Presentation on the topic: Russian scientists and inventors. Russian scientists and inventions that shook the world
Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.
World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described periodic law chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.
Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical specifications for vertical takeoff and landing - helicopter.
Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.
Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.
On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for the creation of new great discoveries.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.
Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.
Childhood and youth
Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.
The Oparin family moved from Uglich to Vacation home in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.
Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.
In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific substantiation of the way spacecraft flew to the moon.
The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American spacecraft Apollo to land a man on the lunar surface.
Childhood and youth
This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.
For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.
Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.
The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.
This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."
Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.
From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.
Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.
early years
The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.
His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.
Trediakovsky Vasily man with tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.
From schoolboy to philologist
In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.
Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.
"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.
MAI student. The beginning of a professional career
In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.
February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a rather active period in cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft construction, in particular, it was purchased (in rather limited quantities) weapon- Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.
Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, doctor of technical sciences, professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Childhood, education, youth
Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.
Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.
A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of muscle and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Childhood. Education
The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and sent him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.
Fascination with philosophy
Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.
A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.
He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.
Origin. early years
A.P. Borodin was illegitimate son 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.
He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.
The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.
Science in the early 20th century
SCIENCE is a sphere of human activity, including both the development of new knowledge and its result - a description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality on the basis of the laws it discovers. The system of sciences is conditionally divided into natural, social and technical.
In the development of science, extensive and revolutionary periods alternate - scientific revolutions, leading to a change in its structure, principles of cognition, categories and methods, as well as forms of its organization.
In the beginning. 20th century Russian science and technology gave in various industries knowledge of a number of major names and have made an important contribution to the treasury of world culture. Russian scientists and inventors actively worked in the field of geology, metallurgy, oil refining, the theory of strength of materials, soil science, electrical engineering, radio communications and other important directions scientific and technical activities. Major advances were made in mathematics, physics, and mechanics.
In St. Petersburg, a mathematical school developed around the great Russian mathematician and mechanic, Academician P. L. Chebyshev. Professor of the Moscow Higher Technical School N. E. Zhukovsky discovered by this time a method for calculating lifting force wing of the aircraft, for which he deservedly received the title of "father of Russian aviation." For more than 30 years, A. G. Stoletov headed the department of physics at Moscow University. He successfully developed the problems of magnetism and photoelectric phenomena. The physicist P. N. Lebedev also conducted his research effectively.
At the turn of the new century, a radio receiver was invented by the Russian scientist A.S. Popov. Outstanding physicists P. N. Yablochkov and A. N. Lodygin created an electric light bulb. Domestic chemical science has also achieved great success. The great scientist, professor of St. Petersburg University D. I. Mendeleev made a world discovery by creating a periodic table of chemical elements. Professors of Kazan University H. N. Zinin and A. M. Butlerov actively developed the problems of organic chemistry. Great technical achievements in Russian shipbuilding were achieved by the mechanic and mathematician A. N. Krylov and the oceanographer Admiral S. O. Makarov. Many other researchers and natural scientists also had great achievements in their work.
Our geographical science(P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, H. M. Przhevalsky, H. N. Miklukho-Maclay, P. K. Kozlov, V. K. Arseniev, etc.). Geological and stratigraphic studies were further developed (A. P. Karpinsky, V. O. Kovalevsky, A. P. Pavlov, F. N. Chernyshev, and others).
In the field of biology, I. M. Sechenov, I. I. Mechnikov, A. O. Kovalevsky, and K. A. Timiryazev achieved significant results from the standpoint of natural-scientific materialism. I. I. Mechnikov, the Nobel Prize winner, owns world-class discoveries in bacteriology, A. O. Kovalevsky, in comparative embryology, and K. A. Timiryazev, in the field of photosynthesis. IP Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his research in the field of physiology (the study of the higher nervous activity of humans and animals).
N. G. Slavyanov developed a method of hot welding with a metal electrode, he received patents for the invention not only in Russia, but also in France, Germany, Great Britain and a number of other countries. K. E. Tsiolkovsky made a number of major discoveries in aerodynamics and rocket technology, he also developed the theory of rocket motion. Subsequently, the world will call him the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications.
Many Russian scientists were participants in international scientific programs, glorifying domestic science. The galaxy of outstanding Russian scientists rightfully includes the names of S. A. Chaplygin, the founder of the theory of hydro- and aerodynamics, A. F. Mozhaisky, one of the first aircraft builders, V. I. Vernadsky, the founder of geochemistry and biogeochemistry and radiogeology, etc. Along with With technical sciences social thought also developed actively. Russian historiography at this time put forward prominent historians V. O. Klyuchevsky, M. N. Pokrovsky, E. V. Tarle.
After the October Revolution and the Civil War in the USSR began new stage development of science and technology. Especially actively developed scientific areas related to the economic needs of the country - metallurgy, aircraft engineering, physics, etc.
VERNADSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (February 28 (March 12), 1863–January 6, 1945) was one of the founders of geochemistry and radiogeology, the creator of biogeochemistry and the doctrine of the noosphere.
Born in St. Petersburg in the family of professor-economist I. V. Vernadsky. In 1885 he graduated from the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Under the influence of the works of V. V. Dokuchaev, he became interested in dynamic mineralogy and crystallography. Traveled across Western Europe, participated in the International Geological Congress. Since 1890, he taught at the Department of Mineralogy at Moscow University, where his scientific school was subsequently formed (among his students were A. Fersman, Ya. Samoilov).
In 1891 he became a master of geology and geognosy, in 1897 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1911, after his election as an extraordinary academician, he moved to St. Petersburg. He was a member of the zemstvo movement in defense high school. Twice elected to State Council from the university. In 1911, as a sign of protest against the measures of the Minister of Public Education L.A. Kasso, among other 100 professors and teachers of the university, he resigned.
During World War I, he headed the Permanent Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia (KEPS) at the Academy of Sciences, which searched for new mineral deposits, studied energy resources, etc. In 1917–1920. became the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences he created. In the 1920s was director of the Geological and Mineralogical Museums, organized and headed the Radium Institute. In 1922–1926 taught a course in geochemistry at the Sorbonne, conducted experiments at the Institute of M. Sklodowska-Curie.
Developing the doctrine of the biosphere, he introduced the concept of "noosphere" (the sphere of the mind). At the Academy of Sciences, he founded the Committee on Meteorites and the Commission on the History of Knowledge, which Vernadsky headed until 1930. In 1928, he created the Biogeochemical Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The influence of his geochemical school was experienced by scientists from France, Czechoslovakia, and the USA. In 1943 he received the State Prize of the USSR. He died and was buried in Moscow. THAT.
ZHUKOVSKY Nikolay Egorovich (January 17(29), 1847–March 17, 1921), founder of aerodynamics, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917).
Born in Moscow, descended from an old noble family. Graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow University. In 1870 he became a teacher of mathematics at the Moscow Higher technical school(MVTU). He defended his master's thesis in hydrodynamics, trained abroad - in Berlin and the Sorbonne, where he studied the movement of air flows. In 1888 he defended his doctoral dissertation in applied mechanics and headed the department of Moscow University. In 1902 he built a wind tunnel at Moscow University.
In 1904, on the basis of his laboratory in Kuchino, the world's first institute of aerodynamic research was established, where he developed the theory of the lift force of an aircraft wing, methods for calculating propellers and flight dynamics. In 1910, he created a laboratory at Moscow Higher Technical School, which became a calculation and test center for testing the aerodynamic properties of aircraft. Author of works on aviation theory, mechanics solid body, astronomy, mathematics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, applied mechanics.
On the initiative of Zhukovsky, the Moscow aviation institute and the Air Force Academy. A laboratory was organized in his apartment in 1918, which later became Central Institute aero-and hydrodynamics (TsAGI). In 1920, Zhukovsky was arrested and exiled to the special unit of the NKVD. THAT.
PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (14 (26). 19-1849-27.02.1936) - physiologist, creator of the doctrine of the higher nervous activity of animals and humans, Nobel Prize winner.
Born in Ryazan in the family of a priest. Studied at the spiritual school. From 1870 he studied at the natural department of St. Petersburg University. For my first Scientific research(on the secretory innervation of the pancreas) was awarded the gold medal of the university. For two years he worked at the Veterinary Institute. In 1877 he left for Breslau, then, at the invitation of S.P. Botkin, he worked in his clinic. In 1883, Pavlov was awarded the title of Doctor of Medical Sciences.
OK. 20 years of research in the physiology of digestion. In 1891, Pavlov became the head of the physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, in 1895–1925. supervised research at the Military Medical Academy. For his work on the physiology of digestion in 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
After the October Revolution, he remained in Russia (a decree was issued on the creation of favorable conditions for his work). Despite this, Pavlov believed that the revolution needed to be stopped. Pavlov compared the existing regime with fascism, about which he openly wrote in 1934 to the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
He died in Leningrad from pneumonia. He was buried at the Volkovskaya cemetery. THAT.
TSIOLKOVSKY Konstantin Eduardovich (September 5(17), 1857–September 19, 1935) was a scientist in the field of aeronautics and rocket technology.
Born in the village of Izhevsk, Ryazan province, in the family of a forester. At the age of ten, due to complications from scarlet fever, he lost his hearing and did not attend school. In 1873, at the insistence of his father, he settled in Moscow with a family friend, the philosopher N. Fedorov, whose cosmogonic teaching had an effect on him. big influence and prompted the idea of human settlement on other planets. In 1879, having passed the exam, he received the title of teacher of public schools and was assigned to Borovsk. There he worked until 1892, then was transferred to Kaluga, where until the end of his days he taught physics and mathematics at the diocesan school and gymnasium. At the same time he was doing scientific work.
For the work "Mechanics of the Animal Organism", at the suggestion of D. Mendeleev and A. Stoletov, he was elected a full member of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. He owns the project of the airship (controlled balloon). He also researched the mechanics of controlled flight. N. Zhukovsky used the results of his work to create a theory for calculating the wing. In 1903 he published the book "Investigations of the World Spaces by Reactive Instruments", which was noticed only in 1912.
In the beginning. 1910s In the journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics" he published articles on the theory of rockets and a liquid rocket engine, he was the first to solve the problem of landing on the surface of atmosphereless planets. In the 1920s derived a formula that received his name, used in calculating the amount of fuel for a spacecraft, calculated the optimal height for a satellite (300–800 km), made a number of practical inventions. THAT.
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Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is an ancient Greek encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes is an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very big numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered chemical action current, diamagnetism, action magnetic field to the light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions is the creation in 1879 electric lamp incandescent, systems for distributing electricity to consumers, the phonograph, the improvement of the telegraph, telephone, cinema equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her accomplishments include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works became a prime example combinations of fundamental and applied research in chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, bible scholar, and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
The second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein, a German physicist. Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of general and special relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of over 300 scientific works in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
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Presentation on the topic: Russian scientists and inventors
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Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by amazing scientific discoveries and inventions, many of which were decades ahead of their time. Among them - color photography. In 1903, one of the pioneers of color photography in Russia was Mendeleev's student Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. The photographs he took were amazingly high quality.
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Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Naturalist, major thinker and public figure of the 20th century. Creator of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; The doctrine of the biosphere and the noosphere is the creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activity, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy.
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Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov (1857-1908) A physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system. Pilchikov, the founder of the theory of anomalies of terrestrial magnetism, studied the Kursk magnetic anomaly in detail and scientifically argued the statement about the rich deposits of iron ore located there, for which he was awarded the Big Silver Medal of the Russian geographical society in 1884. He discovered the phenomenon of electronic photography and formulated its principles, conducted fundamental research into the ionization of the atmosphere and the polarization of light, created many amazing, original instruments and devices, many of which bear his name, including the prototype of the modern spacesuit.
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Vladimir Kuzmich Zworykin (1888-1982) The beginning of the 20th century is a harsh period in the history of Russia. First World War, revolution, Civil War. Many scientists were forced to emigrate to America. One of them was V.K. Zworykin. There he became a great scientist. Heading the electronics laboratory, he created the world's first scanning electron microscope. And he is also called the "father of television." created an iconoscope (kinescope) and a diagram of a television system. He has 120 patents for various inventions.
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Alexander Matveyevich Ponyatov (1892-1980) Russian and American electrical engineer who introduced a number of innovations in the field of magnetic sound and video recording, television and radio broadcasting. Under his leadership, the company he created in 1956 released the first commercial video recorder.
slide number 7
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M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862-1919) Petersburger Dolivo-Dobrovolsky graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute. He invented a three-phase current system, he was the first to build a three-phase transformer with energy transfer over a distance of about 170 km. improved electromagnetic ammeters and voltmeters for measuring direct and alternating currents. He successfully applied the principle of a motor with a rotating magnetic field for various types of measuring instruments. He also created devices for eliminating interference in telephones from electrical networks of strong currents, etc.
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Valentin Petrovich Vologdin (1881-1953) Another Petersburger V.P. Vologdin became the first winner of the A.S. Popov gold medal. He created the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier. He developed induction furnaces. He invented several types of high-frequency electric machines to power radio stations.
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Oleg Vladimirovich Losev (1903-1942) Our countryman. Born in Tver. Pioneer of semiconductor electronics. Inventor of kristadin in 1929. In those years, amateur radio began to take on a mass character. But vacuum tubes were in short supply, and they were expensive, and they also needed a special power supply, and Losev's circuit could run on three or four batteries for a flashlight! Oleg Vladimirovich Losev immortalized his name with two discoveries: he was the first in the world to show that a semiconductor crystal can amplify and generate high-frequency radio signals; he discovered the electroluminescence of semiconductors, i.e. the emission of light by them when an electric current flows. He died of starvation in besieged Leningrad.
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slide number 11
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Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky (1849-1937) Surprisingly multifaceted personality. He was a philologist, sports figure, publisher, but went down in history as an inventor. He invented the world's first aerial camera. He created a portable field apparatus-laboratory, a special camera for the expedition of N. M. Przhevalsky, resistant to external influences, a waterproof camera for marine surveys, a special camera for recording phases solar eclipse; developed special photographic plates for aerial photography.
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Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich (1883-1938) Soviet aircraft designer. Created ok. 80 aircraft designs, many of which were built in series and were in service with domestic aviation. In 1916, G. built the world's first seaplane fighter M-11, which had armor, as well as a twin-engine torpedo bomber.
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slide number 14
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Aircraft Sikorsky "Ilya Muromets" The first in the world built a multi-engine aircraft. The first in the world made a long-distance flight "St. Petersburg - Kyiv". In 1919 he was forced to emigrate. In exile, he founded the aviation "Russian firm" of Sikorsky, which took a leading position in the aircraft industry. Creator of liners for transatlantic flights, seaplanes, inventor of the helicopter, the world's first bomber.
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Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov (1872-1944) In 1911 he created the first aviation backpack parachute. In 1912, the parachute successfully passed repeated tests, but at first it was rejected by the Russian military department. Only in 1914, during the First World War, it was used to equip pilots flying the Ilya Muromets bombers. During the years of Soviet power, he significantly improved the design of his parachute, creating new models and a number of cargo parachutes.
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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1853-1935) Truly unusual and tragic is the fate of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky - a genius of science, the world's first theorist of development outer space and regular school teacher. He never thought about personal enrichment. All forces were given to progress for the benefit of mankind. Konstantin Eduardovich is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. He put forward a number of ideas that have found application in rocket science.
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slide number 18
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S. P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power (ballistic missile). He is a key figure in human space exploration, the creator of practical astronautics. Thanks to his ideas, the first artificial satellite Earth and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.
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Valentin Petrovich Glushko (1908 - 1989) Companion of S.P. Queen. Together they stood at the origins of rocket science and continued the common cause after the death of Sergei Pavlovich. He was the chief designer of the Design Bureau for the creation of the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine. At his suggestion and under his leadership, a reusable space system"Energy - Buran". He led the work on improving the Soyuz manned spacecraft, the Progress cargo ship, the Salyut orbital stations, and the creation of the Mir orbital station.
slide number 20
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A.M. Prokhorov, N.G. Basov Nobel Prize winners. They came up with the idea of the possibility of extending the principles and methods of quantum radiophysics to the optical frequency range. They created the world's first quantum generator - a maser, a laser. We developed lasers various types, including powerful short-pulse and multi-channel ones. Uses of the laser: measuring the distance to the moon, creating artificial reference stars, photochemistry, laser weapons, laser heat treatment, medicine, storing information on optical media (CD, DVD, etc.), optical communication, optical computers, holography, laser displays, laser printers, laser show
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slide number 22
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Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989) Worked in the development of thermal nuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called "Sakharov's puff". At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. Tamm, in 1950–51. carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reaction. From the late 1950s, he actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. He contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas. Since the late 1960s, he has been one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.
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Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (1903-1960) Academician Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the 20th century. and in the history of our country. He - an outstanding physicist - plays an exceptional role in the development of scientific and technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield of the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. The world's first nuclear power plant.
slide number 25
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Tupolev Andrei Nikolaevich (1888-1972) A student of the "father of Russian aviation" Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky. L. N. Tupolev devoted his whole life to the creation of aircraft. Under his leadership, more than 50 original aircraft, about 100 different modifications, were created. About 100 world records for carrying capacity, range and flight speed have been set on Tupolev Design Bureau aircraft. The most famous is the first in the country and the second in the world jet passenger aircraft TU-104.
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Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich (1906-1989) Tupolev's colleague - aircraft designer A.S. Yakovlev is no less famous. Among the designs created by Yakovlev, jet fighters Yak-15, Yak-17, Yak-23; Yak-25 (the first all-weather interceptor), Yak-28 (the first Soviet supersonic front-line bomber); the first Soviet vertical takeoff and landing aircraft Yak-36 and its combat carrier-based version Yak-38; landing glider Yak-14; twin-rotor helicopter of the longitudinal scheme Yak-24; training aircraft Yak-11, etc., multi-purpose aircraft Yak-12; sports aircraft Yak-18P, Yak-18PM, Yak-50, Yak-55 (on which Soviet pilots won the world and European championships in aerobatics); jet passenger planes Yak-40 and Yak-42.
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Tikhov Gavriil Andrianovich Astronomer. Studied the optical properties of the earth's atmosphere. For the first time in the world, he established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space. When observing the eclipse of 1936, he noted for the first time that the solar corona consists of two parts: a structureless “matte” corona and jets of a “radiant” corona penetrating it. Estimated the color temperature of the crown.
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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) One of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion."
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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 - 1984) P. Kapitsa's experience in measuring the characteristics of liquid helium is demonstrated. “We made a device like a Segner wheel with several legs coming out of the total volume, and then heated inner part this vessel with a beam of light. Such a "spider" has set in motion. In this way, heat was transferred into motion. ”The largest Soviet physicist. Founder of the Institute physical problems and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. First Head of the Department of Low Temperature Physics Faculty of Physics Moscow State University. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for the discovery of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, introduced the term "superfluidity" into scientific use. He is also known for his work in the field of low temperature physics, the study of superstrong magnetic fields and the confinement of high-temperature plasma. Developed a high-performance industrial plant for gas liquefaction (turbo expander). From 1921 to 1934 he worked at Cambridge under Rutherford. In 1934, during a guest visit, he was forcibly left in the USSR.
slide number 32
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Sergey Petrovich Kapitsa (1928-2012) “Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have, The spirit of enlightenment is being prepared, And experience, the son of difficult mistakes, And a genius, friend of paradoxes ...” A.S. PushkinSoviet and Russian physicist, TV presenter, Chief Editor magazine "In the world of science". Since 1973, he has consistently hosted the popular science television program Obvious - Incredible. Son of Nobel Prize winner Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Author of 4 monographs, dozens of articles, 14 inventions and 1 discovery. Creator of a phenomenological mathematical model of the hyperbolic growth of the Earth's population. For the first time, he proved the fact of the hyperbolic growth of the Earth's population until 1 year AD. e. It is considered one of the founders of cliodynamics.
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Almost everyone who is interested in the history of the development of science, engineering and technology at least once in his life thought about which way the development of mankind could go without knowledge of mathematics or, for example, if we didn’t have such a necessary subject as a wheel, which became almost basis for human development. However, only key discoveries are often considered and paid attention to, while lesser known and widespread discoveries are sometimes simply not mentioned, which, however, does not make them insignificant, because each new knowledge gives humanity the opportunity to climb a step higher in its development.
The 20th century and its scientific discoveries turned into a real Rubicon, crossing which, progress has accelerated its pace several times, identifying itself with a sports car that is impossible to keep up with. In order to stay on the crest of the scientific and technological wave now, not hefty skills are needed. Of course, you can read scientific journals, various kinds of articles and works of scientists who are struggling to solve a particular problem, but even in this case it will not be possible to keep up with progress, and therefore it remains to catch up and observe.
As you know, in order to look into the future, you need to know the past. Therefore, today we will talk about the 20th century, the century of discoveries, which changed the way of life and the world around us. It should be noted right away that this will not be a list of the best discoveries of the century or any other top, this will be a brief overview of some of those discoveries that have changed, and possibly are changing the world.
In order to talk about discoveries, it is necessary to characterize the concept itself. We take the following definition as a basis:
Discovery is a new achievement made in the process scientific knowledge nature and society; the establishment of previously unknown, objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world.
Top 25 Great Scientific Discoveries of the 20th Century
- Planck's quantum theory. He derived a formula that determines the shape of the spectral radiation curve and the universal constant. He discovered the smallest particles - quanta and photons, with the help of which Einstein explained the nature of light. In the 1920s, quantum theory developed into quantum mechanics.
- Opening x-ray radiation– electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of wavelengths. The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen greatly influenced human life, and today it is impossible to imagine modern medicine without them.
- Einstein's theory of relativity. In 1915, Einstein introduced the concept of relativity and derived an important formula relating energy and mass. The theory of relativity explained the essence of gravity - it arises due to the curvature of four-dimensional space, and not as a result of the interaction of bodies in space.
- Discovery of penicillin. The fungus Penicillium notatum, getting into the culture of bacteria, causes their complete death - this was proved by Alexander Flemming. In the 40s, a production was developed, which later began to be produced on an industrial scale.
- De Broglie waves. In 1924, it was found that wave-particle duality is inherent in all particles, not just photons. Broglie presented their wave properties in a mathematical form. The theory made it possible to develop the concept of quantum mechanics, explained the diffraction of electrons and neutrons.
- Discovery of the structure of the new DNA helix. In 1953, a new model of the structure of the molecule was obtained by combining the X-ray diffraction information of Rosalyn Franklin and Maurice Wilkins and the theoretical developments of Chargaff. She was brought out by Francis Crick and James Watson.
- Rutherford's planetary model of the atom. He deduced a hypothesis about the structure of the atom and extracted energy from atomic nuclei. The model explains the fundamentals of the laws of charged particles.
- Ziegler-Nath catalysts. In 1953 they carried out the polarization of ethylene and propylene.
- Discovery of transistors. A device consisting of 2 p-n junctions, which are directed towards each other. Thanks to his invention by Julius Lilienfeld, the technique began to shrink in size. The first working bipolar transistor was introduced in 1947 by John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain.
- Creation of a radiotelegraph. Alexander Popov's invention, using Morse code and radio signals, first saved a ship at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. But the first to patent a similar invention was Gulielmo Marcone.
- Discovery of neutrons. These uncharged particles with a mass slightly larger than that of protons made it possible to penetrate the nucleus without obstacles and destabilize it. Later it was proved that under the influence of these particles, the nuclei are divided, but even more neutrons are produced. So the artificial one was discovered.
- Method of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Edwards and Steptoe figured out how to extract an intact egg from a woman, created optimal conditions for her life and growth in a test tube, figured out how to fertilize her and at what time to return her back to her mother's body.
- The first manned flight into space. In 1961, it was Yuri Gagarin who was the first to realize this, which became the real embodiment of the dream of the stars. Mankind has learned that the space between the planets is surmountable, and bacteria, animals and even humans can easily live in space.
- Discovery of fullerene. In 1985, scientists discovered a new kind of carbon - fullerene. Now, due to its unique properties, it is used in many devices. Based on this technique, carbon nanotubes were created - twisted and cross-linked layers of graphite. They show a wide variety of properties: from metallic to semiconductor.
- Cloning. In 1996, scientists succeeded in obtaining the first clone of a sheep, named Dolly. The egg was gutted, the nucleus of an adult sheep was inserted into it and planted in the uterus. Dolly was the first animal that managed to survive, the rest of the embryos of different animals died.
- Discovery of black holes. In 1915, Karl Schwarzschild put forward a hypothesis about the existence of a black hole whose gravity is so great that even objects moving at the speed of light - black holes - cannot leave it.
- Theory. This is a generally accepted cosmological model, which previously described the development of the Universe, which was in a singular state, characterized by infinite temperature and matter density. The model was started by Einstein in 1916.
- Discovery of relic radiation. This is the cosmic microwave background radiation, which has been preserved since the beginning of the formation of the Universe and fills it evenly. In 1965, its existence was experimentally confirmed, and it serves as one of the main confirmations of the Big Bang theory.
- Approaching Creation artificial intelligence. It is a technology for building intelligent machines, first defined in 1956 by John McCarthy. According to him, researchers to solve specific problems can use methods of understanding a person that may not be biologically observed in humans.
- The invention of holography. This special photographic method was proposed in 1947 by Dennis Gabor, in which, with the help of a laser, three-dimensional images of objects close to real are recorded and restored.
- Discovery of insulin. In 1922, the pancreatic hormone was obtained by Frederick Banting, and diabetes ceased to be a fatal disease.
- Blood groups. This discovery in 1900-1901 divided the blood into 4 groups: O, A, B and AB. It became possible to properly transfuse blood to a person, which would not end tragically.
- Mathematical information theory. Claude Shannon's theory made it possible to determine the capacity of a communication channel.
- Invention of Nylon. Chemist Wallace Carothers in 1935 discovered a way to obtain this polymer material. He discovered some of its varieties with high viscosity even at high temperatures.
- Discovery of stem cells. They are the progenitors of all existing cells in the human body and have the ability to self-renew. Their possibilities are great and are just beginning to be explored by science.
There is no doubt that all these discoveries are only a small part of what the 20th century showed to society, and it cannot be said that only these discoveries were significant, and all the rest became just a background, this is not at all the case.
It was the last century that showed us the new boundaries of the Universe, saw the light, quasars were discovered (super-powerful sources of radiation in our Galaxy), the first carbon nanotubes with unique superconductivity and strength were discovered and created.
All these discoveries, one way or another, are just the tip of the iceberg, which includes more than a hundred significant discoveries over the past century. Naturally, all of them have become a catalyst for changes in the world in which we now live, and the fact remains undeniable that the changes do not end there.
The 20th century can be safely called, if not the “golden”, then certainly the “silver” age of discoveries, but looking back and comparing new achievements with the past, it seems that in the future we will have quite a few interesting great discoveries, in fact, the successor of the last century, the current XXI only confirms these views.