Drawing up proposals in English according to the schemes. Construction of sentences in English. Word order in narrative statements

In Russian, we can build a sentence however we want. We can say: “I bought a dress yesterday”, or “I bought a dress yesterday”, or “I bought a dress yesterday”, etc.

In English, the word order in a sentence is fixed. This means that we cannot rearrange the words as we like. They must stay in their designated places.

It is difficult for beginners to learn English to understand and get used to this.

Therefore, many often build English sentences using the word order as in Russian. Because of this, it is difficult for the interlocutor to understand the idea that you want to convey.

In this article, I will explain to you how to build sentences in English correctly, so that you can compose them competently, and any foreigner can easily understand you.

From the article you will learn:

What is a fixed word order in a sentence?

Offer- a combination of words that expresses a complete thought.

As I said, in Russian we can rearrange the words in a sentence the way we want.

For example:

We'll go to the cinema.

We'll go to the cinema.

Let's go to the cinema.

As you can see, we can rearrange the words in a sentence, and this will not prevent the other person from understanding the idea that we want to convey to him.

In English, word order is fixed.

Fixed- fixed in a certain position.

This means that the words in the sentence have their places and cannot be rearranged.

Correctly:

We will go to the cinema.
We'll go to the cinema.

Not right:

To the cinema we will go.

Esl and the word order in the English sentence is wrong, then it will be difficult for the interlocutor to understand what idea you want to convey to him.

Let's take a closer look at how to correctly build all kinds of sentences in English.

Attention: Confused by the English rules? Find out how easy it is to understand English grammar.

Word order in an affirmative English sentence

affirmative sentences- This proposals where we affirm some idea. Such sentences do not contain negation and do not imply an answer.

We can claim that something:

• Happening in the present (We are building a house)
• Will happen in the future (We will build a house)
• Happened in the past (We built a house)

In English, affirmative sentences use direct word order.

The direct word order is that the 1st and 2nd places in a sentence are always occupied by certain words.

Let's take a closer look at this scheme for constructing affirmative sentences.

1st place - main character

Actor (subject)- the person/thing that performs the action in the sentence.

It could be:

• The object or person itself: mother (mother), Mary (Mary), cup (cup), chairs (chairs), etc.
• A word that replaces an object or person (pronoun): I (I), you (you), we (we), they (they), he (he), she (she), it (it)

For example:

Tom...
Volume....

She….
She is....

2nd place - action

action (predicate)- shows what happened, is happening or will happen.

That is, the action itself (verb) can stand:

1. In the present tense: study (study), work (work), sleep (sleep), eat (eat)

2. Past tense, which is formed with:

• adding the ending -ed to regular verbs: studied (studied), worked (worked)
• 2nd / 3rd forms of irregular verbs: slept / slept (slept), ate / eaten (ate)

Whether the verb is correct or incorrect, we can look in the dictionary.

3. In the future tense, which is usually formed using the auxiliary verb will: will study (I will study), will work (I will work), will sleep (I will sleep).

For example:

We travel.
We are travelling.

Tom left.
Tom is gone.

She will work.
She will work

Important nuance

It is worth remembering one important nuance. In Russian there are sentences in which we omit the action.

For example:

She is a teacher.

Children in the park.

Tom is smart.

In English sentences, the action must always be present, we cannot omit it. This is a very common mistake among students.

In such cases, we use verb to be. This is a special kind of verb that we use when we say that someone:

• Is somewhere (Children in the park)
• Is someone (She's a teacher)
• Is somehow (Tom smart)

Depending on the time in which we use this verb, it changes its form:

• Present tense - am, are, is
• Past tense - was, were
• In the future tense - will be

For example:

She is a doctor.
She is a doctor. (literally: She is a doctor)

Children are smart.
Children are smart. (literally: Children are smart)

I am at home.
I'm at home. (literally: I am at home)

Read more about the verb to be in each tense in the following articles:

• Verb to be in present tense
• Verb to be in past tense

So, direct word order means that certain words are in the 1st and 2nd places.

Let's see what it looks like again.

1 place	2nd place	3rd place
Actor	Action or verb to be	Other members of the proposal
I	work	here
my sister	lived	in New York
A cat	is	gray
They	were	at school

Now let's look at how to build negative sentences.

Word order in a negative English sentence

Negative sentences- when we deny something. That is, we say that something:

• Doesn't happen (She doesn't work)
• Didn't happen (She didn't work)
• Won't happen (She won't work)

In Russian, to form a negation, we put the particle "not" before the action: not I come not I will read, not bought.

In English, to form a negation, we use the particle "not" and an auxiliary verb. See how this changes our word order:

Let's take a look at this diagram in detail.

1st place - character

Negative sentences also use direct word order, so the protagonist comes first.

2nd place - auxiliary verb + not

Auxiliary verbs- these are words that are not translated, but only serve as pointers.

They help us determine:

• Time of what is happening (present, future, past);
• Number of actors (many or one).

Read more about auxiliary verbs in this article.

Each tense in English has its own auxiliary verb (do/does, have/has, did, had, will). Let's look at the auxiliary verbs of the three most used tenses.

1. Present simple tense (Present Simple Tense):

• does, when we talk about someone in the singular (he, she, it)
• do, for all other cases (me, you, we, they)

2. Past Simple Tense: did

3. Future Simple Tense: will

To show negation, we add the particle not to our auxiliary verb or the verb to be: does not, do not, did not, will not.

3rd place - action

After the auxiliary verb with the particle not, we put an action, which is now negative.

For example:

He does not work.
He does not work.

They will not buy.
They won't buy.

Remember: When we say that we did not do something in the past and use the auxiliary verb did, we no longer put the action itself in the past tense.

Since the auxiliary verb already shows us that it happened in the past.

Not right:

We didn't work ed.
We didn't work.

Correctly:

We didn't work.
We didn't work.

So let's take another look at the construction of a negative sentence.

1 place	2nd place	3rd place	4th place
Actor	Auxiliary verb + not	Action	Other members of the proposal
I	do not	work	here
my sister	does not	study	study
People	will not	buy	a car
They	did not	build	the house

Negative sentences with the verb to be

If the sentence uses the verb to be, then we simply put not after it.

Let's look at the plate.

1 place	2nd place	3rd place	4th place
Actor	verb to be	Particle not	Other members of the proposal
I	am	not	a doctor
They	were	not	at home
A cat	is	not	gray

Now let's look at the last type of sentence - questions.

Word order in an interrogative English sentence

Interrogative sentences These are sentences that express a question and suggest an answer to it. For example: Do you work?

In Russian, affirmative and interrogative sentences differ only:

• intonation (in speech)
• sign "?" at the end of a sentence (in writing)

In English, a statement and a question look different. Unlike statements, interrogative sentences have reverse word order.

The reverse word order means that the main character will not be in the first place.

Let's take a closer look at how to construct such sentences.

1st place - auxiliary verb

To make a sentence interrogative, you need to put an auxiliary verb in the first place in the sentence. I talked about them Auxiliary verb

Actor Action Other members of the proposal Does she work here? Did they study English? Will you buy a car?

Interrogative sentences with the verb to be

If the sentence uses the verb to be instead of the usual action, then we simply transfer it to the first place in the sentence.

Let's look at the diagram:

1 place	2nd place	4th place
verb to be	Actor	Other members of the proposal
Is	she	a doctor?
Are	they	at home?
was	a cat	grey?

Exception:

When we build a question with the verb to be in the future tense - will be, then we put only will in the first place. And be itself comes after the character.

For example:

Will she be a teacher?
Will she be a teacher?

Will they be at home?
Will she be at home?

So, we examined the word order in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences. Now let's practice building such sentences in practice.

Reinforcement task

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. I will go to the store.
2. She is beautiful.
3. We didn't buy a dress.
4. My girlfriend is in the park.
5. Has she read the book?
6. Is the house expensive?

You probably noticed that the meaning of the sentence itself does not change from the rearrangement of words in a Russian sentence. What difference does it make whether we say "There are many wolves in the forest" or "There are many wolves in the forest." And so, and so it is said about the presence of a large number of wolves in the forest.

affirmative sentences

In English, word order is strictly fixed.

This means that every word has its place. Well, actually not to everyone, but only to two - the subject and the predicate. Let's remember our school days. The subject is who or what does the action; what or who the sentence is about. The predicate is what the person/thing does. From the latter follows the conclusion that the predicate is a verb. So, with regard to the English sentence, there is a central dogma, consisting of two points:

FIRST. The subject comes first, the predicate comes second, and everything else follows. Schematically, this can be represented as follows:

Table. Word order in an English sentence

1 PLACE	2ND PLACE	3RD PLACE
SUBJECT	PREDICATE	OTHER MEMBERS OF THE OFFER
Daniel
		toworkeveryday.
These flowers		so beautiful!
Cats	don't eat

The following remark should be made to this table: BEFORE the subject, you can put a definition. And secondly, this scheme is used for affirmative sentences, i.e. those that end with a dot.

SECOND. An English sentence ALWAYS has a predicate, i.e. verb! Even if you don’t hear this verb in the Russian translation of this sentence. For example: There are many wolves in the forest. (there is not a single verb here, although you can remake this sentence for a convenient translation: “There are many wolves in the forest.” This version already has a verb - there is). - There are many wolves in the forest.

Interrogative sentences

This word order applies only to sentences that end with a period, that is, affirmative sentences. There are also interrogative sentences that end with a question mark. And this is where the difficulties with word order and all sorts of confusion begin.

So, there are 2 basic types of questions: general and. To the first we answer “yes” or “no”, and to the second we answer something specific, special (depending on what is asked in the question itself). Remember that the word order in any English sentence is FIXED, and this also applies to questions.

0 PLACE - QUESTION WORD

• What - what? which?
• Who - who?
• Who(m) - to whom? by whom?
• Where - where? where?
• When - when?
• Why - why?
• How - how?
• How much (many) - how much?
• Which - which?
• What - what?
• Whose - whose?

1 PLACE - AUXILIARY VERB

• is/are/am
• do / does / did
• will / would / shall
• have / has
• can / could
• may/might
• ought
• should

2 PLACE - SUBJECT

3 PLACE - BASIC (SENSITIVE) VERB

3rd PLACE - OTHER WORDS

There are also a few comments about this structure.

NOTE 1. How to choose an auxiliary verb? Very simple: the auxiliary verb is the one that is first present in the original sentence. For example:

• Danny is a worker ---> is
• Anna will drive ---> will
• They have finished the report ---> have

Therefore, to ask a question, you just need to rearrange the subject and predicate in places.

What if there is no auxiliary verb? For example: We visited the museum. Here we have only the main verb - visited. Therefore, when there is no visible auxiliary verb, then it is - do/does/did, depending on time. In our case, this did, because the verb is in .

NOTE 2. The main (semantic) verb, when you ask a question, goes clean, that is, without any endings, in the initial form.

NOTE 3 How to understand 0 place? This position in the question is called so because interrogative words are only in special questions, but they are not in general questions. It is by the question word that you determine what to answer. For example:

Mother gave her son a tasty medicine yesterday because he was ill.

• Who? -Mother
• Whom? - son
• Whose son? - her
• What? - medicine
• What medicine? - tasty
• When? - yesterday
• Why? - because he was ill

In general questions (those to which you answer “yes” or “no”) there is no interrogative word, that is, the auxiliary verb immediately goes.

In conclusion, we offer you a small test:

The word order in an English sentence is, on the one hand, an easy topic, because the basic rules are simple, on the other hand, it is inexhaustible, because the nuances are endless. In this article, we will not try to embrace the immensity, but consider the basic rules, principles for constructing sentences in English.

What is a sentence in English

Word order in a subordinate clause (in a complex sentence)

In subordinate clauses, the word order is simple - the same as in the affirmative,

• I know where you live. - I know where you live.
• I don't know where you live. - I don't know where you live.
• Do you know where I live? - Do you know where I live?

For clarity, I will present the proposals in the form of a table:

A common mistake is that in the part of the sentence that begins with unions (in this case, these are unions) who, why, when, where the words rearrange, as in an interrogative sentence.

• Not right: I don't know why did she call me.
• Correctly: I don't know why she called me.

In this case, “…why she called me” is not at all the same as the interrogative sentence “Why did she call me?”, but a subordinate clause. The word order in it is direct, as in a simple affirmative sentence.

Especially often so mistaken in complex interrogative sentences. In this case, the reverse word order should be only in the main part (Do you know), but not in the subordinate clause (where I live).

• Not right: Do you know where do I live?
• Correctly: Do you know where I live?
• Not right: Do you know who was it?
• Correctly: Do you know who was it?

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Offer – this is a separate statement that has intonation and semantic completeness. A sentence is a word or group of words, organized according to the rules of grammar, that carries a specific message, question, exclamation, or call to action.

• It's raining. - It's raining.
• go outside! - Get outside!
• What are you doing? - What are you doing?

Offers English, as well as in Russian, depending on how many grammatical bases (subject and predicate combinations) in the sentence, are divided into simple and complex sentences.

• Simple sentences
• There is my house.- This is my house.
• I have to go to the university.- I have to go to the university.

• Complex sentences
• There is the house where my family lives. This is the house where my family lives.
• I have to go to the university now but I will come back soon. I have to go to the university now, but I will be back soon.

simple sentence(simple sentence) is a sentence that contains only one grammatical basis(one combination of subject and predicate).

• Kate likes dogs. Kate loves dogs.
• We go jogging every Sunday. We go jogging every Sunday.
• They didn't go to school last year. They didn't go to school last year.

Simple sentences for the purpose of the statement

All simple sentences, depending on the purpose of the utterance, can be narrative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory.

Declarative sentences

Declarative sentence(declarative sentence) - a sentence that communicates a certain fact or information in affirmative or negative form. The intonation of such a sentence is mainly descending, direct word order is used (subject before the predicate).

• My name is Paul. - My name is Paul.
• Kate is good at cooking. Kate cooks well.

• I don't like honey. - I don't like honey.
• George hasn't finished his work yet. George has not finished his work yet.

In English, usually There can only be one negative in a sentence, in contrast to the Russian language, where there can be a double negation (the use of particles together not, nor negative pronouns, adverbs, etc.).

• I know nothing.- I do not know anything.
• I don't know anything.- I do not know anything.

• We met no one yesterday. We didn't meet anyone yesterday.
• We didn't meet anyone yesterday. We didn't meet anyone yesterday.

Twice no in English it can be used to further strengthen the negation, but this is not common.

• I ain't got no money.- I don't have any money.
• We don't need no education, we don't need no thought control.“We don't need any education, we don't need any thought control.

Interrogative sentences

Imperative sentences

imperative sentence(imperative sentence) - a sentence that encourages the interlocutor to act, that is, it expresses an order, request, command, invitation, etc. These sentences often omit the subject. you(you, you), since it is clear from the context, the verb is used only in the infinitive form without a particle to.

• Watch this!– Look at this!
• Listen to me.- Listen to me.
• Go and buy some bread, please.- Go buy some bread, please.

Sometimes in imperative sentences the pronoun you is not omitted in order to emotionally highlight and reinforce an order or command.

• You sleep now.- You're going to bed now.
• We will rest and you drive. We will rest and you will drive the car.
• I will go to the shop and you stay at home.- I'm going to the store, and you stay at home.

In order to form negative imperative sentence(prohibition or request), the auxiliary verb is always used do in the negative form, even with a verb to be.

• Don't give me orders!- Don't order me!
• Don't touch it, please.- Don't touch it, please.

• Don't be so silly!- Don't be so stupid!
• Oh come on don't be mad.“Oh come on, don’t be mad.

To form an order, a command directed at third parties, the verb is used to let(allow). To let also used to offer help or when asking for permission to do something.

• Let her go.- Let her go. (Let her go.)
• Let him do whatever he wants. Let him do whatever he wants.
• Let the children play with our dog. Let the children play with our dog.

• Let me help you.- Let me help you.
• Let us do this.- Let us do it.

The form let's(short for let us) is used to suggest joint action. In this sense, the full form let us practically not used.

• Let's go for a walk!- Let's go for a walk!
• Let's play football outside. Let's play football outside.
• Let's invite Paul and Janice to the party. Let's invite Paul and Janice to the party.

exclamatory sentences

exclamatory sentence(exclamatory sentence) - a sentence expressing certain emotions or feelings. Often such sentences begin with the words what and how, and end exclamation point.

AT exclamatory sentences only direct word order is used. However, often a sentence can only consist of one or two words.

• Marvelous! - Wonderful! (also with a touch of sarcasm)
• How wonderful! - How wonderful!
• It's such a beautiful life! - What a beautiful life!
• What a lovely day it is. - What a wonderful day today.

Types of simple sentences by structure

Simple sentences according to their structure (the presence or absence of some members of the proposal) are divided into two-part and one-component, as well as on uncommon and common.

Two-part sentence

Two-member sentence(two-part sentence) - a sentence in which there are both main members of the sentence (subject and predicate), or one of them is omitted, as it is clear from the context or the previous sentence.

• I don't like this book.- I don't like this book.
• We had a lot of fun in Brazil! Swimming in the ocean, drinking cocktails, dancing . We had a lot of fun in Brazil! We swam in the ocean, drank cocktails, danced.

Two-part sentences, in turn, are divided into complete and incomplete. complete sentence(full sentence) - a two-part sentence in which there is both a subject and a predicate.

• The baby was smiling to us. The child smiled at us.
• We've bought a lot of candies for you. We bought you a lot of sweets.
• There was a big party at Caroline's place. Caroline had a big party.

Incomplete sentence(incomplete sentence) - a sentence in which one of the main members of the sentence is missing or both of them, as they are clear from the context. Such sentences are often found in colloquial speech, dialogues.

• Who did that? Mark, of course.- Who did this? Of course Mark.
• What did he do? Nothing at all!- What did he do? Nothing at all!
• What were we doing? Just chilling and talking.– What did we do? They just relaxed and talked.

One-part sentence

One-member sentence(one-part sentence) - a special type of sentence in which there is only one main member of the sentence, and it cannot be unambiguously defined as a noun or a predicate. Sometimes these suggestions are called phrase sentences.

One-part sentences can be expressed using a noun or an infinitive of a verb.

• To be or not to be?- To be or not to be?
• To stay here - alone, forgotten by everyone.– To stay here – alone, forgotten by everyone.
• Spring! Birds singing, the sun shining, flowers in blossom.- Spring! The birds are singing, the sun is shining, the flowers are blooming.

Uncommon and Common Suggestions

unextended sentence(non-common sentence) - a sentence in which there are no secondary members of the sentence, but only grammatical basis. Uncommon can be both one-part and two-part sentences.

• Spring. - Spring.
• to live! - Live!
• Don't talk!- Do not chat!
• She is sleeping.- She is sleeping.
• Matt is a student. Matt is a student.

extended sentence(common sentence) - a sentence in which there is one or more minor members of the proposal depending on the subject or predicate.

• beautiful spring!- Beautiful spring!
• Don't talk to me now!- Don't talk to me now!
• My little sister is sleeping upstairs. My little sister sleeps upstairs.
• Matt is not really a good student. Matt is not a very good student.

In order for your oral and written English to be as literate as possible, you need not only to know a large number of words in this language, but also to be able to compose them into sentences, structure everything in such a way that your thoughts and message are clear to the interlocutors. Sentences are the basis of any text, so the ability to build them according to all the rules is very important for high-quality language proficiency.

Elements of an English sentence

The sentence consists of several members, but only two are constant - the subject and the predicate. They are also called the main members. Each member of the English sentence has its place - the word order, unlike the Russian language, is strictly the same here. Violating it, the English phrase will lose all meaning.

Subject

The subject is in the form of a common noun (as in the dictionary) in any number, in the form of a personal pronoun that has a nominative case, as well as a numeral, infinitive and gerund. The subject always comes before the verb and usually at the beginning of a sentence.

For nouns, the article may change or be completely absent - it all depends on what object or person is meant in the sentence.

Mouseare afraid of cat- The mouse is afraid of the cat;

Iam fond of music- I'm into music;

Fouris believed to be an unlucky number in Japan - It is believed that four is an unlucky number in Japan;

To helpyou is my choice- Help you - my choice;

Reading togood book raises my mood- Reading a good book cheers me up.

Table of personal pronouns that can act as a subject:

Sometimes indefinite and negative pronouns can become the subject:

Predicate

The predicate is the main component of the sentence. With the help of it, we understand what time the described event is associated with. The predicate is placed next to the subject - that is, in second place. It is of the following types: verb (the Verbal Predicate) and nominal ( the Nominal Predicate).

verb predicatestands in personal form and serves as a determinant of action.

Example:

This manstudiesSpanish- This man is learning Spanish;

Samwill moveto another countrySam will move to another country.

Wehave to stoplistening music- We should stop listening to music;

Juliacan runfaster- Julia can run faster;

Shestarted dancing- She began to dance;

A teacherfinished introductionhimselfThe teacher finished introducing himself.

nominal predicateshows the characteristics of an object or living being. It cannot denote actions and consists of two components - a linking verb and a nominal part. The nominal part can consist of various parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, infinitives, gerunds and participles.

Example:

Shewas a teacher- She was a teacher;

The cupis yours- The cup is yours;

This girlis nineteen- This girl is 19 years old;

The wallis black- The wall is black;

Him missionwas to helpher to cope with everything- His mission was to help her cope with everything;

Her greatest wishis flying– Her greatest desire is to fly;

The pastais boiled- The pasta is cooked.

The predicate can be formed not only from one verb, but also from two:

• Main verb . Denotes the action that the second main member performs. For example:He runs- He runs.
• Auxiliary . Distinguishes times. If the tense form obliges the presence of such a verb, then it is unacceptable to omit from the sentence. Forpresent simple This will do/does, for past perfect - had, and for Future Continuous - will be.

Below will be listed all those members of the proposal, which are called secondary. Their task is to explain the main members of the sentence or other secondary ones. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that even without them, the sentence will have a clear meaning, since these words do not form a grammatical center in it.

Addition

The object is placed after the predicate and is expressed by a noun and a pronoun. Such words answer any case questions, excluding the nominative. There are two types of additions:

• direct complement . Answers the questions of the accusative case “whom?”, “What?”;
• indirect addition . Answers other questions: “what?”, “what?”, “to whom?” etc.

There are cases when there are two additions in one sentence. In such cases, we first put the direct, and then the indirect.

Example:

I seea boy- I see a boy;

He is readinga magazine to the friend- He is reading a magazine to a friend;

I playthe computer game with him- I play a computer game with him.

Circumstance

This member of the sentence answers the questions “where?”, “Why”, “when”, etc. and can denote a place, time, image, or reason for an action. It is attached to the predicate and takes place either at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. It is expressed by an adverb or a noun with a preposition.

Example:

My black dog lieson the window- My black dog lies on the window;

TodayI saw her with my sister- Yesterday I saw her with my sister.

Definition

This member of the sentence answers the questions “what?” and “whose?” and describes the properties of the words before which it is placed (subject and object). The definition-participial turnover is usually placed behind these members of the sentence. The definition can be used in the form of different parts of speech: adjective, participle and participle turnover, numeral, noun in the possessive case, personal pronoun in the objective case, and others.

Example:

Yesterday I had astrongtoothache- Yesterday I had a severe toothache;

Where are the goodsbought at the auction yesterday ? - Where are the goods bought yesterday at the auction?;

Her office is on thefirstfloor- Her office is on the first floor;

Sam founda lady'shat in the street- Sam found a women's hat on the street;

There isn'tanywater left in the cup- There is no water left in the cup.

Structure and word order in a sentence in English

In Russian, the order of words in a sentence is freed from the rules, and the meaning of phrases does not change from the rearrangement of members. In English, everything is stricter with this: words can stand in two orders: direct and reverse. To illustrate, let's look at a simple example:

I love you- I love you = I love you = I love you.

This phrase has as many as three translations into Russian.

Note that in English there are three types of sentences, and each of them has its own order of members:

• affirmative;
• interrogative;
• Negative.

Building an affirmative sentence in English

This type of proposal has a direct order of members. It should look like this: first - the subject, then the predicate, and only then the addition with the circumstance. Sometimes, as mentioned above, the circumstance may take the beginning of the sentence. Do not forget that sometimes an auxiliary is added to the main verb, which is also part of the predicate - so the order will still remain direct.

Example:

Today I bought a dog set to my son - Today I bought my son a dog;

We'll go home after working- We'll go home after work;

I have no idea how to learn to play the piano - I have no idea how to learn to play the piano.

Building a negative sentence in English

In such sentences, as well as in the previous version, the word order will be direct. But in order to mark this negation, we add the particle “not" (not). This particle necessarily adjoins the auxiliary verb, which is obligatory in such cases.

Example:

My girlfriend will not visit me in two days - My girlfriend won't visit me in two days;

Sam will not be there- Sam won't be there;

She is not reading at the moment - She is not reading at the moment;

I was not aware of the situation in Ukraine - I did not know about the situation in Ukraine;

I haven't done homework today yet - I haven't done my homework today.

Building an interrogative sentence in English

In Russian, sentences with a question differ from statements only in the intonation with which the speaker pronounces them. In the English version of the interrogative sentence, a different word order is used - the reverse. In it, the subject and predicate are reversed. But only a part of the predicate is put at the beginning - an auxiliary verb, the presence of which is mandatory here. The main verb is still placed after the subject, like all other words. The only exception is that the circumstance here cannot be at the beginning.

Example:

Do you like this music?- Do you like this music?;

Have you been to Japan?- Have you been to Japan?

Sometimes such phrases include a question word - in this case, put it at the beginning.

Example:

What do you think about our teacher? - What do you think of our teacher?;

When did he move to Russia?- When did he move to Russia?

There are also sentences with a question, which is called a dividing one - and in this case, you will have to abandon the standard, “correct” structuring. A sentence with a divisive question is created as follows: first, an affirmative or negative sentence, and then a short question.

Example:

She is rather beautiful, isn't she? - She's pretty pretty, isn't she?;

He studies Spanish, doesn't he? - He's studying Spanish, isn't he?

Construction of short answers in English

In Russian speech, we can briefly answer “Yes” or “No” to many questions. The foreign language we are studying also has such an opportunity, but with one difference - here you cannot simply answer “Yes” or “No”, since such a wording of the answer may seem unfriendly. Therefore, the English, who want to give a short answer to the question posed, add the subject and auxiliary verb used in the question.

Example:

ㄧ Has he visited the Kremlin?- Did he visit the Kremlin?

ㄧ Yes, he has- Yes;

ㄧ Do they work in the college?- Do they work at the college?

ㄧ No, they don't- Not.

If the question asked to you contains the pronoun “you” (you) - it is asked to you personally. The answer to such a question should be from yourself, and not from “you”.

Example:

ㄧ Do you like summer?- Do you like summer?

ㄧ Yes, I do- Yes.

ㄧ Will you write me?- Will you write to me?

ㄧ No, I won't- Not.

Creating literate phrases in English is like a constructor - you just need to insert the necessary parts of it - members of the sentence. More often try to formulate coherent texts in the language you are learning, not only in writing, but also orally, communicating with native speakers of the language you need or with people who, like you, are studying it.