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The ancient art of growing miniature trees is becoming more and more popular with us.

In the article we will talk about what types of decorative bonsai exist, and also find out what are the features of growing these dwarf trees.

How to divide bonsai

Over the many centuries of the existence of the art of growing Japanese (Chinese) trees in pots, several types of bonsai classifications have been identified.

To size

Allocate 5 main types. But within each species there are subspecies.

So, there are:

• - here they include a height of up to 20 cm. These are literally dwarf trees.
  
• - up to 25 cm.
  
• Kifu (medium)- specimens of these species are grown up to 40 cm high.
• Tyu / Tyukhin (large)- these are already solid individuals up to 120 cm high.
• Dai/Daiza (huge)- everything above 100-120 cm gets here.

By number of stems

There are several forms of bonsai, depending on the number of plant stems.

One root, one tree. The most common style. It is he who is the basis for many different forms and types of bonsai.


When several trunks grow from one root. There are styles when several plants with individual roots grow in one container.


Styles

In any case, no matter what size or number of trunks, all bonsai are grown using certain techniques and rules that determine how each will look.

Did you know?Each style, in addition to the main name, also has a Japanese one, and each one sounds like a poem. For example, the literary style is "Dance of the Geisha in the Spring Breeze". Or broom style - "Perfect harmony in the soft air."

This is how the difference in bonsai styles arises. The difference in trunks and crowns is mainly taken into account.


These styles differ in the slope of the trunk, the direction of the branches, the combination and arrangement of several individuals in one container. The main styles of bonsai are "classic upright", "tilted tree" and "cascade". The remaining styles are variations of these three, differing only in the number of barrels, the angle of inclination, and the complexity of use.

Basic styles

We will describe in more detail the main styles of bonsai and consider their photos.


Chokkan (直幹, CHOKKAN)- single smooth, thickening downwards. Simulates a lone tree growing on flat ground. The branches are evenly spaced, the lower third of the trunk is bare. In front, the branches are removed to the upper third.




Moyogi (模様木MOYOGI)- imitates an old tree in the mountains, changed under the influence of time and weather. The trunk is curved, closer to the top, the bends decrease. The lower, most massive branch is exactly a third of the height, and the top is exactly at the level of the base. This style is used for beech, which, thanks to the shade, grows slowly. It begins to stretch towards the light and forms curves.




Sokan (双幹SOKAN). Two trees grow from one root. This style symbolizes a close couple - lovers, parent and child.




Shakan (斜幹 SHANKAN)- straight, but inclined at an angle to the base, as if under the gusts of a strong wind. Symbolizes the will and thirst for life.

Important!To form the correct form of bonsai, it is necessary to adhere to the specific rules of harmony. For example, the proportions between the crown and the thickness of the trunk, the choice of the place where this tree will be placed.


Kengai (懸崖 KENGAI)- like a tree on the edge of a cliff, the plant grows down in the gorge. The top is well below the pot. The branches reach for the light.

semi-cascading


Han-kengai (半懸崖 HAN-KENGAI). The top is at the level of the container in which it grows. Similar to a tree that grows on the edge of a waterfall, a cliff.


Bunjingi (文人木 BUNJINGI)- neat, slightly sloping, with very few branches in the upper third.

Did you know? At the very beginning, Buddhist monks and priests grew bonsai, and only hundreds of years later they spread this art among the people.


Sekijoju (石上樹 SEKIJOJU)- wraps its roots around a round stone, holding tightly to the ground with its tips.


Ishitsuki (石付 ISHITZUKI). Grows right out of the rock. This is an illustration of the hardiness of the plant.


Hokidachi (箒立ちHOKIDACHI). Single trunk, crown in the form of a ball. Branches of uniform length.


Yose Ue (寄せ植え YOSE-UE). Depicts a group of trees growing in the same area - a forest, a grove. Includes usually an odd number of plants. In this style, the same types are combined, but different ages.

Important! Be sure to ensure that the number of trees in group combinations is odd. And by no means four. Symbol in Japanese culture« 4 » is also a symbol of death.


Ikadabuki (筏吹き IKADABUKI). Shows a single tree that has fallen into a swamp, which gives life to its branches.

Coriander is one of the most popular spices in the world, and its greens are called cilantro or cilantro. Interestingly, cilantro leaves no one indifferent. Some people adore it and are happy to use it in any salads and sandwiches, and they love Borodino bread for the special flavor of coriander seeds. Others, referring to the smell that evokes associations with forest bugs, hate coriander and flatly refuse to approach bunches of cilantro even in the market, let alone plant it in their garden.

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Salad "Donskoy" for the winter - a savory appetizer of fresh vegetables in a sweet and sour marinade with olive oil and balsamic vinegar. In the original recipe, the vinegar is plain or apple, but with a combination of wine vinegar and light Balsamico, it turns out much tastier. Salad can be prepared without sterilization - bring the vegetables to a boil, put them in sterile jars and wrap them warmly. You can also pasteurize blanks at a temperature of 85 degrees, then cool quickly.

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Apricots in syrup - fragrant apricot compote with cardamom from peeled fruits. These are very useful preparations for the winter - bright and beautiful halves of canned apricots can be used to make fruit salads, desserts or decorate cakes and pastries. There are many varieties of apricots, for this recipe I advise you to choose ripe, but not overripe fruits, from which it is easy to get a stone so that the peeled slices retain the correct shape.

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According to legend, the Chinese emperor decided to observe his country with his own eyes, for which the masters of the Celestial Empire had to create tiny copies of houses, people and, of course, trees. Bonsai, almost fifteen centuries ago, first conquered Japan, and today this amazing art has conquered the whole world.

Like many centuries ago, the goal of the bonsai grower is to reproduce the creations of nature itself. Reduced copies of oaks, maples, pines, sakuras or ficuses have realistic proportions, they live according to the routine established by nature. If a deciduous tree is grown in a pot, it blooms, leaves and goes to winter dormancy.

Since the artful likeness of a real tree is shaped by hand, growing and caring for a bonsai is laborious, time-consuming, requiring knowledge, patience and understanding of the needs of your green pet.

And yet, more and more beginners enthusiastically take on the difficult, but very exciting work. How to grow a bonsai at home and take care of a small copy of a real tree?

How to grow bonsai at home: common ways

If the grower is just beginning to be interested in bonsai, the easiest way is to purchase an already formed plant, for example, from ficus or citrus. It will help you master all the techniques of care from ordinary watering to pruning and adjusting the shape of the trunk and branches. The accumulated experience will allow you to move on to more complex tasks.

There are several ways to grow bonsai at home:

• through sowing the seeds of the culture you like and the subsequent "education" of the seedling;
• with the help of a rooted cutting;
• the formation of a seedling from a nursery or wild;
• transfer to a pot and correction of an already adult cultivated or wild specimen.

The fastest of these methods is the formation of the crown and root system of a one- or two-year-old seedling. Such a plant already has developed roots, while its ground part gives room for imagination and can be modified, according to the plans of the grower.

Enthusiasts interested in how to grow bonsai from seeds should know that this is the longest way, but also the most rewarding. Here, a person has control over the plant literally from the moment the seed is hatched, and it is easier to change the shape of the shoots and roots because of their flexibility.

It is not necessary to choose an exotic tree or shrub. The main thing is that the plant has small leaves and a small annual increase, otherwise it will be much more difficult to “tame” the future bonsai tree.

Choosing the Right Bonsai Tree

What types of plants are suitable for bonsai, a Japanese-style tree? To quickly get an attractive tree, you can pay attention to:

The choice of trees suitable for bonsai is incredibly large, and many of them are the indigenous inhabitants of Russia and are found in gardens, parks, city squares and forests. Magnificent compositions are obtained from and shadberry, hawthorn, acacia and birch, elder and linden, euonymus and oak.

Before growing a bonsai, based on the type of plant, determine its future height and style.

How to grow bonsai from seeds?

Seeds of trees and shrubs suitable for bonsai are divided into two types. Some of the cultures are immediately ready for germination, but the “program” of many species has a hibernation period, when the sprout waits out the cold season, by evolution. At home, stratification will help to simulate winter.

Tree seeds for Japanese bonsai are placed in wet sand or sphagnum moss for 3-5 months, after which the container is placed in the refrigerator. At a slight positive temperature in a humid environment, the seed prepares for growth. When it is transferred to heat, the sprout quickly awakens. For evergreen species and plants with seeds that have a particularly strong shell, heat or temperature contrast is used to awaken.

Sowing seeds is carried out from spring to early autumn. Seedlings obtained in the second half of summer already need illumination, which is simply irreplaceable in autumn and winter.

For germination and the first months of life of seedlings, a light sandy-peat substrate or peat tablets soaked and saturated with moisture are used. Until a sprout appears on the surface, the container should be in the dark under the film. The air temperature is selected depending on the bonsai tree grown.

To avoid the formation of condensation and rot, the greenhouse is ventilated. When shoots appear inside, they provide a little access to fresh air and transfer the seedlings to the light. As necessary, seedlings are watered and fertilized with complex compounds. When the plant reaches a height of 10–12 cm, it is transplanted.

At this stage, the main root is shortened by a third to slow down the vertical growth of the tree. They immediately begin to form the future trunk, for which copper wire is used.

Choosing a pot and soil for bonsai

The bonsai tree is not for nothing called grown on a tray. To limit the pet in growth, it is planted in a deliberately small and shallow container, while simultaneously forming and cutting off part of the root system.

When choosing a bonsai pot, keep in mind that over the years the tree becomes heavy and, especially with an irregular, inclined or cascading shape, can become unstable. Therefore, for bonsai, ranging in size from a few centimeters to 9 meters, massive, often ceramic pots, bowls or containers of various shapes and styles are traditionally made.

At the bottom of the container there should be a drainage hole and not one. They are used not only for draining water, but also for attaching the plant.

Treating the bonsai pot with a hot solution of potassium permanganate or scalding it with boiling water will help protect the plant and protect it from fungal infection of the root system.

Bonsai soil is not only designed to provide the plant with nutrition and retain moisture, it must help the roots to gain a foothold in a relatively small volume of the pot. Therefore, a special substrate is used for miniature copies of real oaks, lindens, lemons, maples and other trees.

In Japan, for many centuries, such a mixture based on certain types of clay is called akadama. For greater nutritional value and friability, fertile soil and sand are added to the granular substance:

1. For deciduous bonsai tree species, a substrate is recommended with the inclusion of 7 shares of soddy land and 3 parts of coarse washed sand.
2. Flowering crops are grown on a mixture of 7 parts of soddy soil, three parts of sand and 1 part of highly nutritious humus.
3. Conifers, the most popular among bonsai lovers, need especially loose soil, for which they take 3 parts of soddy soil and 2 parts of washed sand.

Before filling the pot, the soil for bonsai is sorted out, removing foreign inclusions that can damage the roots, sieved and sterilized. At the bottom of the container, a drainage layer is arranged to drain excess moisture.

Bonsai tree care at home

It is not enough to purchase a miniature tree, get a young seedling or root a cutting of a breed you like. It is important to know how to care for a bonsai tree.

Constantly limiting growth, forming a crown and growing bonsai in a small pot, a person completely changes the life of a tree or shrub. Therefore, caring for such a culture is very different from caring for other houseplants.

The main task of the grower is to establish watering bonsai, which is not easy to cope with with a small amount of soil and a shallow pot filled with roots.

Previously, flower growers had only a special form of watering cans at their disposal or the ability to immerse a bonsai pot in a bowl of water in order to wet the soil from below. Today, plant irrigation or drip irrigation is actively used, which allows dosed and without the risk of erosion to moisten the soil for bonsai.

For irrigation, take only soft, melted or settled water. During the growing season, plants need more moisture, with the onset of autumn and the approach of the dormant period, watering is reduced and carried out less often, focusing on the state of the substrate.

Top dressing is carried out at intervals of 2-3 weeks, using their mixtures for different crops and seasons. For Japanese bonsai trees, there are mineral supplements based on algae.

You can not leave the plants without nutrition, but it is equally important not to overfeed the bonsai. Therefore, when caring for bonsai trees at home, top dressing is applied very carefully:

• in the spring, at maximum growth intensity including in fertilizer twice as much as potassium and phosphorus;
• in summer, the proportions are left the same, but the concentration is halved;
• closer to autumn, especially for deciduous crops, the content of potassium and phosphorus is doubled, and nitrogen, on the contrary, is reduced.
• flowering and fruiting trees and shrubs need more potassium, which goes to the formation of buds and ovaries.

With the advent of winter, nothing changes for exotic evergreens, but coniferous and deciduous trees must prepare for wintering. How to care for a bonsai tree in winter? If the climate allows, they are left outside or brought to unheated terraces. The root system in a small bonsai pot may be the first to suffer, so it is additionally covered and the soil is dried a little. With the onset of spring, the plant awakens and again needs watering, top dressing and the formation of a crown and roots, which is mandatory for bonsai.

Bonsai is a special technique for growing bonsai trees indoors. Essentially, bonsai is the art of creating the kind of tree you want to see. For a plant, you can choose the most common cutting of aspen, birch, pine, oak or juniper. With the help of various tricks, a strong large tree is forced to grow in small indoor pots, due to which a very beautiful small tree grows, which fits amazingly into a modern interior.

In the East, the bonsai technique is equated with the art of creating sculptures or painting. The history of bonsai dates back to the time of the samurai. When warriors went on campaigns, they certainly took small trees with them, personifying eternal youth and life.

How to plant a bonsai

Adult bonsai is an expensive pleasure. In addition, grown by someone else's hands, bonsai will not bring you proper satisfaction and joy. Old-timers of the East say that growing bonsai from scratch gives a person strength, teaches wisdom and patience.

To grow a bonsai at home, you need to go to the nearest park and find a small offshoot of any tree. Remember that bonsai is a prototype of a large tree, so you need to choose those varieties that suit your taste. That is, if you do not want to see leaves falling in autumn and bare branches in winter, you need to choose evergreen tree species. Also pay attention to which trees take root well in your lane. Don't plant a palm tree or banana tree if they don't get enough sunlight.

Walk through the park and decide on the choice of tree. It can be ficus, oak, elm, birch and any other plants. Dig up a small tree cutting. Usually viable shoots huddle around the roots of a large tree. In the same place, in the park, it is necessary to collect land for planting a plant. This is done so that the tree gets into the "familiar", that is, into the soil familiar to it.

To plant a plant, you need to prepare a pot. Bonsai grows very well and takes the desired shape in wide and shallow ceramic pots. The pot should be so shallow that it only covers the roots of the tree. Ceramics, in turn, perfectly retains moisture, which is so necessary when planting a shallow plant. However, for the first time, until the tree has grown stronger and gained strength, it can be planted in an ordinary pot for indoor plants.

At the bottom of the pot, you need to make drainage - scatter expanded clay pebbles or just brick shards. To prepare the soil, you need to mix three parts of the earth brought from the park with one part of sand and one part of peat. Mix the soil and pour it into the pot. Plant a tree in it, after cutting off the long roots. This is another important part of growing a tree. At each transplant, you need to cut the roots of the tree, leaving no more than 10 cm. This allows the plant to grow not up, but in breadth.

Growing bonsai is quite simple. Most trees do not need any special conditions. Immediately after planting a tree, it must be watered abundantly and placed in fresh air - for example, on a balcony or on a windowsill on the outside of a window.

fertilizers
Since there is not a lot of soil in the pot, bonsai need to be fertilized regularly. You need to feed the plant once every three weeks during the period of active growth. In winter, top dressing can be canceled. Usually bonsai are fertilized from a mixture of minerals, which include nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Some crops, such as pine and maple, do not fertilize with nitrogen, otherwise it can provoke the active growth of these trees, which is unacceptable for us.

Watering a bonsai tree
Bonsai should be watered moderately, the amount of water required by the plant depends on its type. However, you should not allow the soil to dry out completely, since a shallow pot does not allow the tree to accumulate moisture. It is best to water the plant as soon as the topsoil dries out. In winter, watering is reduced to a minimum. If the air in the room is very hot and dry, you need to place the plant pot in a pan of water. Bonsai also need regular spraying - so it looks fresher.

Temperature and amount of sunlight
Most cultures are quite unpretentious regarding the temperature in the room where they grow. Try to regularly take your "pet" out into the fresh air - put it on the balcony. Most trees grow normally at temperatures ranging from -10 degrees to +40 degrees Celsius.

But there should be plenty of sunlight all year round. Place bonsai on windows on the sunny side of the house. And only in the middle of summer the tree needs to be protected from direct sunlight, otherwise the crown will simply turn yellow.

pruning bonsai
Pruning is one of the main conditions for growing an aesthetically beautiful plant. Even at the very beginning of growing a tree, you need to decide on the shape that you would like to see in your pot. Trees can be cut in such a way that they are straight and tall, spreading and low, asymmetrical, spherical, etc.

When pruning, it is important to consider some features. If you want to speed up and improve the growth of a plant in a certain direction, you need to cut off only the tops of the branches that grow in that direction. When you remove only the top leaves, the growth of the plant in that direction is accelerated. If, on the contrary, you want to stop the growth of branches in a certain direction, you need to “pinch off” the branches, that is, remove them from the very base of the trunk. Most likely, new shoots will no longer grow from this place.

From the very beginning of the growth of the seedling, it is necessary to constantly form the crown of the plant. This accelerates the growth of leaves, while making them small and decorative. Usually the tree is pruned in spring and summer, using small pruners or scissors for this. It is not necessary to prune the tree during flowering, otherwise it will never bloom again.

Many flower growers who are just starting to grow bonsai do not understand how such a dwarf plant species can be obtained from a large viable tree. Here are a few tips to help you figure out how to shape your bonsai.

1. Small capacity. If you plant a seedling in a large container, you will get a real garden tree. The small size of the shoots is achieved due to the shallow pot for planting bonsai. There is not much soil to "roam" in growth. And in order to replenish the strength of the plant, you need to transplant the tree into fresh soil saturated with minerals and fertilizers every few years.
2. Minimum fertilizer. To slow down the growth of a tree, you need to fertilize it, but to a minimum. You must not allow active growth and development of the crown.
3. Frequent pruning of young shoots. If you constantly cut off young branches, all the growth of the tree will go into the thickness of the trunk, which is what we want to achieve.
4. Root pruning. At each transplant, you need to ruthlessly cut the roots of the tree, leaving only small branches no more than 12 cm long.
5. Cuts in tree bark. If a tree stubbornly strives to grow upward, you need to stop the flow of sap under its bark. To do this, incisions are made on the bark or the trunk is simply pulled over with wire for several months.

All these techniques can be carried out only after the final strengthening of the seedling, otherwise it may lead to the death of a fragile tree.

What is sick bonsai

Bonsai can usually get sick with all those diseases and pests that affect large trees of this type. The main pests of the bonsai tree are spider mites, aphids, and worms. Like other indoor plants, bonsai can suffer from mold and mildew. You can cure pests using medicinal formulations for indoor plants, which are sold in specialized stores. You can also rub the tree trunk with garlic tincture, which kills insects. If your plant is sick, it means that you did not observe the temperature regime, the amount of watering and other plant life conditions.

Growing a beautiful, elegant and refined bonsai tree is a real hobby that requires patience and endurance. Bonsai is not just flower growing, it is a true art of creating beauty.

Video: how to grow a bonsai tree with your own hands

The art of bonsai has evolved over the years, and during this time a huge number of styles of creating trees have appeared. Of course, first of all, bonsai is created for the sake of decorativeness. The main role is played by the shape of the trunk and crown. It is they who create that unique appearance of the bonsai, which is so valued all over the world.

The most common styles of bonsai are:

• Hokidachi. This is the style of creating a crown like a fan. Great for trees with thin and small leaves. The trunk of the tree should be straight, not curly. Such a crown resembles a ball and looks very beautiful at any time of the year.
• Moyogi. This style is also found in the natural environment. The trunk of the tree is curved and resembles the letter "s". Each bend has its branches covered with foliage. Branches and leaves begin about a third above the base of the trunk. In this case, the base should be wider than the top.
• Bunzings. This is a bohemian style that is designed to show the struggle of trees for survival. In the natural environment, such trees can be seen in dense forests where there is little light and only very tall trees that can reach the illuminated area survive. The trunk of such a tree should be long, slightly curved and bare. Foliage is located only at the very top.
• Fukinagashi. It is also a style of fighting and survival. The trunk of the tree is curved and slightly inclined to the side. All branches are located only on one side of the tree. Such trees can be seen in places with strong winds that constantly blow in one direction.

Despite the presence of long-established styles, it is not necessary to follow any rules. The crown of a tree can have a completely bizarre and unusual shape that does not fit any style. - this is primarily a manifestation of their imagination and creative impulses.

More information can be found in the video: