What edible mushrooms are harvested in October. Mushroom picker calendar and mushroom guide. Collection of forest gifts

Autumn mushrooms begin to appear in the forests towards the end of August. You can collect them throughout the first half of September. Autumn mushrooms grow in waves. Depending on the weather conditions in each year there can be 2-3 waves of these mushrooms, the first of which is usually the most abundant. Another feature of the growth of autumn mushrooms is that they appear quickly and abundantly, and then disappear just as sharply. Therefore, it is important for lovers of "quiet hunting" not to miss the moment the collection begins.

In what forests is this species found?

Autumn can be considered a cosmopolitan of our latitudes. It can be found in almost any forest that is over 30 years old. Honey mushrooms grow on more than 200 types of trees. As a rule, these fungi appear in colonies on dry trunks, deadwood, stumps, roots and trunks of living plants. Most often, mushrooms are found on spruce and birch trees, a little less often they can be found on pines, aspens and oaks. - moderate band. Settling on dead wood, they destroy it. At the same time, the valuable elements of which it consists are returned to the biological. In the same place, autumn mushrooms can be collected up to 15 years in a row. After this period, the wood is completely destroyed by the mycelium.

Colonies of autumn mushrooms grow very abundantly. From one stump, you can collect several liters of these valuable mushrooms. Young mushrooms with an unopened hat are collected together with a leg. In grown mushrooms, only caps are cut off. Their legs nutritional value Dont Have.

There are many recipes for the preparation of these mushrooms. Honey mushrooms can be boiled, pickled, dried and salted, and also fried. When picking mushrooms, it is not necessary to pull out their legs “with the root” from the wood, so as not to damage the mycelium, which in next year give you a bountiful harvest.

Precautionary measures

However, when going to the forest, it is important to remember the precautions. Many have toxic doppelgangers Therefore, not a single year passes without poisoning. Before going into the forest, it is important to study the signs not only of the species that you plan to collect, but also similar to them, which are better to miss. If you're unsure if this particular mushroom is definitely edible, don't risk your health and leave it in the woods!

Myths about edible and poisonous mushrooms

You should not listen to "grandmother's" advice on how to distinguish a poisonous mushroom from an edible one. For example, some people seriously believe that poisonous species are not eaten by forest animals or snails. You can see for yourself the fallacy of this statement - even the deadly toadstool for people is eaten by slugs and insects without problems for their lives. Another "unmistakable" way to make sure that the gifts of the forest are edible is to heat them with them when cooking. silver spoon(or an onion).

They say that if they do not darken, then this means that among the mushrooms there is not a single poisonous one. Of course, this is not true. Silver can darken, for example, from boletus, but will not change its color when heated with the same pale grebe. You can check it yourself, but it's still better not to make such experiments. There are also myths among the people that mushrooms become poisonous if they grow near rusty iron or snake nests. Such stories should be treated as folklore, interesting as folklore but of no practical value.

Do I need to know the signs of poisonous mushrooms?

No less absurd and dangerous are the convictions of some optimistic people who believe that poisonous mushrooms are rare, so do not bother yourself with their distinguishing features. In fact, about 90 of these species can be found in our forests, and about 10 of them are fatal to us.

Of course, this does not mean that in order to avoid mushroom poisoning, you need to buy them only in grocery stores. The purpose of this article is to show the reader the importance of knowing not only tasty and edible species, but also the signs by which they can be distinguished from poisonous counterparts.

Mushrooms-twins of autumn honey agaric

According to some indications edible species may be poisonous. And there are quite a few similar cases. Among the mushroom pickers, a pair of "autumn mushrooms is a dangerous double" is known. The name of an inedible relative is a false honey agaric. This is a generalized name for several species that have some resemblance to the autumn honey agaric. These mushrooms belong to the genera Hyfoloma and Psalitrella. Some of them are considered simply inedible, some are poisonous. Regarding individual species, there are still discussions about whether they can be considered conditionally edible. But there is no clear evidence that a person who eats them will not harm himself. Therefore, it is better not to take risks and limit yourself to collecting only autumn mushrooms. Moreover, there are a lot of them in the forest during the season.

Where do inedible and poisonous twins grow?

They grow in the same places as edible ones - on stumps, deadwood and living trees, so a novice mushroom picker can make a mistake. In order to be sure that the gifts of the forest you have collected can be eaten, you need to know the signs of edible mushrooms and their dangerous counterparts.

Differences between false honey agaric and autumn honey agaric

A dangerous double can be easily distinguished from its edible counterpart.

The first thing you should pay attention to is the color of the hat. In edible honey agaric, it has a color from beige to yellowish-dark brown. Moreover, old mushrooms are usually darker compared to young ones. Parts of hats that are closed from the sun are usually much lighter. The dangerous double of the autumn honey agaric often has a bright defiant color.

Second hallmark- coloration of spores. In edible mushrooms, they are white, so you can see a white coating on the caps of old mushrooms. This is the controversy. With their help, mushrooms are settled. The third thing to check is the presence of a membranous "skirt" on the leg of the honey agaric. False honey agaric autumn does not have it. This feature is the most important difference to pay attention to. The “skirt” of the autumn honey agaric is the remnant of a protective cover that envelops a young mushroom. The dangerous twin of the autumn honey agaric does not have such a coverlet.

The fourth difference, which helps to highlight the dangerous twin of the autumn honey agaric, is the color of the plates on inside mushroom caps. At inedible species, with which it is better not to deal with, the plates are yellow if the mushroom is young, and greenish-olive in old ones. Autumn mushrooms are characterized by cream, beige or light yellow coloring of the plates.

The fifth difference is the surface of the mushroom cap. In autumn mushrooms, it is covered with small scales. Moreover, their color is usually darker than the hat itself. But old mushrooms lose their scales and become smooth. True, such overgrown mushrooms no longer have nutritional value, so they are not interested in mushroom pickers.

The sixth sign that will help distinguish an edible mushroom is its smell. Autumn mushrooms smell pleasant, and the smell of false ones gives off mold.

Conclusion

Knowledge of these signs will be enough to be able to distinguish the autumn honey agaric. A photo of a mushroom will help you not to make a mistake. But it’s even better to take an experienced connoisseur with you who will show you what autumn mushrooms look like. Once you see them with your own eyes, it will be difficult for you to confuse them with any other species. But there is a hole in the old woman, so do not forget the main rule of mushroom pickers: "If you're not sure - don't take it."

Surely many people know that the autumn time is perfect time for picking mushrooms. Why? Yes, because more dew begins to form at night, the soil layer is better moistened, and boletus with boletus really begin to grow out of the ground in huge numbers. In general, it is the year that amazes with its species diversity and a rich harvest of mushrooms.

A huge number of people are interested in the question of what mushrooms are harvested in October. In fairness, it should be said that the second month of autumn is the peak period for the mushroom picker. In some cases, it is considered the only month in which it was lucky to collect a rich harvest of porcini mushrooms and oyster mushrooms.

Honey mushrooms

So, what mushrooms are harvested in October? At this time, nature seems to freeze: silence reigns in the forest, which can only be broken by the rustle of yellowed leaves underfoot.

Want to know what mushrooms are harvested in October? The first on the list should be highlighted, of course, mushrooms. Their share in the total yield, as a rule, is most. In the forest, they can be found in the most unexpected places, but most often on fallen hardwood trees and stumps. And they grow in fairly large clusters. Even an old stump in the garden can be a haven for mushrooms. Among the mushroom pickers, the status of “impudent” mushrooms is firmly entrenched behind them. In the middle of autumn, it is the autumn honey agaric that is most often found. What mushrooms are harvested in October yet? It should be noted that in large numbers you can see greenfinches and rows that grow along forest paths and directly on sandy hills.

Porcini

Of course, in the fall, everyone goes to the forest to harvest, despite the fact that they come across less and less in sight. It is best to search for them in sunny clearings.

Autumn variety of mushrooms

What mushrooms can be found in a pine forest in early October? Of course, these are boletus, boletus, flywheels and butterflies. Again, you can look for champignons in the meadows and in the garden. If October turned out to be warm and sunny, then mushrooms and chanterelles crawl out from under the ground. It is necessary to mention (it seems that its rich azure hue cannot be washed off). There is also a large umbrella mushroom and a reddening umbrella mushroom. The species diversity of champignons is also striking: you can find field, edible, steppe, garden ones. In autumn, two types of talkers also grow: goblet and giant. You can also come across flywheels: green, multi-colored and fissured.

What other mushrooms grow in October? Very often, mushroom pickers hunt for volnushki, pigs and raincoats. It is safe to say that in the fall it is possible to harvest a rich harvest of mushrooms, and if you are suddenly asked if there are mushrooms in October, you can safely give an affirmative answer.

Exercise caution

However, while picking mushrooms, you should not neglect the precautions. Of course, now you no longer think about whether there are mushrooms in October, but you also need to be able to distinguish edible specimens from inedible ones. For example, you can randomly collect dung beetles. These eukaryotic organisms, when combined with alcohol, are dangerous to health, as they can provoke food poisoning.

Be aware of the risks of picking poisonous mushrooms. Please note that in the fall they grow massively and they practically do not differ from the original. Again, you can easily come across a pale grebe. In this regard, upon arrival home, it is necessary to carefully examine each mushroom. If you have the slightest suspicion regarding whether or not, it is best to get rid of it.

Mushroom season in the Moscow region

Of course, many go to pick mushrooms in October in the Moscow region. But it should be noted that during this period of time the mushroom season is close to its end, since there are not so many mushrooms and russula, and their natural form worsens somewhat with the onset of the first frost. Nevertheless, enthusiasts do not lose optimism and go along the most diverse routes of the Moscow region to collect boletus, boletus, Polish and umbrellas. It is noteworthy that fortune smiles at them, and they achieve their goal. This indicates only one thing: there are mushrooms in October in the Moscow region.

Mushroom places in the Moscow region

It should be emphasized that for picking mushrooms in the Moscow region, you can choose a variety of directions. As a rule, people prefer to use the train. Here are some popular routes.

Savelovskoe direction

The final stop is Lugovaya station. Mushrooms can be collected in the western part - two kilometers towards the settlement of Ozeretskoye, and also in the eastern part - three kilometers towards the settlements of Fedoskino and Sholokhov. In these places, you can collect butterflies, aspen mushrooms and chanterelles. It takes about 40 minutes to get to Lugovaya station.

Kazan direction

You should get off at the Chernaya station, which is surrounded by a pine forest. As soon as you get off the train, in a matter of minutes you will find yourself in a forest. Here you can also collect a rich harvest of mushrooms, but as for chanterelles and oil, it is not recommended to collect them, since they easily absorb harmful substances. From the metropolitan metropolis to the Chernaya train station, trains run three times a day.

Leningrad direction

Mushroom pickers should get to the Firsanovka station, then, heading northeast, get to locality Nazarevo. Then you should go again in the direction to the northeast to the village of Elino, and not far from the intersection of the route with the Leningrad highway, you can see a mixed forest. It is in it that you can collect mushrooms, mushrooms and porcini mushrooms.

Of course, this is only a small fraction of the areas for gathering mushrooms in the Moscow region. You can always choose the most optimal route for yourself.

Honey agaric(plural - mushrooms, honey agarics) – vernacular name groups of fungi belonging to different genera and families.

Mushrooms "Agaric mushrooms" got their name because of their peculiarity of growth - stumps (hemp), both living and dead. But there are also several types of mushrooms that grow in meadows.

Description of honey agaric

Mushrooms have a hat, which in youth is hemispherical in shape, which later becomes umbrella-shaped - a tubercle on top, then flat, often rounded on the sides, 2-10 cm in diameter. In edible mushrooms, the hat is covered with small scales, which practically disappear by the aging of the fungus. Sometimes the cap is covered with a layer of mucus. The color of the cap is from cream and light yellow to reddish shades, with a darker center. The leg of honey mushroom grows in length from 2 to 18 cm, up to 2.5 cm wide. Read other features of honey mushrooms below, in the descriptions for each of the species.

Where to collect mushrooms? The habitat of most mushrooms is weakened or damaged trees, as well as rotten or dead wood, mainly - deciduous trees(beech, oak, birch, alder, aspen, elm, willow, acacia, poplar, ash, mulberry, etc.), less often conifers (spruce, pine, fir).

Some species, for example, meadow mushroom, grow on the soil, occurring mainly in open grassy spaces - fields, gardens, roadsides, forest glades, etc.

Honey mushrooms are widespread in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere (from the subtropics to the North) and are absent only in areas permafrost. Of course, a beneficial effect on the number of mushrooms and high humidity in forests, although they can be found in damp ravines.

Honey mushrooms grow in large families (tubers), although single mushrooms are occasionally found. The foci of growth themselves can be connected by long (up to several meters) cord-like mycelia, which can be seen under the bark of the affected plant.

When do mushrooms grow?

The collection time of mushrooms depends on the type of honey agaric and climatic conditions. So, for example, autumn honey agaric grows from August to winter itself, summer honey agaric - from April to November, but to summarize, the most fruitful time for harvesting mushrooms is autumn, especially September, October.

What to do with mushrooms?

Honey mushrooms can be prepared in the following ways:

- to extinguish;
- weld;
- fry;
- marinate;
- salt;
- make caviar;
- dry.

Fried and pickled mushrooms are considered the most delicious.

Types of mushrooms

Real mushrooms. Edible mushrooms

Autumn honey agaric (Armillaria mellea). Synonyms: Real honey agaric.

Collection season: end of August - beginning of winter. The peak is September, with an average daily temperature of +10°C.

Description: The hat is 3-17 cm in diameter, convex at first, then opens to a flat one, often with wavy edges. The peel, depending on the growing conditions, is colored in various shades - from honey-brown to greenish-olive, darker in the center. The surface is covered with rare light scales, which may disappear with age. The flesh of young caps is dense, whitish, becoming thin with age. The pulp of the legs is fibrous, in mature mushrooms of a rough consistency. The smell and taste are pleasant. The plates are relatively sparse, adherent to the stem or weakly descending. Juveniles are whitish or flesh-colored, darkening slightly at maturity to pink-brown, and may be covered with brown spots. Legs 8-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, solid, with a light yellow-brown surface, darker in the lower part, to brown-brown. At the base may be slightly expanded, but not swollen. The surface of the stem, like the cap, is covered with flaky scales. The fruiting bodies are often fused at the bases of the legs. Remains of spathe: a ring in the upper part of the stem, usually directly under the cap, clearly visible, membranous, narrow, whitish with a yellow edge. Volvo is missing. spore powder white.

Thick-legged honey agaric (Armillaria lutea) . Synonyms: Armillaria bulbosa, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria inflata, Armillaria mellea, Armillariella bulbosa.

Collection season: August - November.

Description: The hat is 2.5-10 cm in diameter, broadly conical at the beginning, with a turned-up edge, then becomes flattened with a lowered edge. At a young age, the cap is colored in dark brown, pale brown or pinkish shades, whitish along the edge, then yellowish-brown or brown. Scales in the center of the cap are numerous, almost conical, fibrous, grayish-brown, closer to the edge - solitary, raised or recumbent, whitish or the same color as the cap. In the center of the scales are usually preserved in adult mushrooms. The plates are quite frequent, descending on the stem, whitish in young mushrooms, then acquiring a brownish tint. The stalk is usually cylindrical, with a club-shaped or bulbous thickening at the base, whitish above the ring, brownish or brown below, often grayish at the base, below the ring with scattered yellowish remains of the bedspread. The ring is fibrous or membranous, white, often with brownish scales along the edge, bursting in a star-like manner. The flesh is whitish, with a faint or unpleasant cheesy odor and astringent taste. spore powder white color.

Summer honey agaric (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) . Synonyms: Talker, Kyuneromyces changeable, Lime honey agaric, Agaricus mutabilis, Pholiota mutabilis, Dryophila mutabilis, Galerina mutabilis.

Spreading: The honey agaric grows in dense colonies on rotten wood or on damaged living trees, preferably hardwoods, occasionally pine, in hardwoods and mixed forests northern temperate climate.

Collection season: April-November, and in a mild climate - almost all year round.

Description: The hat is 3-6 cm in diameter, convex at first, becomes flat as the fungus ages, with a well-defined wide tubercle. In rainy weather, translucent, brownish, in dry weather - matte, honey-yellow; often lighter in the middle and darker at the edges. The edges of the cap are markedly furrowed; in wet weather there are concentric zones around the tubercle and darker margins. The skin is smooth, mucous. The flesh is thin, watery, pale yellow-brown in color, darker in the stem, with a mild taste and a pleasant smell of fresh wood. The plates are 0.4-0.6 cm wide, adherent or slightly descending, relatively frequent, first light brown, then brown-brown. Leg up to 7 cm high, 0.4-1 cm in diameter, dense, lighter in the upper part than the cap, smooth, small dark scales appear below the ring. Remains of bedspreads: ring membranous, narrow, clearly visible at the beginning, may disappear with age, often stained with ocher-brown color by fallen spores; Volvo and the remains of the bedspread on the hat are missing. Spore powder is ocher-brown.

Winter honey agaric (Flammulina velutipes) . Synonyms: Flammulina velvety-legged, Collibia velvety-legged, winter mushroom, Agaricus velutipes, Gymnopus velutipes, Collybia velutipes, Pleurotus velutipes, Collybidium velutipes, Myxocollybia velutipes.

Collection season: autumn - spring. Fruits best during winter thaws, but can often be found under snow. Winter honey agaric is popular as an object of cultivation. In stores it can be found under the names: "Enokitake" (Enokitake), "Inoki".

Description: The fruiting body is cap-shaped, central or slightly eccentric. The cap is flat (convex in young mushrooms), 2-10 cm in diameter, painted yellow, honey-brown or orange-brown. The edges of the cap are usually lighter than the middle. The flesh is thin, from white to light yellow in color, with a pleasant taste. Leg 2-7 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide, tubular, dense, characteristic velvety-brown color, yellowish-brown above. The plates are adherent, rare, there are shortened plates. The color of the plates is from white to ocher. The rest of the cover is missing. Spore powder is white.

Spring honey agaric (collybia forest-loving, Collybia dryophila) . Synonyms: Agaricus dryophilus, Collybia aquosa var. dryophila, Collybia dryophila, Marasmius dryophilus, Omphalia dryophila.

Spreading: Spring honey agaric grows mainly by tubers.
Occurs in groups, from June to November, in small groups, on rotting wood or leaf litter in mixed forests with oak and pine.

Collection season: May - October. Peak - June, July.

Description: The cap is 1-7 cm in diameter, hygrophanous, convex at a young age, then broadly convex and flat in shape, colored red-brown, then fading to orange-brown or yellow-brown. In old mushrooms with a tucked edge. The flesh is white or yellowish in color, without much taste and smell. The hymenophore is lamellar, the plates adherent to the stem or almost free, often located, white in color, sometimes with a pinkish or yellowish tint. Sometimes the form ‘luteifolius’ with yellow plates is distinguished. The leg is flexible, 3-9 cm long, 0.2-0.8 cm thick, relatively even, sometimes expanding to a bulbous thickened base. Cream or white spore powder.

Yellow-red honey agaric, or yellow-red rowing (Tricholomopsis rutilans) . Synonyms: Reddening row, Yellow-red false row, Yellow-red honey agaric, red honey agaric, Pine honey agaric, Agaricus rutilans, Gymnopus rutilans, Tricholoma rutilans, Cortinellus rutilans.

Family: Ordinary, or Tricholomovye (Tricholomataceae). Genus: Tricholomopsis (Tricholomopsis).

Spreading: It grows in groups, mainly on dead wood of pine species, in coniferous forests.

Collection season: July - end of October. Peak: August-September.

Description: The cap is convex, grows to flat, 5-15 cm in diameter, is colored in orange-yellow tones, velvety, dry, covered with small fibrous purple or reddish-brown scales. The flesh is bright yellow, dense, thick in the cap, fibrous in the stem, with a mild or bitter taste, with the smell of rotten wood, or sour. The plates are narrowly grown, sinuous, painted in yellowish or bright yellow colors. The leg is solid, then hollow, with a thickening at the base, often curved, 4-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm thick. The surface of the leg is the same color as the cap, with purple or lighter scales than on the cap. Spore powder is white.

Mucous honey agaric, or mucous oudemansiella (Oudemansiella mucida) . Synonyms: Agaricus mucidus, Armillaria mucida, Collybia mucida, Lepiota mucida, Mucidula mucida.

Family: Physalacrye (Physalacriaceae). Genus: Udemansiella (Oudemansiella).

Spreading: It grows mainly in groups, on thick branches of living deciduous trees, more often - beech, maple, hornbeam, almost all over the world.

Collection season: May - September.

Description: The cap is convex, in young mushrooms hemispherical, slimy, painted white, light gray or creamy brown, slightly brownish in the middle, 2-10 cm in diameter. The plates are also white, widely adherent, dense, with well-defined intervals . The leg is thin, fragile, smooth, dry above the ring, mucous below the ring, 4-8 cm high, 0.4-0.7 cm wide. The surface of the leg in the lower part is covered with small black-brown flakes. The base of the leg is thickened. The pulp is dense, yellowish-whitish. Spore powder is white or light cream.

Honey agaric (Marasmius oreades) . Synonyms: Meadow rot, meadow marasmius, meadow, clove mushroom, Agaricus oreades, Agaricus caryophyllaeus, Collybia oreades, Scorteus oreades.

Family: Non-rotten (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Negniuchnik (Marasmius).

Beneficial features: Honey agaric contains marasmic acid, which is used against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic bacteria.

Spreading: Unlike most other mushrooms, these mushrooms grow mainly in open areas, on the soil - meadows, gardens, forest clearings, roadsides, ravines, etc. Fruits in groups, forming arcs, rows or "witch circles". Distributed throughout the world. Able to endure strong drying, but as soon as it receives moisture from the rain, it immediately comes to life.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is smooth, 2-8 cm in diameter, at a young age hemispherical, later convex, in old mushrooms it is almost flat with a blunt tubercle in the middle. The edges of the cap are translucent, slightly ribbed, often uneven. The hat in wet weather is sticky, yellowish-brown or reddish-ochre, sometimes with slightly noticeable zonation. In dry weather, it becomes a lighter, pale cream color. The center of the cap is always darker than its edges. Laminae 3-6 mm wide, sparse, adherent in young mushrooms, later free, with clearly visible intermediate lamellae. In wet weather, the plates are ocher, in dry weather they are creamy-whitish. The leg is thin, but dense, sometimes sinuous, 2-10 cm long and 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter, thickened at the base, painted in pale ocher color. The flesh is thin, whitish or pale yellow, does not change color when cut, with a slight sweetish aftertaste and a strong peculiar smell, reminiscent of the smell of cloves or bitter almonds. Spore powder is white or cream.

Garlic mushrooms, or garlic

Common garlic clover (Marasmius scorodonius) . Synonyms: Agaricus scorodonius, Chamaeceras scorodonius, Gymnopus scorodonius, Marasmius rubi, Marasmius scorodonius.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on twigs and rotting bark. coniferous trees, in coniferous and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere. It also often grows on grassy surfaces, in dry places on the forest floor, preferring sandy and clay soils.

Collection season: July-October.

Description: The cap of young mushrooms is convex-conical or hemispherical in shape, with a folded edge, then opens, and becomes almost flat, with wavy edges, 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface of the cap is naked and smooth, less often indistinctly furrowed, depending on the weather is variously colored: in wet weather, pinkish-brown - ocher-red, when dried - cream or ocher. The flesh is very thin, the same color as the surface, with a strong smell and taste of garlic. The hymenophore plates are rare, 13-20 in number, with plates, rarely intertwined or branching, almost free from the stem, painted in white - yellowish hues. The leg is shiny, glabrous, rigid, 0.5-5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick, orange in the upper part, below - red-brown to black. The spore print is white.

Large garlic clover (Marasmius alliaceus) . Synonyms: Agaricus alliaceus, Agaricus dolinensis, Chamaeceras alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius schoenopus, Mycena alliacea.

Family: Non-rotten (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Garlic (Mycetinis).

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on fallen leaves, near stumps and rotting beech branches, in broad-leaved forests of Europe.

Collection season: June-October.

Description: Cap 1-6.5 cm in diameter, bell-shaped or semi-prostrate, with a wide protruding tubercle, striped along the edges, whitish, turning brown with age. The pulp is white, with a garlic-onion smell and mushroom taste. The plates are whitish, sparse, first adhering to the stem, then free. The leg is dense, cartilaginous to the base, thickened, sometimes rhizomatous-elongated, brown-brown, up to 10 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter. Spore powder is white.

Sometimes under the name "honey mushrooms" it can be sold.

False mushrooms, false honey agarics. Inedible mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms

False honey agaric, false honey agaric- the name of several types of poisonous or inedible mushrooms, outwardly similar to edible mushrooms.

As a rule, mushrooms are poisonous mushrooms:
- the genus Hypholoma of the Strophariaceae family;
- some representatives of the genus Psathyrella (Psathyrella) of the dung beetle (Coprinaceae) family (according to another taxonomy - Psathyrellaceae (Psathyrellaceae)).

Sometimes certain types of false mushrooms are classified as conditionally edible mushrooms of low quality, for the preparation of which you need to have special skills, but even in this case, the safety of eating them has not always been proven.

poisonous mushrooms

Sulphur-yellow honeycomb (Hypholoma fasciculare) . Synonyms: Agaricus fascicularis, Dryophila fascicularis, Geophila fascicularis, Naematoloma fasciculare, Pratella fascicularis, Psilocybe fascicularis.

Family:

Spreading: Sulphur-yellow false honey agaric grows in large groups or bunches, mainly on old stumps or semi-rotten trunks of deciduous or conifers trees covered with moss, as well as at the base of living and withered trees. Often inhabits trunks lying on the ground and broken trees...

Collection season:

Description: Cap 2-7 cm in diameter, first bell-shaped, then prostrate, yellowish, yellow-brown, sulfur-yellow, lighter along the edge, darker or reddish-brown in the center. The flesh is light yellow or whitish, very bitter, with bad smell. The plates are frequent, thin, adherent to the stem, first sulfur-yellow, then greenish, black-olive. The leg is even, fibrous, hollow, up to 10 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm thick, light yellow. The spore powder is chocolate brown.

Brick-red false honeycomb (Hypholoma sublateritium) . Synonyms: Agaricus carneolus, Agaricus pomposus, Agaricus sublateritius, Dryophila sublateritia, Geophila sublateritia, Hypholoma lateritium, Naematoloma sublateritium, Pratella lateritia, Psilocybe lateritia.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma (Hypholoma).

Spreading: Grows in groups, bunches or colonies on rotting wood, stumps or near them of deciduous species (oak, birch, etc.) in deciduous and mixed forests.

Collection season: July - November. Peak: August-September.

Description: The hat is rounded-convex, then semi-spread, 4-10 cm in diameter, orange, brick-red, yellow at the edges with hanging flakes from a cobweb-fibrous bedspread, brick-red in the middle, with a darker center, sometimes with red-brown spots. The pulp is dense, relatively thick, yellowish, bitter. The plates are adherent, yellowish. Leg 4-10 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm thick, narrowed towards the base, yellowish, brown below, without a ring, sometimes with remnants of a private bedspread. Spores are purple-brown.

Psatyrella candolleana (Psathyrella candolleana) . Synonyms: Candoll's husk, Agaricus candolleanus, Agaricus violaceolamellatus, Drosophila candolleana, Hypholoma candolleanum, Psathyra candolleanus.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on hardwood, on soil near stumps, in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is hemispherical, then bell-shaped or wide-conical, opening to flat, with a rounded tubercle, 3-8 cm in diameter. The edge of the cap is wavy and sinuous, often cracked. The skin is almost smooth, covered with small, quickly disappearing scales, brownish or yellow-brown. The cap dries quickly and becomes yellowish or creamy white, matte, especially at the edges. Dried caps are very brittle. The pulp is thin, white, fragile, without much taste and smell or with a mushroom smell. The plates are adherent, frequent, narrow, when ripe they change color from whitish to gray-violet and then dark brown, porphyritic, with a lighter edge. Leg 3-9 cm high and 0.2-0.6 cm thick, with a thickened base. The surface of the leg is white or cream, smooth, silky, fluffy at the top. The remains of the spathe are noticeable in young fruiting bodies along the edges of the cap, filamentous or in the form of fibrous hanging flakes, films, white. Spore powder brown-violet.

Psatyrella water-loving (Psathyrella piluliformis) . Synonyms: Psatirella hydrophilic, hydrophilic chryplyanka, Psatyrella spherical, Agaricus hydrophilus, Agaricus piluliformis, Drosophila piluliformis, Hypholoma piluliforme, Psathyrella hydrophila.

Family: Psatirellaceae (Psathyrellaceae). Genus: Psatyrella (Psathyrella).

Spreading: It grows in clusters or large colonies on stumps or wood residues of deciduous trees, less often conifers. Sometimes grows around stumps. Distributed in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: September-November.

Description: The cap is bell-shaped, convex or almost flat with furrowed, often cracking edges and a rounded wide tubercle, 2-5 cm in diameter. The skin is smooth, dry, dark brown, brightens when dried, becomes yellow-brown, starting from the center of the cap. The flesh is thin, brown, watery, mild or bitter in taste, odorless. The plates are adherent, frequent, light brown, then darken, to brown-black with a light edge. In humid weather, the plates release droplets of liquid. The leg is hollow, sometimes curved, relatively dense, 4-8 cm high, 0.5-0.8 cm thick. The surface of the leg is smooth, silky, light brown below, the upper part is covered with a white powdery coating. The remains of the bedspread are white, flaky, visible at the edges of the cap. The spore powder is purple-brown.
The main symptoms of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms: after eating mushrooms, after 1-6 hours nausea, vomiting, sweating, loss of consciousness appear. At the first sign of poisoning, immediately contact the nearest medical facility.

Edible false mushrooms

False honeycomb (Hypholoma capnoides) . Synonyms: Pine honey agaric, Agaricus capnoides, Dryophila capnoides, Geophila capnoides, Naematoloma capnoides, Psilocybe capnoides.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma (Hypholoma).

Spreading: Grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on stumps, decaying pines and spruces, roots in coniferous forests.

Collection season: August-October. Peak: September-October

Description: The hat is 2-8 cm in diameter, convex, then prostrate, sticky in wet weather. The color of the cap is pale yellow or dirty yellow with a lighter edge and a yellow or ocher center. As it matures, the color changes to ocher-brownish, rusty-brown, sometimes with brown-rusty spots. The flesh is white or pale yellow, with a pleasant smell. The plates of young mushrooms are whitish or yellowish, then bluish-gray, darkening with age. The leg is hollow, without a ring, sometimes with the remains of a partial spathe, yellowish, rusty-brown below, 3-10 cm long, 0.4-0.8 cm in diameter. Spores are bluish-gray.

How to distinguish a false honey agaric from a real one?

How to distinguish real mushrooms from false ones? Main difference- a ring on the leg, which is present in edible mushrooms. Poisonous mushrooms do not have rings.

I must say right away that very, very far from each other mushrooms from 5 genera of three different families are artificially collected into the “honey mushrooms” group. They are united only by some similarity. appearance, yes, the addiction of most of them to grow near the stumps, which is reflected in the name - - growing "about the stump", or in modern terms, at the stump.

Most of them have a medium-sized elastic lamellar cap and a long thin stem. They look a little like "toadstools", as some mushroom "experts" imagine. Nevertheless, since they were united by our people together, then we will consider them all together here. Although the description of each of them will be completely independent.

This is a saprophytic fungus, that is, it lives only on dead wood; on living trees, unlike autumn and winter, does not settle. Cap up to 5 cm in diameter, thin, convex, later almost flat with tubercle, light brown; along the edge with a darker rim, as if saturated with water. The plates are rare, in the color of the cap, but slightly lighter (yellow). The young hat is covered with a veil from below. The leg is thin, 0.5 cm in diameter and up to 8 cm long, hollow, with a ring, fibrous; light-brown above, and dark-brown below, tapering towards the bottom.

In June - September, the fungus is often and quite abundantly found on stumps of hardwoods: aspen, birch, linden, etc., almost does not grow on conifers. Since it forms large colonies, then, despite the frail structure, you can collect quite a lot of them. The flesh is grayish-whitish, the taste is pleasant, the smell is moist, woody. The legs, due to their stiffness, are often not taken.

Suitable for all kinds cooking, however, when dried, it becomes very tiny and thin, like paper, besides, it crumbles easily. Therefore, dried mushrooms are usually ground into powder, which is added to sauces to give them a mushroom flavor. The Germans believe that this mushroom is especially good in soup. Therapeutic, normalizes metabolism. Has several varieties. Very rarely wormy. However, many of our mushroom pickers do not take it - some out of ignorance, others simply neglect it, but in vain.

Autumn is the best time to pick mushrooms. Of course, they grow both in summer and spring, and some species even in winter. But the most correct mushroom is autumn. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? To answer this question, you must first figure out what kind of weather these gifts of the forest love.

Seasonal features of mushroom growth

Mushrooms are complex organisms. Their main part - mycelium or mycelium - is hidden from view by a layer of forest humus, and only fruiting bodies appear on the surface, which attract mushroom pickers. Mycelium grows all year round, so answering the question of at what temperature mushrooms grow in autumn is not easy.

Along with moisture, one of the most important conditions for fruiting for most species is warm earth. Therefore, the first mushrooms appear in the spring. In April-May, when the clearings cleared of snow, clearings and forest fires warm up, morels and lines appear. It is they who open the mushroom season, and then other mushrooms pick up the baton.

Toward the end of May and early June after warm rains the first flywheels, birch boletus, and even white ones appear. But these are only scouts, the main layer will be later, when the rye is harvested. By the way, these mushrooms are popularly called - spikelets.

Aspen mushrooms, or as they are also called, krasoviki, redheads, appear a little later, when the aspen has faded. At the same time, multi-colored russula hats peek out from the grass, and, like orange beads, cheerful flocks of chanterelles scatter in the moss.

But the summer layers are short - a week, at best two, and the mushrooms disappear, as if they were not there. And a real mushroom will grow only in autumn, when the birch braids begin to turn golden and splash purple on the foliage of aspens.

mushroom growth calendar

To elucidate this issue in as much detail as possible, we will use visual material. Below is a table that will tell you when and for which "beast" it is better for lovers of "quiet hunting" to go into the forest.

autumn forest mushrooms

Almost all species grow in autumn summer mushrooms, but new ones also appear, those for which it is too hot in summer. This, for example, autumn honey agaric, greenfinch, rowing and others. Moreover, in autumn, the growth of mushrooms is most intensive, since they do not like heat, but in order to fruiting body most species began to develop, 5-10 ° C is enough. The temperature at which mushrooms grow in autumn affects the rate of their development: the lower the degree, the slower they grow.

However, not only temperature indicators are important, but also humidity. If the autumn is dry, then you can not count on a good "catch" of mushrooms. However, they do not like long rains. An experienced mushroom picker will see how another bad weather splashes on the roads in puddles, and sighs contritely: “Oh, the mycelium will get wet!” The mushroom picker, of course, will not get wet, it will remain under a dense forest litter of fallen needles and moss, but there really may not be mushrooms.

But light frosts, which are not uncommon in autumn, are not afraid of mushrooms. Sometimes on a cold October morning in the forest you can find literally frozen redheads, butterflies, honey agaric. When determining at what temperature mushrooms grow in the forest in autumn, one should be guided by the average daily values, since the heating of the soil during the day plays an important role.

When the frost hits

Few of these forest dwellers can survive a severe frost, and most mushroom pickers believe that the season ends in November. But it's not.

One of the most cold-resistant mushrooms is mushrooms. The best temperature for their growth varies in the range of +8 ... +12 ° C. Their cheerful families grow in the forest even after severe frosts. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? for example, can be found in sub-zero temperatures, even under snow.

Winter oyster mushroom is also not afraid of frost, which can be harvested not only in November, but also in January.

Conditions for the growth of porcini mushrooms

No matter how full the mushroom picker's basket is, his luck is judged primarily by the number of porcini mushrooms.

White, or, as it is also called, boletus, is a cunning and fastidious mushroom. Sometimes you have to go around half the forest in order to attack mushroom place. But if the conditions are suitable, then on a small patch you can pick up more than a dozen strong mushrooms.

And at what temperature do porcini mushrooms grow in autumn? First, we note that for white it is not so much the state of the air that is important as the ground. The optimum soil temperature for it is 15-16 degrees Celsius.

But as for the air, the conditions for growth in summer and autumn are different. In summer, mushrooms do not like excessive dampness and prolonged rains and prefer temperatures of +18 ... +20 ° C. Therefore, they hide in moss and under the thick paws of fir trees, where it is not very hot.

But already in the second half of September, the weather rarely indulges in warmth. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? Starting from September, the optimal mode for the growth of porcini mushrooms will be 10-15 degrees Celsius. Moreover, night frosts do not interfere with them at all. The main thing is that during the day the air and soil warm up.

When to collect boletus in the fall

Boletus boletus, especially young and strong, are in no way inferior to white ones - even boil, even dry, even fry. And if they go in a layer, then you can pick them up in a relatively small forest, more than one bucket.

By popular belief, the first boletus trees appear when the mountain ash blooms, and then all summer long they do not leave the forest glades and birch groves. Unless, of course, the summer turned out to be too hot and dry. But the summer boletus has one drawback - the worm loves this delicious mushroom very much. So the mushroom picker has to reluctantly throw away one mushroom after another.

In autumn, the boletus is clean and strong. And besides, their special appearance appears - with a thick leg and a dark hat, which practically does not differ in taste from white. Finding it, however, in the fallen leaves is not easy. But if one is caught, then around it you can find a dozen more.

At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn (boletus)? they have almost the same as the whites. For a boletus, 10-12 degrees of heat is quite enough, only these mushrooms love wetter weather, and not prolonged rains, but thick autumn fogs. And if the autumn is dry, then the boletus must be sought in humid places, in the lowlands and even in the swamp.

A good mushroom picker knows at what temperature mushrooms grow. In the autumn in the forest, he will quickly pick up a basket, or even get a bag - do not leave white and oily, boletus and boletus, milk mushrooms and volushki under the trees and birch trees! And if mushrooms are attacked, then no packages may be enough.