors of the national economy. At present, almost any rock of a certain quality and under certain economic conditions can be used for certain purposes, and therefore "useless minerals" almost do not exist. Here, "any" means rocks relating to off-balance ores.

There is a chemical-technological classification of minerals. Its main principle is the material composition of ores and their application.

According to this classification, minerals are divided into metallic, non-metallic and combustible.

Minerals, their diversity, degree of exploration and development play a paramount role in the economic assessment of the power of any state. Mineral raw materials are the fundamental basis of the material development of society. There are currently about 200 various kinds mineral raw materials used in industry, agriculture and construction.

Solid minerals. According to the complex of minerals known at present, the described area is identical to the industrially developed territories of the Urals. Ore occurrences and points of mineralization of many minerals are known in the district. Manifestations of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare metals and other minerals are confined to the zone of the Platinum Belt and its framing (Appendix 3).

Within the district are known manifestations of lead, copper, silver, gold and other metals, asbestos, numerous manifestations and deposits of rock crystal. During prospecting and survey work in previous years, placer occurrences of gold were found in many valleys of watercourses in the Berezovsky district of the district. The alluvial gold deposits of Yarota-Shor, Nyarta-Yu, Khalmeryu and Khobeyu have been explored. The territory is rich in building materials (sand-pebble-gravel mixture, crushed stone, facing stones).

The main deposits and manifestations of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcrop of crystalline rocks of the eastern slope of the Urals, which within the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has a width of 20–45 km and a length of up to 450 km.

Ferrous metal ores (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, V) form iron and manganese within the district. Iron ores are represented by skarn-magnetite and apatite-sulfide-titanium-vanadium-magnetite (Volkovsky type) formations (Khorasyur ore cluster, Usynshor occurrence, etc.). Manganese ores in the Paleozoic formations have not yet been established, but the most promising is manganese mineralization in the Early Paleogene deposits (the Yany-Nyan-Loch-Sos ore occurrence) with a resource of 200 million tons of ore.

Ores of light metals (Al) are represented by deposits and manifestations of bauxites. Within the district, bauxite-promising areas have been identified: Severo-Sosvinsky, Yatrinsky, Khulginsky, as well as Turupinsky and Lyulinsky sites.

Of the ores of non-ferrous metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Sb), the most widespread ores are of the pyrite type of the copper-polymetallic formation (Tykotlovskaya and Yarotashorskaya sites, Malossvinskoye, Manyinskoye, Leplinskoye ore occurrences, etc.). The main components are copper, lead, zinc.

Ores of rare metals (Sn, W, Mo, Hg, Be, Li, Ta, Nb) are represented by deposits and ore occurrences (Ta-Nb) of alkaline rare-metal-metasomatic (Turupya site) and rare-metal-metamorphic (Man-Khambo site), as well as W-Mo-Bi and W-Be (Torgovskoye field, Maloturupinsky area) formations. Ores of noble (Au, Pt, Ag) metals are represented by primary deposits and placers of the Lyapinsky gold-bearing region, as well as placers of the Severo-Sosvinsky ore region.

The search for alluvial gold in the Subpolar Urals has been conducted since the 19th century. Most intensively and purposefully - starting from the 60s of the twentieth century. The industrial gold content of the valleys of the Yarotashor stream and the river was established. Khobei. In the late 70s, the Yarotashor placer was explored by the thematic exploration party of the Uralzoloto Production Association. A number of industrial placers (Nyartai, tributaries of the Khalmeryu River) were identified by the prospecting and evaluation work of the Northern Party of Uralzolotorazvedka. Placer gold is currently the second most important type of minerals. As of January 1, 2004, 14 alluvial gold deposits with reserves of 3,306 kg of chemically pure gold were recorded on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. Of these, in the distributed fund - 1882 kg. Estimated and approved forecast resources are 20 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3.

In the Subpolar Urals of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug- Yugra is currently out noble metals deposits of alluvial gold are widely developed. Several ore occurrences of bedrock gold have been identified. The predicted resources of ore gold are 128 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3. In 2003, the State Reserves Committee of the Russian Federation approved ore gold reserves in the amount of 1156 kg in categories С1+С2.

Ores of disseminated and rare-earth elements do not form independent deposits, but can be extracted along the way during the development of igneous, pegmatite, carbonatite, albitite, hydrothermal and alluvial deposits of ores of non-ferrous, rare and radioactive metals.

The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of ​​prospective lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated licensed areas is 301.8 thousand km2. During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the budget of the Autonomous Okrug: Aikaegan Deposits of piezoquartz, vein quartz and rock crystal are now the most developed and partially exploited. About 40 manifestations of vein quartz and rock crystal are known in the Okrug, which makes the prospects of the Subpolar Urals for this type of raw material even higher.

In 2003, OJSC Polar Quartz started mining of vein quartz at the Dodo deposit. JSC "Sosvapromgeologiya" reactivated the Puiva deposit, where collection raw materials (rock crystal) were mined in a small volume (about 3 tons). Starting from 1993, within the framework of the programs of scientific research and geological study of the subsoil, studies of the filtering and sorption properties of zeolite-containing rocks of the Subpolar Urals were carried out in the Okrug. At the same time, work was underway to prepare the reserves of these rocks in the Mysovsky area. To date, it has been found that zeolite-montmorillonite rocks are excellent sorbents. The prepared reserves of the Mysovskoye deposit are 44 thousand tons. It can be stated with sufficient confidence that the Subpolar Urals is a new zeolite-bearing province of Russia.

Brown coal reserves in categories A + B + C1 amount to 464.5 million tons, in category C2 - more than 1.5 billion tons. In the district, both fairly large brown coal deposits - Otorinskoye, Tolyinskoye, Lyulinskoye, and small – Nyaiskoe, Lopsinskoe, etc. Within the limits of the Lyulinskoye deposit, the Borisovskiy site has been prepared, suitable for mining for local purposes. The reserves of the Borisovskiy site in B+C1 categories amount to 4.95 million tons. To date, promising areas for lignite have been allocated: Turupinskaya, Okhtlyamskaya, Semyinskaya, etc. The development of deposits is hampered due to the lack of highways. Peat reserves in categories A+B+C1 amount to 86.55 million tons, in category C2 - 1148.81 million tons (according to the state balance of mineral reserves of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2002).

On the flat part of the territory of the district, a large number of deposits of building materials: brick and expanded clay, building and glass sands, sand and gravel mixtures, flint-opal raw materials, ornamental stones. The reserves of deposits of siliceous-opal rocks (flasks, diatomites, tripoli) discovered in the Sovetsky, Berezovsky and Khanty-Mansiysk regions amount to tens of millions cubic meters. A number of prepared deposits of brick-ceramsite clays are not used only because of the delay in the construction of brick factories. The weak development of deposits of sand and gravel mixtures is due to their location in floodplains. Stocks of building sands are practically unlimited.

Deposits of sapropels have been explored near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray. Prepared reserves of sapropel are estimated at more than 10 million m3. It can be used as an organomineral fertilizer and vitamin supplement to the diet of pets. Trial development of individual deposits of sapropel is carried out in the area of ​​Surgut.

In the Subpolar Urals, bauxite-promising areas have been identified - Severo-Sosvinsky, Volinsky-Yatrinsky and Khulginsky (bauxite-bearing in Paleozoic deposits) and Tuyakhlaninsky and Lyulinsky manifestations of Mesozoic bauxites. The genetic relationship of the geological formations of the Subpolar Urals with those in the Northern and Middle Urals allows us to state that the prospects for bauxites in the Okrug are quite high.

Confirmation of the prospects of the iron ore and metallogenic zones identified on the eastern slope of the Subpolar Urals is the discovery of the Okhtlyamsko-Turupinsky ore cluster, the resources of which are estimated at 3.1 billion tons. reserves of which are about 1160 million tons, incl. ores suitable for open pit mining - about 390 million tons. The preparation of iron ore reserves is hampered due to the lack of transport communications.

The predicted resources of category P3 copper are 2,500 thousand tons; zinc category P3 - 2300 thousand tons; manganese ores of P3 category – 284.1 million tons; bauxite category Р1 – 15.0 mln t, category Р2 – 18.0 mln t, category Р3 – 45.0 mln t; brown coal of category P1 - 635 million tons, category P2 - 7764 million tons, category P3 - 4757 million tons; P3 category hard coal - 162 million tons.

As of January 1, 2004, 175 deposits of solid minerals were discovered on the territory of the Okrug, including 7 deposits of quartz, 6 deposits of brown coal, 1 deposit of ore gold, 10 deposits of alluvial gold, 1 deposit of zeolites, 1 deposit of glass sand, 1 deposit of bentonite clay, 1 building stone deposit, 12 deposits of siliceous raw materials, 73 deposits of brick and expanded clay clay, 53 deposits of building sand, 9 deposits of sand and gravel mixture.

In total, the distributed subsoil fund contains 5 quartz deposits, 6 alluvial gold deposits, 1 zeolite deposit, 1 volcanogenic rock deposit for the production of light foam concrete.

In the Northern Sosva basin, individual signs of platinum were found during the exploration of gold placers. They also note that the Ural researcher Yu.A. Volchenko found that the chromite ores of the Tyumen Urals contain an increased amount of minerals of the platinum group elements - osmium, iridium and ruthenium. These minerals can be recovered by flotation to obtain a collective copper-nickel product (concentrate). Further processing of this concentrate will make it possible to extract copper, nickel and, incidentally, the above-mentioned platinum group metals.

Oil. Oil is a combustible liquid mixture consisting mainly of hydrocarbons of the methane, naphthenic and aromatic series with an admixture of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds.

One of the main properties of crude (unrefined) oil is its density, which depends on the content of heavy hydrocarbons (paraffins, resins, etc.).

In practice, there is the following classification of oils by density (g / cm 3):

very light (with a very low density) - up to 0.800;

light (with low density) - 0.800 - 0.839;

medium (with average density) - 0.840 - 0.879;

heavy (with high density) - 0.880 - 0.920;

very heavy (with a very high density) - more than 0.920.

In addition, there is a classification of oils according to the content of light fractions: sulfur (S), asphalt-tar substances (AS) and solid hydrocarbons (paraffins - P). The main chemical composition of oil is as follows: carbon - 79 - 88%, hydrogen - 11 - 14%, sulfur - 0.1 - 5%, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug accounts for about 80% of the initial potential oil resources of the West Siberian oil and gas province and almost half of the oil resource potential of Russia. About 90% of the area of ​​the district falls on the territories that are promising in terms of oil and gas.

The Okrug is currently one of the main regions where exploration and production of hydrocarbons is carried out; its contribution to the annual production of Russian oil is over 57%.

The main oil and gas fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug are located in the latitudinal Priobye in the subzones of the northern (southern slope of the Siberian Uvals) and middle taiga (Surgut woodlands). As of January 1, 2003, 414 fields were discovered on the territory of the Okrug, including 358 oil, 22 gas and gas condensate, 34 oil and gas, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields. At the beginning of 2005, there were 249 fields in operation, 50 of them produced more than 1 million tons of oil per year. About 40% of oil reserves in the fields have already been produced. The current, that is, prepared for development (invested) reserves of categories A and B, account for 4 and 10%, respectively, of the initial reserves of industrial categories of the district, the current explored (non-invested) category C1 - 31%, the preliminary estimated resources of category C2 - 18 %.

Thus, the share of current economically favorable oil reserves (current reserves of ABC1 categories) from the initial ones identified in the district is 45%.

A significant part of the resources in the distributed subsoil fund (RDF) is confined to the territories of the largest producing oil companies, on the territory of which 71% of the initial potential resources of the RDF oil and 84% of the total initial reserves of fields identified in the distributed subsoil fund are accounted for.

The availability of identified resources at existing production levels varies among companies. Some of them already lack identified resources to sustain production levels in the coming years.

The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of ​​prospective lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated license areas is 301.8 thousand km 2 . During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the Autonomous Okrug budget: Aikaeganskoye, Yuzhno-Chistinskoye, Yuzhno-Mytayahinskoye, Yuzhno-Lyaminskoye (Surgutsky District); Tukanskoe (Nefteyugansk region); Novomostovskoye (Sovetsky district); Tanginskoye and Zapadno-Simividovskoye (Kondinsky district); Toreshskoye, Yuzhno-Moimskoye, Oktyabrskoye (Oktyabrsky district). In 2003, 15 deposits were discovered.

At present, 11% of the initial oil potential of the territory of the unallocated subsoil fund (NFS) has been converted into field reserves, and 13% of it falls on promising oil resources of C3 + D0 categories. Analysis resource base district shows that for its further and effective development, ensuring oil production with current reserves of ABC1 categories, additional exploration of C2 category resources, search for local objects assessed in C3 and D0 categories, an increase in the volume of seismic and drilling operations in poorly explored territories and horizons, where significant some potential resources have not yet been localized; accounts for forecast resources of categories D1 and D2.

Most of the oil deposits in the KhMAO fields are characterized by relatively low viscosity values ​​(low viscosity - up to 5 MPa × c) reservoir oils. This is a special group or class of oils that create favorable conditions for solving the technical and economic problems of developing oil resources. Almost 99% of oil (categories A + B + C) of the district are low-viscosity. The predominant part of Russian fields is characterized by a change in the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 25 MPa × s (in reservoir conditions), less often up to 70 - 80 MPa × with or more. The main part of the fields of the Shaimsky, Krasnoleninsky districts is characterized by the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × s (only in small areas, oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.8 MPa × with). In the Surgut region, the share of oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.5 MPa × c slightly increases, but in the main part of the reserves, the viscosity values ​​are characterized within 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × with. A special place is occupied by the oils of the Nizhnevartovsky region. The predominant part of the deposits is characterized by viscosity in the range of 12 - 20 MPa × with or more. High-viscosity oils were found in the Aptian-Cenomanian deposits of the area (layers PK 1 - PK 21). So, at the Van-Eganskoye field, the viscosity of oils in the PK 1 - PK 21 formations reaches 95 MPa × s, in the AB 1 formation - 12.4 MPa × s, and somewhat deeper - in the layers AV 3 and AV 4 - 7 - it decreases to normal values ​​of 3.9 and 2.2 MPa × with respectively.

According to source data, Tyumen oil, along with a high content of gasoline and kerosene fractions, has a lot of sulfur, which must be separated. In terms of sulfur content, the district's oil is mainly medium-sulphurous (0.51 - 2%), its reserves are approximately 72% of the total reserves. Reserves of low-sulphurous oil (up to 0.5%) amount to just over 27%. Reserves of sour oil (more than 2%) are 0.9%. The separation of sulfur occurs by converting it into sulfuric acid (according to special technologies), at special oil refineries.

Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane and pentane). The share of methane in it is 85 - 99%. In addition, natural gas contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and mercury in varying amounts.

Large gas fields are located on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug: Berezovskoye, Verkhne-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varyeganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Federovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorskoye, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc. 85.5% of the reserves are concentrated in these fields free gas district.

Natural gas is the most important in terms of concentration and practical use.

There are differences in the composition of free and oil-dissolved gases, which are especially noticeable in the distribution of hydrocarbon components. Free gases - methane up to 85–98%, the sum of methane homologues in the range of 0.1–10%; oil-dissolved gases – methane up to 60–70%; the sum of methane homologues is within 1–25%. Non-hydrocarbon components are represented mainly by nitrogen and carbon dioxide; hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, helium, argon, mercury, vapors of volatile liquid acids, etc. are found in the form of minor impurities. However, there are cases when "minor impurities" become very noticeable components. Thus, the content of non-hydrocarbon components of natural gas is characterized by: carbon dioxide - from fractions of a percent to 10-15%, sometimes higher (up to 85% in the deposits of the Samutnelskoye field in the Berezovsky district of Yugra); nitrogen - most often within 1-3%, but in some cases up to 4-60% or more, hydrogen sulfide - no more than 1-3%, but in some cases up to 10-23%.

Within the district, the largest accumulations of GHGs are associated with deposits of coal-bearing and continental-sub-coal-bearing formations with high levels OM of the humus type. In the conditions of Western Siberia, this class of formations includes the Cenomanian and Patan deposits, which are associated with the largest and unique SGG deposits (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye, etc.). No large SGG deposits have been found within the region. Most of the SGG accumulations identified here are confined to the Jurassic deposits and belong to the classes of small and medium in size. The territory of the district belongs to the lands predominantly oil-bearing.

Khmao minerals, Ugra natural resources, Khmao minerals

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is one of the richest regions of the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated on the territory of the region. There are large reserves of peat in the region, as well as concentrated large stocks wood, mostly conifers. In terms of fish stocks, such a region as Western Siberia, which includes Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, is one of the richest regions of Russia. The region also has significant stocks of furs.

Oil and gas produced in the district are of high quality. Oil is lightweight, low-sulfur, has a large yield of light fractions, it includes associated gas, which is a valuable chemical raw material. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft, but stable, easily drillable rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. The cost of extracting 1 ton of standard fuel of natural gas is the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob. The nearest domestic oil and gas processing plants are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs, large oil and gas processing complexes are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk.

Despite the fact that most of the fields in Russia have entered the final stage of development. Russia continues to occupy one of the leading positions in terms of explored hydrocarbon reserves. However, a constant deterioration in the structure of reserves should be noted: most of them are currently classified as hard-to-recover and confined to deposits characterized by a complex geological structure, low and ultra-low permeability, high oil viscosity, complicated by the presence of faults, active bottom waters and gas caps.

The district has significant water resources. The rivers have a high hydropower potential. However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of the hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries inefficient. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and the damage from the flooding of vast forest areas, and possibly oil and gas fields will block the energy effect from the hydroelectric power station. The underground thermal waters are of great interest. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating of agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug belongs to two botanical and geographical regions: the Ural mountainous and the West Siberian plains. The main part is located within the West Siberian plain botanical and geographical region, which is characterized by a distinct zonal division of vegetation. Within the district, subzones of the northern, middle and southern taiga are distinguished. The northern taiga subzone is characterized by a combination of sparse forests, flat-hummocky and large-hilly swamps, and meadow-marsh-sor plant communities of floodplains. major rivers. Larch, pine-larch, and pine forests and woodlands. On flat watersheds, larch-spruce-cedar, larch and spruce forests are common. Forests are sparse and low productivity. The ground cover of such forests is formed by shrubs - wild rosemary, cranberries, blueberries, blueberries and green mosses. Lichens are found in patches. Significant areas are occupied by swampy forests: larch, larch-pine and spruce, shrub-long-moss and sphagnum. Waterlogging averages 40%. One tenth of the territory is occupied by flat-hilly complex bogs. Dark coniferous and pine forests are widespread in the middle taiga subzone. The forests of the northern part of the subzone are reminiscent of those of the northern taiga - with the participation of larch, shrubs and green mosses in the ground cover. They differ from the northern taiga ones in greater density, higher stand height, and hence productivity. Tree stands form spruce and cedar, on rich soils they are joined by fir. Pine forests are replaced by dark coniferous forests with increasing swamping and on sandy river terraces, manes and ridges, where they form magnificent white moss forests. Cowberry pine forests often represent secondary forests on the site of a burnt dark coniferous taiga. The southern taiga is represented by dark coniferous, pine and small-leaved (birch, aspen) forests. The zonal type is highly productive cedar-spruce-fir green-moss and small-grass forests with abundant undergrowth and diverse undergrowth, which may include linden. Pine forests different types found in small patches among swamps or on sands. Birch and aspen forests are predominantly secondary forests resulting from logging and fires. A special place in the structure of the vegetation cover of the district is occupied by the vegetation of river valleys. The vegetation here is diverse - from primary groups on young river drifts to forests of cedar, pine, birch at high floodplain levels and on the remnants of river terraces.

At low levels, sedge meadows are widespread in the floodplains;

The richest, most diverse, interesting vegetation in the Ural Mountains. In the vegetation cover of mountain landscapes, the influence of Siberian flora, on the one hand, and European flora, on the other, is very great. Many plant species have here the boundaries of their range (western or eastern). Alpine and arctic circumpolar species are also present. Quite numerous rare plants, endemics and relics. For the Subpolar Urals, out of 28 rare and endangered species, 13 are endemic, 2 are relics, 6 are rare, existing in the form of small populations, 7 are species that are reducing their range. Mountain plant communities are rich in medicinal, food and other useful species plants. The most famous and valuable of them is Rhodiola rosea - golden root. There are reindeer pastures here. Northern taiga forests approach the foot of the Subpolar Urals. These forests are sparse, undersized, often swampy, interspersed with frozen swamps and sphagnum peat bogs. Pine forests predominate, larch, spruce and spruce-cedar forests occupy a smaller area. The undergrowth in these forests is poorly developed. The grass and shrub cover is poor in species composition, marsh plants are often found. Mosses and, in some places, lichens play an important role in the composition of the ground cover.

The subalpine belt is characterized by mountain meadows, which are especially widely represented in the southern part of the Subpolar Urals. Here, on the upper border of the forest along the gentle slopes of the hills, there are vast glades with rich herbaceous vegetation - dense herbage (coverage reaches 95-100%) and high (15-20 cm, generative shoots up to 50 cm). White-flowered geranium, Uralic lagotis, and burnet are dominant. Rhodiola rosea, golden rod, alpine pachypleurum, winding pike, blueberries are very plentiful. Lobel's hellebore, various-leaved bodyag, fragrant spikelet, etc.

The mountain-tundra belt rises to 800-900 m. Within its limits, from bottom to top, strips of shrubs, shrubs, lichens and stony tundras are clearly distinguished. Shrub tundras are mainly represented by communities of dwarf birch - dwarf birch, quite often there are thickets of willows along streams and alder along steep stony slopes and places with abundant flowing moisture. The basis of shrub tundra is blueberry, crowberry, arctous, and dryad. Vegetation cover is interrupted by stony placers.

The flora of the district creates conditions for the habitat of valuable species of animals - it gives them food and shelter. For humans, vegetation is also of great importance. The properties of plants and vegetation that are significant for humans are considered as plant resources, which in turn can be characterized as the potential wealth contained in flora and vegetation. The nature of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in addition to rich subsoil, also has a significant resource potential for agriculture and forestry. The district is characterized by peat-boggy and podzolic soils, in the floodplains of the Ob and Irtysh alluvial soils, which are suitable for growing vegetables and other crops. Meadows in the floodplains represent a rich fodder base for the development of animal husbandry, their total area over 1.5 million hectares.

Ensuring nature management, traditional for the indigenous population, is an important aspect for the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. For example, the preservation of the fodder base for the development of reindeer husbandry ensures the existence and development of this kind of activity as the basis for preserving the traditional way of life and ethnic characteristics that have been formed over the centuries precisely in connection with this activity.

Biological resources, as such, including plant ones, are classified as renewable by specialists, but they are such only if there are opportunities for their restoration. Full-scale provision of replenishment of biological resources is the main sign of rational nature management. In practice, three situations are possible: rational use, disuse, damage and loss. All these situations are also relevant for the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. However, it is easiest to give examples of damage and loss of resources. First of all, they are connected with the industrial development of the territory, which will be shown in more detail in Chapter 3. There is also the presence of unused resources - medicinal raw materials, food plants, for example, it is difficult to find examples where the full restoration of the resource potential would be ensured in the conditions of its use. The Okrug is characterized by a combination of territories where biological resources are lost or damaged to a certain extent (industrial zones accompanying their large settlements and their environs), with territories that have retained their resource potential.

Food plant resources, including berries and lettuces, in the flat territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug are represented by fifty species of higher plants. Among the berry plants that have practical value, include lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries and cranberries. The most widespread is lingonberry.

The list of medicinal plants includes 148 species. Of these, 66 species are used in official medicine. The most important medicinal raw materials are chaga mushroom and birch buds. Cowberry leaf has significant reserves, the reserves of which practically do not limit the workpieces. In addition to lingonberries, rose hips, mountain ash, bird cherry can be attributed to promising sources of medicinal raw materials in terms of reserves, productivity and needs.

There are significant reserves of some technical plants. Willows, shrub alder, larch, mountaineer serpentine, as well as wild rosemary, birch, lingonberry, three-leaf watch, blueberry can serve as tanning raw materials. There are dyeing plants: sphagnum moss, blueberries, club mosses, common cuff. Fibrous (nettle, some types of sedges, narrow-leaved fireweed, reedweeds, etc.), wicker, stuffing and packaging plants (narrow-leaved fireweed, meadow grass species, etc.), and many ornamental plants are widely represented.

The mammalian fauna of the district is quite rich and represents a typical taiga complex, including about fifty species belonging to six orders. The uncertainty in the number of mammal species in the district is caused, on the one hand, by the incomplete study of the territory of the district, and, on the other hand, by the fact that a number of species here have the boundaries of their ranges, which can shift, depending on conditions, by tens or even hundreds of kilometers into that region. or the other side. Ermine, otter, weasel and wolverine are common throughout the district, but only the first of listed species numerous, the rest are quite rare. Otter Leading semi-aquatic image life, lives along the banks of small rivers and in the upper reaches of large tributaries of the Ob and Irtysh. Two other semi-aquatic species, the European and American minks, adhere to approximately the same habitats. But the first of them is extremely rare and is found only in the west of the district. The forest deer, which is a subspecies of the reindeer, also lives here.

Among the lagomorphs numerous species in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the Ural northern pika. This endemic subspecies of the northern pika is found only in the Ural Mountains.

The largest representative of the rodent order in Ugra is the beaver. Possessing very valuable fur, this species has long been an object of fishing. At present, only the Kondo-Sosvinsky hearth has been preserved from the former vast area, supported by the protected area of ​​the Malaya Sosva Reserve and the Verkhne-Kondinsky beaver reserve. To restore the number of beavers in the district, it is required whole complex activities, both environmental and biotechnical.

From renewable natural resources there are also large stocks of timber and fish. Historically, these factors have contributed to the development of such traditional types crafts of the indigenous peoples of the North living in the Autonomous Okrug as fishing, fish processing, hunting, reindeer breeding, collection and processing of wild fruits, mushrooms and nuts, national economic crafts, souvenir production. And at present, these types of crafts form the basis of the traditional way of life of the indigenous national population.

The traditional economy of the Khanty and Mansi late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century, has retained many of its features to the present day. Most of the indigenous population leads a typical taiga way of life. These are semi-sedentary hunters and fishermen, who are also engaged in reindeer herding in the north and cattle breeding in the south of the Autonomous Okrug. Depending on the local geographical conditions one of the named types of occupations came to the fore.

Fishing is of paramount importance in the life of the indigenous national population. Fishing is concentrated in feeding areas and along the migration routes of fish. Greatest development fishing received on the highways of the Ob, Irtysh, Severnaya Sosva, as well as the lake-river systems of the Kondinsky, Berezovsky, Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut regions. On the rivers Ob, Irtysh, Konda, Severnaya Sosva, the Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets mainly use nets, fixed and flowing nets for fishing; When the fish came out of the litters, a locking method of fishing was used. The main types of fish caught in the above reservoirs are valuable ones - muksun, peled, pyzhyan, shokur, nelma; from partial - pike, ide, roach, dace. In the lake-river systems, the aborigines of the district use simple but effective methods of fishing: constipation, kotsy, snouts, gimgi, wicks.

In the traditional sector of the economy, one of the important occupations of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North is hunting. This type of fishing brought the greatest income until 1990. In subsequent years, due to low purchase prices, a reduction in the range of hunting resources, and the lack of a sales market, the hunting economy has lost its significance. The most important objects of fur trade are - squirrel, sable, muskrat, ermine, fox; from ungulates - elk, deer. Before the revolution of 1917, indigenous minorities The north used various traps in hunting. Currently more commonly used firearms and traps.

For all its diversity and richness, the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has very little arable land and is a zone of risky farming. Therefore, most of the agricultural and food products are imported from other regions of Russia.

In general, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has a huge natural resource potential. First of all, these are oil reserves and forest resources. Deposits of alluvial and native gold, and vein quartz have also been explored and mined. There are large resources of peat, as well as manifestations of bauxites, copper, zinc, lead, niobium and other rare earth metals. Deposits of brown and black coal have been discovered. Deposits of niobium, tantalum, manifestations of bauxite, etc. have been discovered. Deposits of decorative stone, brick-expanded clay, building sands are being prepared for development.

In the next three years, the KhMAO government plans to intensify the industrial development of solid mineral deposits. This is due to the need to develop directions in the district that are alternative to the oil industry. The subpolar Urals can play the role of a "silicon valley" for the country. Experts estimate the wealth of this northern part of the district at 7 trillion. dollars. The predicted resources of ore gold in Yugra exceed 50 million tons, the resources of copper, zinc, and lead average 10 million tons each. In addition, titanium-zirconium placers, platinum group metals, jasper, coal and even diamonds can be found on the territory of the KhMAO.