Lesson "What is made of what?". How a book is born: the secrets of paper making Natural materials for a notebook

Paper has become so firmly established in our lives that using it, we do not think about its origin and production. Although everyone knows what paper is made of. But the very process of turning a tree into thin white leaves is not known to many. So how is paper made?
The paper and pulp industry is engaged in the manufacture of paper. The most common is its production from wood. Wood pulp is produced from forest trees. In order to understand how they do it, let's take a virtual tour of the factory.
Raw materials are delivered there in an unprocessed form. Here, the bark is stripped from the tree, and then it is crushed on special machines into chips. Then there are some papers. The simplest mechanical With this method, crushed chips are mixed with water and further processed. The result is paper of not very high quality, which is used to produce newspapers. In order to obtain raw materials of good, high quality, a chemical method of its production is used. With this method, chips are selected by size and boiled. This process takes place using acid in machines specially designed for this. After cooking, the resulting mass is washed and foreign matter is removed. The resulting raw material is subjected to further processing to produce a specific
In order to get raw materials, glue is added. This gives it a water repellent effect. Resins added during the manufacturing process keep the ink from flowing and make writing easy to read. Paper intended for printing does not require these additives because the inks used for printing are not water based.
To make the paper white and opaque, the raw material is dyed with special dyes and pigments. After all the operations carried out, the process of production of raw materials begins. The machines move the resulting slurry from one shaft to another, on which the mesh is stretched. This results in the formation of a paper sheet. The water that was in the raw material gradually flows out through the holes in the grid. The fibers intertwine and form rolls. Further, the canvas is subjected to a series of operations, as a result of which paper is obtained, which we are used to having in our everyday life. The rollers through which the raw web passes are pressed, dried and polished. After that, it is additionally pressed and dried. At the output, paper rolls are obtained, which are already used for their intended purpose. They are cut or sent in rolls for further use. In the process of making paper, many special machines are used. All labor is mechanized. But, nevertheless, it is a very valuable material. Therefore, knowing what and how paper is made of, you begin to perceive it more carefully. After all, it takes 17 trees to produce 1 ton of paper.

For the production of paper, they also use it. Previously, a mass collection of waste paper was organized in the country. It, after cleaning from ink, is added to paper raw materials during the production process. Paper is a necessary attribute of modern life. It is even hard to imagine that its first inventors were the Chinese. For a long time they did not reveal the secret of how paper is made.
Paper is used in various areas of our life. Napkins, notebooks, books, toys, wallpapers, money are made from it. It is perhaps impossible to list the entire list of where paper is used. In some cases, it is simply irreplaceable and is the only suitable material. New ones open up more and more opportunities for its application.

But how can a beautiful notebook, a book or a stack of white sheets be obtained from a huge tree? Let's figure it out together.

How paper is made

Paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Most often they use pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, chestnut.

On a special platform, logs are peeled off the bark and crushed into chips. Then the fragments are transported on the conveyor to the pulp mill, where they are boiled in a special solution. The result is cellulose, the main raw material for making paper.

Interesting! One tree produces 2857 notebooks with 12 pages. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to carefully use textbooks and notebooks, because all these are cut down trees.

The most economical way to get wood pulp - mechanical. A woodworking company grinds timber into crumbs and mixes it with water. This is how poor quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.

But for the manufacture of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method. With the help of sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Further, the chopped wood with the addition of acid is cooked in special machines.

Then the cellulose passes through the filters and is washed, freed from impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must first be cleaned of ink.

The next step is the addition of adhesives and resins. The first - repel moisture, the second - prevent the spread of ink, which are often made on a water basis. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in Your notebook is not smeared and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such sizing, because printing inks are not prepared on a water basis.

But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, the white color of paper is obtained by adding kaolin.

After that, the paper pulp enters the paper machine on the conveyor belt. Here, with the help of tiny porous holes and squeezing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll tape is formed.

In the "wet pressing" stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is a smooth white tape wound onto a huge roll. Paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There, the paper canvas is cut, creating books and notebooks.

You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.

How are books made?

So, after the author writes the text, and the editor of the publishing house approves it, the proofreading process. The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreading team proofreads the text several times. After that, the illustrations are selected for the book.

Then begins layout. With the help of a special computer program, the layout designer chooses the format of the book, the size of the margins, types and sizes of fonts, determines the location of illustrations and text.

The next step is called color separation. Did you know that it only takes four colors to print the cover of a fashion magazine: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all the illustrations into four components.

The most important step - book printing. The ink is rolled out to a thin layer by means of rollers on a printing machine, fed onto a printing plate, which rotates and applies the image to a continuous coil of paper.

Interesting! In one shift, the workers of the printing house can print several thousand sheets.

It's hard to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is the creation of the "face" of the future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hardcover is being made, the book is cut before the cover is glued.

That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, it remains only to pack. You can see with your own eyes how books are made in the next video.

What were books and paper made of in ancient times?

Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them in shop windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity used cave walls, stones, dishes, tree bark…

Years passed and people came up with the idea of ​​making records on wet clay. However, such books were too heavy, uncomfortable and short-lived.

After some time, the heavy clay canvas was changed calf or goat books skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, the “paper” made from the skin of animals was called parchment.

However, such material was too expensive, because to create one book, many calves had to be slaughtered. So people kept looking for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.

A tall marsh plant grows along the rivers of Africa - papyrus. People did not immediately guess about its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was fixing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous middle and put it in the sun. What was the surprise of the man when he noticed that the fibers had turned into dry narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how papyrus books appeared.

But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They thought of making paper from young bamboo shoots.

Interesting! ... And before that time, the Chinese wrote on silk or bamboo tablets. The Chinese zealously cherished the mystery of silk making. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Information has been preserved: in order to transport some works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.

Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 AD. e. Cai Lun.

"Everyone highly appreciates the activities of Tsai Lun: he invented paper, and his fame lives on to this day..." the chronicle says.

The 4th century was a turning point in the history of paper making. After improving the technology of its production, paper forever replaced bamboo planks. New experiments proved that paper can be produced from cheap vegetable raw materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially pleased with the latter: bamboo in their country is a dime a dozen.

No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secret of paper production, they did not succeed. In 751, during the struggle with the Arabs, several Chinese masters were captured. From them Arabs learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries sold it profitably to Europe.

Oddly enough, but Europeans the last of the civilized peoples learned how to make paper - somewhere in the XI-XII centuries. The Spaniards were the first to borrow the technology of paper production, then the Italians, Germans, British ... It is interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other tatters.

The first industrial paper-making machine was invented in France in 1798.

On the territoryand Ukrainian lands paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper "factories" has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 “factories” that operated on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates a high cultural level of the then population.

Radomysl Castle in Radomyshl, ZhytomyrShchyna is the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.

Now paper surrounds us everywhere, every year conquering more and more new areas of application. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources, which are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.

Treat books with care, use paper sparingly, hand over waste paper, plant trees - the least that anyone can do to save forests. And one inventive boy, in order to save forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)

Answer left Guest

Notebook... this integral part of school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems that notebooks have always existed! But after all, did they ever appear ... how and where did this happen?

The word “notebook” itself will help answer this question ... what associations does it evoke? Recall similar words: "tetralogy" - a work consisting of four parts (for example, R. Wagner's tetralogy "The Ring of the Nibelung", including four operas), "Tetralogy of Fallot" - a severe heart disease, including four violations ... In other words, the name "notebook comes from the word "four" ... what is behind this?

There are several possible explanations for this. One of them is that in the libraries of medieval universities, for the convenience of students, books were divided into four parts (really convenient: you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can work with part of it for now, in the absence of book printing, this was indispensable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks ...

But it is more likely to assume that the concept of "notebook" is still ancient, and it is in the meaning we are used to.
Perhaps it came to us from ancient Greece, where students (though not only them) wrote with pointed sticks-styles on wax-coated tablets. But how much can you write on one board? On the other hand, fastening many boards at once is also not very convenient - an impressive bunch will turn out ... Four boards turned out to be the best option - a notebook! Such student notebooks have come down to our times - and they show us how and what was taught in ancient schools. So, in one such notebook, a very relevant saying was rewritten four times: “Be diligent, boy, so that you don’t get torn out!”

But there is another version of the origin of both the notebook itself and the word "notebook". Let's remember what was the "favorite" material for writing in the ancient world? Of course, papyrus! After all, waxed boards were convenient for student exercises, current records “for memory” - in a word, for something short and not particularly valuable, which you would immediately erase later, but for large and valuable texts something long-lasting and light was needed. In this regard, the papyrus was an ideal option.

But he also had flaws. The fact is that the papyrus cannot be folded - it will break at the same time, it can only be rolled up into a scroll. You can easily imagine what it is like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes very long) if you remember the recent past: how we struggled to find the right place on video and audio cassettes! And to top it off, the Egyptians forbade the export of papyrus from their territory.

But, as you know, if there is a need, a replacement will always be found. And she was found - after the campaigns of Alexander the Great. In the Greek city of Pergamum in Asia Minor, they adopted from the Persians and improved the technology of dressing skins. This is how the material for writing appeared, which is called - after the name of the city - parchment. It turned out to be even better than papyrus: it did not darken and did not break with time.

At first, from parchment - so to speak, "by inertia" - they made scrolls similar to papyrus. But it was inconvenient: the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment went to waste - and this is not a cheap material! Finally, the optimal solution was found: a sheet of parchment was folded in four - this is what was called a "tetrad" - and several of these notebooks were sewn together, and it already looked like what we call a notebook now.
Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. Centuries had to pass for parchment as a material for writing to be replaced by paper - and notebooks became paper.