Tank TG (Tank Grotte) Engine, Weight, Dimensions, Armament. TOP 10 most modern tanks How many tons does a tank weigh t 90

18.10.2019

The T-90 Vladimir is a Russian main battle tank. Produced at the turn of the 80-90s and is a major modernization of the T-72B. Originally called "T-72B improved", it was renamed in 1992. When its chief designer died, the tank was given his name, "Vladimir".

During 2001-2010, the T-90 was the best-selling new main battle tank on Earth.

The purchase price of the T-90 under contracts for the supply of the RF Armed Forces in 2010 was 70 million rubles. The following year, it became more expensive by 48 million. Since the end of 2011, the RF Armed Forces have stopped buying tanks.

1. Photos

2.Video

3. History of creation and production

Work on the development of the Object 188 ("T-72B improved") was carried out simultaneously with the experimental tank Object 187, which was superior in terms of performance characteristics. All these objects were created under the program to bring the T-72B to the level of T-80U / UD. In terms of booking, the T-72B managed to be brought to this indicator in 1989, but it did not have automated system fire control. The 1A40-1 sighting system, whose advantages consisted in reliability and simplicity, despite this, was already obsolete by that time. As a result, the 1A45 Irtysh fire control complex was installed, which has already shown itself on the T-80UD and T-80U. It has been modified to function simultaneously with the T-72 automatic loader. After that, he was assigned the designation 1A455T.

At the beginning of 1989, the "Object 188" passed state tests, as a result of which it proved to be highly reliable. In the spring of 1991, the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Defense Industry recommended that it be adopted by the USSR Armed Forces. After that, it was decided to curtail the "Object 187". But the subsequent difficulties in the life of the state and the conclusions drawn after the use of the T-72 in Desert Storm made it impossible to make a final decision.

The leadership of UVZ Design Bureau decided to make the "Object 188" more secure. To do this, the tank was supplemented with the TShU-1 Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression complex, and also subjected it to new tests. In the fall of 1992, the first "Object 188" of the installation series passed the run tests, and a week later, in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, it was accepted into the Armed Forces. It was also allowed to export it. President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin gave the tank the name T-90.

Serial production of the T-90 began in the same year. Over the next six years, 120 units were produced. After that, due to a decrease in funding for the Armed Forces, the production of tanks was discontinued and resumed when a supply contract was signed with India in early 2001.

By 2012, according to official data, the total number of produced T-90 tanks and its modifications for the RF Armed Forces was 500.

In accordance with them, as of 2012, the total number of T-90s and its modifications was at least 1335 tanks. This number does not include tanks produced in India under license.

4. Tactical and technical characteristics

4.1 Dimensions

Case length, mm: 6860
Length with gun forward, mm: 9530
Hull width, mm: 3780
Height, mm: 2230 (on the roof of the tower)
Base, mm: 4270
Track, mm: 2790
Clearance, mm: T-90A (SA): 404..467; T-90(S): 426..492.

4.2 Booking

Type of armor: anti-projectile combined (with a filler in the form of inserts made of steel of increased hardness and other materials, as well as plane-parallel plates)
Active protection: KOEP Shtora-1/1M
Dynamic protection: T-90SM: "Relic"; T-90 (A, C): "Contact-5".

4.3 Armament

Gun caliber and brand: 125 mm; T-90A(M): 2A46M-5; T-90(S):2A46M
Gun type: smoothbore
Barrel length, calibers: 51
Gun ammunition: T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ); T-90(S): 43 (22 in AZ); T-90A(SA): 42 (22 in AZ)
Angles HV, degrees: -5..+16
Angles GN, degrees: 360
Firing range, km: ATGM: 5.0
Sights: Gunner (night): Buran-PA, M or "ESSA"; Gunner (day): 1G46; Commander (day/night): T01-KO4
Machine guns: 1 × 7.62 mm PKT; 1 × 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord
Other weapons: "Reflex-M".

4.4 Mobility

Engine type: V-84MS or V-92S2
Engine power, l. s.: T-90A(SA): 1000; T-90(S):840
Highway speed, km/h: 60
Cross-country speed, km/h: 35-45
Power reserve on the highway, km: 550 (700 with external tanks)
Power reserve over rough terrain, km: 345..520
Specific power, l. s./t: T-90SM: 24; T-90(C): 18.6; T-90A(SA): 21.5
Suspension type: individual torsion bar
Specific ground pressure, kg/cm²: T-90A(SA): 0.97; T-90(C): 0.938
Climbability, degrees: 30
Overcoming wall, m: 0.85
Crossable ditch, m: 2.6..2.8
Crossable ford, m: 1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT)

4.5 Other parameters

Combat weight, t: 46.5
Layout scheme: classic
Crew, people: 3

5. Construction

The T-90 is a tank with a classic layout. The control compartment in it is located in the frontal part, the fighting compartment is located in the middle, and the engine-transmission compartment is located in the aft part. The crew consists of a gunner, driver and commander.

6. Modifications

T-90MS - in the protective kit "Cape"
T-90 - the first serial modification
T-90S is a variant of the T-90 for export. This modification is devoid of OTSHU Shtor spotlights, their place was taken by additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection
T-90K - Command version of the T-90. Installed navigation (THA-4-3) and communications equipment (radio station R-163-50K)
T-90SK - Command version of the T-90S. Additional navigation and communication equipment has been installed.
T-90A - modified T-90. The thermal imaging equipment was improved, the V-92S2 engine was installed, the cast turret was replaced by a welded one, a new PPO system
T-90AK - commander's version of the T-90A. Additional navigation and communications equipment was installed, a tactical battle control system was installed, and the protection of fuel tanks was upgraded.
T-90CA is a variant of the T-90A for export. Improved detection system laser radiation, equipped with a cooling system for night vision equipment. New PPO system. This modification does not have OTSHU Shtor spotlights, their place was taken by additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection
T-90SKA - commander's version of the T-90CA. Additional navigation and communication equipment was installed, the T-BMS tactical battle management system was equipped
T-90A - modernized T-90A. The automatic loader has been improved, the Essa second-generation thermal imaging sight has been equipped, the tank volume has been increased by 100 liters
T-90AM - modified T-90A. The UDP T05BV-1 remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun, the upgraded 2A46M-5 gun and a new automatic loader were equipped. The outdated turret was replaced by a combat module with a fire control system "Kalina" with a built-in combat information and control system of the tactical level. Installed dynamic protection "Relic". A V-92S2F monoblock power plant and an automatic gear shifting system with the possibility of switching to manual were installed. Management is carried out using the steering wheel
T-90SM is a variant of the T-90AM for export.

7. Cars based on the T-90

BMR-3M - armored demining vehicle
BREM-1M - armored recovery vehicle
TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" - MLRS
IMR-3M - engineering clearing vehicle
MTU-90 - bridgelayer
"Frame" - tank support combat vehicle
E300 - universal tracked chassis

8. In service

Azerbaijan: an agreement was signed for the purchase of three battalions of 94 T-90S. Plus, there is an option for another 94 tanks of the same modification. At the request of Azerbaijan, the vehicles were supplemented with Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems
Algeria: 185 T-90SA. On top of that, 120 units of the same modification have been ordered.
India: 780 T-90S/SA. This number includes tanks made in the Russian Federation and tank kits assembled in India.
Russia: over 500 T-90 and T-90A. About 200 units are in storage.
Turkmenistan: 10 T-90SA. 30 more units ordered.
Uganda: 44 T-90SA.

9. Combat use

AT official sources there is no information about the participation of the T-90 in hostilities. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation did not give any statements about this. Only Uralvagonzavod keeps a certificate indicating that one of the units in the Chechen conflict disposed of one tank of the 1992 model. But it does not say that he participated in the hostilities.

Modern battle tanks Russia and the world photo, video, pictures watch online. This article gives an idea of the modern tank fleet. It is based on the classification principle used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, then others have already become a museum exhibit. And all for 10 years! Follow in the footsteps of Jane's guide and not consider this combat vehicle(quite by the way, curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered it unfair.

Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of weapon ground forces. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable crew protection. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over decades predetermine new frontiers of combat properties and military-technical achievements. In the age-old confrontation "projectile - armor", as practice shows, protection from a projectile is being improved more and more, acquiring new qualities: activity, multi-layeredness, self-defense. At the same time, the projectile becomes more accurate and powerful.

Russian tanks are specific in that they allow you to destroy the enemy from a safe distance, have the ability to perform quick maneuvers on impassable roads, contaminated terrain, can “walk” through the territory occupied by the enemy, seize a decisive bridgehead, induce panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars . The war of 1939-1945 became the most difficult test for all mankind, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was the battle of the titans - the most unique period that theorists argued about in the early 1930s and during which tanks were used in large numbers by almost all the warring parties. At this time, a "check for lice" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops took place. And it is the Soviet tank troops that are most affected by all this.

Tanks in battle that became a symbol of the past war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who created them and under what conditions? How did the USSR, having lost most of its European territories and having difficulty recruiting tanks for the defense of Moscow, be able to launch powerful tank formations on the battlefield already in 1943? This book, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "in the days of testing ", from 1937 to the beginning of 1943. When writing the book, materials from the archives of Russia and private collections of tank builders were used. There was a period in our history that was deposited in my memory with some depressing feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of forty-third, - said the former general designer of self-propelled guns L. Gorlitsky, - there was some kind of pre-stormy state.

Tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost underground (but, of course, with the support of "the wisest of the wise leader of all peoples"), who was able to create that tank that, a few years later, would shock German tank generals. And what’s more, he didn’t just create it, the designer managed to prove to these stupid military men that it was his T-34 that they needed, and not just another wheeled-tracked “highway”. The author is in slightly different positions that he formed after meeting with the pre-war documents of the RGVA and RGAE. Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something "generally accepted". This work describes the history of Soviet tank building in the most difficult years - from the beginning of a radical restructuring of all the activities of design bureaus and people's commissariats in general, during a frantic race to equip new tank formations of the Red Army, the transfer of industry to wartime rails and evacuation.

Tanks Wikipedia the author wants to express his special gratitude for the help in the selection and processing of materials to M. Kolomiyets, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, the authors of the reference publication "Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. 1905 - 1941" because this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, unclear before. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former Chief Designer of UZTM, which helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War Soviet Union. Today, for some reason, it is customary to talk about 1937-1938 in our country. only from the point of view of repressions, but few people remember that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became legends of the wartime ... "From the memoirs of L.I. Gorlinkogo.

Soviet tanks, a detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer to the threshold and it was Hitler who would have to fight. In 1937, mass purges and repressions began in the USSR, and against the backdrop of these difficult events soviet tank began to turn from a "mechanized cavalry" (in which one of its combat qualities was emphasized by lowering others) into a balanced combat vehicle, possessing at the same time powerful weapons sufficient to suppress most targets, good maneuverability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat capability under shelling the most massive anti-tank weapons of a potential enemy.

Large tanks were recommended to be added to the composition only special tanks- floating, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was reinforced by the transition from three-tank platoons to five-tank ones. In addition, D. Pavlov justified the refusal to form in 1938 to the four existing mechanized corps three more, believing that these formations are immobile and difficult to control, and most importantly, they require a different rear organization. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, have been adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the design bureau of plant No. 185 named after. CM. Kirov, the new chief demanded to strengthen the armor of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).

The latest tanks in the world when designing new tanks, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways: First, by increasing the thickness of the armor plates and, secondly," by using increased armor resistance". It is easy to guess that the second way was considered more promising, since the use of specially hardened armor plates, or even two-layer armor, could, while maintaining the same thickness (and the mass of the tank as a whole), increase its resistance by 1.2-1.5 It was this path (the use of specially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.

Tanks of the USSR at dawn tank production armor was used most massively, the properties of which were identical in all directions. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of the armor business, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because uniformity ensured stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength increased sharply, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.

In military tanks, the use of heterogeneous armor was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a result) to an increase in brittleness. Thus, the most durable armor, other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pricked even from bursts of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the task of the metallurgist was to achieve the highest possible hardness of the armor, but at the same time not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened by saturation with carbon and silicon armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But cementation is a complex, harmful process (for example, processing a hot plate with a jet of lighting gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and an increase in production culture.

Tank of the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded seams), and it was very difficult to put patches on holes in cemented slabs during repairs. But still, it was expected that a tank protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor would be equivalent in terms of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s, in tank building, they learned how to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates by uneven hardening, known from late XIX century in shipbuilding as the "Krupp method". Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor viscous.

How tanks shoot videos up to half the thickness of the slab, which was, of course, worse than carburizing, since despite the fact that the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during carburizing, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of armor even somewhat more than carburizing. But the hardening technology that was used for sea armor of large thicknesses was no longer suitable for relatively thin tank armor. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank building due to technological difficulties and relatively high cost.

Combat use of tanks The most developed for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun mod 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain, it was believed that its power was enough to perform most tank tasks. But the battles in Spain showed that the 45-mm gun could only satisfy the task of fighting enemy tanks, since even the shelling of manpower in the mountains and forests turned out to be ineffective, and it was only possible to disable a dug-in enemy firing point if direct hit. Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive action of a projectile weighing only about two kg.

Types of tanks photo so that even one hit of a projectile reliably disables an anti-tank gun or machine gun; and thirdly, to increase the penetrating effect of a tank gun on the armor of a potential enemy, as in the example French tanks(already having an armor thickness of the order of 40-42 mm) it became clear that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly strengthened. There was a right way to do this - an increase in the caliber of tank guns and a simultaneous increase in the length of their barrel, since a long gun of a larger caliber fires heavier shells with a larger initial speed over a longer distance without correcting the pickup.

The best tanks in the world had a large caliber gun, also had a large breech, significantly more weight and increased recoil response. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large shots in the closed volume of the tank led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design team were repressed, as well as the core of the Bolshevik Design Bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov remained at liberty, who from the beginning of 1935 tried to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, and the team of plant No. 8 slowly brought the "forty-five".

Photos of tanks with names The number of developments is large, but in mass production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was accepted ... "In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines, which were worked on in 1933-1937 in the engine department of plant No. 185, was brought to the series. Moreover, despite the decisions on the highest levels of the transition in tank building exclusively to diesel engines, this process was held back by a number of factors.Of course, diesel had significant efficiency.It consumed less fuel per unit of power per hour.Diesel fuel is less prone to ignition, since the flash point of its vapors was very high.

Even the most advanced of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required reorganization of engine production for serial production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no machine tools of the required accuracy yet), financial investments and strengthening personnel. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel engine with a capacity of 180 hp. will go to mass-produced tanks and artillery tractors, but due to investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. The development of a slightly increased six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a power of 130-150 hp was also started.

Brands of tanks with specific indicators that suited the tank builders quite well. Tank tests were carried out according to new methodology, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of the ABTU D. Pavlov in relation to combat service in wartime. The basis of the tests was a run of 3-4 days (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop traffic) with a one-day break for technical inspection and restoration work. Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "bathing" in the water with an additional load, simulating an infantry landing, after which the tank was sent for examination.

Super tanks online after the improvement work seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of the tests confirmed the fundamental correctness of the main design changes - an increase in displacement by 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as the Komsomolets transmission and suspension. But during the tests, numerous minor defects again appeared in the tanks. Chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and was in custody and under investigation for several months. In addition, the tank received a new improved protection turret. The modified layout made it possible to place on the tank a larger ammunition load for a machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).

US tanks as part of modernization work, on one serial model of the tank in 1938-1939. the torsion bar suspension developed by the designer of the Design Bureau of Plant No. 185 V. Kulikov was tested. It was distinguished by the design of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long monotorsion bars could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar in tests did not show good enough results, and therefore the torsion bar suspension during further work did not immediately pave the way. Obstacles to be overcome: rises not less than 40 degrees, vertical wall 0.7 m, overlapping ditch 2-2.5 m.

YouTube about tanks work on the production of prototypes of D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks is not being carried out, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. "Justifying his choice, N. Astrov said that a wheeled-tracked non-floating reconnaissance aircraft (factory designation 101 10-1), as well as the amphibious tank version (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of the ABTU.Variant 101 was a tank weighing 7.5 tons with a hull according to the type of hull, but with vertical side sheets of case-hardened armor 10-13 mm thick, because: "Sloped sides, causing serious weighting of the suspension and hull, require a significant (up to 300 mm) broadening of the hull, not to mention the complication of the tank.

Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be based on the 250-horsepower MG-31F aircraft engine, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. Gasoline of the 1st grade was placed in a tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully met the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns DK caliber 12.7 mm and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS appears) caliber 7.62 mm. The combat weight of a tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring suspension - 5.26 tons. The tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the methodology approved in 1938, with special attention paid to tanks.

Main battle tank T-90

History of creation

The T-72B serial production, which was launched in 1985, already at the time of its creation, turned out to be outdated in terms of the fire control complex, so there was no automated FCS on it at all. The T-72B lagged behind both the foreign Leopard-2 and Abrams tanks and the domestic T-80BV, T-64BV, T-80U and T-80UD, which were produced in the second half of the 80s. Therefore, immediately after the start of production of the T-72B, work began on its improvement. Various upgrade options were developed, including the installation of the 1A45 weapons control complex already installed on the T-80UD and T-80U, while maintaining the existing layout of the T-72B. The upgraded machine received the index "Object-188". The first four tanks entered testing in 1989, and two more modified samples were tested in 1990.

Along with the 1A45 installation, there was also a simpler improvement option, which included the modification of the 1A40-1 tank sighting system and the installation of the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression system.

The design of the T-72B advanced tank did not differ significantly from the T-72B, and the 1A45 system had long been tested on tanks developed by the KMDB named after A.I. Morozov and the Leningrad "Spetsmash". In fact, the task of the UKBTM designers was only to install a ready-made weapons control system in the T-72B tank. But even this task turned out to be difficult for the designers of the UKBTM, which is why, according to both testers and tankers, the working field of the gunner and commander and the ergonomics of their jobs were unsuccessfully implemented.

The tank was put into service in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Initially, for this rather modest modernization, a new name "T-88" was also supposed, which was later replaced by "T-90".

The production of T-90 tanks for the Russian army began in 1992, in heavy enough for Russian times, but thanks to the patronage of the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, before that, the chairman of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee, the plant received funding. From 1992 to 1997, about 120 T-90 tanks were produced for the Russian armed forces. The first cars hit training centers, T-90 entered service with the 21st Taganrog Order of Suvorov motorized rifle division and 5th Guards Don Tank Division. In the 90s, part of the tanks was dismantled, many were not combat-ready. In the mid-2000s, the remaining T-90 tanks were transferred from Siberia to the 2nd Taman Guards Division in the Moscow region and a number of training centers.

For deliveries abroad, an export modification of the T-90S tank with improved characteristics was developed. Since 2004, the production of the improved T-90A began.

Firepower

The main armament of the T-90 is a 125-mm modernized smoothbore gun-launcher 2A46M-2.

Tank ammunition - 43 shots, of which 22 shots are placed in the rotating conveyor of the automatic loader and 21 in non-mechanized stacking.

A 7.62 caliber PKT machine gun is paired with the cannon. Machine gun ammunition 200 rounds (8 tapes of 250 rounds each). Shooting from a machine gun coaxial with a cannon can be carried out from the gunner's or commander's seat.

The anti-aircraft machine gun is located on the commander's hatch, has a remote control and is designed to fire at air and ground targets with closed tank hatches from the commander's seat. The vertical pointing angle ranges from -5° to +70°, horizontally - in the range of +/- 90° heading, or 360° with the tank turret. Vertically, in the range of angles from -3° to +30°, the machine gun is stabilized. Ammunition for anti-aircraft machine gun 300 rounds (2 tapes in magazines, 150 each).

The main anti-tank weapons of the T-90 are also armor-piercing sub-caliber shells (3BM-22, 3BM-26, BM-29, 3BM-42) and a guided weapon system with 3UBK14 and 3UBK20 rounds. Rate of fire - 6 ... 8 rounds per minute. Russian BPS from the T-90 ammunition lag behind the American ones in terms of armor penetration. were mainly developed back in the 80s under the USSR.

Another factor hindering the development of increased power ammunition for the T-90 tank is the limitations of the automatic loader (AZ) along the length of the loaded projectile.

T-90 tanks equipped with KUV 9K119 "Reflex" receive fundamentally new combat capabilities: the firing range of the TUR is 2 ... 2.5 times greater than the return fire range of the BPS of any modern tanks. This allows domestic tanks to win the battle before entering the zone of effective fire of enemy tanks.

The 1A45-T fire control complex consists of a 1G46 gunner's day sight, a TO1-KO1 gunner's night sight with a Buran-PA sight, a PNK-4S sighting and observation system for the commander, a PZU-7 anti-aircraft sight, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a ballistic computer 1B528-1 with input information sensors, weapon stabilizer 2E42-4 and other devices.

The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.

night sight complex TO1-KO1 with a sight TPN-4 "Buran-PA" with an electron-optical converter.

The sighting and observation system of the PNK-4S commander consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a daytime single channel, a daytime multiple channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a magnification of 5.4x. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night channel (with an image intensifier tube) and vice versa using the lever.

The anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from the anti-aircraft machine gun mount while being protected by the turret armor.

The ballistic calculator 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc.

The disadvantages of the T-90 fire control complex are errors in stabilizing the field of view of the night sight, which makes it difficult to observe and aim on the move. Night sight TPN-4 has dependent stabilization in both planes.

The T-90S and T-90A have an improved fire control system with a thermal imaging sight "Essa", the conditions for monitoring the target and aiming through the second sight in motion are no worse than when working through the first one.

Security T-90

The design of the tower with a cast base of the T-90 tank is similar to that used on the T-72B. The filler packs are of the "semi-active" type.

On the frontal part of the turret of the T-90 tank, 7 containers and one block of dynamic protection are installed, which cover less than half of the frontal projection of the turret at a heading angle of fire of 0 °.

21 containers are installed on the roof of the tower, protecting from ammunition attacking from above.

Due to the unsuccessful scheme for installing jamming spotlights from the Shtora-1 KOEP, a large section of the tower projection in the most threatening sectors of fire is not protected by dynamic protection. The areas on the sides of the embrasure are also very weakly protected, with one container and one section of reduced size.

Further modernization of the tower is difficult due to the significant moment of unbalance of the tower (the center of gravity is shifted forward).

The armor of the T-90 hull consists of spaced obstacles made of steel of increased hardness and armor using "reflective sheets" on the principle of functioning similar to the package used in the tank turret.

On the upper part of the frontal node, the built-in dynamic protection "Contact-V" is installed, which provides protection not only from cumulative PTS, but also from OBPS.

On the sides of the hull there are force shields with a built-in dynamic protection.

Tanks equipped with built-in dynamic protection "Contact-V" provide protection against armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile (BPS) М829А1.

Comparison Characteristics
Type	Producing country	B.weight, t.	Armor penetration (mm./60 0)		Eq protection (mm.)
			BTS	KS	from BPS	from KS
T-90	RF	46,5	220…300		670…700	1000

Complex of optoelectronic suppression "Shtora-1"

The Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression complex, which provides the tank with individual protection against anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as TOW, Hot, Milan, Dragon and laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfiree", "Copper head" by creating active interference with their guidance. In a fraction of a second after the laser beam of the “enemy” rangefinder hit, the T-90 automatics warned the crew about the danger with a sound signal and fired a grenade in the threatened direction, which, having exploded, created a dense aerosol cloud that completely swallowed the tank. As a result, the laser rangefinder lost its target and the ATGM went off course.

The Shtora-1 complex consists of two independent systems: a remote system for setting up aerosol formations designed to block the fields of view (hardware and visual) of guidance systems using laser illumination, and a station for optoelectronic countermeasures TSHU 1-7, designed to organize false signals in the control loop of anti-tank projectiles with semi-automatic command systems guidance.

The “Shtora-1” complex provides: jamming in the form of modulated infrared radiation that affects the semi-automatic missile control system; automatic shooting of an aerosol-forming grenade in the direction of the laser illumination source and blocking this direction with an aerosol curtain, determining the direction to the laser illumination source and issuing a command to turn the tank turret in the indicated direction, light and sound signaling when the tank is irradiated with laser designators and rangefinders, setting in front of the tank of a masking aerosol curtain.

Optoelectronic suppression station OTSHU-1, installed on the T-90S tank, provides interference in the form of modulated infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 0.7-2.5 microns in the sector + -20 degrees from the axis of the bore along the horizon and 4.5 degrees - vertically.

The aerosol curtain installation system responds to laser radiation within 360 degrees in azimuth and -5 ... +25 in the vertical plane. An aerosol screen is formed at a distance of 55-70 meters 3 seconds after the 3D17 grenades are fired. The duration of the aerosol cloud is about 20 seconds (according to foreign sources). The weight of the system is about 400 kg.

Tactical characteristics SHTORA systems
The probability of disruption of aiming anti-tank weapons types ATLIS, TADS, PAVE-SPIKE	daytime 0.85
The probability of disruption of guided missiles with a laser homing head of the Maverick, Helfire type
The probability of disruption of guided artillery shells of the "Copperhead" type
Probability of aiming failure of target designators with electro-optical modulator	0,8 - 0,9
The probability of failure of guidance of anti-tank guided missiles with television heads "Maverick", "Helfire"	0,54
The probability of disruption of the guidance of anti-tank guided missiles of the type "Milan", "Hot"
Increasing the probability of protection from artillery systems with laser rangefinders, in times	1,3 - 3,0

Mobility

The tank is equipped with a V-84MS engine with a power of 840 hp. differing from the B-84-1 in the design of the exhaust manifolds.

The seven-speed on-board gearbox (BKP) was developed in the early 60s for the T-64 tank under the 5TDF engine, with a power of 700 hp. In the 70s, the BKP was reinforced for the V-46 engines, and then for the V-84 and V-92.

Naturally, the BKP developed in the 60s no longer fully meet modern requirements. Due to the use of an outdated scheme of the turning mechanism, the role of which is performed by onboard stepped gearboxes, the maneuverability of the Russian T-90 tank is lower than that of foreign tanks.

In addition to maneuverability, the lack of tank transmission is low speed. reversing- 4.8 km / h. Modern western tanks use hydrostatic turning mechanisms with digital automatic control systems, reverse movement is provided up to 30 km / h.

Another aspect is the ease of maintenance of a tank engine, in which the V-84s are inferior to foreign diesel engines. Replacing the engine is difficult due to poor access to it in the engine compartment and the need for centering work - replacing the engine with a factory team of 4 people takes 22.2 hours. The presence of a guitar and the need to center other units with it complicates and complicates repair work in the engine-transmission department. This did not meet the requirements for advanced armored vehicles back in the 70s.

The chassis of the T-90 is similar to that used on the T-72B.

Tactical and technical characteristics
Parameter	Unit of measurement	T-90
Full mass		46,5
Crew	people
Specific power	hp/t

Engine	HP	V-84MS
Tank width
Ground pressure	kgf / cm 2	0,94
Temperature mode of operation	°C	40…+50 (with power reduction)
Tank length
with gun forward	mm	9530
corps	mm	6917
Tank width
along the caterpillar	mm	3370
removable protective screens	mm	3780
Tower roof height	mm	2228
Support surface length	mm	4270
Ground clearance	mm	426…470
Track width	mm	2790
Travel speed
Average dry dirt road	km/h	35…40
Maximum on paved road	km/h
In reverse gear, maximum	km/h	4,18
Fuel consumption per 100 km
On a dry dirt road	l, up to	260…450
On paved road	l, up to
on main fuel tanks	km
with extra barrels	km
Ammunition
Shots to the cannon	PCS

Why?
Each tank was created by the manufacturer's country, taking into account the defense of this particular country. When creating tanks, climate, terrain, the level of crew training, the availability of electronic systems, satellite support, spare parts, and this is just a small list are taken into account.
For example, what will happen to the crew that will spend in a tank in the desert in the heat, say 3 days, if this tank does not have air conditioning?

Such a crew will think about how to survive in a tank in general - not to lose consciousness.

For mountainous areas, the specific power of the engines is important, otherwise overheating is inevitable. Can a tank run on low-quality fuel? If yes, how long.
There are more questions than answers.

Engineers take into account all these data and problems due to technological capabilities, but here the cost of manufacturing a tank comes into force. The cost is not only how much it can be sold, but also the number of people and resources that are involved in production. But will the country's economy survive, or will it be able to produce 5-10 tanks a year, no more.
The rating published below is conditional, you should not absolutely take into account that tank number 5 is much better than a tank at number 7.

TOP10 most modern tanks:

In 2010, at the Eurosatory 2010 exhibition, the Germans showed a new modification of their main tank Leopard 2. The peculiarity of this tank is that. That he is positioned as a tank adapted for operations in the city. Modernization touched on almost everything: the tank hull, engine, transmission, mass alignment, weapons, fire control and crew life support systems.
When fighting in the city, additional protection against HEAT shells is hung on the tank.
The tank is designed to conduct combat for 24 hours a day. The driver received an all-round view of the area around the tank, like all crew members, and everything is visible at night due to thermal imagers.

Technical characteristics of the tank Leopard 2A7 +:

Armament:
120 mm L55 smoothbore gun
12.7 mm machine gun
40 mm grenade launcher
7.62 mm machine gun
Country of manufacture: Germany
Crew: 4 people
Tank weight: 67,500 kg
Power reserve: 450 km
Speed: 72 km/h
On the this moment no other data.

The tank entered service in 1980 when it was called the M1 and replaced the M60 main battle tank. Since 1994, a modification of the M1A2 has been produced - different from the previous guidance, surveillance and booking systems.
What makes this tank fundamentally different from the rest? It is first and foremost the most powerful engine in the world. A turbine engine with a power of 3500 hp is installed on the tank from the very beginning of production, although in all official documents indicated power 1500l.s. The tank even has a power and speed limiter, since the full power of the engine simply tears the tracks.
Since 1990, the tank has been equipped with an additional power plant to provide the tank with electricity in parking lots, so as not to start the main engine and not use batteries.
The tank also has disadvantages, since the loading of ammunition into the gun receiver is carried out manually.
Due to the large mass of the tank and the high engine power, the caterpillar resource is about 1100-1200 km.
For now, that's enough bulk tank, so for 2012 more than 9000 tanks were produced. Decommissioned tanks are not destroyed, but dismantled, and suitable parts of the hull are reused in new tanks.

Technical characteristics of the tank M1A2

Tank weight: 61.4 tons
Length with gun: 9.77 m
Hull length: 7.93 m
Width: 3.66 m
Height: 2.44 m
Crew: 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Armor Chobham, steel using depleted uranium
Armament:
105 mm rifled gun M68 (mounted on M1)
120 mm M256 smoothbore gun (mounted on M1A1, M1A2, M1A2SEP)
12.7 mm machine gun
2x 7.62mm M240 machine guns
Engine AGT-1500C multi-fuel gas turbine engine
1500 hp (according to other sources, engine power without power limiter 3500 hp)
Power ratio 24.5 hp / t
Ground clearance 0.48 m (M1, M1A1)
0.43 m (M1A2)
Power reserve: 465 km
Highway speed: 67.72 km/h
Ground speed: 48.3 km / h

This tank deserves an honorable 3rd place after combat trials in Iraq. Only 1 tank was destroyed during the war in Iraq by enemy fire. In June 1991, the British government ordered the first 127 tanks for the Royal Army.
A feature of the tank can be considered that at the moment it is produced mainly for export and is adapted for operation at high temperatures.
The tank is equipped with the most modern aiming and visual observation system, including at night.
In terms of armor protection and resistance to cumulative projectiles, the tank can be called the most protected tank in the world in this regard.
The tank is equipped with a 12-cylinder diesel engine with a capacity of 1200 Horse power.
The disadvantage of the tank is the high cost of production, so about 400 of these tanks were produced.

Specifications tank Challenger 2

Engine power: 1200 HP
Highway speed: 59 km/h
Tank weight: 62.5 tons
Crew: 4 people
Power reserve: 450 km
Armament:
120 mm L30 smoothbore gun
2 machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber
10 L8 grenade launchers

The Merkava Mark IV is the main battle tank of the Israeli army. The tank is quite modern, since it was put into service in 2004. Among the plans to modernize the tank is the installation of an active protection system against anti-tank grenade launchers on the tank. At the moment, Israel is looking for a financial partner to finalize this system.
The tank has a very original design, for example, the tank engine is located not at the back, but at the front, which creates additional protection crew from enemy frontal fire. Behind the tank there are hatches for the tank crew, which allows the crew to leave the tank under enemy fire, or replenish ammunition. In the back of the tank there is a place for landing or additional ammunition.
The tank is equipped with an American-made diesel engine with a capacity of 1500 hp.

Technical characteristics of the tank Merkava Mark IV:

Tank weight: 65 tons
Length: 9.04 m with cannon
Length: 7.60 m without gun
Width 3.72 m
Height: 2.66 m
Crew: 4 (commander, driver, gunner, loader)
Armament:
armament 120 mm MG253 smoothbore gun
1 x 12.7mm machine gun
2 × 7.62 mm machine guns
1 × 60 mm grenade launcher
12 smoke grenades
Engine 1500 hp turbocharged diesel engine
Specific power: 23 hp / t
Ground clearance: 0.45 m
Fuel tank capacity 1400 liters
Power reserve: 500 km
Speed 64 km / h on the highway

5. Tank T-90MS "Tagil"

It's modern, but not yet production tank Russian army. The tank was created on the basis of the T-90 tank, which in turn is a deep modernization of the T-72 tank. Why 5th place and not first? Russian tanks have a number of drawbacks, first of all, the eternal problem - a low-power engine, there were attempts to put a turbine on the T-80, but this tank was unsuccessful and did not go into series. Engine power is only 1000 hp. and relatively small resources. The second disease that was cured on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank was the weakness of the armament. The gun should penetrate the frontal armor of any NATO tank from the first shot from a range of 1500 meters. And the last - electronics and fire guidance systems. So, even on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank, the mechanic - the driver does not have an all-round view, he was limited to installing a rear-view video camera. So far, apparently, the means do not allow to create in principle new tank, a new generation tank, everything has to be crammed into the profile of the outdated T-72 hull.
Positive distinctive feature is an automatic gun loading system, we recall that the Americans do this by hand.
Tank T-90MS "Tagil" was shown to V.V. Putin on December 7, 2009. What's new? A new gun sight and, in fact, a new fire guidance system. New modular packages for protection against enemy cumulative fire. A machine gun was installed above the tower with remote control.
Significantly enhanced armor protection, including the upper part of the tank. A new V-92S2 engine has been installed, but it is too early to say that it significantly outperforms foreign competitors.
So, the main difference between the T-90MS "Tagil" and its predecessors is the fire control system, which can already compete with Western models.

The performance characteristics of the T-90MS "Tagil"

Tank weight: 48 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Length with gun: 9530 mm
Case length: 6860 mm
Width: 3460 mm
Armament:
Gun 125 mm 2A46M-5
Ammunition: 40 rounds
Guided weapons: 9K119M "Reflex-M"
Coaxial machine gun: 7.62 mm 6P7K (2000 rounds)
Anti-aircraft machine gun 7.62 mm 6P7K S UDP (T05BV-1) (800 rounds)
V-92S2F2 engine: 1130 hp with.
Fuel tank capacity: 1200+400 l
Specific power,: 24 l. s./t
Maximum highway speed: 60 km/h
Highway range: 500 km
Specific ground pressure: 0.98 kg/cm

6. Oplot-M

This tank is a big step towards improvement self-propelled weapons, but still in many respects this tank is inferior the best tanks NATO. The tank was introduced in 2009. Attention!
Do not confuse the tank "Oplot-M" and the tank T-84 "Oplot"
These are completely different tanks, they differ even in appearance not to mention the equipment. Tank "Oplot-M" was created in the Kharkov Design Bureau. What's new? The ability to quickly replace the gun without dismantling the turret, that is, the gun can be replaced field conditions. 1200 horsepower diesel. In terms of power, it is already equal to Western engines, in terms of specific power, the tank even surpasses many other NATO tanks, but again, there is a lack of an engine, oil consumption is on average about 10 liters per 100 km, but it can run on gasoline and diesel and kerosene. The tank now has an EA-8 auxiliary power unit, which allows it to provide electricity without starting the main engine.
A new fire guidance system that can already compete with Western models. New armor protection that can withstand hits from HEAT rounds.
It is planned to supply tanks to Thailand, according to the director of the plant, them. Malyshev, Nikolai Belov, the contract is currently being implemented in full (2012). If the contract is fulfilled, then another model of a modern tank will appear in the world.
One of the drawbacks of this tank is the weak test history. About 10 tanks have been built at the moment.

Technical characteristics of the tank "Oplot - M"

Tank weight: 51 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Specific power: 24.7 hp/ton
Power: 1200 HP
Power reserve: 450 km.
Highway speed: 70 km/h
Armament:
125 mm KBAZ smoothbore gun (46 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (1250 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (450 rounds)

CI Ariete - is the main battle tank of the Italian army. At the moment, the Italian army is armed with 200 CI Ariete tanks. The tank was designed and manufactured by Iveco - Fiat and Oto Melara. The tank has a modern digital guidance and fire control system, which allows firing on the move day and night. The tank was put into service in 1995, and is currently produced in single copies.
Among the shortcomings of the tank of the first releases is the insufficient power density of the engine. During its history of modifications, it was possible to somewhat reduce the total weight of the tank, so that it would weigh less than 60 tons, the tank received a new, more powerful engine - 1600 hp.

Technical characteristics of the tank CI Ariete

Start of production: 1995
Tank weight: 54 tons
Length: 9.67 m with cannon
Length 7.59 m without gun
Width: 3.42 m
Height: 2.5 m
Crew: 4 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (42 rounds)
2x7.62 mm machine guns (2500 rounds)
Engine power: 1300 hp (in latest version)
Power reserve: 550 km
Speed: 65 km/h

8. Leclerc (France)

AMX-56 Leclerc is the main battle tank of the French army. Leclrc was designed to replace the deprecated tank AMX 30. The tank entered service in 1992. Currently, the production of tanks is stopped. To replace him a new one will come battle tank, but which one has not yet been announced. When developing the tank, special attention was paid to active protection against cumulative projectiles. A fire control system was developed for the tank, and in particular a friend-foe recognition system. Until 2001, Leclerc was inferior to NATO tanks in terms of the level of armor and armor quality in general, but in 2001 the same armor was already used on the tank as on the Challenger 2 and on the German Leopard. Diesel engine V8X-1500 with a capacity of 1500 liters. c. Allows the tank to reach speeds over 70 km/h. The exhaust is cooled by a special device. There is also an original innovation - in the event of a projectile attacking a tank from the front, the engine is equipped with a hydrokinetic brake, braking is so sharp that the crew in the tank is fastened with seat belts. In addition to France, the tank is in service with the UAE army.

Specifications of the Leclerc tank

Tank weight: 54.5 tons
Length: 9.87 m without gun
Width: 3.71 m
Height: 2.53 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1100 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (3000 rounds)
Specific power: 27.52 hp/ton
Power reserve: 550 km
Speed: 72 km/h

9. K2 Black Panther (Republic of Korea)

K2 Black Panther is the most modern tank in the Republic of Korea. To date (2012), several prototypes of the tank have been produced, full-scale production of the tank should begin in the second half of 2014. What else is remarkable about the tank? He got into the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive tank in the world, its cost is $ 8,500,000. In 1995, the Korean government set the task of developing a tank capable of withstanding North Korean tanks (mainly T-55).
In 2006, after 11 years of development, the tank project was ready.
The tank is equipped with a modern fire control system that is capable of detecting targets with a thermal imager at a distance of 9.7 km. The tank is capable of destroying low-flying aircraft.
A feature of the tank is the suspension, which is variable in terms of clearance, and each wheel is regulated separately.
At the moment, there are some problems with the reliable operation of the engine and suspension, which served as a delay in the mass production of tanks.

Technical characteristics of the tank K2 Black Panther

Tank weight: 55 tons.
Length with gun: 10.8 meters
Length without gun: 7.5 meters
Width: 3.6 meters
Height: 2.4 meters
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (3200 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (12,000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Specific power: 27.2 hp
Power reserve: 450 km
Speed: 70 km/h

10. Type 90 (Japan)

Type 90 - is the main tank of the Japanese army. The tank was designed and commissioned by Mitsubishi. The tank, quite expensive for 2008, had a cost of $7,500,000. The task was set such that the finished tank would successfully fight with real and promising tanks of the USSR. The tank was adopted by the Japanese army in 1990. A German L44 gun is mounted on the tank. The tank has an automatic shell loader. The tank uses modular ceramics as armor, and composite armor made of high-quality steel.
The tank is not shipped abroad and has never seen actual combat.

Technical characteristics of the tank Type 90

Tank weight: 50.2 tons
Number of produced tanks: 333
Tank length: 9.755 m
Tank width: 3.33 m
Tank height: 2.33 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm smoothbore gun (35 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1500 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (2000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Specific power: 30 hp/ton
Power reserve: 350 km
Speed: 70 km/h

The T-34-85 tank was developed and put into service in December 1943 in connection with the advent of the enemy T-V "Panther" and T-VI "Tiger" with strong anti-ballistic armor and powerful weapons. The T-34-85 was created on the basis of the T-34 tank with the installation of a new cast turret with an 85-mm gun.

On the first production vehicles, an 85-mm D-5T cannon was installed, which was subsequently replaced by a ZIS-S-53 cannon of the same caliber. Her armor-piercing projectile weighing 9.2 kg from a distance of 500 and 1000 meters, it pierced 111 mm and 102 mm armor, respectively, and a sub-caliber projectile from a distance of 500 meters pierced armor 138 mm thick. (The thickness of the Panther's armor was 80 - 110 mm, and the "Tiger" - 100 mm.) A fixed commander's turret with viewing devices was installed on the roof of the tower. All vehicles were equipped with a 9RS radio station, a TSh-16 sight, and means for setting smoke screens. Although due to the installation of more powerful cannon and increased armor protection, the weight of the tank increased slightly, thanks to the powerful diesel engine, the tank's mobility did not decrease. The tank was widely used in all the battles of the final stage of the war.

Description of the design of the T-34-85 tank

ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION.
On the T-34-85 tank, a 12-cylinder four-stroke uncompressed diesel V-2-34 was installed. The rated power of the engine was 450 hp. at 1750 rpm, operational - 400 hp at 1700 rpm, maximum - 500 hp at 1800 rpm. The mass of a dry engine with an electric generator without exhaust manifolds is 750 kg.
Fuel - diesel, brand DT. Fuel tank capacity 545 l. Outside, on the sides of the hull, two fuel tanks of 90 liters each were installed. outdoor fuel tanks not connected to the engine power system. The fuel supply is forced, using the fuel pump NK-1.

The cooling system is liquid, closed, with forced circulation. Radiators - two, tubular, installed on both sides of the engine with an inclination towards it. Radiator capacity 95 l. To clean the air entering the engine cylinders, two Multicyclone air cleaners were installed. The engine was started by an electric starter or compressed air(two cylinders were installed in the control room).

The transmission consisted of a multi-disk main clutch of dry friction (steel on steel), a gearbox, side clutches, brakes and final drives. Gearbox - five-speed.

CHASSIS.
As applied to one side, it consisted of five double rubber-coated road wheels with a diameter of 830 mm. Suspension - individual, spring. The rear drive wheels had six rollers for engagement with the ridges of the caterpillar tracks. The guide wheels are cast, with a crank mechanism for tensioning the tracks. Caterpillars - steel, small-link, with ridge engagement, 72 tracks in each (36 with a ridge and 36 without a ridge). Track width 500 mm, track pitch 172 mm. The mass of one caterpillar is 1150 kg.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
Made in single wire. Voltage 24 and 12 V. Consumers: electric starter ST-700, electric motor of the rotary mechanism of the tower, electric motors of fans, control devices, equipment for external and internal lighting, electric signal, radio station umformer and TPU lamps.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
The T-34-85 was equipped with a short-wave transceiver simplex telephone radio station 9-RS and an internal tank intercom TPU-3-bisF.

From the history of the creation (modernization) of the medium tank T-34-85

The production of the T-34 tank armed with an 85-mm cannon began in the fall of 1943 at the plant number 112 "Krasnoe Sormovo". An 85-mm D-5T gun designed by F.F. Petrov and a DT machine gun coaxial with it were installed in a cast three-man turret of a new form. The turret ring diameter was increased from 1420 mm to 1600 mm. On the roof of the tower there was a commander's cupola, the double-leaf cover of which rotated on a ball bearing. A viewing periscope device MK-4 was fixed in the lid, which made it possible to conduct a circular one. For firing from a cannon and a coaxial machine gun, a telescopic articulated sight and a PTK-5 panorama were installed. Ammunition consisted of 56 rounds and 1953 rounds. The radio station was located in the hull, and the output of its antenna was on the starboard side - just like the T-34-76. Power plant, transmission and chassis practically did not change.

	Crew	The weight	Length	Height	Armor	Engine	Speed	A gun	Caliber
	people				mm	hp	km/h		mm
T-34 mod. 1941		26,8	5,95					L-11
T-34 mod. 1943		30,9	6,62		45-52			F-34
T-34-85 mod. 1945			8,10		45-90			ZIS-53

All changes in the design of the T-34 tank could only be made with the consent of two instances - the Office of the Commander of the Armored and Mechanized Troops of the Red Army and the Main Design Bureau (GKB-34) at plant No. 183 in Nizhny Tagil.

The layout of the medium tank T-34-85.

1 - gun ZIS-S-53; 2 - armored mask; 3 - telescopic sight TSh-16; 4 - gun lifting mechanism; 5 - observation device MK-4 loader; 6 - fixed gun guard; 7 - observation device MK-4 commander; 8 - glass block; 9 - folding fence (gilzoulavtvatep); 10 - fan armored cap; 11 - rack ammunition in the niche of the tower; 12 - covering tarpaulin; 13 - clamp stowage for two artillery rounds; 14 - engine; 15 - main clutch; 16 - air cleaner "Multicyclone"; 17- starter; 18 - smoke bomb BDSH; 19 - gearbox; 20 - final drive; 21 - batteries; 22 - stacking shots on the floor of the fighting compartment; 23 - gunner's seat; 24 - VKU; 25 - suspension shaft; 26 - driver's seat; 27 - laying machine-gun magazines in the department of management; 28 - clutch lever; 29 - main clutch pedal; 30 - cylinders with compressed air; 31 - driver's hatch cover; 32 - DT machine gun; 33 - collar stacking shots in the control compartment.

The TsAKB (Central Artillery Design Bureau), headed by V. G. Grabin, and the Design Bureau of Plant No. 92 in Gorky offered their versions of the 85-mm tank gun. The first developed the S-53 cannon. V. G. Grabin made an attempt to install the S-53 cannon in the T-34 turret of the 1942 model without widening the turret ring, for which the frontal part of the turret was completely redone: the cannon trunnions had to be pushed forward by 200 mm. Shooting tests at the Gorokhovetsky training ground showed the complete failure of this installation. In addition, the tests revealed design flaws both in the S-53 cannon and in the LB-85. As a result, a synthesized version, the ZIS-C-53 gun, was adopted for service and mass production. Its ballistic characteristics were identical to the D-5T gun. But the latter was already mass-produced and, in addition to the T-34, was installed in the KV-85, IS-1 and in the D-5S variant in the SU-85.

GKO Decree of January 23, 1944 tank The T-34-85 with the ZIS-S-53 cannon was adopted by the Red Army. In March, the first cars began to roll off the assembly line of the 183rd plant. On them, the commander's cupola was moved closer to the rear of the tower, which saved the gunner from having to sit literally in the commander's lap. The electric drive of the turret traverse mechanism with two speeds was replaced by an electric drive with commander's control, which ensures the rotation of the turret both from the gunner and from the crew commander. The radio station was moved from the building to the tower. Viewing devices began to install only a new type - MK-4. The commander's panorama PTK-5 was seized. The rest of the units and systems remained largely unchanged.

Tank turret manufactured by the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.

1 - hatch cover loader; 2 - caps over fans; 3 - hole for installing a tank commander's observation device; 4 - hatch cover of the commander's cupola; 5 - commander's cupola; 6 - viewing slot; 7 - glass antenna input; 8 - handrail; 9 - hole for installing a gunner's observation device; 10 - hole for firing from personal weapons; 11 - eye; 12 - sight embrasure; 13 - visor; 14 - trunnion tide; 15 - machine gun embrasure; 16 - hole for installing the loader's observation device.

The undercarriage of the tank consisted of five rubber-coated road wheels on board, a rear drive wheel with ridge gearing and a guide wheel with a tensioner. The track rollers were suspended individually on cylindrical coil springs. The transmission included: a multi-plate main dry friction clutch, a five-speed gearbox, side clutches and final drives.

In 1945, the double hatch cover of the commander's cupola was replaced with a single-leaf one of two fans. installed in the stern of the tower, moved to its central part, which contributed to better ventilation of the fighting compartment.

The production of the T-34-85 tank was carried out at three plants: No. 183 in Nizhny Tagil No. 112 "Krasnoe Sormovo" and No. 174 in Omsk. In just three quarters of 1945 (that is, until the end of World War II), 21,048 tanks of this type were built, including the T-034-85 flamethrower version. Part of the combat vehicles was equipped with a PT-3 roller mine trawl.

General production of T-34-85 tanks

	1944	1945	Total
T-34-85	10499	12110	22609
T-34-85 com.
OT-34-85
Total	10663	12551	23 214