Seven Interesting Facts About the Olympic Flame
Lighting the Olympic flame is one of the oldest and most important traditions Olympic Games. It has existed since Ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks symbolized fire with rebirth and purification. This is a kind of reminder of myths and legends. The titan Prometheus took the fire from Zeus and gave it to people, for which he suffered severe punishment.
The first ancient Olympic Games were opened in 776 BC. Several dozens of specially trained young men took care of the transfer of the Olympic flame. The distance of the Olympic flame was about 2.5 kilometers. It is believed that the Olympic flame is lit in the Greek city of Olympia from the rays of the sun. After the fire is delivered to the venue of the ceremony with the help of a relay race, and on the day when the torch reaches the city, the opening of the Olympics begins. The fire must continue to burn until the closing ceremony of the games. All this time, the fire is in a special bowl, which is located in the stadium where the Olympiad is held. The tradition of passing the torch relay was revived in 1936. At this time, the Olympic Games were held in Berlin. The athlete who was lucky enough to start the relay in Greece was Constantinos Kondylis. The runner covered the distance in 12 nights and 11 days. And at the stadium, the fire was lit by the German Fritz Schilgen. The idea of the Olympic relay was realized with the help of Secretary General Organizing Committee of the Berlin Olympic Games Carl Diem. The concept has undergone some changes associated with the Second World War. At the London Olympics in 1948, the torch run took on the very symbolic name of the "peace relay"!
Almost always the fire was carried by athletes, mostly runners. But sometimes it was necessary to use other types of transportation. For example, in 1948, the fire was transported across the English Channel, with the help of a team of rowers in Canberra.
In 1952, the torch first flew in an airplane on its way to Helsinki.
In 1956, at the Melbourne Olympics, on the way to Stockholm, the relay racers traveled on horseback. The transmission of the Olympic flame on television began in 1960.
Yoshinori Sakai lit the fire at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964. He was born in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. On this day, Hiroshima was dropped atomic bomb. The lighting of the torch is a symbol of the uprising and rebirth of Japan after World War II.
In 1968 on summer games In Mexico, a fire was first lit by a woman. She became the hurdler Enriqueta Basilio.
One of the most unusual methods of transportation was the case when the fire was converted into a radio signal. From the city of Olympia, a signal was transmitted by satellite to Canada. This signal influenced the laser beam, which ignited the fire.
In 1992, at the Summer Games in Barcelona, one of the most original ways lighting the Olympic flame. The fire was lit with the help of an archer and his burning arrow.
Not far from the Great Barrier Reef in 2000, the fire was even transported underwater. Wendy Craig-Duncan, an Australian biologist, carried a torch right across the seabed off Agincourt Reef. For such an unusual carrying of the torch, a special torch with a sparkling composition had to be developed. In addition to fire under water, it should give enough light.
In 2004, the world torch relay race was completed. The fire covered a distance of 78,000 km and was in the hands of 11,400 athletes. This action lasted for 78 days.
Other unique ways transportation of the Olympic flame included a North American canoe, and even a camel.
“Look at the torches of past Winter Olympics! Their appearance can be described by the words “kvadratish, praktish, gut”. Our task was to develop a completely outstanding design, with a kind of primordially Russian “sub-twist”. But most importantly, it must be sincere. Not just a dry and functional industrial design, but a soulful one!” - Vladimir Pirozhkov pronounces the last word with an aspiration. Vladimir is the head of the industrial design and innovation center AstraRossa Design, where he developed appearance torches of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
About seven years ago, Vladimir Pirozhkov could not have imagined that he would leave his sunny villa in Nice, return to Russia and engage in winter torch building. A graduate of the Sverdlovsk Institute of Architecture, he almost hitchhiked out of the country in the early 1990s and ended up as an apprentice to the founder of biodesign, the legendary Luigi Colani. Then he successfully worked as an interior designer at Citroen, where the interiors of the C3, C3 Pluriel, C4 Coupe, C5 models and the C6 Lignage specially “sharpened” for French President Jacques Chirac came out from under his pen.
Then he worked at the Toyota European Center in Nice, where he rose to the rank of head of the division that deals with “cars of the future”.
And in 2007, German Gref, then Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, visited the Toyota Design Center in Nice with a tour, who invited the designer to return to his homeland. This is how the AstraRossa Design center appeared, the debut of which was the project visual style SuperJet 100 aircraft.
“The task of designing the design of the torch for the Winter Olympics in Sochi fell on us like snow on our heads,” says Vladimir. - A couple of years ago, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games held a competition for the design of the Olympic torch. We applied and, of course, hoped to get into the final, otherwise what's the point of participation? But hope was cautious. Why? Look who designed the torches for at least two past Winter Olympics: Pininfarina (Turin, 2006) and Bombardier (Vancouver, 2010). Against the background of such giants on a planetary scale, our compact Russian company looked simply defiant, but we still applied. And a month later we got a call from the organizing committee.”
Appearance and ergonomics
According to Pirozhkov, there is not a single straight line in the design of the torch, all the lines are ornate, they are neither western nor eastern - they are ours. The body is made of die-cast aluminium. Red polycarbonate inserts, painted bright yellow on the inside, create a sense of inner glow. The color scheme embodies the motto of our Olympics: "Ice and Fire". And the design idea is based on an artifact that the heroes of Russian fairy tales are so eager to get - the feather of the Firebird.
Ergonomics of the torch, says Vladimir Pirozhkov, raised many questions. “Unlike the torches of the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics should be better protected from the vagaries of bad weather. Accordingly, they are more powerful and heavier, and this imposes additional restrictions on ergonomics. For example, the torch of the Vancouver Olympics weighs only 1.8 kg, but it is uncomfortable in the hand - it dangles. And if you take Turin - for 2 kg, but perfectly balanced! We tried to move the center of gravity as close to the torch handle as possible and as a result retained the Canadian weight and Italian ergonomics.”
Let's digress a little from the topic and recall the torches of past Olympiads:
The modern Olympic Flame Lighting Ceremony is performed by eleven women, portraying priestesses, during which one of them lights the fire with the help of a parabolic mirror that focuses the rays of the Sun. Then this one, however different time other methods of transportation were also used. In addition to the main torch, special lamps are also lit from the Olympic flame, designed to store fire in case the main torch (or even the fire at the games themselves) goes out for one reason or another. At least one case is known when the fire went out during the games (Montreal, 1976, during a rainstorm).
The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame existed in ancient Greece during the ancient Olympic Games. The Olympic fire served as a reminder of the feat of the titan Prometheus, who, according to legend, stole fire from Zeus and gave it to people.
The tradition was revived in 1928 and continues to this day. During the 1936 Olympic Games held in Berlin, the Olympic torch relay was held for the first time (based on the idea of Joseph Goebbels). More than 3000 runners participated in the delivery of the torch from Olympia to Berlin. At the Winter Olympics, the fire was lit in both 1936 and 1948, but the relay race was first held in 1952 before the Winter Olympics in Oslo, and did not originate in Olympia, but in Morgendal.
So, olympic torches Let's take a closer look at some of them.
Torch of the 1972 Olympics in Munich (Germany)
The main feature of the design of the Games was the famous pictograms of athletes, designed by Otl Aicher. The gas flare was made of stainless steel and passed endurance tests in various weather conditions except for extreme heat. When the temperature reached 46 degrees Celsius on the way from Greece to Germany, a special sealed torch had to be used.
Torch of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow (USSR)
The fate of the Olympic torch in the USSR was dealt with by a department specially created in 1976 of the Office of the Olympic Torch Relay of the 1980 Games. A group of specialists had to decide what the shape of the torch and its internal structure would be. It was originally planned to entrust its production to the Japanese, but the Soviet officials did not like the torch they proposed in the form of a reed. As a result, the development was entrusted to the Leningrad Machine-Building Plant. Klimov, and the specialists of the enterprise were given only a month for this. A group of engineers led by Boris Tuchin met the deadline, thus setting a kind of record. In total, for the Olympics, the plant produced 6200 torches with a gold-colored top and handle. Cylinders with liquefied gas, as well as special cords impregnated olive oil which gave the flame a pink hue.
Torch of the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona (Spain)
The choice of the capital of the 1992 Summer Olympics was to be made in 1986 at the 91st session of the IOC. Among the contenders was Barcelona, whose delegation used during the presentation interesting move. On the map of Europe, burning torches marked the capitals of past Olympics, but the Iberian Peninsula was drowning in darkness. The idea of the Spaniards was appreciated, and Barcelona received the right to host the games. It only remained to create a torch that would not be similar to the previous ones. Such a responsible task was entrusted to industrial designer Andre Ricard. His goal, as he himself put it, was to give the torch a "Latin character". As a result, Ricard created one of the most original torches in the history of the Olympics. In shape, it resembled a long nail, the “hat” of which happened to be a bowl for fire. Residents of 652 were able to appreciate the unusual torch settlements where the Olympic torch relay was held.
Torch of the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer (Norway)
For the first time, the Winter and Summer Olympic Games are being held alternately every two years. This slim torch has been tested for wind resistance. The fact is that he was brought to the Lillehammer stadium by a ski jumper, holding a torch in flight at arm's length. And again, as before the Olympics in Oslo, the fire was lit not in Greece, but in the Norwegian Mordegal. This time, the torch relay stretched for 12,000 kilometers. But unexpectedly, the Greeks protested, urging the organizers of the Norwegian Games to return to tradition. As a result, the fire from Greece was still delivered to the opening of the Games, and it was from him that the torch was lit, which was entrusted to the ski jumper.
Torch of the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta (USA)
The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta was held in the year of the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympic Games. And so the developers of the design of the Olympic torch decided to give back to ancient tradition. Above internal device a team of specialists from the Georgia Tech University worked, and for appearance answered designer Malcolm Greer. It was he who came up with the idea to make a torch in the form of a bunch of reeds. The number of aluminum stems was supposed to symbolize the 26 Summer Olympics since 1896. But several pipes melted, and in the final version there were 22 stems. Also, the shape of the torch referred to the straight lines of classical Greek architecture. The Torch of the Games in Atlanta was the longest in the history of all the Olympics and the only one with a capture in the middle. The right to light the Olympic flame with them at the opening ceremony of the Games was awarded to the legendary Mohammed Ali.
Torch of the 1998 Olympics in Nagano (Japan)
The torch is made in the likeness of traditional Japanese Taimatsu torches, but with some modern touches. It was made entirely of aluminum and burned with propane, and was considered the most environmentally friendly of all made up to that time. The hexagonal shape of the top of the torch symbolizes the snowflake, and the silver color symbolizes winter. The honor of bringing the Olympic flame to the Nagano stadium fell to Briton Chris Moon, who lost an arm and a leg in Mozambique, where he cleared anti-personnel mines. To a flurry of applause, Moon ran through the stadium, despite the fact that instead of one of his legs he had a prosthesis.
Olympic torch 2000 in Sydney (Australia)
When Sydney, Australia won the right to host the Olympics at the 101st session of the IOC, many thought about how long the Olympic torch relay would be. As a result, its length was 17,000 km. The torch with the Olympic flame was delivered on foot, by train, by bicycle, by kayak, by ferry, by plane, on horseback and even under water. The last leg of the journey, scuba divers swam with a torch through the crevices of the Great Barrier Reef. Four years before the start of the games Olympic Committee Australia arranged a tender among four dozen local design bureaus and eventually chose Blue Sky Design. The design team was inspired by the Sydney Opera House, Pacific Ocean and a hunting boomerang. As a result, the torch of the Sydney Olympics turned out to be multi-layered, with each of the layers personifying a separate element: earth, water and fire.
Torch of the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City (USA)
The design of the icicle torch, made of silver and copper with a glass tip, is meant to illustrate the motto of the Salt Lake City Olympics: "Light the fire within you." The tongue of flame, as it were, breaks through the ice. Along with the athletes, relatives of those who died as a result of the tragic events of September 11 in New York participated in the relay.
Torch of the 2004 Olympics in Athens (Greece)
The torch of the Athens Olympics was presented to the public a year before the start of the games. Its creator was the industrial designer Andreas Varotsos, who had previously been involved in the development of office furniture. The main materials from which the torch was made were olive wood and metal. The first was supposed to symbolize ancient history Greece, and the second - modernity. The Athenian torch, whose shape resembled a twisted olive leaf, turned out to be very concise and even modest, but this did not bother the representatives of the Greek Olympic Committee. Worse, it turned out that the torch turned out to be technically imperfect: it was repeatedly blown out by the wind during the Olympic torch relay, and to top it all off, the flame went out right in the temple of Hera at the moment of the solemn transfer of the Olympic flame to the president of the organizing committee of the Athens Games, John Angelopoulou-Daskalaki.
Torch of the 2006 Olympics in Turin (Italy)
The famous Italian design firm Pininfarina, which works with automotive giants such as Ferrari, Maserati, Rolls-Royce and Jaguar, decided to try its hand at creating Olympic symbols. The shape of the torch resembles a ski, and the tongues of flame breaking through the holes create the illusion of a fireball. However, despite its sleek design, this torch has been criticized by representatives of various Olympic committees for being too heavy. Many athletes did not feel too comfortable carrying an almost two-kilogram torch.
Torch of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing (China)
For almost a year, a team of designers and technicians has been working on the creation of the Beijing 2008 Olympic torch. Such a responsible task was entrusted to the Lenovo IT company, a well-known computer manufacturer. The torch of the Beijing Games was made in the form of a scroll, because paper is considered one of the great inventions of China. The main colors of the torch were red, symbolizing the triumph of victory, and silver. And arrange it upper part was solved with a pattern of clouds, which is often found in painting and interior elements in China. The torch of the 2008 Olympics has become one of the most technologically advanced and environmentally friendly in history and has even been called the Cloud of Hope. It was made of an alloy of aluminum and magnesium, and propane was used as fuel, which does not pollute the atmosphere during combustion and does not harm the lungs of athletes.
Torch of the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver (Canada)
The design of this torch was invented by the artists of the manufacturing company Vehicle Bombardier and Hudson's Bay Company. Its length is 94.5 cm, and its weight is 1.6 kg. The shape of the torch is reminiscent of ski tracks in the snow, as well as the Canadian landscape. The side burn holes are carved in the shape of a maple leaf. On a snow-white torch the emblem of the Olympic Games in Vancouver - Inukshuk is depicted. Inukshuk is a heap of stones in the shape of a man with arms outstretched to the sides. The indigenous inhabitants of the region, the Inuit, installed them as road signs.
Dozens of engineers and designers have been developing and testing a far from simple torch device for two years. I had to create a special fuel (a mixture of propane and isobutane), which would burn at low temperatures. The special design of the air sampling holes forms a flame in the form of a developing flag.
Torch of the 2012 London Olympics (UK)
Exactly 100 days before the start of the London Olympics, the torch of the upcoming Games was presented to the public. Its development was entrusted to the residents of the British capital - designers Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby. Before starting work, each of them received an 80-page description of the requirements with images of all pre-existing Olympic torch models. For games in London, designers came up with a torch triangular shape made of aluminum alloy. The choice of material managed to simultaneously ensure its lightness and strength, and the three faces symbolized not only the words of the Olympic motto "Faster, higher, stronger", but also the third Olympics in London. In addition, the perforation applied to the torch turned out to be original: 8000 round holes symbolize the number of torchbearers who took part in the Olympic torch relay.
Now back to our 2014 torch.
inner fire
The "Feather of the Firebird" is only the outer shell. The fuel filling was developed by specialists from a large Russian defense enterprise - the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant, Krasmash. The combustion system consists of three main parts: a gas cylinder, a tap and an evaporator burner.
Rocket engineers could use pure industrial propane, which burns great and has quite a low temperature boiling, -42°C, which is important in the conditions of the Russian winter. However, pure propane has an octane rating of 100 units, is explosive and cannot be used for safety reasons. Therefore, a mixture of propane and butane in a safe ratio of 80:20 was chosen. With this liquefied mixture, a cylinder specially designed to fit the shape of the body, the pressure in which is 12 atm, is filled to half its volume.
60 g of gas is enough for about 8-10 minutes of burning. Again, for safety reasons, gas is taken from the liquid fraction (the intake tube is lowered to the bottom of the cylinder). It would seem that it is more convenient to work with the gaseous fraction - the system maintains an almost constant pressure, and the flame is very stable.
But if such a torch is sharply tilted or turned over, the liquid intake will “overwhelm” and, as a result, the combustion system will be interrupted. Nevertheless, the torch of the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 was made just like that! The fact is that then the torchbearers were professional athletes who were ordered
keep the torch strictly upright, and they strictly observed this rule. By the way, out of more than 6,000 Moscow torches, only 36 went out, which, compared to other Olympiads, is an excellent indicator.
clear flame
When the needle valve is opened, the gas through the pipeline through the first jet (calibrated hole for supplying a strictly defined amount of fuel) enters the evaporator tube, spirally wound on the burner body, where, heating up, it passes into a gaseous state. And then, through another jet, the gas bursts out in a clear flame.
But not too clear: the mixture must be re-enriched with combustible gas. In this case, carbon particles (simply speaking, soot) are formed in the flame, which glow with yellow light, making the fire powerful and clearly visible. However, it is important to strike a balance: such a flame is less stable than a completely burning mixture. The burner itself may work beautifully, but the torch body severely restricts airflow.
If you make holes in the lower part of the body, the torch will resemble a blowtorch, fuel consumption will increase dramatically, and the flame itself will be barely noticeable - transparent blue. Let's make holes on the sides of the hull - we will also get an almost invisible flame, the combustion temperature of which is very high with a strong side wind, which leads to the risk of melting the hull elements. To avoid this, the Krasmash engineers placed the burner at the bottom of a special refractory glass, and wound a nichrome thread around its perimeter.
When the torch burns, the thread acts as a spiral for incandescent ignition - it becomes red-hot and ignites the gas-air mixture if the flame is “torn off” by a strong gust of wind.
It would seem that everything is provided, checked, tested. But the devil, as you know, is in the details.
Debriefing
October 6, 2013 the weather was not bad. The sun often winked from behind the clouds, a weak breeze was blowing, only 1 m/s. And yet the torch went out. Right under the walls of the Kremlin, at the 20th second of the race, in the hands of the 17-time world champion in diving Shavarsh Karapetyan. This case received a special resonance also because an employee of the FSO who happened to be nearby “lighted up” the extinguished torch - and not with the Olympic flame from a special icon lamp, but with an ordinary lighter.
(By the way, this was not the first such case in history: in 1976 in Montreal, a powerful gust of wind with rain extinguished not even the torch, but the Olympic flame in the stadium bowl, and a technician who happened to be nearby, without thinking twice, set it on fire with an ordinary lighter. Later, of course, , to observe the tradition, the fire was extinguished and re-lit from the "original", as in Moscow). And this was only the beginning: over the next two days, the “Firebird feather” had to be “lit up” four times from a special lamp with the Olympic flame.
The reason was found pretty quickly. For the correct combustion process, it is necessary to completely open the gas supply channel. Otherwise, a non-free channel may affect the stability of the flame. But the valve needle has a small play in the clip that compresses it and can freely rotate around the longitudinal axis. This was done on purpose so as not to deform the edges of the locked channel.
On the other hand, it is necessary that the valve opens when turning a quarter of a turn, and further turn is limited by a stop. This is done to ensure the ergonomics of the torch. Turning the faucet more than 90 degrees is simply inconvenient: you need to twist the brush unnaturally or ask someone for help. As a result, it turned out that when the tap handle is turned a quarter of a turn, the deviation of the needle from the channel does not open it enough. It is clear that at some point the needle may again block the channel! The issue was resolved by fully opening the faucet. As a result, the number of extinguished torches immediately decreased noticeably.
How could the specialists of Krasmash, a powerful enterprise with an impeccable product, make a miscalculation? According to Vladimir Pirozhkov, this is a common part of the routine design work: “According to the conditions of the International Olympic Committee, the torch must burn only once and only with the Olympic flame. That is ... each torch goes to the relay without testing, straight from the assembly line.
But for any machine-building plant (and Krasmash is no exception) to start from scratch mass production without multi-level qualification testing of finished products - this is nonsense. Any production in any country has a certain experimental percentage of non-standard, it is precisely eliminated during the testing process. According to the results of which, by the way, in manufacturing process adjustments are being made to reduce this percentage. And the production of torches is completely out of this scheme.
Of course, there was a batch of products designed specifically for testing. This random sample from the series behaved perfect way. What they didn’t do with torches: they blew them in a wind tunnel, poured water on them, froze them at -40 ° C, dropped them into a snowdrift - and whatever! Here are such successful specimens. It was forbidden for Krasmash to test the remaining 16,000 products.
Learn from mistakes
Torch of the Olympic Flame main character any Olympics. Attitude towards him is always emphasized focused. But extinguished torches were at all the Olympic Games, these cases simply did not receive wide publicity. The 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi are covered very widely and brightly, and therefore one may get the impression of serious technical problems. In fact, there is no tragedy in the extinguished torches. “Canadians had a huge problem with the Vancouver Olympic torch,” explains Vladimir Pirozhkov. - It was developed, let me remind you, by the Canadian industrial giant Bombardier.
Of the 7,000 copies produced, 146 went out. strong wind the temperature of the flame of the Vancouver torch increased to such an extent that the plastic elements of the structure began to melt, and later, right in the course of the relay, the developers screwed special refractory shields to the torch. (The first torch began to melt almost right in the hands of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who started the Olympic torch relay. - "PM".) And this, generally speaking, is a normal practice. Over the years of its existence, the International Olympic Committee has developed a condition to consider the situation when the number of extinguished torches does not exceed 5% of their total number as the norm.
The Olympic torch relay is always accompanied by a special team, which carries a light in several lamps, authentic to that which is lit on the Greek Mount Olympus. Extinct torches are lit from it. Our relay race is the longest in history - over 65,000 km. It involved a record number of torches. Under extreme conditions ( North Pole, Arctic) the torch behaves very reliably. 16,000 pieces were made by Krasmash, of which the number of extinct ones is unlikely to exceed 2%. Given our harsh climatic conditions, this is a very good result.
Mystical fate dominates the Olympic torch builders of all times and peoples, no matter how venerable they may be. It is difficult to doubt the competence of the specialists of Bombardier, the manufacturer of aircraft and railway transport, or the formidable Krasmash. Dozens of Turin torches were also extinguished, although their developer and manufacturer, the world famous company Pininfarina, can design objects more complicated - car bodies for Ferrari, Rolls-Royce and Jaguar. A rational explanation nevertheless exists.
“There are no companies in nature that systematically develop Olympic torches,” states Vladimir Pirozhkov, “and we are very proud of our cooperation with the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee and the legendary Krasmash factory! – Accordingly, there is no accumulated and recorded experience. Every country has to start from scratch. And it seems that every time engineering thought works in approximately the same way: “Yes, no question! Just think, make a big lighter!”.
And although the technology of the gas burner has indeed been worked out to the smallest detail, as soon as they try to dress it in a shirt of the original case, the fun begins. The story about the issues that our specialists faced in the development of the torch, I am sure, will be useful for future Olympic torch builders.”
19. The torch of the Olympic flame of the modern Olympic Games is lit ...
a. At the Olympic Stadium in Athens.
b. At the Olympic stadium of the city - the organizer of the Games.
in. At the top of Mount Olympus.
d. At the largest stadium in the city hosting the Games.
20. The structure of the process of learning motor actions is due to...
a. The individual characteristics of the student.
b. Biomechanical characteristics of motor action.
in. The ratio of methods of teaching and education.
d. Regularities in the formation of motor skills.
21. What is the range of heart rate at rest in a healthy untrained person?
a. 80 - 84 beats / min.
b. 78 - 82 beats / min.
in. 86 - 90 beats / min.
g. 66 - 72 beats / min.
22. A skill is a form of realization of motor abilities that has arisen on the basis of ...
a. motor stereotype.
b. Implementation of non-automated movements.
in. Motor skill automation.
d. Conscious movement control.
23. What is the leading organization of the Olympic movement?
a. World Olympic Council.
b. International Olympic Committee.
in. International Olympic Academy.
d. World Olympic Committee.
24. The basis of motor abilities is ...
a. Motor automatisms.
b. Strength, speed, endurance.
in. Flexibility and coordination.
d. Physical qualities and motor skills.
25. Which of the proposed definitions is formulated incorrectly?
a. Explosive strength is a component of speed-strength abilities.
b. The speed of movement in space is due to the physical quality designated as speed.
in. Speed is a quality on which the speed characteristics of movements depend.
26. Which of the proposed definitions is formulated incorrectly?
a. The speed of movement in space depends on the speed of the motor reaction.
b. Speed is a quality on which the speed characteristics of movements depend.
in. Strength is manifested in the ability to overcome resistance through muscle tension.
d. All proposed definitions are formulated correctly.
27. What is the result of performing strength exercises with light weights and the maximum number of repetitions?
a. The rapid growth of absolute strength.
b. Functional muscle hypertrophy.
in. Increase in own weight.
d. Increased risk of overvoltage.
28. Hardening by the sun in middle lane and in the south of Russia it is recommended to carry out ...
a. From 7 to 11 hours and 1.5 hours after eating.
b. From 11 to 14 hours and 1 hour after eating.
in. From 12 to 16 hours and 40 minutes after eating.
d. From 13 to 17 hours and 2 hours after eating.
29. The term "Olympiad" means...
a. The four-year period between the Olympic Games.
b. The first year of the four years that the Olympic Games celebrate.
in. Synonymous with the Olympic Games.
d. Competitions held during the Olympic Games.
30 . At what fractures should a transport splint cover 3 joints?
a. With fractures of the humerus and femur.
b. With fractures of the ulna and femur.
in. With fractures of the radius and fibula.
d. With fractures of the tibia and fibula.
31. Tasks for strengthening and maintaining health in the process physical education decided based...
a. Hardening and physiotherapy procedures.
b. Physique improvement.
in. Ensuring a full physical development.
d. Formation of motor skills and abilities.
32. Which of the presented statements is not true?
a. Combining exercises with hardening, you can increase the overall resistance of the body to the effects of adverse factors.
b. Conducting classes "in nature" creates a favorable background, increases the attractiveness of classes, contributes to the formation of aesthetic perception.
in. Healing effect natural factors has the ability to "transfer", it manifests itself in various conditions daily life and work.
d. All of the statements presented are true.
33. What is the most common method of increasing general endurance?
a. Method of interval exercise in glycolytic mode.
b. Method of repeated exercise with great intensity.
in. Method of continuous exercise with moderate intensity.
d. Interval circuit training.
34. Which of the presented abilities does not belong to the coordination group?
a. The ability to maintain balance.
b. The ability to accurately dose the amount of muscle effort.
in. The ability to accurately reproduce movements in time.
d. The ability to quickly master motor actions.
35. Regular increase in load from session to session so that the heart rate rises to 160-170 beats / min is typical for ...
a. Classes of a general developmental orientation.
b. General preparatory classes.
in. Physical culture and health-improving forms of classes.
d. For lesson forms of classes.
Endurance exercises.
Strength exercises.
Flexibility exercises
Speed exercises.
Exercises for coordination
in. 5, 4, 2,3,1.
37. Signs that are not characteristic of correct posture:
a. A straight line can be drawn through the ear, shoulder, hip, and ankle.
b. Raised chest.
in. Extended shoulders, flat back.
d. Head thrown back or down.
38. When compiling sets of exercises to reduce body weight, it is recommended ...
a. Completely work out one muscle group and only then move on to exercises that load another muscle group.
b. Locally act on individual muscle groups that are closest to the places of fat deposition.
in. Use exercises with low weights and high repetitions.
d. Plan a large number of sets and limit the number of repetitions in one set.
39. The main sources of energy for the body are ...
a. Proteins and vitamins.
b. Vitamins and fats.
in. Carbohydrates and minerals.
d. Proteins and fats.
40. When Russian athletes first participated in the Olympic Games, there were only 5 of them. Nevertheless, figure skater Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin managed to become an Olympic champion. What year was it?
a. In 1900 at the II Olympic Games in Paris.
b. In 1908 at the IV Olympic Games in London.
in. 1924 at the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix.
1952 at the VI Winter Olympic Games in Oslo.
Key
for check theoretical knowledge students in grades 10-11
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The Olympic flame is a traditional attribute of all the Olympic Games.
It is lit in the city of the games during their opening, and it burns continuously until they are over.
The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame existed in ancient Greece during the ancient Olympic Games.
The Olympic flame served as a reminder of the feat of the titan Prometheus, who, according to legend, stole fire from Zeus and gave it to people.
1. 1936: During the Olympic Games held that year in Berlin, the Olympic torch relay was held for the first time. The fire was lit by sunlight using parabolic glass in Olympia, Greece, and then carried by more than 3,000 runners to Germany. German athlete Fritz Schilgen lit the torch at the stadium in Berlin during the opening ceremony of the XI Olympic Games. Posters with a German swastika hang in the background.
2. 1948: The Olympic flame is delivered to its destination. The torch with fire was transported across the Thames, and now the athlete runs up to Empire Stadium, Wembley, where in 1948 the opening of the English Olympic Games took place.
3. 1948: English athlete John Mark lights the Olympic flame at Empire Stadium, Wembley, opening the London Olympics.
4. 1952: Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi lights the Olympic flame at the Helsinki stadium during the opening of the Summer Olympics. This year, part of the way (from Greece to Switzerland), the torch with fire flew by plane, disrupting the traditional delivery of fire by runners.
5. 1956: Australian athlete Ron Clark carries the Olympic flame at the stadium in Melbourne during the opening ceremony of the Olympics.
6. 1965: Italian figure skater Guido Caroli fell while carrying the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the seventh Olympic Winter Games in Italy. Guido got tangled in the cord from the microphone, but still did not drop the torch with fire.
7. 1960: Italian student Ganzalo Peris holds the torch after lighting the Olympic flame in Rome. This year, the fire relay race was televised for the first time. The Rome Olympics was also noted as the first Olympics where a doping scandal erupted. Danish cyclist Knud Enermak Jensen became ill right during the competition, on the same day he died from acute vascular insufficiency.
8. 1964: Student Yoshinori Sakai, a native of Hiroshima, carries the torch to light the Olympic flame at the Tokyo Summer Games. On this day, an atomic bomb was dropped on her hometown.
9. 1968: In Olympia, Greece, the high priestess holds the Olympic flame, which will later be delivered to Mexico City. In 1968, at the Games in Mexico City, Mexico, the torch followed the route of Christopher Columbus.
10. 1968: One athlete passes the Olympic flame to another, at the opening ceremony of the Olympics in Mexico City. A few seconds after this photo was taken, a fire broke out, injuring both athletes.
11. 1968: Athlete Enriqueta Basilo became the first woman to light a fire in a stadium during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Mexico City.
12. 1972: national flags of the competitors fly around the Olympic torch in Munich, in memory of 11 Israeli athletes killed by Arab terrorists.
13. 1976: Stephane Prefontaine and Sandra Henderson lit the Olympic flame at the opening of the Montreal Olympics. This year, ahead of the Montreal Olympics, the flame was transported from Athens to Ottawa by satellite. Mined traditional way fire, was converted to electricity, transmitted via a communications satellite to another continent, where it again appeared in the form of a torch.
14. 1980: The Olympic flame burns over the monument to Lenin at the stadium. Lenin during the Olympics in Moscow.
15. 1984: Gina Hempfill, granddaughter of the legendary American track and field athlete, 4-time Olympic champion Jesse Owens, brought the Olympic torch to Los Angeles.
16. 1988: athletes, holding torches with the Olympic flame in their hands, greet the audience at the Olympics in Seoul.
17. 1992: An archer aims a flaming arrow to light the Olympic torch at the stadium during the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona.
18. 1994: A skier prepares to descend with the Olympic torch at the opening of the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.
19. 1996: The legendary American boxer, 1960 Olympic light heavyweight champion, and multiple world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali lights the Olympic flame at the opening of the Olympics in Atlanta.
20. 2000: on the eve of the Games in Sydney, Australia, the fire even went under water. For three minutes, biologist Wendy Duncan carried a burning torch along the ocean floor in the Greater barrier reef(for which scientists developed a special sparkling composition).
21. 2000: Casey Freeman lit the Olympic torch at the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympics.
22. 2002: The 1980 US Olympic hockey team greeted spectators as the Olympic torch was lit at the opening ceremony of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics.
23. 2004: actress Thalia Procopio, in the role of the high priestess, lights the Olympic flame at the very place where back in 776 BC. The fire was lit at the opening of the first ancient Olympic Games.
In 2004, on the eve of the Olympic Games in Athens, for the first time in history, the fire made a round-the-world trip, which took 78 days and took place under the motto “By passing the fire, we unite the continents”. During this journey, 3.6 thousand relay participants carrying the torch ran a total of 78 thousand km.
24. Greek sailor Nicholas Kakalamanakis lights a fire at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Athens.
25. 2008: In Tibet, human rights protesters try to take away the torch with the Olympic flame from the representative of television and flame keeper Koni Hag during the relay race in London.
26. 2008: Gymnast Li Ning carries the torch with the Olympic flame at the opening of the Beijing Olympics.
In ancient Greece, the Olympic flame, which symbolized the purity of thoughts and divine design, was lit in Olympia during the competition.
ancient greek tradition
In memory of the feat of Prometheus, the Olympic flame was lit during the ancient Greek sports competitions in the city of Olympia. Constantly divine fire burned on the altar of the goddess of the hearth Hestia, and during the Olympic Games - in the temples of Zeus, Hera.
The rise of the Olympic flame tradition
In 1928, the tradition of lighting the Olympic flame was revived. For the first time, this honor was awarded to an employee of the Amsterdam Electricity Company at the Olympic Stadium in the bowl of the Marathon Tower. In 1936, in Berlin, it was held for the first time. Some 3,000 runners took part in transporting the Olympic flame from Olympia (where it was lit using a concave mirror that formed a directed beam sun rays) to Berlin.
The lighting of the Olympic flame during the event took place in 1936 and in 1948. The Olympic torch relay was first organized in 1952. In this relay, the honor of lighting the Olympic torch was given to nine times Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi.
Olympic torch relay
The Olympic torch relay is scheduled to finish on the opening day of the Olympics, with the name of the last torchbearer often not known until the very last moment. An outstanding athlete of the host country runs up the large stairs to the Olympic bowl and lights the fire.
Names of famous athletes who lit the Olympic cauldron: Michel Platini - French football star (1992), Mohammed Ali - heavyweight boxer (1996), the first woman to light the Olympic cauldron, Keta Basilio - Mexican runner, Cathy Freeman (2000), Wayne Gretzky - hockey player (2010). In addition to athletes, the fire was lit by Yoshinori Sakai, a Japanese student-athlete who was born on the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
The torch with the Olympic flame is usually carried by runners, betraying the attribute in the relay, but sometimes they were used completely unusual ways transportation. So, in 1952 they used an airplane and skis, in 1988 the torch was moved on a snowmobile, in 1992 - on a Concorde supersonic aircraft. In 2002, the attribute rode a dog sled, a sleigh, a snowmobile, and in 2006, a Formula 1 car of the Ferrari team, a Venetian gondola. During the Summer Olympic Games, the fire was delivered: in 1956 - by horses, in 1968 - by ship, boat, water skis, in 1972 - by a motorcycle, in 1976 - by a laser beam, into which the fire of the Olympic torch was converted, in 1984 - by helicopter , in 1992 - by the frigate Cataluna, in 1994 - by a reindeer team, on wheelchair, by parachute, in 1996 - by pony express, canoe, train, steamer.