National policy its main directions. Modern national policy in the Russian Federation

National policy is a purposeful activity to regulate the relationship between nations, ethnic groups, enshrined in the relevant political documents and legal acts of the state.

This is a system of measures taken by the state, aimed at taking into account, combining and implementing national interests, at resolving contradictions in the sphere of national relations. In theory and practice, it should be taken into account that national policy is closely interconnected with social, regional, demographic and other areas political activity. In various communication systems, they are correlated as the general and the special, the whole and the part. This is expressed in the fact that the national policy includes social, economic, linguistic, regional, migration, demographic aspects. However, in a multinational state, when implementing public policy in any field public life it is necessary to take into account national and ethnic aspects.

important task multinational state is optimization interethnic relations, i.e. search and implementation of the most favorable options for the interaction of subjects of interethnic relations. The main thing in the content of national policy is the attitude towards national interests, taking into account their: a) commonality; b) discrepancies; c) collision. The commonality of the fundamental interests of individual subjects of interethnic relations and national interests on a state scale has objective grounds. The divergence of interests is connected with the objectively existing specific conditions and needs for the development of national-ethnic communities. When weaving national and political interests their divergence can develop into a clash, a conflict. Under these conditions, coordination of national interests is necessary as a prerequisite for their implementation, which is the essence of national policy. Its main purpose is to manage the interests of and through the interests of nationalities.

National policy differs in purpose, content, direction, forms and methods of implementation, results.

National policy goals can be national consolidation, interethnic integration, rapprochement, merger of nations. Along with this, national policy is sometimes aimed at national isolation, isolation, upholding ethnic "purity", protecting the national from foreign influence.

According to the direction, national policy is distinguished as democratic, peacekeeping, creative, progressive and totalitarian, militant, destructive, reactionary.

In terms of forms and methods of implementation, the national policy is characterized by non-violence, tolerance, and respectful attitude. Along with this, national policy can be carried out in the form of domination, suppression, repression, using violent, rude, humiliating methods, the “divide and rule” method.

According to the results of national policy, interethnic relations differ, on the one hand, in consent, unity, cooperation, friendship, and on the other, they are characterized by tension, confrontation, and conflict.

National policy should be developed based on the characteristics of the country, the level of its socio-economic development.

A necessary condition for an effective, effective national policy is its scientific character, which implies strict consideration of the patterns and trends in the development of nations and national relations, scientific and expert study of issues related to the regulation of interethnic relations. Determination of the goals of national policy, the choice of ways, forms and methods of their achievement need to be based on genuine scientific analysis ongoing processes, qualified forecasts, assessments of available policy alternatives.

In the practical implementation of national policy in the regions and republics, it is necessary differentiated approach. At the same time, one should take into account natural and climatic conditions, socio-historical features of the formation of an ethnos, its statehood, demographic and migration processes, the ethnic composition of the population, the ratio of titular and non-titular nationalities, confessional characteristics, features of national psychology, the level of ethnic self-awareness, national traditions, customs, the relationship of the titular ethnic group with other socio-ethnic communities, etc.

The functions of national policy are:

goal-setting function: defining goals and objectives, developing activity programs in accordance with the interests of all nations and ethnic groups of the country;

organizational and regulatory function, i.e. the function of regulating the activities of social and political institutions, public groups, national organizations and movements, population groups, etc.;

the function of integration, rapprochement of national-ethnic communities on the basis of a commonality of fundamental interests and goals;

the function of resolving interethnic conflicts, developing effective ways and methods for resolving interethnic conflicts;

predictive function, including the development of preventive measures to prevent possible complications and exacerbations of the ethnopolitical situation in the country, region;

the function of educating people in the spirit of internationalism, respect for the national dignity of everyone, a high culture of interethnic communication, intransigence towards the manifestation of nationalism and chauvinism.

A long-term program, the core of the national policy is its scientifically developed concept. The concept defines the strategic goals and objectives of the national policy, ways, forms and methods for solving national problems, scientific and practical support for the main directions of the national policy.

In the Russian Federation, in June 1996, the concept of national policy was adopted. The main conceptual provisions of the national policy in the Russian Federation are equality of peoples, mutually beneficial cooperation, mutual respect for the interests and values ​​of all peoples, protection of the rights of indigenous peoples and national minorities, equality of human rights and freedoms regardless of nationality and language, freedom to use their native language, free choice language of communication, education, training and creativity.

The supreme goal of the national policy of the Russian Federation is to create for all the peoples of Russia, on the basis of respect for human and peoples' rights, the necessary conditions for their full-fledged social and national cultural development as part of a single multinational state.

More on the topic of NATIONAL POLICY:

1. Chapter 5. The idea of ​​cultural-national autonomy in modern national politics.
2. Lecture 14. NATIONAL AND ETHNIC ASPECTS OF MUNICIPAL POLICY

Introduction 3

1. National policy in modern Russia: main aspects. 5

1.1. The essence of nations as ethnic groups, the role of the national factor in

society and the state. The prospect of the formation of Russia

as nations - states 10

1.2. About the state national policy 11

2. Forms of government 14

2.1. Form of government in Russia 18

Conclusion 22

References 25

Introduction.

It has been known since the time of The Tale of Bygone Years that Russia is a multinational country. But this immutable truth has not become the basis for the development and implementation of an appropriate state policy for the development of peoples and cultures in multinational Russia. No reasonable politician or manager in Russia can help but delve into the nature of the national question, can't help but engage in arrangement and interaction between different peoples, cultures and religions, because the viability and well-being of the entire state largely depends on this. Neglect, indifference to ethno-national problems and their underestimation accumulate in Russia again and again the potential ethnic conflicts which loosens and sometimes destroys the essential foundations Russian society and the Russian state.

The state of the ethno-national question in modern conditions brought to the point that it most often enhances the impact of negative trends on the state and society, restricts the rights and freedoms of citizens. Politicians provoke again: on the one hand, some, using the slogans of democracy and human rights, substantiate the ideas of denying ethnic nations, reporting on the solution of the national question and proclaiming the formation of a historical community - the multinational people of the Russian Federation, on the other hand, others replace the democratic principles of the formation of power ethnodictatorship, denying the possibility of the evolution of ethnic consciousness on the basis of the principles of democracy, and hence the democratic arrangement of the Russian peoples in a single state. Under these conditions, multinationality significantly aggravates, and sometimes even leads to the most difficult conflicts, the social and spiritual consequences of the economic and political crisis that Russia has faced in the current transition period. The extreme agitation of nation-ethnoi significantly complicates the reform of the socio-economic and spiritual-political spheres of multinational Russia. And vice versa, ethno-national moments begin to play an undeservedly defining role.

Ultimately, the main guideline for the national policy of the Russian Federation is the formation of a new democratic system of national relations, where every nation, regardless of its size, and a citizen, regardless of its nationality, must have equal rights and equal opportunities in their national and personal self-assertion in society and in the state, in their dignity and well-being, thereby increasing the life chances of their ethno-national and civic self-assertion, using social, cultural and political spaces.

Theoretical science singles out and explores the general patterns of the emergence and development of various social phenomena and processes She appeals to their recurring, most typical properties and forms of government. Real life is more complex and diverse. Specific state-legal phenomena serve as an external expression not only of the regular, but also of the accidental, not only of the progressive, but also of the regressive. Their essence is predetermined in time and space. The essential features of this or that form of the state cannot be understood and explained, or abstracted from the nature of those production relations that have taken shape at a given stage of economic development.

However, the economic structure of society, determining the entire superstructure as a whole, characterizes the form of the state only in the end, refracting through its essence and content.

1. National policy in modern Russia:

main aspects.

Today it is necessary to clearly define the state understanding of the fact that national policy, which is responsible for the state and well-being of peoples, for ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen united country, coupled with the appropriate position and activities of the authorities in the center and in the regions, affects the deep foundations of the state and prospects for the development of nations and interethnic relations. And that means the whole system of relations of state building and state security multinational Russia, security spiritual development and socio-political well-being of peoples, the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens of all nationalities. Discomfort in the well-being of a citizen in the social and economic sphere is easier to overcome if he does not feel ethno-national discomfort. Accordingly, the development and implementation of a consistently democratic national policy in the Russian Federation is one of the fundamental tasks of reforming the Russian statehood, an integral part of the democratic improvement of all spheres of life in Russian society. Civil society is still extremely weak in Russia.

The possibilities and prospects of national policy in Russia have always depended and depend primarily on the position and understanding of the most complex problems of arranging peoples and cultures in Russian state the first leader of the country. And in the current conditions, it largely depends on the President of the country what kind of national policy should be, what model of arrangement of peoples and cultures will be in modern Russia.

Considering all this, I would like to see in the President of the country a person who is not indifferent to the fate of each nation, regardless of its size, and the entire multinational people of Russia, to see in him a true collector of all the peoples and lands of Russia. And V. V. Putin has already demonstrated these qualities, first of all, during the events in Dagestan. Not the war in Chechnya, but military actions for the liberation of Dagestan from terrorists and bandits became the basis for the growth of the rating of the future President of the Russian Federation, the growth of his popularity and authority among citizens of all nationalities of our country.

Burning, ethno-national problems close to many people should be heard first of all from the lips of the leaders of the state, so that they do not become the property of the crowd and provocateurs. It is important that the Russian head of state more often use in his speeches and reports the terminology "multinational people of the Russian Federation", "Russian people" and "Russians", "friendship of peoples", "unity of Russia". It is important to introduce into the tradition a respectful attitude to the originality of the history and traditions of the peoples of the country, to equality and equal opportunities for the peoples and citizens of the Russian Federation in all spheres of state and public life. And there is great hope for the head of state.

Against the backdrop of the tragedy in Chechnya, the growth of interethnic distrust, hostility, massive violations of human rights (Russians and non-Russians) in nationality in various regions of the country, the agitation of the national identity of compatriots in the former republics Soviet Union people should see in the President of the Russian Federation their intercessor, the guarantor of justice and equality in all spheres of society. The leaders of the state, the leaders of the constituent entities of the Federation should talk as often as possible about friendship, cooperation, spiritual co-creation, commonality and closeness of the peoples, cultures and religions of Russia, and not incite them against each other, as sometimes, unfortunately, happens. In this regard, it is necessary to more convincingly and more correctly work out the issues of the historical significance of the processes of the original development of each nation, as well as the formation of a multinational, but united in its statehood and spirituality. Russian people. Only by providing a full guarantee of the development of each ethnic group as a nation do we have a chance to become a nation-state.

In the Russian Federation, conceptually and constitutionally defined basic principles democratic national policy, its main goals and objectives for present stage, specific directions and mechanisms for the implementation of the state national policy. The policy of colonization, assimilation, unification and patronage should be replaced by a policy of parity and partnership both in relations with each other and in relations with the authorities. There is no need to re-write another concept of national policy. We have already passed the time of concepts. Now everything will depend on the position and practical efforts of the President and all authorities in the center and locally in the sphere of federal and national relations. A Russian citizen of any nationality must be sure that the President of Russia is the guarantor of the original and equal development of all the peoples of the country, the guarantor of their unity and common spirit as representatives of one people, one state. I repeat, a representative of any of the 176 nationalities of Russia, every citizen of the country has the right to see in the President of Russia the spokesman for the interests and will of both his people (national will), and the entire multinational (nationwide, civil will) people of the Russian Federation. Such is the status of every leader in the territories, regions, autonomies and republics. So far, unfortunately, not everyone corresponds to this status even in their intentions.

National politics

1) a set of legislative organizational and ideological measures of the state aimed at organizing the life of ethnic groups and the relationship between them;

2) strategy and activities carried out by the state and aimed at taking into account, combining and realizing the national interests of all ethnic communities.

N.p. - one of the most obvious ways of non-confrontational political development of the state; the most constructive way to unblock chronic intra-national, as well as international and even regional conflicts, rather long social process, which includes several stages and requires reciprocal efforts of all parties involved in the conflict. The main meaning of N.p. in the coordination of national interests as a prerequisite for their implementation.

N.p. arose as a special direction of state policy in the formation of national and multinational states in Europe. Proclaimed Great French Revolution The "principle of nationality", according to which every people is sovereign and has the right to create its own state, contributed to the growth of nationalism and separation tendencies in the ethnic development of Europe. At the same time, the interests of the nation were usually identified with the interests of the state representing it and almost inevitably opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups.

In Russia, after the October Revolution of 1917, the concept of national-territorial autonomy was created, providing for the right of the nation to self-determination within the occupied territories, up to political separation and the creation of its own statehood. At the same time, the process of creating national-state formations did not resolve national problems due to the strong territorial mixing of peoples (see:), as well as the often indistinct ethnic self-consciousness and other reasons. This approach gave rise to the growth of national separatism and created the ground for ethnic conflicts. The same problems are typical for some Eastern European countries.

In economically developed countries since the middle of the XX century. there is a decrease in the role of ethnicity in the life of the state, the direction of the national movement towards the social integration of society becomes predominant, while maintaining the linguistic and cultural pluralism of its constituent ethnic groups. At the same time, the ethno-cultural needs of ethnic minorities can be satisfied by creating national-cultural autonomies and national communities of compatriots. Tribal peoples may be endowed with special rights in order to protect them from the harsh effects of industrial civilization. In relation to them, a paternalistic policy can be pursued, consisting in the implementation of special state programs in the field of education, health care, social development etc. In most cases, however, the development of an ethnos is entrusted to its own national organizations. This direction of N. p. is normative for modern international law and dominant ideological and political concepts and opposes both the tendency to ethnic homogenization of society through the assimilation of ethnic minorities, their deportation or extermination (genocide), and the tendency to limit interethnic contacts (segregation).

N.p. is an art. It presupposes both an in-depth analysis of the dialectics of national processes in their concreteness and consideration of changing national sentiments. The less national interests are taken into account and implemented in national politics, the more hypertrophied they are reflected in the mass national consciousness. Under such conditions, national sentiments develop into nationalist ones. This, in turn, creates a national populist background, which is used for political purposes by some leaders of national movements.

Ethnopsychological dictionary. - M.: MPSI. V.G. Krysko. 1999

See what "national policy" is in other dictionaries:

National politics- National policy The policy of the state in relation to the various nationalities within the country. AT different time and in different countries can change its character from national terror (pogroms, ethnic cleansing, etc.), ... ... Wikipedia

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National politics- a comprehensively substantiated system of measures taken by the state in the sphere of national relations, aimed at the realization of national interests, the resolution of national contradictions. National policy in difficult modern conditions ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

national policy- national policy adopted in former USSR and in the Russian Federation, the designation of state policy in relation to ethnic groups (nationalities) and in the field of regulation interethnic relations. Similar to those used abroad (where ... ... Encyclopedia "Peoples and Religions of the World"

National politics- AT in practical terms national policy is a system of measures aimed at updating and further evolutionary development of the national life of all the peoples of Russia within the framework of a federal state, as well as at creating equal ... ... Dictionary of legal concepts

National politics- Activity state power, party or public group to regulate economic, legal, ideological, cultural and linguistic relations between nations, nationalities and ethnic groups. N.p. related to language policy... Dictionary of socio linguistic terms

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Russia's national policy- National policy in Russia is a set of political and organizational measures carried out by the Russian authorities in relation to the peoples of different nationalities (national minorities) living on its territory. Content 1 Russian empire 2 RSFSR, ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• National policy in Russia: XVI - the beginning of the XXI century. Textbook, Perepelkin L.S. The book is dedicated to the history of national politics Russian authorities, starting from the 16th century, when Russia began to acquire imperial features, and ending with the collapse of the USSR. A separate section is dedicated to…

Speech at a scientific seminar « State policy of nation-building in modern Russia » at the Center for Problem Analysis and State Management Design, 2011

“The foundation of a sound national policy in Russia would have to begin with the restoration of equal status different peoples and ethnic groups that live in Russia, and first of all with the restoration of the right to institutional consolidation of the national identity of the system-forming nation of our state - the Russian people," the author is convinced. This will be discussed on, which will take place on June 1 in St. Petersburg.

We invite you to participate and discuss. Register, come, send to the editor your thoughts and stories.

The discussion of not only the specific content of modern nationality policy, but also its basic concepts: “nation”, “national relations”, “national conflicts” is often conducted in an undertone, since national issues are inexplicably included in the category of “delicate”. Too much long time The international shyness of Russian social scientists led to the fact that almost all components of national relations were among the “non-discussable subjects”, allegedly understandable by default and so to everyone.

The most serious problems that arose on ethnic grounds were presented mainly as local, private and insignificant conflicts (the only exception was, perhaps, the only deportation during the Great patriotic war and two hundred years of persecution of Jews, especially under Soviet rule). At the same time, it was as if forgotten that the category of national relations is much broader than the category of national conflicts.

In my opinion, the national is among the inalienable values ​​of every person, and national ideals are no less important for people than moral ideals. How these values ​​are used in politics is another question. But for everyone reasonable person who knows his history, nationality means a lot. Moreover, from my point of view, it can be considered as the last value, which allows to preserve at least some of the foundations of the diversity of states and other communities in the period of globalization. It is possible that nationality may be the last stronghold in the identification of a person. There are different opinions about this. You can often hear high-ranking people, famous in science, say that national question- this is nothing more than "toys for politicians", that the concept of a nation, an ethnic group is secondary. Life, however, proves otherwise. AT Soviet time, when 120 nationalities coexisted on the territory of a single state (this is the number of only those peoples that were taken into account by statistics), the community of the Soviet people really existed and the national-state bonds were very strong.

What were they based on? From my point of view, on three fundamental positions.

Anyone who was in Soviet times in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in other union republics, could see that all the posts of the first, and often the second echelon of power, were occupied by people of the so-called "titular" nationality. This was a mandatory norm that created a feeling of national significance among people with “title” affiliation, it was a kind of sign of external respect for the people, and such respect was to some extent confirmed by the fact that a person of a certain clan-tribe became the head of a shop, a factory director, a secretary of a district committee or the Central Committee of the Party.

The second stabilizer of the Soviet national equilibrium was money. The unified state cauldron was distributed among the republics, and by no means evenly among the individual national "outskirts". Much more money was spent on the restoration of the Baltic states immediately after the war than on the restoration of the much larger and completely devastated territories of central Russia. The difference between these regions became immediately obvious: the Baltic republics had good roads, comfortable cities, and the post-war destruction, which was almost non-existent, was instantly eliminated.

Thirdly, there was a massive offensive by well-trained cultural achievements of all the union republics to the grateful field of Russian culture, and through it - to the all-Union, and indeed to the world cultural space. According to such a scenario, for example, films from Lithuania and Georgia received a multi-million viewer, and books - a multi-million reader. Moreover, books of excellent prose and excellent poetry by Russian writers and poets often waited until a volume from the national union republics, translated by those awaiting their turn, was skipped ahead in state Russian publishing houses. And not a single award of a package of Stalin, Lenin, and then State Prizes was complete without the fact that people from the “oppressed outskirts” did not become laureates. It was absolutely correct national policy. It was bad that Russian culture and, to a certain extent, the culture of the peoples who were given national autonomies on the territory of the RSFSR, completely fell out of the sphere of this policy.

What is happening now on the fragment of the Soviet Union left by modern Russia? Outwardly the same, but in a more crude form and without any hint of cultural mutually enriching exchange. A third of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are named on a national basis, while Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and others national republics, in contrast to the regions and territories, in accordance with the Constitution are proudly called states. The line of a certain division and distancing from the bulk of the Russian people is present today in the personnel policy of almost every one of these states. What is happening today with the second position - with money? Let me give you a few figures: in 2010, each citizen of Russia had 5,000 rubles. funds from the federal budget in the form of a variety of transfers. Now the same figures for the North Caucasus: Stavropol region- 6000 rub. per person per year (which is not surprising - Russian people live there). Republic North Ossetia- 12000; Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 12900; Karachay-Cherkess Republic - 13600; Republic of Dagestan - 14800; Chechen Republic - 48,200. One Chechen has 10 times more federal budget funds than a resident of Russia as such, and in total in the North Caucasus there are 6 times more national funds per capita than in Central Russia, on the Far East, in Siberia, etc.

It is not surprising that Grozny is becoming the most comfortable, most luxurious city in Russia, it is not surprising that only brick houses grow in the villages of Chechnya. All this is presented as some kind of compensation for the hostilities on the territory of Chechnya, but at the same time, not a single Russian person who was forced to leave the republic during the so-called ethnic cleansing of Dudayev received a single ruble of compensation for his abandoned home, for his abused women. This national policy of "two standards" is very, very dangerous.

More and more so-called nationally colored territories are becoming mono-ethnic. Chechnya, of course, is the leader in this list; Russians in this republic are either military personnel or builders. But after all, everyone understands that on the mono-ethnic territory of a multinational state, people do not have the opportunity to understand what it means to live in a multi-ethnic environment. Therefore, going beyond the limits of their small society, they begin to feel and, most importantly, behave differently. So-called inter-ethnic and national conflicts arise for one of two reasons: one side either feels extremely humiliated, or considers the other completely worthless. Today, the most humiliated side of all the peoples of our country are the indigenous Russian people. It is enough to look at the map of modern Russia from the point of view of the socio-economic development of the regions. The poorest and devastated territories are primordially Russian lands. There, representatives of other peoples do not see oppressors in Russian people, but the Russians themselves seem to be embarrassed to talk about the equality of people of different nationalities, they are afraid to defend their national interests, fearing to be branded as Russian chauvinists or nationalists.

In addition, the Russian people have absolutely no national solidarity - it has been uprooted from our consciousness. A Tatar or a Kalmyk will try to provide all possible assistance to the "compatriot". A Russian person is unlikely to help his neighbor just because he is of the same nationality as him. Russian national solidarity is practically destroyed, and any attempts to recreate it, even at the local level, are perceived by domestic and foreign media as a violation of the rights of other peoples.

It seems to me that the foundation of a reasonable national policy in Russia should begin with the restoration of the equal status of the different peoples and ethnic groups that live in Russia, and, first of all, with the restoration of the right to institutionalize the national identity of the system-forming nation of our state - the Russian people. If this does not happen, the field of interethnic conflicts will only grow, the Russians will be in conflict as a worthless nation, without solidarity within itself, weak-willed and unpromising. I would not like to think that this is our national policy.

V.N. Leksin

MORE RELATED

National policy has always been part of the activity of any state. It should regulate any society. Its directions and goals directly depend on the orientation of state policy. Some countries deliberately incite This approach is typical for fascist (nationalist) regimes.

National policy in developed democratic countries On the contrary, it is based on the principles of respect for all people, regardless of their origin. The policy of the state in them is aimed at the formation of tolerance, cooperation and close rapprochement of nations. The main value in democratic countries is the life of a person, as well as his freedoms and rights, regardless of his nationality. The meaning of democratic and humanistic politics is the maximum harmonization of the interests of different peoples, their implementation according to the principles of respect for each person. National policy is a system of measures of state influence, designed to create favorable conditions for each individual and all peoples.

An important task is to prevent possible conflicts on the basis of ethnic hostility. The national policy of Russia has very complex and important tasks to solve emerging problems in order to do this, it is necessary to carry out well-thought-out actions, on the one hand, aimed at preserving and developing the identity of all peoples, and on the other hand, at preserving the integrity of the state. Russian national policy, as in others, is based on documents that define this policy. These documents include the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Concept of National Policy of the Russian Federation. Their main principles are as follows:

Equality of freedoms and rights regardless of race and nationality of a person;

Prohibition of restriction of the rights of citizens;

Equality;

All rights guaranteed;

Promoting the development of languages ​​and cultures.

Consistent implementation of these meets the vital interests of all the peoples living in the country.

The national policy of different states can change its nature from ethnic cleansing and national terror, artificial assimilation, to partial political or complete cultural autonomy of different peoples. In essence, it reflects the policy of a multinational state in relation to the peoples inhabiting it.

In Russia, this policy is aimed at the evolutionary development of the full national life of all peoples within the framework of the federation and at the creation of equal relations between them, the formation of mechanisms for resolving any conflicts. Anyone, even small people living on the territory of the country, all rights are granted (up to the provision of territories for state national formations). It is believed that such a national policy of the Russian government really makes it possible to maintain a very precarious interethnic balance. Recently, the main trends of national life activity, its likely prospects, have been outlined, allowing us to formulate proposals for the interethnic consolidation of Russian citizens and for strengthening its unity and statehood:

Need to develop scientific theory harmonization of interethnic relations and the life program of our society corresponding to it;

Creation of a program of action based on the practical and legal observance of regional and national all subjects of the Federation;

The revival of the great strong power with a developed economy and democratic order.