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Boletus adnexa (Borovik maiden). Spore powder, spores

04.03.2020

scientific classification International scientific name

Boletus appendiculatus Schaeff. , 1763

Boletus radicans var. appendiculatus (Schaeff.) Pers. , 1801
Tubiporus appendiculatus (Schaeff.) Ricken, 1918

Description

Half white mushroom ( Boletus impolitus) color is slightly lighter, has a characteristic smell of carbolic acid in its raw form.

Boletus inedible ( Boletus calopus) is distinguished by a more brightly colored leg, grows on acidic fertile soils.
Boletus rooted ( Boletus radicans) with a lighter colored cap, a thickened leg.

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Literature

Lesso T. Mushrooms, determinant / per. from English. L. V. Garibova, S. N. Lekomtseva. - M .: "Astrel", "AST", 2003. - S. 188. - ISBN 5-17-020333-0.

Notes

An excerpt characterizing Borovik girlish

Only when she arrived home, Natasha could clearly think about everything that had happened to her, and suddenly remembering Prince Andrei, she was horrified, and in front of everyone for tea, for which everyone sat down after the theater, she gasped loudly and flushed ran out of the room. - "My God! I died! she said to herself. How could I let this happen?" she thought. For a long time she sat covering her flushed face with her hands, trying to give herself a clear account of what had happened to her, and could neither understand what had happened to her, nor what she felt. Everything seemed to her dark, indistinct and frightening. There, in this huge, illuminated hall, where Duport jumped on wet boards to the music with bare legs in a jacket with sequins, both girls and old men, and Helen, naked with a calm and proud smile, shouted bravo in delight - there, under the shadow of this Helen , there it was all clear and simple; but now alone, with herself, it was incomprehensible. - "What it is? What is this fear that I felt for him? What is this pangs of conscience that I feel now? she thought.
To one old countess, Natasha would be able to tell everything that she thought in bed at night. Sonya, she knew, with her stern and solid look, either would not have understood anything, or would have been horrified by her confession. Natasha, alone with herself, tried to resolve what tormented her.
“Did I die for the love of Prince Andrei or not? she asked herself, and answered herself with a reassuring smile: What kind of fool am I that I ask this? What happened to me? Nothing. I didn't do anything, I didn't cause it. No one will know, and I will never see him again, she told herself. It became clear that nothing had happened, that there was nothing to repent of, that Prince Andrei could love me like this. But what kind? Oh my God, my God! why isn't he here?" Natasha calmed down for a moment, but then again some instinct told her that although all this was true and although there was nothing, instinct told her that all her former purity of love for Prince Andrei had died. And she again in her imagination repeated her entire conversation with Kuragin and imagined the face, gestures and gentle smile of this handsome and courageous man, while he shook her hand.

White mushroom, or boletus, (Boletus edulis) is a representative of the Borovik genus. Eighteen forms are known, differing in the characteristics of mycorrhiza, the fruiting season, and the way the fruiting body looks.

White mushroom, or boletus, is a representative of the genus Borovik

Botanical description of boletus mushrooms

A mature fungus has a convex, flat-convex, sometimes prostrate cap with a smooth or wrinkled, rarely cracking, bare or finely felted surface. The peel is an adherent type, which can vary in color from red-brown to almost white.

Pulp with sufficient hardness, juicy-fleshy type, white or yellowish color, rarely changing color on the medium, with a mild, slightly pronounced aroma and pleasant taste.

The leg is massive, barrel-shaped or club-shaped, with a whitish, brownish, rarely reddish surface, covered with a light mesh pattern. The shape of the stem may change with age. A tubular layer under the cap, easily separated from the pulp, light in color with a yellow or olive green tint. Spores are olive-brown, spindle-shaped.

The appearance of the white fungus is significantly influenced by its origin or the so-called growing conditions.

Where to grow and when to collect mushrooms

The appearance of the white fungus is significantly influenced by its origin or the so-called growing conditions. For example, linden and oak white are noticeably different from each other, and they need to be collected in different places. Cosmopolitans have received a fairly wide, almost ubiquitous distribution on the globe, and are also a typical mycorrhiza-forming plant with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Most often, mycorrhiza is formed with spruces, pines, oaks and birches.

The upland form of the white fungus bears fruit especially actively at the same time as greenfinches, green russula and chanterelles. Such a “noble” species gives preference to forest zones, which are distinguished by the presence of sufficient moss and lichen cover, where fruiting bodies most often form under fairly mature trees. It is necessary to collect fruiting bodies in the early morning, after the dew has disappeared, placing them in wicker baskets with a hat down.

Features of mushrooms (video)

Why are mushrooms so called

Mushrooms grow mainly in the forest, forming mycorrhiza with conifers, thanks to which they got their unusual name. In addition, such a species can be called capercaillie, zheltyak, konovyatik, cow and cowshed, bear and pan, as well as truthful.

Useful properties of mushrooms

Forest mushrooms are a natural and public storehouse of essential vitamins and many useful properties. The composition of mushroom pulp is presented:

thiamine;
riboflavin;
pantothenic acid;
pyridoxine;
folates;
ascorbic acid;
alpha tocopherol;
vitamin PP;
niacin;
potassium;
calcium;
magnesium;
sodium;
gray;
phosphorus;
chlorine;
iron;
cobalt;
manganese;
rubidium;
fluorine;
chromium;
zinc.

Useful properties are also determined by the presence in the composition of a sufficiently large amount of digestible carbohydrates, essential and non-essential amino acids, which are involved in metabolic processes, oxidative and reduction reactions occurring in the human body. Vitamins "A", "B1", "C" and "D" contribute to the growth of nails and hair, and minerals are necessary for bones and joints, for the prevention of osteoporosis and anemia, and for maintaining the normal functioning of the heart muscle.

In folk medicine, mushroom tinctures are used for sleep disorders and increased nervous excitability. The antioxidants contained in the pulp prevent the penetration of a viral and bacterial infection into the human body, as well as many toxic and simply harmful substances. However, it must be remembered that mushroom dishes are not very useful for the elderly and for preschool children.

Edible types of mushrooms

A large number of edible, highly nutritious varieties of mushrooms grow on the territory of our country.

Bronze boletus

Vol.aereus is an edible variety with a bright brown, brownish or almost black, spherical or almost flat hat. Bronze or copper bolet grows mainly in deciduous forest zones. It has a dense stem in the form of a cylinder or a barrel with a reddish tint. The soft part is white, does not change color when cut.

Yellow-collar or semi-white bolete

Vol.impolitus - has a convex or flatter cap with a non-removable smooth or slightly wrinkled, matte, sometimes slimy, light brown or clay-colored skin. The pulp is dense, white or light yellow in color, with a pleasant, slightly sweetish taste. The region of the leg is rough, thickened below, without a pattern.

Yellow-collar or semi-white bolete

Maiden boletus

Vol.appendiculatus is an edible variety with a brownish-golden or reddish, most often flat, relatively large hat. The lower part of the leg with a mesh pattern has a strong point. The soft part is a light yellow coloration with a very characteristic bluish tint, which is noticeably bluish in the cut. The variety grows, as a rule, in the territory of mixed European forest zones.

Reticulated boletus

Vol.reticulatus is an edible variety with a fairly large and velvety hat of brown, brown or yellowish color. Thick and fleshy, with a smooth surface, the leg area is covered with relatively thin veins. Fruiting bodies are formed in deciduous and mixed forest zones . Differs in the formation of mycorrhiza with beech, oak, chestnut or hornbeam.

Reticulated boletus

spruce white

Vol.edulis f - the most common variety, with an elongated stem, often with a retained extension at the bottom. The hat is brown in color, with a reddish or chestnut tint, often unevenly colored, with a smooth and dry surface. Most often grows in spruce and fir forest zones, massively forming fruiting bodies in the period from June to October.

oak white

Vol.edulis f.Vassilk. - differs in a brownish hat with a grayish tint, and sometimes with light spots. The soft part is relatively loose, but with a pleasant, barely perceptible mushroom aroma and a delicate, delicate taste. It is found mainly in oak forests, where it most often bears fruit between June and October.

oak white

Poisonous, inedible and false types of mushrooms

Inedible, but non-toxic species, are not capable of causing severe poisoning, but have an unpleasant taste. Poisonous varieties are characterized by the presence of toxic substances that can provoke severe damage to internal organs and tissues.

Variety of le gal

Vol.legaliae is a poisonous species with a hemispherical, smooth, pinkish-orange cap, whitish or yellowish flesh, turning blue on the cut. The region of the leg is swollen, with a surface covered with a reddish mesh. Tubules with adherent teeth and red pores. Spores olive-brown, fusiform.

Bolet purple

Vol.purpureus - a low-toxic, but inedible variety has a hemispherical, then convex cap with jagged edges, covered with velvety, reddish-brown skin with rare blackish spots. The flesh is fleshy type, with very high density values, immediately turning blue, and then brightly reddening when cut. The region of the leg is quite thick, club-shaped, covered with a dense reddish mesh pattern. Tubules are free, golden yellow or olive. Spores with an olive tint.

Bolet purple

pink-skinned boletus

Vol.rhodokhanthus is a rare and little-studied inedible variety, having a hemispherical, cushion-shaped, prostrate and slightly depressed in the central part of the hat, covered with a smooth or slightly velvety, sometimes slightly sticky, brownish-gray or dirty brownish-yellow skin with a characteristic reddish tint. Soft part with sufficient density, lemon-yellow color, slightly bluish in the cut, with a slightly pronounced mushroom aroma and bitter taste. The stem is tuberous, often pointed at the very base, yellow in color, covered with a thin, bright red, rather convex mesh or looped pattern. Tubes are light yellow or bright beige-yellow. Spores olive.

pink-skinned boletus

Bolet the Beautiful

Vol.rulcherrimus is a poisonous species with a hemispherical, woolly hat of reddish or olive-brown color. The soft part is quite dense, yellow in color, clearly turning blue on the cut. The area of the leg, swollen, reddish-brown in color, with a dark reddish mesh. Tubules with attached teeth, yellow-green, blood-red. Spores are brown, fusiform.

rooted boletus

Vol.radicans - due to the bitter taste, the mushroom is classified as inedible. It has a hemispherical or convex cap with a protruding edging of a leathery type. The skin is whitish, dirty gray or brownish gray, woolly or cracking. The soft part is lemon-yellow, turning blue on the cut, with a slight mushroom aroma and an unpleasant bitter taste. The stem is swollen, cylindrical, with a tuberous base, dull yellow or lemon yellow, with a thin, evenly colored mesh pattern.

How to cook mushrooms (video)

The toxic properties of the false white or satanic mushroom are currently not fully understood, but the unpleasant taste makes it possible to classify it as an inedible variety. Boletus splendidus grows in oak and beech forest areas, in warm and fairly well-lit places. Fruit bodies grow and develop best on calcareous soils. The variety is quite rare, so the distribution of such fruiting bodies is poorly understood.

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Description of boletus adnexa

The diameter of the cap of the adnexal boletus is 7-20 centimeters. The shape of the cap in young specimens is semicircular, becoming convex with time. On the hat there is a thick crumb up to 4 centimeters in size. The top skin is practically not removed from the cap. The color of the cap is red-brown, yellow-brown or brown-brown. At first, the surface of the cap is velvety, pubescent, matte, but with age it becomes bare, slightly fibrous.

The pulp is dense, saturated yellow color. At the base of the stem, the color of the flesh is pink-brown or brown. In the hat above the tubules, the flesh is blue, the taste and smell are pleasant. The pores are small, rounded, at a young age they are golden yellow, then golden brown. When pressed, the pores become bluish. Spores are smooth, ellipsoid-fusiform, honey-yellow color. Spore powder olive-brown.

The length of the leg is 6-12 centimeters, and the diameter is 2-3 centimeters. On the leg there is a mesh, with age it disappears. The color of the legs is lemon yellow, at the bottom it becomes red-brown. Its shape is club-shaped or cylindrical, the base of the leg is pointed. When touched, the leg turns blue.

Distribution of boletus adnexa

Boletus maidens are rare mushrooms. They grow mainly in colonies. Fruiting from June to September. Boletus mushrooms are found mainly in areas with a moderately warm climate. They grow in mixed and deciduous forests. These mushrooms prefer calcareous soil.

Evaluation of the taste qualities of boletus maiden

Mushroom mushrooms are edible and tasty mushrooms.

The similarity of boletus maiden with other mushrooms

Boletus mushrooms are similar to semi-white mushrooms, but the latter are distinguished by a light ocher cap, black-brown lower part of the stem and carbolic smell. The boletus boletus also outwardly resembles an edible semi-adnexal boletus with white flesh, which is extremely rare in spruce mountain forests.

Other mushrooms of this genus

False satanic mushroom or wolf boletus is a conditionally edible mushroom. The hat is 5-10 centimeters in diameter, but can reach 20 centimeters. At first, its shape is semicircular, and then becomes convex-prostrate, often with sharp protruding edges. The color of young mushrooms is milky coffee or grayish, while in adults it becomes dark pink or brown with a reddish tint. The pulp is dense, thick, bluish. The height of the leg is 4-8 centimeters with a thickness of 2-6 centimeters. The shape of the leg is cylindrical, the lower part is narrowed. The color of the legs is yellowish with red or red-brown spots, its lower part is brownish.

The False Satanic Mushroom is a fairly common sight among the Boletes. These mushrooms grow in oak forests. They bear fruit from November to January. They grow in groups. Wolf mushrooms are eaten after preliminary boiling for 10-15 minutes.

Boletus Fechtner is an edible mushroom. The diameter of his hat is from 5 to 15 centimeters. Its shape is hemispherical, but eventually becomes flat. The color is silvery white or pale brown. The height of the leg is 4-15 centimeters, with a thickness of 2-6 centimeters, with a thicker lower part. The color of the legs is red-brown, there may be a mesh pattern.

Boletus Fechtner grows on calcareous soil. These mushrooms are found in broad-leaved forests, in the Caucasus and the Far East. Fruiting time is from June to September. Fechtner's mushrooms can be consumed in salted, fresh and canned form, in terms of taste they belong to the 3rd category.

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Where do mushrooms grow and what do they look like?

These mushrooms can be easily distinguished by a swollen stem, which has a thickening at the base or in the middle, often covered with a kind of mesh. The cap of the mushroom has the shape of a hemisphere or pads. The hat has a dry and smooth surface and is slightly velvety to the touch. Each type of mushroom has its own distinctive features.

Mushrooms are cosmopolitan mushrooms that are found on all continents except Antarctica and Australia. Certain species (for example, white fungus) are not afraid of a cold climate, and therefore grow on the borders of Iceland and Chukotka. Only boletus is more hardy to low air temperature. In New Zealand, Africa and South America, this species was introduced along with conifers. Northern Europe, Africa and America are the natural habitat.

Certain types of fungus are listed in the Red Book. For example, the royal boletus is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. Now this species is rare, like linden and some other species.

Why does the boletus have such a name

Borovik got its name because of the place of its growth. In order to find this mushroom, you need to go to the forest. These fungi cannot be found in fields or meadows, because they form mycosis together with the root system of deciduous or coniferous trees. This can be called a mutually beneficial neighborhood, since an active metabolism is carried out, which is useful to both parties.

Edible types of boletus mushrooms and description

Those types of mushrooms that are edible are of great value to people as a food product. All edible varieties of mushrooms have certain differences, but they all have excellent taste. Let's take a closer look at the description and photo of boletus mushrooms.

Bronze boletus

The bronze boletus mushroom has a dark brown skin, but over time it can become almost black. The hat has a diameter of 7 to 17 cm, and the diameter of a bronze leg with a red or white mesh can be up to 4 cm. These mushrooms are not very large in height - up to 12 cm.

Bronze boletus is a rather rare species that grows on humus soils with a high content of organic nutrients in mixed forests or pine. In Russia, this species is found in the southern part, growing one by one or 2-3 pieces.

Boletus reticulata (porcini mushroom boletus)

This is a mushroom with a large spherical cap, which eventually becomes convex or cushion-shaped. The diameter of the cap is from 8 to 25 cm, and in wet and warm weather it can reach 30 cm. Below is a photo of a boletus mushroom. The surface of the skin is slightly velvety, over time it cracks and acquires a pattern in the form of a kind of grid. Coloring can be of different variations, but usually it is expressed in light tones of ocher or coffee color.

Maiden boletus

The cap of this species of boletus is pubescent, velvety to the touch. Over time, the velvety disappears, and the hat becomes smooth. The diameter of the hat is from 7 to 20 cm, and the color can be brown with a red, yellow or brown tone. The leg has a cylindrical or club-shaped shape. The diameter of the stem is from 2 to 3 cm, and the height is from 6 to 12 cm. The stem is covered with a mesh, which disappears with age.

This view is not easy to find. It grows in a warm temperate climate zone in mixed or deciduous forests, sometimes it can grow under firs. As many mycologists note, the maiden boletus grows well in lime grants.

birch porcini mushroom

This species is popularly called spikelet, due to the fact that its fruiting time falls on the ripening of rye. Birch white fungus grows under birches near paths or on the edges, often in small groups.

The shape of the mushroom cap is pillow-shaped, but over time it becomes flatter. The cap diameter is from 5 to 15 cm. The mushroom is characterized by a light yellow color of the skin. The height of the leg is from 5 to 15 cm. Its shape is barrel-shaped. A white mesh is visible on the top of the leg.

The species is widespread near Murmansk. In addition, it is found in the Far East, in Siberia, as well as in the western part of Europe.

bicolor boletus

This mushroom is found in North America. The cap of the mushroom is pink, as is the base at the stem. The upper part of the stem is yellow, which is why the fungus is called "bicolor". This species has a desiring flesh that turns blue when cut.

Boletus white

This species can be safely called the most famous among mushrooms. He is popularly called the king of mushrooms. Everyone knows what kind of boletus mushroom of this species tastes great. The hat has a diameter of 8 to 30 cm. Its color is usually light brown tones, but dark or vice versa white shades can also be found. The skin of the mushroom is smooth and dry, but in cloudy weather it becomes wet and shiny. As a rule, the height of this species is no more than 12-15 cm, but in rare cases this figure can reach 25 cm.

Inedible and poisonous species of mushrooms

Not all types of boletus are edible. Among them there are mushrooms that are unsuitable for food, and there are even poisonous ones, which, if consumed, can cause poisoning.

Rooted

This mushroom does not pose a health hazard, but its flesh has a very bitter taste. And even after heat treatment, the unpleasant taste does not disappear, and therefore the mushroom is not used in cooking. The diameter of the mushroom cap reaches 20 cm and has a gray color. The height of the mushroom is not more than 8 cm, but in rare cases there are specimens up to 12 cm. The rooted boletus grows in Europe and America. The mushroom grows in deciduous forests, which are well warmed up by the sun's rays.

beautiful-legged

This boletus mushroom has a two-color leg: closer to the ground, its color is red-brown, and under the cap, the leg is lemon-colored with a white mesh. The cap of the mushroom contrasts strongly with the stem, as its color is usually light gray tones or brown or olive. With its attractive appearance, the mushroom has a bitter taste, which is why it is considered inedible. You can meet this species in lowland forests under spruces or in mountainous areas.

Le Gal

This beautiful species of boletus, which got its name in honor of the mycologist, has a light pink hat, the diameter of which is from 5 to 15 cm. The stem of the mushroom is swollen. The height of the mushroom ranges from 8 to 16 cm. This boletus mushroom is widespread throughout the European territory, grows next to oak, hornbeam and beeches.

Borovik the Beautiful

The composition of this fungus contains substances toxic to the human body that cause an upset of the gastrointestinal tract. But at the same time, this disorder does not cause significant harm to health and does not lead to death. This boletus has a reddish or brown hat. There are villi on the surface of the cap. The height of the stem reaches 15 cm. The most characteristic signs of the fungus are the bloody color of the pores, as well as the fact that when cut, the pulp of the mushroom turns from yellow to blue-blue. The species is most common in the western United States under conifers.

satanic mushroom

This poisonous mushroom is found in southern Europe and in Russia. It grows in Primorye and the North Caucasus. The mushroom has a plump leg, 5 to 15 cm high. The diameter of the mushroom is up to 10 cm. The stem of the mushroom is reddish in color, as well as the pulp. The color of the hemispherical hat can be olive, gray or white. Its diameter can reach 30 cm. Young specimens of the fungus have a weak aroma, and old mushrooms are characterized by an unpleasant odor resembling rotten meat or onions.

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Boletus adnexa (Borovik maiden)

Boletus adnexa – Boletus appendiculatus

In another way it is called the Ovary, Borovik girlish, Boletus brown - yellow, Boletus shortened, or Boletus reddish.

External Features

mushroom cap

The caps of these boletus mushrooms reach a diameter of 7 to 20 cm and a thickness of about 4 cm. In young mushrooms, they are semicircular, matte and fleecy-velvety, in more mature specimens they are convex and smooth, covered with tightly adhering skin.

Hats are painted in brown - yellow, brown - red and brown - brown tones.

The bottom is decorated with golden-yellow (in young mushrooms), later - golden-brown tubular mass. If you press on it, it turns greenish-blue.

The boletus maiden is endowed with dense bright yellow flesh, turning blue when cut.

Ripe mushrooms form smooth elongated honey-colored spores in an olive-brown spore powder.

Stipe

The legs of Boletus adnexus, having the shape of a club or cylinder, reach 20-30 mm in thickness and 6-12 cm in height. The surface is covered with a mesh, which disappears in mature mushrooms, and turns lemon-yellow, the bottom becomes brown-red.

The flesh of the leg, slightly bluish when touched, has a yellowish tint, closer to the ground it is brownish or brown-pink.

Places of growth

Boletus shortened prefers moderately warm climatic conditions, limestone soils, mixed and deciduous forests with beech, hornbeam and oak. Sometimes found in mountainous areas - next to fir trees. Often found in southern European countries.

Fruiting is rare, in small groups, occurs in June - September.

Similar species

Edible

semi-white mushroom. It differs from Borovik girlish in a light ocher hat, brown-black base of the stem and the smell of carbolic acid.
Boletus semiadnexus. Differs in white pulp and places of growth: prefers mountain spruce forests.

Poisonous

Boletus rooted. The mushroom is distinguished by the light color of the hats and thicker legs.
Boletus inedible. It is characterized by a brighter stem and attraction to acidic fertile soil.

Mushroom edibility

Boletus adnexa (Borovik maiden) exudes a pleasant mushroom aroma and has an excellent taste. It can be boiled, fried, dried and canned.

agroflora.ru

Boletus adnexa ( lat. Boletus appendiculatus) is a tubular, edible mushroom of the genus Borovik ( Boletus) of the bolt family ( Boletaceae). Rare mushroom, grows from June to September, in deciduous and mixed forests.

Other names

Boletus maiden, Boletus shortened, Boletus reddish, Boletus brown-yellow, Ovary.

Hat

The diameter of the cap of Borovik adnexa is from 70 to 200 mm. At a young age, the cap of the mushroom has a semicircular shape. With age, the fungus becomes convex. The surface is velvety, matte, becoming bare with age, slightly longitudinally fibrous. The skin is practically not removed. Borovik's hat is adnexal yellow-brown, red-brown and brown-brown.

The tubules are dense, up to 40 mm in length. The pores are small, rounded. The color of the tubules in young mushrooms is golden yellow, with the age of the fungus they become golden brown. When pressed, they acquire a bluish-greenish tint.

Spore powder, spores

Spores are smooth, ellipsoid-fusiform. The spore size is 10-15 x 4-6 microns. They are honey yellow in color. Spore powder olive-brown.

Leg

Leg height from 60 to 120 mm, diameter from 20 to 30 mm, cylindrical or club-shaped. The base of the stem is conically pointed, rooted in the ground. The leg of the boletus is reticulate; with the age of the fungus, the reticulate pattern disappears. The color of the legs is closer to the hat of lemon-yellow color, red-brown to the bottom.

pulp

The pulp is dense, intense yellow. The base of the stem is brownish or pinkish-brown. It has a pleasant mushroom taste and aroma. It turns blue on the cut.

When and where does it grow

Rare mushroom. Prefers to grow in groups of 3 to 7. The adnexal boletus is found mainly in deciduous and mixed forests from June to September. Likes to grow in regions with a moderately warm climate. Forms mycorrhiza with oaks, hornbeams and beeches. Also noted in the mountains among the firs. Literature notes attachment to calcareous soil.

Eating

Delicious edible mushroom. Suitable for all types of processing.

Boletus (boletus, boletus) is a genus of mushrooms that belong to the kingdom of mushrooms, the department of basidiomycetes, the class of agaricomycetes, the order of boletes, the family of boletes. The name literally translates as "mushroom growing in coniferous forests." White fungus, one of the most common species of the boletaceae family, is often called boletus.

Boletus mushroom - description and photo. What does a boletus look like?

Mushrooms have a massive body, consisting of a cap and a very thick leg. The round cap of the boletus often has the shape of a pillow. To the touch, it can be velvety or completely smooth. The stem of the mushroom has a characteristic thickening at the bottom or in the middle. The surface of the leg is fibrous or covered with a mesh of scales, sometimes even. The flesh of the boletus is white or lemon in color, often turns blue on the cut, very rarely red or remains white.

The pores of the fungus are yellow, red, sometimes white. Spore powder has a brown color of different tones.

What is the difference between porcini mushroom and boletus?

Boletus is a genus of mushrooms.

White fungus is a type of fungus that belongs to the genus Mushrooms. Below are photographs of edible porcini mushrooms from this genus.

Where does the boletus grow?

These mushrooms are distributed throughout the world. Mushrooms grow both in coniferous and deciduous forests under oaks, hornbeams, beeches, chestnuts, pines, and spruces. They are found both singly and in groups.

Cultivation of boletus

Cultivation of mushrooms is a painstaking task that requires patience and special conditions. Due to its biological properties, the fungus needs a close relationship with the root system of trees. For successful cultivation, it is necessary to plant spruce, pine or birch on the plot, then you can start breeding boletus in any of three ways:

Chopped mushrooms are soaked in water for a day, mixed and filtered. The finished infusion containing boletus spores is carefully distributed under the trees.
Separate plots of land containing mycelium are dug in the forest. Under the trees in the garden, small depressions are made in the soil, where the mycelium is placed and covered with forest soil. The mushroom picker needs moderate watering.
The caps of overripe mushrooms are cut into small slices and mixed with moist soil, after which they are laid out under the trees.

With timely watering for the next year, you can get a crop: first, individual mushrooms, then whole families.

Boletus mushroom: useful properties

Due to its exceptionally useful composition, the boletus mushroom is actively used in medicine. Boletus contains a large amount of vitamins A, B1, C and D, as well as riboflavin, which promotes the growth of nails and hair.

Boletus pulp is rich in calcium and iron, necessary for bones and joints. A powder made from boletus is used to prevent osteoporosis, treat anemia, and maintain the normal functioning of the heart muscle.

Used as a dietary supplement, boletus increases the hemoglobin content in the blood and improves immunity. The lecithin contained in mushrooms prevents the deposition of cholesterol. Due to the high content of vitamins, the mushroom is used for beriberi and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Traditional medicine advises the use of boletus tinctures for sleep disorders and increased nervous excitability.

Types of mushrooms

The genus of mushrooms includes about 300 species, many of which are edible and even delicious:

boletus bronze ( Boletus aereus)

edible mushroom with a bright brown, brown or almost black cap, up to 17 cm wide. The spherical cap at the beginning of growth becomes almost flat over time. This species of boletus grows in deciduous forests. The dense stem of the fungus in the form of a barrel or cylinder may have a reddish color. The pulp is white, color does not change. The mushroom grows from late spring to October in deciduous forests of European territory and North America;

boletus maiden ( Boletus appendiculatus)

an edible mushroom with a brownish-golden or reddish flat cap 7-20 cm wide. The lower part of the mesh stem is strongly pointed. The flesh is light yellow and has a bluish tint, turning blue on the cut. This boletus grows in mixed European forests from early summer to October;

white oak mushroom, boletusreticulate (Boletus reticulatus)

edible mushroom with a large velvety hat up to 25 cm, which has a brown, brown or yellow color. The thick, fleshy, smooth leg of the juvenile becomes thinly veined at maturity. Grows from May to mid-autumn in deciduous and mixed forests under beeches, oaks, chestnuts, hornbeams;

porcini birch mushroom, or spikelet, (Boletus betulicola)

edible mushroom, cap diameter 5-15 cm, smooth or slightly wrinkled skin, white flesh and does not change color when cut. The stem is barrel-shaped, whitish-brown in color and has a white mesh in the upper part;

burroughs' boletus (Boletus barrowsii)

edible mushroom. The cap is convex or flat, the flesh is white and does not change color when cut. The leg is white, club-shaped, with a whitish mesh. Grows in North America in deciduous and coniferous forests;

boletus bicolor (Boletus bicolor)

edible mushroom. The cap has a pink-red color, the flesh is yellow and turns blue when cut. The leg has the color of the cap. Grows in eastern North America;

porcini (Boletus edulis)

edible mushroom. Cap diameter 7-30 cm, usually convex. The color of the skin is white to red-brown. The flesh is white, turns yellow with age, does not change color when cut. The stem of the white fungus is club-shaped or barrel-shaped, has a whitish or brownish color;

Borovik Fechtner (Boletus fechtneri)

edible mushroom. The cap diameter is 5-15 cm. The flesh is white, it may turn blue in the air. The flesh of the leg may have a reddish tint. The leg is yellow, has a mesh;

Semi-white mushroom, zheltozhubrik (Boletus impolitus)

edible mushroom. The cap diameter is 5-15 cm. The flesh is white or light yellow. When cut, the color of the pulp does not change. The leg has a thickening at the bottom, rough to the touch. The top of the leg has a straw color, the bottom of the leg may have a reddish tint.

Poisonous boletus - varieties

Among the 300 known species of boletus, there are inedible, as well as health-threatening representatives, similar to the edible boletus:

purple boletus ( Boletus purpureus)

a poisonous mushroom with a characteristic convex hat with jagged edges, covered with black spots. The flesh on the cut turns blue, and after a while turns red. The fungus grows on the calcareous soil of deciduous forests;

boletus Le Gal ( Boletus legaliae)

a poisonous, toxic mushroom characterized by a smooth, pinkish-orange cap. On the upper half of the leg there is a pronounced red mesh. The flesh is white or light yellow, turns blue on the cut. It grows in the deciduous forests of Europe;

boletus boletus(beautiful) (Boletus calopus)

inedible mushroom, with a wrinkled, dry, dull cap. The pointed leg is lemon-yellow at the top, red in the middle, turning into brown. The pulp has a bitter taste, turns blue on the cut. It occurs everywhere in mixed forests of the European part of Russia;

beautiful boletus ( Boletus pulcherrimus)

poisonous mushroom. The cap has a hemispherical shape and is distinguished by a reddish or olive-brown color. The flesh is yellow, turning blue on the cut. The leg is reddish-brown in color, has a dark red mesh below;

satanic mushroom ( Boletus satanas)

poisonous mushroom. The hat is hemispherical in shape, the flesh is yellowish or white, it turns red or blue on the cut. The stem is barrel-shaped, tapering downwards. The color of the leg is red-yellowish above, bright red or orange in the middle, brownish-yellow below. Satanic mushroom grows in deciduous forests.

Other names

Boletus maiden, Boletus shortened, Boletus reddish, Boletus brown-yellow, Ovary.

Hat

Spore powder, spores

Spores are smooth, ellipsoid-fusiform. The spore size is 10-15 x 4-6 microns. They are honey yellow in color. Spore powder olive-brown.

Leg

pulp

The pulp is dense, intense yellow. The base of the stem is brownish or pinkish-brown. It has a pleasant mushroom taste and aroma. It turns blue on the cut.

When and where does it grow

Eating

Delicious edible mushroom. Suitable for all types of processing.

(red bolts)

✓ royal boletus
or porcini mushroom
✓ boletus girl
or boletus adnexa, brown-yellow pain
✓ boletus mesh
or white oak mushroom, white summer mushroom
✓ bronze boletus
or copper boletus, white hornbeam mushroom
✓ bicolor boletus
or bicolor bolete
✓ Burroughs' boletus
or Burroughs pain
✓ Fechtner's boletus
or Fechtner's pain
✓ Frost's boletus
or Frost bolete, Polish Frost mushroom
✓ Junkville boletus
or yellow boletus, light yellow pain
✓ golden boletus
or briar boletus, Merrill's aureoleth

- edible mushrooms

✎ Belonging and generic features

Borovik or, scientifically - bolete (boletus) (lat. Boletus) is a genus of mushrooms of the family Boletaceae (lat. Boletaceae) of the same order Boletales (lat. Boletales).
Borovik is also called another (the most common) species from this genus - ceps, and this is more than incorrect, because boletus is genus mushrooms, combining equivalent species (boletus, duboviki, porcini mushrooms), and porcini mushroom - a discrepancy or variety (separate view) of this kind.
Some of the mycologists very often classify representatives of the genus Mokhoviks as boletus mushrooms, but this, alas, is not true, because the Mokhoviks have already been identified in a separate genus, under the appropriate name - Mokhovik (lat. Xerocomus), which (by the way) is included in a single family of bolets.
Boletus (of all mushrooms) is perhaps the most famous and noble. Its leading feature is not to change its color, remaining pure white, even in boiled, frozen, dried or canned form, unlike many other species (hence its second name - white mushroom).
Boletus and white mushroom are, in fact, two varieties of the same species, and if there is any difference between them, then it lies in the details of the colors of these species (boletus is more juicy, with shades of red, brown, chocolate ), or in their places of residence.
Borovik (directly from the name) prefers pine forests (forest zones with forest-forming species of pine, spruce, oak, linden, hazel). White fungus, on the contrary, is able to grow in thickets (dense, viscous, impenetrable thickets), and in rare clearings or clearings, or along the edges of the forest.
However, the white mushroom, in terms of its taste and consumer qualities, is valued more than boletus mushroom, and is a mushroom of the highest quality. And the boletus belongs to the mushrooms of course high, but not of the highest order.
So the porcini mushroom is the property of Russian citizens, moreover, it is widely distributed throughout Russia. The boletus mushroom is already a kind of exotic for the Russian mushroom picker, because it grows in many places, but it does not come across often in Russia.
In fact, since it comes to mushrooms, an association with the most noble mushrooms is involuntarily induced. In the same way, when it comes to fly agarics, then some memories of grebes clearly come.
It turns out that among mushroom mushrooms there are exceptions - inedible species, as among fly agarics there are their own, not only conditionally edible, but even undoubtedly edible mushrooms, which are clearly edible, and even in a "raw" form.
Another paradox is that the boletus mushroom, among all edible species, is considered very famous and popular, and among inedible species, on the contrary, the least known of any mushrooms.

Among edible mushrooms, the most famous are:

royal boletus (royal boletus, royal porcini mushroom);
boletus maiden (adnexal, shortened, brown-yellow pain);
boletus reticulated (white oak mushroom, white summer mushroom);
boletus bronze (copper, porcini mushroom hornbeam);
boletus bicolor (bolet bicolor, red-yellow);
yellow boletus (semi-white mushroom, half-white hurts),

young-known (little-studied) mushrooms are:

Burroughs' boletus (Burroughs' boletus);
Boletus Fechtner (Bolet Fechtner);
Frost's boletus (Frost's boletus);
Boletus Junquilla (light yellow boletus);
golden boletus (Merrill's aureole),

There is also a galaxy of red-colored mushrooms with blue flesh, those that can be distinguished from each other with great difficulty, most of which are quite rare or extremely rare, and far from everywhere. Therefore, all such mushrooms are poorly studied, sometimes inedible and poisonous species. And these include:

boletus felt (wolf);
beautifully colored boletus;
beautiful-legged boletus (beautiful);
boletus purpurea (pink-purple);
pink-skinned boletus (pink-golden);
satanic boletus (satanic mushroom, forest devil);
shiny boletus (false satanic mushroom);
boletus Le Gal (legal, sick Le Gal);
boletus beautiful (beautiful),

or other little-known porcini mushrooms, such as:

Burroughs' boletus (Burroughs' boletus);
Boletus Fechtner (Fechtner's disease);
Frost's boletus (Frost's boletus, Polish Frost's mushroom);
Boletus Junquilla (Bolet Junquilla, light yellow);
golden boletus (Merrill's aureoleth).

Modern science sees Fechtner's boletus and Burroughs' boletus as completely unexplored, and yet undoubtedly edible species, and felt (or wolf) boletus - conditionally edible species, while almost all red-colored boletus mushrooms (except for Frost's boletus) are unsuitable for food (inedible, poisonous) species.

✎ Edible mushrooms

Borovik royal(lat. Boletus regius), and among the people - royal porcini mushroom- This is a species from the genus Boletus (lat. Boletus), the Boletaceae family (lat. Boletaceae) and the Boletales order (lat. Boletales) with a pink or red hat and a thickened, yellowish-brown leg.
Borovik girlish(lat. Boletus appendiculatus) and he is - boletus shortened, boletus adnexa and bolete brown-yellow- a species of the genus boletus (lat. Boletus), the family of bolets (lat. Boletaceae) and the order of bolets (lat. Boletales) with a golden or reddish-brown felt hat and a light leg covered with a lemon-yellow mesh.
Boletus mesh(lat. Boletus reticulatus), aka - porcini oak mushroom or white summer mushroom- a species from the genus boletus (lat. Boletus), the family of bolets (lat. Boletaceae) and the order of bolets (lat. Boletales) with a dark brown hat and a thick, fleshy, brownish or brownish leg with a mesh pattern.
Boletus bronze(lat. Boletus aereus) or copper boletus, but in another way - white hornbeam mushroom or porcini mushroom dark bronze, among the people - rudyak- this is a species from the genus Boletus (lat. Boletus), the family Boletaceae (lat. Boletaceae) and the order Boletaceae (lat. Boletales) with an intense chestnut or copper-brown hat, covered with a whitish coating and a tuberous or club-shaped fleshy leg of wine-pink or pinkish-brown in color with a mesh pattern.
Boletus bicolor(lat. Boletus bicolor) or bolete bicolor- a species from the genus boletus (lat. Boletus), the family of bolets (lat. Boletaceae) and the order of bolets (lat. Boletales) with a pink-reddish hat and a leg of the same color.
Burroughs Boletus(lat. Boletus barrowsii) or bolete burroughs- a species from the genus boletus (lat. Boletus), the family of bolets (lat. Boletaceae) and the order of bolets (lat. Boletales) with a remarkable whitish-gray or yellowish-brown cap, club-shaped, white-gray, covered with a whitish mesh, leg.
Borovik Fechtner(lat. Boletus fechtneri) or Fechtner's disease- a species from the genus Boletus (lat. Boletus), the Boletaceae family (lat. Boletaceae) and the Boletal order (lat. Boletales) with a remarkable silvery-white or pale brownish hat, yellow (red-brown at the base), with a mesh pattern, leg.
Frost's Boletus(lat. Boletus frostii) or Frost's bolete, or polish frost mushroom, or apple polish mushroom- a species from the genus boletus (lat. Boletus), the family of bolets (lat. Boletaceae) and the order of bolets (lat. Boletales) with a remarkable dark red or blood-red hat, dark red (yellowish or whitish at the base), with very strongly pronounced mesh pattern, leg. In 2014, based on molecular data, this genus was divided into many small genera, and this species was placed in the genus Butyriboletus.
Boletus Junquilla(lat. Boletus junquilleus) or pain light yellow, or yellow boletus- a species of the boletus genus (lat. Boletus), the Boletaceae family (lat. Boletaceae) and the Boletal order (lat. Boletales) with a smooth or slightly wrinkled yellow and yellow-brown cap, solid, tuberous, yellowish-brown, without a mesh structure, with brownish granularity or small scales, stalk.
In Russian-language inventories, the name Junkwill's boletus is erroneous, since it is not associated with the name of any scientist in whose honor this name was given (there is simply no such mycologist Junkwill).
The Latin specific epithet junquilleus comes from the Spanish word junquillo, which means "light yellow", which, in turn, arose from varieties of yellow daffodil flowers ("Jonquil" or "Jonquilla" - from the French word Jonquille or the name Narcissus jonquilla) .
And do not confuse the name "yellow boletus", which is much more often used in relation to the species (lat. Boletus impolitus) semi-white mushroom, and for this species (Yunkvil's boletus), the name boletus (bolet) will be more accurate light-yellow.
Boletus golden(lat. Aureoboletus projectellus) or heather boletus, or Merrill's aureoplane- a species from the genus Aureoboletus (lat. Aureoboletus), the family Boletaceae (lat. Boletaceae) and the order Boletales (lat. Boletales) with a golden-brownish cap, yellowish-white (in youth) and reddish-golden (in maturity) leg.

✎ Similar species and nutritional value

Mushrooms, as well as white mushrooms, can be used directly in the "raw" form, or boiled and fried without soaking, as well as preserved: frozen, dried, salted or pickled. Mushroom mushrooms belong to the first category of mushrooms and, along with porcini mushrooms, are considered the most valuable among mushrooms in terms of their taste and consumer qualities.
- Royal boletus - an edible mushroom of good quality, valued for its dense and fragrant flesh, and is used freshly prepared and canned. The royal boletus does not have twins in nature and it bears little resemblance to all other mushrooms.
- Maiden boletus is a good edible mushroom, but still somewhat inferior in taste to porcini mushroom, but it is used and valued for food almost in the same way as white mushroom. Boletus maiden in nature can be confused with a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus) (lat. Boletus impolitus), the color of which is slightly lighter, and its flesh (when raw) has a characteristic smell of carbolic acid. And it can also be confused with the inedible beautiful boletus (lat. Boletus calopus), which lives on acidic fertile soils and is distinguished by a more juicy-colored leg. And it is also confused with the inedible rooted oak (whitish, bitter) (lat. Boletus radicans), which has a lighter-colored hat and a thicker stem.
- Netted Boletus is a high-quality edible mushroom and is undoubtedly considered a variety of porcini mushroom (oak), and therefore it is used and valued in the same way as porcini mushroom. Boletus reticularis in nature resembles a porcini mushroom (lat. Boletus edulis), which has a lighter hat and a slightly less pronounced mesh on the stem. It also looks like an inedible gall fungus (lat. Tylopilus felleus), which is distinguished by the tubules of the spore-bearing layer (porous tubular hymenophore) turning pink with age and a dark mesh on the leg.
- Bronze boletus - an edible mushroom of very high quality and is also considered a type of porcini mushroom (beech), but for its merits, it is valued even more than ordinary porcini mushroom (lat. Boletus edulis) and is intensively collected in Italy and Spain, and is sold in stores in Europe fresh, frozen or dry. The bronze boletus in nature resembles the Polish mushroom (chestnut moss mushroom) (lat. Xerocomus badius), which has no mesh on the leg at all, and the flesh sometimes turns blue. It also looks like a white pine mushroom (lat. Boletus pinophilus), but it is more common and grows almost exclusively in coniferous forests, and is distinguished by a wine-red or brown-red hat and larger sizes. In deciduous or mixed forests, where the bronze boletus grows, it can be confused with its close relative, the semi-bronze boletus (lat. Boletus subaereus), from which it noticeably differs in a lighter hat.
- Bicolor boletus is also a good edible mushroom and is suitable for all types of processing and harvesting, but after processing it darkens, and therefore belongs to mushrooms of the second category. The bicolor boletus has a visual resemblance to the white pine fungus (lat. Boletus pinophilus), but it prefers coniferous forests (and exclusively pines) and has a bumpy brown-reddish or reddish-brown cap and a brownish leg. It can also be confused with the inedible purple (pink-purple) boletus (lat. Boletus purpureus), the flesh of which, when damaged, darkens very quickly, and over time it acquires a wine color and has a sweetish taste and a weak sour-fruity aroma.
- Burroughs boletus is a good edible mushroom, but still somewhat inferior in taste to many boletus mushrooms, therefore it also belongs to mushrooms of the second category of nutritional value, however, it can also be used in food in a "raw" form. Burroughs' boletus in nature can be confused with the most common porcini spruce mushroom (lat. Boletus edulis), which, however, is darker in color and also has white veins on the stem.
- Fechtner's mushroom is a good edible mushroom, but it is also somewhat inferior in taste to other mushrooms and, therefore, belongs to mushrooms of the second category of nutritional value, however, it can also be used for food in a "raw" form. Fechtner's boletus in nature can be confused with a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus) (lat. Boletus impolitus), the color of which is slightly lighter, and the flesh (when fresh) has a characteristic smell of carbolic acid. And also it, like the two-colored boletus, can be confused with the inedible boletus (beautiful boletus) (lat. Boletus calopus), which differs in a more strongly colored leg, and with the inedible rooted oak (whitish, bitter) (lat. Boletus radicans), which is distinguished by a lighter colored cap, a thicker stem.
- Frost's boletus is a good edible mushroom and can be used for food in a "raw" and canned form, according to its nutritional value, like a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus), it is classified as an edible mushroom of the second category. Frost's boletus can only be confused with similar North American species Boletus flammans and Boletus rubeflammans which is not surprising (based on the similarity of their colors).
- Junquill's boletus is a good edible mushroom and can be used for food in a "raw" and canned form, according to its nutritional value, like a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus), it is classified as an edible mushroom of the second category. Junquill's boletus can only be confused with a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus) (lat. Boletus impolitus), this is not surprising (based on the similarity of their colors and, most importantly, their names), but in nature these two species never intersect.
- Golden boletus is a good edible mushroom and can be used for food in a "raw" and canned form, according to its nutritional value, like a semi-white mushroom (yellow boletus), it is classified as an edible mushroom of the second category. The golden boletus (in shape) can only be confused with boletus mushrooms - yellow-brown boletus (yellow-brown butterdish) (lat. Suillus variegatus) and motley boletus (lat. Xerocomellus chrysenteron), from which it immediately differs in its bizarre thread-like leg and more light golden hat. Perhaps there are no other twins in the golden boletus in nature.

✎ Distribution in nature and seasonality

Mushrooms acquired the name for their predisposition to living in pine, spruce, cedar, birch and oak forests and, together with porcini mushrooms, they like to settle in coniferous-deciduous forests. They are distributed both in North America (and especially in Canada and Alaska), and in Eurasia, in the Siberian taiga and the Central Russian cave, as well as in the forests of Karelia, the Baltic states and Scandinavia, in the northern tundra and forest tundra. Mushrooms are also found in the forests of central Russia, but not as often as we would like, but all because in this part of Russia, with its temperate climate, there are not so many purely coniferous or deciduous forests, such as mixed ones, where to settle mushrooms are not very willing. That is why, in central Russia, they can most often be found in the zone of the Meshchersky Reserve or in the forests of the Ryazan, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod and Ivanovo regions. And yet, perhaps, the forests of Karelia, the Siberian taiga and also the Yakut tundra can be considered the best habitat for mushrooms in Russia. Mushrooms bear fruit as well as porcini mushrooms from early June to late October.
- The royal boletus grows in deciduous forests, mainly in beech, on sandy and calcareous soils. In Russia, it is found in the Caucasus, occasionally in the Far East, from June to September.
- Maiden boletus forms mycorrhiza with hard broad-leaved trees (oak, beech and hornbeam), occurs in regions with a temperate climate on calcareous soils and in mountainous areas among firs; it is distributed mainly in southern Europe (in Polissya and in the Carpathians), North Africa or Asia, and only in Russia it is almost never found; usually bears fruit in small families, throughout the summer (starting from June) and almost until late autumn (until the end of October).
- Reticulated boletus forms mycorrhiza mainly with trees of the beech family (beech, oak and chestnut), as well as with hornbeam, and prefers the edges of light deciduous forests, living on dryish alkaline soils and is rarely damaged by insects. It is distributed in the temperate climate of Eurasia, North Africa and North America, but is relatively rare. In Russia, it lives in the Crimea (in the vicinity of Simferopol), in the Krasnodar Territory and in Transcaucasia, from the last decade of May onwards, throughout the summer period, until late autumn, being considered the earliest of all boletus fungi.
- Bronze boletus is a very rare mushroom and forms mycorrhiza with only a few deciduous trees (hornbeam, beech, oak, chestnut, linden), occasionally it can grow under pine and is found in mixed forests on moist humus soils, mainly in Europe and North America, or in the south of Russia, in summer (from the end of May) and in the first half of autumn (until the beginning of October), both singly and in small groups.
- Boletus bicolor - can grow in both coniferous and deciduous forests, forming mycorrhiza with various deciduous and coniferous trees. And more often it is found and quite common in the east of North America, usually in the season from mid-June to early October. On the territory of Russia, it comes across very selectively and extremely rarely.
- Burroughs' Boletus is a rare fungus that forms mycorrhiza with deciduous and coniferous trees, and bears fruit in large groups or singly and randomly. It lives mainly in North America, usually from June to September, it has not yet been found in Europe and Russia.
- Fechtner's boletus is a rare fungus found on calcareous soils in broad-leaved forests, forming mycorrhiza with few deciduous trees. It lives mainly in the Caucasus or the Russian Far East, usually from June to September.
- Frost's boletus is a rare fungus, found on calcareous soils in broad-leaved forests, forming mycorrhiza mainly with oaks. It lives in the forests of the western, northern and central parts of the United States, in Costa Rica and Mexico, usually from June to September.
- Junquill's boletus is a rare fungus that forms mycorrhiza with deciduous trees, grows in oak and beech forests and is common in Western Europe and a little in the Far East (in the Ussuriysky district, in the Suputinsky reserve), from July to October, but in European part of Russia, he is not known.
- Golden boletus is a narrowly distributed mushroom that forms mycorrhiza with coniferous trees, grows in pine and spruce forests, and is distributed mainly in North America. But recently it has been found in Western Europe (though only in Lithuania), in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions of Russia, and even in the Far East (in the Primorsky Territory) and Taiwan, from July to October.

✎ Brief description and application

Mushrooms belong to the section of tubular fungi, and therefore the inside of their cap has a tubular structure, in the tubes of which there are fungal spores intended for reproduction. The tubular layer itself in young mushrooms is always painted white, but with the time of growth and aging of the fungus, it begins to turn yellow first and then turn green. Their hat is large, hemispherical and thick-fleshy, it is smooth to the touch, from pale brown to chocolate color. Their leg is thick, stocky, thickened downwards, waxy-white in color. Their flesh is dense and also fleshy, white in color, with a pleasant mushroom taste and aroma.
- In the royal boletus, the tubular layer is free and with a deep notch at the stem, yellow or greenish in color. The cap is large, at first it is convex and cushion-shaped, then it becomes flatter, and sometimes it opens to a prostrate with a dent in the center. The skin on the cap is smooth, slightly shiny, pinkish or red, in wet weather it is slimy to the touch and sometimes covered with pale mesh cracks. The leg is high and thickened, yellowish-brown, and in the upper part with a yellow thin mesh pattern. The pulp is dense and yellow, with a pleasant taste and smell, turns blue or blue on the cut.
- In the girl's boletus, the tubular layer has grown with a tooth, it is of a bright lemon-yellow color and becomes brown-yellow with age, and turns blue when pressed. The hat is large, convex in shape with slightly curved edges. The skin on the cap is thin, to the touch it is felt, golden or reddish-brown. The leg is high, thick, conical or slightly pointed down, it is light and covered with a lemon-yellow mesh. The pulp is dense, light yellow with a bluish tint and a pleasant aroma, turns blue on the cut.
- In the boletus mesh, the tubular layer is free or adherent to the cap and with a notch, at first it is white, then the tubules become greenish-yellow, and in old mushrooms olive-brown. The cap is initially hemispherical, later becoming strongly convex. The skin on the cap is matte, velvety and dry to the touch, light brown in color, may become covered with a network of cracks with age. The leg is thick and fleshy, in the upper part it is narrower, brownish or brownish in color, all covered with a large mesh pattern consisting of lighter veins. The flesh is dense, fleshy, pure white in color, does not change when cut, and under the tubules it can acquire a yellowish tint and has a mushroom smell and a sweetish or nutty taste.
- In a bronze boletus, a tubular layer adhered to the stem, in young mushrooms it is white or grayish-white in color, in mature ones it is pale yellow or creamy, in overripe ones it is olive-yellow with a brownish tint. The cap is large, sometimes very large, at a young age it is smooth, convex or almost spherical with uneven edges, in mature age it is prostrate, with dimples and indentations along the edges. The skin on the cap of young mushrooms is dark chestnut, or almost black, covered with a whitish bloom (which is a distinctive feature), in mature mushrooms it brightens and changes to a rich chestnut or copper-brown color. The stalk is thick, wrinkled, tuberous or club-shaped, at a young age it is pinkish-beige, olive-beige or just white, in adulthood it is cylindrical and in different shades of wine-pink and rose-brown, with a mesh pattern: in the upper parts are almost white, in the lower part - brown. The flesh in the cap of young mushrooms is firm, uniform, with a wine tint, but with age it becomes softer and noticeably whitens or turns yellow; the stem is firm and uniform, and when cut or pressed on it, it darkens slightly, but does not turn blue, has a pleasant, mild mushroom aroma and the same pleasant aftertaste.
- In boletus bicolor, the tubular layer is free and yellow. The cap is quite large, at a young age it is convex, and with age it first becomes prostrate, with edges folded inward, and then wide open. The skin on the cap is smooth or slightly velvety to the touch, and in dry weather it is matte, rich pink-red. The stem of many young mushrooms is club-shaped, while that of mature mushrooms is cylindrical, colored in the same way as the cap. The pulp is dense and fleshy, yellow in color, on the cut and when pressed, it acquires a bluish tint.
- In Burroughs' mushroom, a tubular layer is either attached to the stem or squeezed near it, in young fruits it is white, then it becomes yellowish-green in color. The cap is large, convex at first, and later becomes flatter. The skin on the cap is dry, whitish, gray or yellowish-brown. The leg is high, club-shaped and thickened below, white in color, covered with a whitish mesh. The flesh in the cap and stem is dense, fleshy, white in color and does not change it on the cut, without a definite smell, but with a sweetish aftertaste.
- In Fechtner's mushroom, the tubular layer is free and with a very deep notch, yellow. The cap is large, at first hemispherical, and later becomes flatter. The skin on the cap is shiny, smooth or slightly wrinkled, slimy in wet weather, silvery-white or pale brownish in color. The stem is high and thickened at the bottom, in young mushrooms it is slightly tuberous and solid, with a mesh pattern, yellow in color, and red-brown at the base. The pulp is dense and fleshy, white in color, it is reddish in the stem and turns blue in the air, without a certain smell and taste.
- In Frost's boletus, the tubular layer is adherent, dark red, later fading a little, in color. The cap is hemispherical, then opens to broadly convex or almost flat, sometimes with a whitish coating when young. The skin on the cap is shiny, when wet it is smooth and slimy, dark red in color, then fades to blood red with separate yellowish areas. The leg is high, almost cylindrical, widening towards the base, dark red in color, yellowish or whitish at the base, with a pronounced mesh pattern. The pulp is dense and fleshy, lemon-yellow in color, it becomes dark blue in the air, but in the leg it turns blue more slowly, it does not have a special smell and taste.
- In Junquill's boletus, the tubular layer is free with a notch and tubes of medium length of a bright yellow hue, which turn blue when pressed. The cap is large, hemispherical, then flat. The skin on the cap is smooth or slightly wrinkled, when dried it becomes matte, when wet it becomes mucous, yellow-brown in color. The stalk is usually low, thick and tuberous, solid inside, yellow-brown in color, without a mesh structure, with a noticeable brown grain or small scales on the surface. The flesh is fleshy, dense, bright yellow in color, quickly turns blue on the cut, has no special taste and smell.
- In golden boletus, the tubular layer is free with a depressed notch at the stem, medium-length tubes of yellow (in young fruits) and yellow-olive (in mature and old fruits) shade, which darken a little when pressed, but still retain a yellow color. The cap is dense, thick, elastic, becomes looser with age, in young fruits it is pronounced convex, as it ripens it becomes convex-prostrate, and then almost flat. The skin on the cap is dry, slightly velvety or smooth to the touch, it separates from the pulp only at the edges, where it slightly protrudes beyond the edge of the cap (the specific Latin name of the golden boletus comes from this feature), golden-brown or red-purple hue, with age it often becomes cracked. The stalk is usually high, while thin, dense, fibrous, solid inside (without cavities), yellowish-white when young, then darkens, becoming reddish-brown, and gradually compares with the color of the cap, with a distinct thread-mesh not characteristic of boletus mushrooms. pattern on the surface. The flesh is fleshy, dense, white in color with a yellowish or pink tint, does not change color on the cut, or changes, but not immediately, but very slowly, to brownish with an olive tint, has no special taste and smell.

All edible mushrooms can be eaten in absolutely any form, including "raw". In the old days, "mushrooms" were generally called mainly edible mushrooms, and, just to the greatest extent, this applied to mushrooms or porcini mushrooms, as the most valuable!