What is the speed of the bullet? Muzzle Velocity - Influencing Factors European Versions of Gamo Mach1 Rifles

starting speed bullets

Initial bullet speed - the speed of the bullet at the muzzle of the barrel.

For the initial speed, the conditional speed is taken, which is slightly more than the muzzle and less than the maximum. It is determined empirically with subsequent calculations. The muzzle velocity strongly depends on the length of the barrel: what longer barrel, the longer the powder gases can act on the bullet, accelerating it. For pistol cartridges, the muzzle velocity is approximately equal to 300-500 m / s, for intermediate and rifle cartridges 700-1000 m / s.

The value of the initial velocity of the bullet is indicated in the firing tables and in the combat characteristics of the weapon.

With an increase in the initial speed, the range of the bullet, the range of a direct shot, the lethal effect of the bullet and the penetrating effect of the bullet increase, and the influence of external conditions for her flight.

Even ordinary bullets that have an initial velocity of more than 1000 m / s have a powerful high-explosive effect. This high-explosive action has an expansive growth as the muzzle velocity crosses the 1000 m/s limit.

The main factors affecting the muzzle velocity of a bullet

• bullet weight;
• the weight powder charge;
• the shape and size of the grains of gunpowder (the rate of combustion of gunpowder).

Additional Factors Affecting Muzzle Velocity

• barrel length;
• temperature and humidity of the powder charge;
• loading density;
• friction forces between the bullet and the bore;
• temperature environment.

Influence of barrel length

• The longer the barrel, the longer the powder gases act on the bullet and the greater the muzzle velocity. With a constant barrel length and a constant weight of the powder charge, the initial velocity is greater, the lower the weight of the bullet.

The influence of the characteristics of the powder charge

• The shapes and sizes of gunpowder have a significant impact on the burning rate of the powder charge, and hence on the muzzle velocity of the bullet. They are selected accordingly when designing weapons.
• With an increase in the humidity of the powder charge, its burning rate and the initial speed of the bullet decrease.
• With an increase in the temperature of the powder charge, the burning rate of the powder increases, and therefore the maximum pressure and initial speed increase. As the charge temperature decreases, the initial speed decreases. An increase (decrease) in initial velocity causes an increase (decrease) in the range of the bullet. In this regard, it is necessary to take into account range corrections for air and charge temperature (charge temperature is approximately equal to air temperature).
• A change in the weight of the powder charge leads to a change in the amount of powder gases, and, consequently, to a change in the maximum pressure in the bore and the initial velocity of the bullet. How more weight powder charge, the greater the maximum pressure and muzzle velocity of the bullet.

The length of the barrel and the weight of the powder charge increase when designing weapons to the most rational sizes.

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See what the "initial bullet velocity" is in other dictionaries:

muzzle velocity (bullets)- The speed of the bullet with which it flies out of the barrel of a rifle. [Department of Linguistic Services of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee. Glossary of terms] EN muzzle velocity Speed ​​of the bullet as it leaves the rifle barrel. [Department… … Technical Translator's Handbook

muzzle velocity- 3.5.2 muzzle launch speed vp0 (projectile launch speed), m/s: The speed of the bullet when leaving the muzzle. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Bullets are the speed of the bullet at the muzzle of the barrel. For the initial speed, the conditional speed is taken, which is slightly more than the muzzle and less than the maximum. It is determined empirically with subsequent calculations. Muzzle velocity is strong ... ... Wikipedia

Initial projectile speed- INITIAL SPEED OF THE PROJECT, forward speed. the movement of a projectile (bullet) fired from a weapon at the muzzle. cut. Its size, ch. arr., depends on the magnitude of the charge, max. gunpowder pressure. gas, projectile weight, chamber and channel length, diameter ... ... Military Encyclopedia

- (Initial velocity) the speed of forward movement of the projectile (bullet) when leaving the muzzle. N. S. one of the most important ballistic data of any firearms. An increase in the initial speed helps to increase the range of the projectile, ... ... Marine Dictionary

Estimated translational velocity of a projectile (mines, bullets) at the muzzle of the barrel. Measured in m/s. Indicated in EdwART shooting tables. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010 ... Marine Dictionary

In artillery, the estimated speed will be received. movement of the projectile (mines, bullets) at the muzzle of the barrel; one of the chapter ballistic char k, which determine the range of a direct shot, the range of a projectile (mines, bullets) and its power or penetrating effect ... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

starting speed- in ballistics, the speed of the projectile (bullet) at the muzzle of the barrel of a firearm. One of the main ballistic characteristics that determine the range of a projectile (bullet), its kinetic energy and penetrating ability ... Forensic Encyclopedia

starting speed- the estimated translational speed of the projectile (mines, bullets) at the muzzle of the barrel. It is reported to the projectile (mine, bullet) when it moves along the bore and during the aftereffect period. N. s. One of the most important tactical and technical characteristics ... ... Dictionary of military terms

initial- 3.1 primary general education school: A school organized as an independent institution, as well as as part of a basic or secondary general education school (the term of study is primary school 4 years).

Bullets are different. Their type depends on the weapon for which they are made. There are shells for rifled, pneumatic. Accordingly, they look different. The size will be determined by the type and size of the weapon.

There are major live ammunition, large bullets or very small ones for pistols and revolvers.

However, the speed of the bullet will be determined not only by its size. Many other factors also influence it.

Factors affecting bullet speed

A number of reasons can slow down the muzzle velocity of a projectile when fired from a weapon. Let's consider the main ones.

1. Ambient temperature. The lower the air temperature, the more energy is spent on heating the powder and launching the projectile, that is, the initial launch speed decreases.
2. Powder moisture. The drier the gunpowder, the higher the value of the muzzle velocity will be, as the pressure in the barrel of the weapon will increase.
3. The shape and size of powder grains. The finer the dispersed particles of the powder charge, the faster they will burn. Therefore, the initial speed will increase
4. Gunpowder density. In order to load the product with gunpowder as correctly and safely as possible, special precise engineering calculations are required. Without them, an overdose in gunpowder is possible, which will lead to internal detonation of the weapon. Or, on the contrary, undercharging, which will lead to overheating of the weapon barrel. It is forbidden to independently reload the powder component in the weapon!
5. Weapon barrel length. The shorter the barrel, the less time the action of powder gases takes place, which reduces the speed of the bullet.
6. Product weight. The lighter the bullet in mass, the higher its muzzle velocity.

Each of these factors may vary slightly depending on a certain kind weapons. However, in general, it is these conditions that affect the initial and overall speed of the bullet when fired.

What is a chronograph?

A chronograph is a special device that allows you to track some indicators of the internal and external structure of the projectile and, based on the data obtained, draw a conclusion about its possible speed.

The device is designed in such a way that it can be used to easily check the declared specifications weapons in the shop. In addition, it determines the initial and overall speed of the bullet.

Using the chronograph, you can view and evaluate the following indicators of weapons:

• cylindrical pressure (its level);
• spring fatigue or barrel lead;
• the device will show the mass of the cartridge;
• assess the quality;
• will show the wear of the piston cuff;
• temperature.

An electronic device through calculations and generalization will give a real result for all indicators. However, it also has its drawbacks.

Chronograph Disadvantages

The device has a certain weight and size, which makes it not always convenient to use in certain conditions (for example, in the field). Also, the disadvantage of this device can be attributed to the measurement error (electronic). It is not too significant, but still has a place to be.

The counter of the device is triggered and stops depending on the illumination of the area (room), due to which a certain error in the readings is also formed.

Such a device will not reliably show the exact real bullet; for this, another measurement method should be used.

Shooting at various distances

This is a more accurate and realistic way to determine the speed of a bullet. This will require not only attentiveness, but also a computer with an installed ballistic calculator, which will give full information and the most accurate calculations.

The work goes according to the following scheme:

• we load the necessary data into the ballistic calculator, which we take from the manufacturer of the weapon and from the indicators obtained with our own hands (we zero the weapon at 100 m);
• enter the mass of the cartridge, the shooting distance;
• we measure and load the height of the sight above the barrel of the weapon;
• we take data from the manufacturer about the vertical and horizontal clicks in the optics;
• we enter the temperature and air pressure readings at the time of the study (the more accurate, the more real and better the result will be);
• height above sea ​​level;
• bullet speed from the manufacturer.

The calculator will have graphs for shooting distances. There we indicate 200, 300, 500 and 700 meters. Longer distances are not immediately recommended. In the columns where 1MOA is requested, we write the following values ​​according to the order of the distances: 5.8; 8.7; 14.5; 20.3 centimeters.

The rest of the work is just a mouse click on the calculator. Follow the ballistic device navigator and the result will be an accurate and realistic indication of how fast the bullet exits.

Some values ​​​​of the speed of the cartridge of different calibers for the machine

As mentioned above, it is difficult to give an accurate assessment of such an indicator as speed. To a large extent, it is determined by the surrounding circumstances. However, approximate values ​​\u200b\u200bfor different-caliber bullets of the machine gun can be given.

Studies and calculations have shown that the value of the flight speed of a cartridge from an assault rifle will depend on its model and caliber, therefore, variations in the given data are possible. But these errors are small, and everyone can correct them for their weapons.

caliber 5.45X39

If shooting is done with a normal (ordinary) cartridge, then the averaged data on the speed of the bullet will show a result of approximately 870 m / s. If the distance is made approximately 500 meters, then the speed will decrease to 428 m / s.

This type of weapon has an elongated barrel, so the bullet speed is quite high.

AKS-74U caliber 5.45X39 and AK-101

If we talk about the speed of a fired bullet from the AKS-74U, then it will be approximately 740 m / s. Less than the previous one, because the barrel is shorter.

AK-101 caliber 5.56X45, on the contrary, will show a very good result in this indicator. Approximately 930 m / s, thanks to the long-barreled structure of the weapon. The American analogue of this weapon has an even longer barrel length; the same cartridges with the same value of the muzzle velocity are suitable for both types of machine guns.

AK-47 assault rifle

The projectiles of this weapon have a greater mass than all the followers of the AK, therefore they have a powerful penetrating power. However, they are inferior in speed to their colleagues, because it is only 740 m / s. Nevertheless, this is quite enough for this machine gun to be considered a formidable and serious military weapon.

muzzle energy of a bullet

In addition to speed, bullet energy is also a very important characteristic. To calculate the muzzle energy, it is worth remembering the usual school course physics. The simplest formula will look like: (mass x speed) 2/2, (mass in kilograms, speed in meters per second).

Why is cartridge energy important? Because energy is the power of the bullet, its main combat characteristic. The greater the mass and the higher the speed, the higher the energy, respectively. This means that the weapon itself is more powerful and long-range.

In other words, this is the usual formula for calculating kinetic energy body. Rifle bullets have the maximum muzzle energy. They balance the mass and muzzle velocity in such a way that the work is powerful and efficient.

For example, at a distance of about 100 meters, the depth of entry of a rifle bullet into fairly dense materials is from 0.6 to 350 cm. These are materials such as steel plate, wood, iron plate, a layer of soft clay, gravel or crushed stone, brickwork, earth or packed snow. These data are given on the basis of a study of the muzzle energy of the lungs by the mass of bullets.

Obviously, the value of the speed and muzzle energy of any projectile is very large and determines the power and range of the weapon.

Airguns

Not so long ago, a survey was conducted among owners of pneumatics on the topic: "What is the bullet speed of your pneumatic weapon?" Interestingly, the percentage spread in speeds is very variable.

So, for example, most of Of those who took part in the survey (20%), they named a figure of 220-305 m / s. Since this is, in principle, a normal average indicator for pneumatics, the figure does not cause distrust.

However, almost 9% of respondents claim that their weapons have a bullet speed of 380 m/s or more. This figure casts doubt on its authenticity. Something too powerful military weapon it turns out. Such a bullet speed value for pneumatics is rare, not every model can boast of such.

19% of the participants each admitted that their weapon hits at a bullet speed of 100-130 m/s and 130-180 m/s. For 11%, this figure tends to 350 m / s, which is quite serious. And, finally, 6% of the participants estimate the speed of the bullet in their pneumatic at 75-100 m/s.

The most common and easiest way to measure speed is to air gun using chronometers. Most of these devices are designed specifically for pneumatics. Although the measurement error, however, the result will still remain quite reliable.

No matter how you measure the speed of a bullet from your weapon, the error will still not go anywhere, since external environment will always be different in its indicators.

In this topic, we will tell you about the ballistic data and bullet velocity of the SVD sniper rifle, which is used by both the military and special services to perform various tactical tasks. We recommend that you read

SVD SNIPER RIFLE SPEED

The Dragunov sniper rifle, abbreviated as SVD, has a caliber of 7.62x54mm, the same caliber and cartridge used in the Mosin sniper rifles. Before voicing what bullet speed the SVD has, let's say that the SVD rifle is capable of firing cartridges of 7.62x54 caliber with different types bullets, so the weight of the bullet itself can vary from 9 grams to 14 grams, which, accordingly, affects the muzzle velocity of the bullet and its ballistic data. Now about speed, if we consider a cartridge for SVD with a bullet weighing around 9 grams, then the initial speed will be more than 900 meters per second, but if we consider a bullet with average weight at 11.7 grams, then the initial speed of the SVD bullet will be 790 meters per second. We recommend that you read

SVD SNIPER RIFLE SPEED DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS

The above data is conditional and indicative, so for each batch of cartridges, the type of bullets used, as well as depending on weather conditions, season, air temperature, altitude, ballistic performance will change. So, if the air temperature is - 30 versus + 30, then this, of course, will not greatly affect the initial speed of the SVD bullet, but it will greatly affect the speed of the bullet at long distances, which means that the bullet will have a fairly different speed of one and the same cartridges and the same rifle when firing at different air temperatures. As you already understood that different types bullets have different initial speeds, but not only does the initial velocity change, the ballistic coefficient also changes both up and down, respectively, a lighter bullet has a lower ballistic coefficient than a heavy bullet, which again will affect the speed of the SVD bullet on long distances. We recommend that you read

SVD BULLET SPEED AND ITS REDUCTION AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES

Whatever the speed of a bullet fired from SVD rifles, nor was it, and no one canceled the gravity of the earth, so, for example, at a distance of 500 meters, if the sniper makes a mistake in the distance to the target by at least 30 meters, then the bullet will go higher or lower for a sufficiently long distance and may not hit the target. In more detail about the reduction of the SVD bullet, about its ballistic performance see here.

INITIAL SPEED OF THE BULLET

The initial speed is one of the most important characteristics of the combat properties of weapons. With an increase in the initial speed, the range of the bullet, the range of a direct shot, the lethal and penetrating effect of the bullet increases, and the influence of external conditions on its flight also decreases. In particular, the faster the bullet flies, the less it is blown to the side by the wind. The value of the initial velocity of the bullet must be indicated in the firing tables and in the combat characteristics of the weapon.

The value of the muzzle velocity of a bullet depends on the length of the barrel, the weight of the bullet, the weight, temperature and humidity of the powder charge, the shape and size of the grains of the powder, and the loading density.

The longer the barrel, the longer the powder gases act on the bullet and the greater (within known technical limits, see earlier) the initial velocity.

With a constant barrel length and a constant weight of the powder charge, the initial velocity is greater, the lower the weight of the bullet.

A change in the weight of the powder charge leads to a change in the amount of powder gases, and, consequently, to a change in the maximum pressure in the bore and the initial velocity of the bullet. The more gunpowder, the more pressure and the more the bullet accelerates along the barrel.

The length of the barrel and the weight of the powder charge are balanced according to the above graphs (schemes 111, 112) of the internal fire processes in the rifle barrel during the design and layout of weapons to the most rational sizes.

With an increase in external temperature, the burning rate of gunpowder increases, and therefore the maximum pressure and initial speed increase. When the outside temperature drops, the initial speed decreases. In addition, when the outside temperature changes, the temperature of the trunk also changes, and more or less heat is needed to heat it. And this, in turn, affects the change in pressure in the barrel and, accordingly, the initial velocity of the bullet.

One of the old snipers in the memory of the author in a specially sewn bandolier carried a dozen rifle cartridges under his arm. When asked what it matters, the elderly instructor replied, "Very great importance. You and I were both shooting at 300 meters now, but your spread went vertically up and down, but mine didn’t. Because the gunpowder in my cartridges will warm up to 36 degrees under the arm, and yours in the pouch froze to minus 15 (it was in winter). You shot the rifle in the fall at plus 15, in total the difference is 30 degrees. You shoot with rapid fire, and your barrel is hot, so your first bullets go lower and the second bullets go higher. And I shoot gunpowder at the same temperature all the time, so everything flies as it should."

An increase (decrease) in the initial speed causes an increase (decrease) in the firing range. The differences in these values ​​are so significant that in the practice of hunting shooting from smoothbore guns, summer and winter barrels of different lengths are used (winter barrels are usually 7-8 cm longer than summer ones) to achieve the same range of a shot. In sniper practice, range corrections for air temperature are necessarily made according to the relevant tables (see earlier).

With an increase in the humidity of the powder charge, its burning rate decreases and, accordingly, the pressure in the barrel and the initial speed decrease.

The burning rate of gunpowder is directly proportional to the pressure surrounding it. In the open air, the burning rate of smokeless rifle powder is approximately 1 m / s, and in the closed space of the chamber and barrel, due to increased pressure, the burning rate of gunpowder increases and reaches several tens of meters per second.

The ratio of the weight of the charge to the volume of the sleeve with the inserted pool (charge combustion chamber) is called the loading density. The more the gunpowder is “rammed” in the case, which happens when the gunpowder is overdosed or the bullet is deeply seated, the more the pressure and combustion rate increase. This sometimes results in a sudden surge in pressure and even in the detonation of the powder charge, which can lead to a rupture of the barrel. The loading density is made according to complex engineering calculations and for a domestic rifle cartridge is 0.813 kg/dm3. With a decrease in loading density, the burning rate decreases, the time it takes the bullet to travel through the barrel increases, which, paradoxically, leads to a rapid overheating of the weapon. For all these reasons, it is forbidden to reload live ammunition!

In chapter gold fund What is the speed of the bullet? given by the author *** the best answer is The speed of a bullet depends on the type of weapon and for modern firearms it varies on average from 300 to 1000 m/s.
There is one very simple method for measuring bullet speed:
A heavy piece of wood suspended on a thread (four, a thread from each end).
Measurement technique: you shoot at a piece of wood, you look at how much it deviates, you count.
Vbullets = (2*sin((90*l)/(Pi*R)) * sqrt(g*R) * (m+M)) /m
where:
l - how much the piece of wood deviates when a bullet hits, m
Pi - 3.14159265356...
R - length of the suspension thread, m - not less than a meter
g - free fall acceleration, 9.81 m/s2
m - bullet mass
M - mass of wood

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what is the speed of a bullet?

Answer from Zig Fried[guru]
About 370 meters per second...

Answer from Pavel[guru]
It depends on which barrel and which bullet ...

Answer from User deleted[newbie]
x ... you will catch up !!

Answer from Yergey Terentiev[guru]
Of course it depends on the weapon and on the cartridge. I know for sure that the speed of a bullet (ordinary, with a lead core) fired from an SVD is 920-940 m.s.

Answer from 1 [guru]
different well, somewhere 400 km per hour

Answer from !! [active]
about 900 m.v seconds

Answer from User deleted[newbie]
If she (the bullet) is already well .. not, then not high ...

Answer from User deleted[guru]
if from Kalash = 750m / sec. From another weapon, sorry ...

Answer from D.M.[guru]
In the memoirs of a pilot of the First World War, a case is described when in the air he saw a bullet flying nearby,
obviously on the run. The speed of the aircraft at that time was about 50 km. at one o'clock.

Answer from Ѐuslan Ivanov[active]
For pistols, the bullet speed is within the speed of sound (340m/s), for efficient use of silencers
AK-47=750 m.s
AK-74=900 m.s
SVD=840
PM=315

Answer from Sergio Noise[newbie]
This is affected by the speed of the bullet: the quality of the gunpowder (the smaller the particles, the better), the humidity, the ambient temperature .. And a number of other factors.

Answer from Plovezz[active]
do not be afraid of the sounds of a shot in the war, you will not hear your bullet ...