52 to 85 mm anti-aircraft. Venevsky district - dangerous finds - artillery and cars. Weight in combat position, kg
For the protection of the sky.
85 mm anti-aircraft gun 52-K
Anti-aircraft gun mechanisms.
Characteristics
Year of issue
1938
Total produced
?
Weight
4300 kg
Calculation
7 people
Shooting characteristics
Caliber
85 mm
Initial projectile speed
800 m/s
Maximum firing range
15650 m
height reach
10500 m
rate of fire
20 rds/min
Description
On September 5, 1937, the Design Bureau of Plant No. 8 informed the Artillery Directorate about the project of engineer G.D. Dorokhin to lay an 85-mm barrel on the carriage of a 76-mm 3-K gun. 85 mm barrel equipped with a muzzle brake, projectile weight 9.2 kg, starting speed 800 m/s.
On September 28, 1937, the People's Commissar of Defense turned to the Art Administration with a proposal to include in the plan experimental work in 1938, plant No. 8 was to manufacture a prototype of an 85-mm mobile gun, the tactical and technical requirements of which would be developed by the Art Administration. By that time, the Art Administration was already developing these requirements. So, by the protocol of November 22, 1937, it was decided to withdraw the assignment for the design of an 85-mm remote shrapnel.
On January 31, 1938, Plant No. 8 submitted a description of the 85-mm 52-K gun to the Artillery Directorate. Instead of the existing liner (from the 76-mm anti-aircraft guns 3-K), a free tube was taken, the end of which is free from the casing for a length of 1800 mm and has a screw-on muzzle brake. The free tube casing has a thickening between the grips (so that the balancing mechanism from the 3-K carriage works normally) and is 1431 mm shorter than the existing monoblock 76-mm 3-K gun. This casing can be obtained from an existing forging, the breech and wedge undergo minor changes, so that existing breech and wedge forgings from 3-K can be used.
In January 1938, factory tests of the first experimental 85-mm barrel on a 3-K carriage were carried out. According to the act of January 29, 1938, a total of 35 shots were fired at an angle of 0 °. The first 20 shots were fired with a muzzle brake with a projectile weighing 9.2 kg, the initial velocity was 613-830 m/s, and then 15 shots were fired without a muzzle brake with an initial velocity of 673-714 m/s. For these 15 shots, the maximum muzzle velocity of 715 m / s was set with an allowable recoil of 1150 mm for firing without a muzzle brake.
On January 31, 1938, an 85-mm barrel on a Z-K carriage arrived at the Sofrinsky training ground. On February 1, 45 shots were fired at elevation angles from 0° to +80° with an average muzzle velocity of 827.2 m/s. Failures in the operation of semi-automatic (battery) were noted. Rollback length slightly increased.
The 85-mm gun was first tested at the Scientific Research Anti-Aircraft Artillery Range from July 8 to September 25, 1938. By the time they arrived at NIZAP, 104 shots had already been fired from the 85-mm barrel.
During the tests at NIZAP, 1100 shots were fired and 500 km were covered. average speed towing for ZiS-5 dirt road 30-35 km / h, the maximum speed is about 50 km / h.
Based on the results of field tests, the commission stated that the gun passed the field tests and recommended it for adoption as a corps anti-aircraft gun.
On May 10, 1940, the Artillery Administration finally established the index of the 85-mm anti-aircraft gun - "52-P-365".
The production of 52-K was carried out exclusively at factory No. 8 named after. Kalinin, who until the winter of 1941-42. was located in the village of Podlipki (Moscow region), and then was evacuated to the city of Sverdlovsk.
By June 22, 1941, the troops had 2,630 52-K guns. During the war years, 676 guns were transferred to the Navy.
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By the end of the 1930s, the leadership of the Soviet armed forces came to the conclusion that the predicted increase in the tactical and technical indicators of aviation in the next few years would lead to obsolescence of the existing air defense weapons. A search began for projects of a more modern anti-aircraft gun with higher combat characteristics. They took 76.2 mm arr. as a basis. 1938 increased it and received an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun, model 1939, KS-12.
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In many respects similar arr. 1938 new model had a multi-chamber muzzle brake, which was not found in guns of a smaller caliber. An armor shield for gun crew was supplied by additional order. In 1939, the production of a new anti-aircraft gun mod. 1939 just started to be produced in Kaliningrad. When the Germans invaded the USSR, the plant was evacuated to the Urals, where it remained until the end of the war. The anti-aircraft gun arr. 1939 became the standard heavy air defense weapon Soviet army. The more powerful 85 mm anti-aircraft gun model 1944, KS 18, began to replace it only at the end of the war. Using the same projectile as arr. 1939, the anti-aircraft gun had higher combat performance due to increased charge. As well as for German 88 mm guns, for mod. 39 and 44 provided for the possibility of using anti-aircraft guns to fight tanks. Soviet anti-aircraft guns were quite successful in this, and the Germans used them along with their own guns of the 88 series under the designation 85-mm Flak M.39 (g) and Flak M.44 (g). As well as the captured Soviet 76.2 mm guns, they were sent to Germany for the needs of air defense. With the expenditure of captured anti-aircraft ammunition, anti-aircraft guns were gradually re-sharpened to the standard 88 mm caliber for the Wehrmacht, becoming 85/88-mm Flak M.39 (r) guns.
Soviet models 1939 and 1944 were really good anti-aircraft guns. After the war, part of the gun until the 80s remained in the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (except the USSR); some of them were in Sudan, in Vietnam they were used during the war with the United States. Later, "modernized" anti-aircraft guns already worked with centralized fire control systems. The basic 85 mm model was used further, in the development of subsequent generations Soviet weapons. It was adapted as the main weapon of a self-propelled assault artillery mount SU-85 and anti-tank gun; there was also a towed model of the same gun.
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Weapons of Victory Military science Team of authors --
85 mm anti-aircraft gun model 1939
The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model appeared as a natural result of the development of the domestic anti-aircraft artillery, which originated in 1914, when the designer of the Putilov plant F. Lender developed the first 76-mm anti-aerostatic gun of the 1914 model. In 1915 and 1928, this system was modernized, increasing the vertical firing range at a maximum elevation angle to 6500 m; it was replaced by a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1931 model. In 1938, on the instructions of the GAU, several prototypes of a modernized 76-mm gun were manufactured. Installed on a four-wheeled wagon, it weighed 4200 kg - significantly less than the previous one. In this form, it is accepted into service as an anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model.
However, the growth of speeds and the "ceiling" of aircraft, the increase in their survivability required an increase in the reach of anti-aircraft guns at altitude and an increase in the power of the projectile. And in 1939 G. Dorokhin creates new system, imposing an 85-mm barrel on the carriage of a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model, using a shutter and semi-automatic
this tool. When choosing a caliber, he proceeded from the need to obtain a high initial velocity of the projectile and such a cartridge weight that would make the loader work for a sufficiently long time. Such requirements were most successfully combined in the caliber 85 mm, the weight of the projectile was 9.2 kg, the weight of the cartridge was 15.1 kg, and the initial speed was 800 m / s. Increasing the power of the gun required the installation of a muzzle brake, which absorbed about 30% of the recoil energy.
The work carried out by the young designer G. Dorokhin was approved, prototype new gun entered the research site. The main advantage of the 85-mm anti-aircraft gun over its predecessor, the 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1931 model, is the increased power of the projectile, which created a greater amount of destruction in the target area. The polygon recommended that the cannon be adopted as a medium-caliber anti-aircraft gun. The gun was quickly mastered in production and before the start of the Great Patriotic War started joining the army.
PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Weight in combat position 4300 kg
Maximum Reach:
in height 10.5 km
horizontally 15.5 km
Maximum elevation angle +82°
The largest angle of declination - 3 °
Horizontal firing angle 360°
Rate of fire maximum 20 rds / min
Road transport speed up to 50 km/h
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Location: Boulevard of the World.
Architect: S. Moisenko.
Open: May 8, 1981
In the middle of the summer of 1942, the heat was unbearable. The fascist German invaders, having a clear advantage in manpower, weapons and military equipment, are rapidly rushing towards Stalingrad and the North Caucasus. Not having time to gain a foothold on the next lines and prepare a strong defense, our troops, suffering heavy losses, continued to retreat. The retreating units moved through the Nevinnomysskaya railway station.
Every day, German aircraft made raids on the city in order to paralyze railway traffic. "Henkels" and "Junkers" dropped bombs on the railway station, sanitary echelons, the city, the railway bridge. To defend the station on July 28, arrived in the city 18th Separate Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion(BACK) Air defense. Its batteries are located in several areas of the city. 1st battery - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe intersection of st. Gagarin and the Rostov-Baku highway, protecting the airfield, which was located on the territory of the current chemical plant. 2nd battery - in the area of \u200b\u200ba residential building on the street. Water, 4, protecting the railway bridge. 3rd battery - in the area of the hotel "Kuban", defending the railway crossing on the street. Mendeleev. Another battery is located at the intersection of the street. Gagarin and Mira Boulevard and in the courtyard of secondary school No. 6. This battery stood in the gardens of a residential private sector. She was served by young girls from the Ivanovo and Moscow regions. The command post of the artillery division was located on the territory of the former dairy plant (now - TDC "Maximum").
Conducting barrage fire on German aircraft, anti-aircraft gunners thwarted the enemy's plan, dispersed his combat formation, and interfered with aimed bombing.
August 5, 1942 year, fascist aviation completely destroyed the railway station and access roads. The evening before, the commander of the division, Major G. I. Belan, received a report from the intelligence sent by him: “08/04/42, the city of Voroshilovsk (Stavropol) is occupied by German troops and in the next few hours the enemy should be expected on the outskirts of Nevinnomyssk.” Meanwhile, at the station there were a large number of trains with military cargo, evacuated factory equipment, wounded, orphanage children. The commander decided to detain the enemy on the outskirts of the city, allowing the railroad workers to send echelons. To do this, create firing centers of resistance, the main of which is in the north-western direction (the Barsukovskaya-Nevinnomyssk road), flank nodes from the west (near the bridge over the Kuban) and from the east (covering the Novoekaterinovskaya-Nevinnomyssk road). By a system of interaction of fire along the front and in depth, form the defense of the main approaches to the city.
By 3 a.m. on August 5, the 1st battery under the command of senior lieutenant Philip Ivanovich Kozenyuk disguised itself in the direction of the expected strike, to the left of it were anti-aircraft machine-gun "quads" led by the company commander, senior lieutenant Alexei Vasilyevich Yerin. Early in the morning, the VNOS post began to transmit data on the movement of fascist, motorized units towards Nevinnomyssk. The post consisted of girls. Having transmitted an alarming message - "The Germans are attacking the post, we are fighting," the post fell silent.
Then the battle with tanks, motorized infantry was taken by the 1st battery of Kozenyuk. The commander himself was wounded. The battle went on for several hours. When the pressure from the Germans weakened, Belan, the battalion commander, who had received the order to withdraw the battalion in the morning, began to remove the firing platoon by gun. The last firing position was to leave the gun of Sergeant I.F. Volodenkov and the “quad” of Sergeant Gerasimov V.T. Machine gunners and mortars fired continuously at them.
By 2 pm, the last train was sent from the railway station. However, now it was not possible to withdraw the battery from the battle without losses. Sergeant Volodenkov's gun covering the retreat was covered by a direct hit from a mine in a firing position. Almost the entire crew perished. The tractor with the second gun was broken in motion.
On the monument at the mass grave in the village. Five surnames appear in the head: gun commander sergeant Volodenkov Ivan Fyodorovich, gun commander sergeant Grishin Fedor Vladimirovich, gunner Grigoriev Nikolay Nikolaevich, gun number Prochkovsky Vladimir Petrovich, Red Army soldier Kryukova Natalia. Another soldier later died from his wounds. The battalion commander was also wounded F. I. Kozenyuk. And already by the hand of another battalion commander - 1st senior lieutenant Moskalenko, “their losses” were entered in the combat log of the battery for August 5: 6 people were killed, 5 people were injured, 13 people were missing. Equipment losses: anti-aircraft guns - 2, tractors STZ-5 - 2, radio station 6 PK-1, rifles - 20, gas masks - 24, telephone.
It is difficult to overestimate this battle of "local significance". The two main merits of the division are indisputable: not only trains with the wounded and children did not fall into the hands of the enemy, but also cargoes important for defense, including a train with dismantled aircraft (these fighters later fought in the sky over the North Caucasus). And secondly, precious hours were won to strengthen the next defensive line in the path of the enemy's full-blooded motorized divisions.
The personnel of the combat unit of the 18th OZAD completely fulfilled the combat order for the defense of the city of Nevinnomyssk from the Nazi troops and with the surviving guns retreated to the cities. Pyatigorsk and Makhachkala.
May 8, 1981 in Nevinnomyssk, near the obelisk of Eternal Glory, a rally was held on the occasion of the grand opening of the monument in honor of the heroic defense of the city by the soldiers of the 18th OZAD in 1942 - an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun (architect S. Moisenko). Such guns of the 1939 model were developed at the plant No. 8 named after. Kalinin (Kaliningrad) in the design bureau under the leadership of M. N. Loginov and G. D. Dorokhin and were produced in Sverdlovsk. Tactical and technical characteristics of the gun:
- weight in combat position - 4900 kg;
- ultimate reach
in height - 10500 m,
along the horizon - 15500 m;
- rate of fire - 15 rounds per minute;
- projectile weight - 9.2 kg;
- speed of transportation on the highway - up to 50 km / h;
- combat crew - 7 people.
Thousands of innocent people came to the rally. Among them were war and labor veterans, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Socialist Labor, students and, of course, veterans of the 18th OZAD.
In front of the monument, the Youth Army of Post No. 1 stood in honorary formation - students of schools and colleges, personifying the branches of the Armed Forces: ground, air and sea. Closer to the monument were guests of honor - veteran anti-aircraft gunners.
An anti-aircraft gun rises on a pedestal under a white veil, having passed through hundreds and thousands of firing roads as part of a division. This is their glory, the glory of the survivors and those who died defending our city in the formidable August 1942.
The rally was opened by V. P. Sulimkin, the first secretary of the city committee of the CPSU:
- Victory Day is the brightest holiday of the Soviet people. On this day, we also remember all those who did not return from the fields of war. The memory of Victory is the memory of joy and sorrow. We bequeath this great memory to our children and grandchildren. Another symbol of memory will be the opening of a memorial gun in our city, the crew of which staunchly defended our city during the war.
Then A. D. Kudelya, chairman of the executive committee of the city Council of People's Deputies, spoke at the rally. He expressed his heartfelt gratitude to the artillerymen of the sky under the command of Major Georgy Ivanovich Belan, and now a retired major general of artillery, for stopping and detaining the enemy on the border of the city and thereby saving hundreds of lives of wounded soldiers and evacuated children, military equipment and weapons, concentrated at the railway station in trains. For their heroic efforts and feat of arms, he expressed his heartfelt low bow:
“Innocents will always remember the defenders and liberators of our city, will honor the memory of the fallen heroes and pass this memory on from generation to generation,” A. D. Kudelya ended his speech with these words.
The solemn moment has come. Measured the formation of the youth. All present in intense attention. The bugler blew "Listen, everyone."
The chairman of the city executive committee A. Kudelya and the former commander of the artillery division, Major General G. Belan, approach the monument and remove the cover from the memorial plaque of the monument. At the same time, the white veil falls from the gun and the gaze of all those present in its formidable grandeur, personifying the power and strength directed forward, opened a formidable gun, now peacefully forever standing on a pedestal.
A moment of silence is announced.
General G. Belan addressed those gathered at the rally:
— For us, anti-aircraft veterans, the installation of a commemorative cannon is a joyful and exciting event. Especially dear is the fact that while defending our beloved Motherland, we defended your city of Nevinnomyssk and contributed to our common victory over the enemy.
The general thanked the city leadership for the installation and opening of the monument to anti-aircraft gunners. The former gunner of the first battery V. E. Koval, Hero of Socialist Labor, participant of the Great Patriotic War, foreman of the SMU-1 installers of the Stavropolkhimstroy trust A. M. Shevchenko spoke at the rally.
On behalf of the youth of the city, Oleg Pavlov, a student of the chemical-mechanical technical school, took the oath of allegiance to the Motherland.
After the end of the rally in front of the veterans, soldiers and conscripts, members of the Youth Army of Post No. 1, marched in a solemn march to the sounds of the orchestra. The rally ended with the laying of fresh flowers at the foot of the gun.
Veteran anti-aircraft gunners have been guests of our city more than once on the eve of Victory Day: in 1985, 1990 and 1995. And every time they gathered at their “native” military gun, attended a citywide rally, met with students of the city, made city and country excursions.
And a year earlier, on their first visit to a meeting in Nevinnomyssk on Victory Day in 1980 (then 112 fellow veterans arrived at the meeting), anti-aircraft gunners installed commemorative plaques at the firing positions of their batteries with the text: “Here in August 1942 defended station Nevinnomysskaya from the Nazi invaders ... battery of the 18th separate anti-aircraft artillery battalion. Commemorative plaques installed:
- at the firing position of the 1st battery - at the intersection of st. Gagarin and Rostov-Baku highways, on the building of a separate division of the traffic police;
- at the firing position of the 2nd battery - on the street. Vodoprovodny, house 4 (private residential building);
- at the firing position of the 3rd battery - on the street. Mendeleeva, house 14 (residential building).
The information provided by the junior researcher of the Nevinnomyssk Museum of Local Lore Panchenko V.D. was used.