National relations in the modern world. Problems of interethnic relations in our country. Nations and interethnic relations presentation for a lesson in social science (grade 10) on the topic Interethnic and interethnic relations presentation
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Ethnic communities and interethnic relations
"Ethnos" in Greek means "people" and does not have an unambiguous interpretation. An ethnic community is a community of people that has historically developed in a certain territory and has: common, relatively stable features of culture, language, and mental makeup; self-consciousness and historical memory; awareness of its unity and difference from other similar formations.
Types of ethnic communities Genus Nationality Tribe Nation
Ethnic communities Type Brief description Genus A group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line Tribe A set of clans interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, unity of religious ideas, rites Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory , language, mental make-up, culture In the ethno-cultural sense, this is a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, ethnic identity. In the state sense, a nation is considered not as an ethnic community, but as a multicultural, political, civil, territorial community, as a community (set) of citizens of a given state. Nation
Nationality is the belonging of a person to a particular nation. Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between peoples, covering all spheres of public life. Levels of interethnic relations Interaction of peoples Interpersonal relations of people belonging to different ethnic groups
The main trends in the development of interethnic processes in Integration (cooperation, the unification of different ethno-state communities, the convergence of various aspects of peoples' lives) Differentiation (the desire of peoples for national independence) Economic and political unions Transnational corporations International cultural and scientific centers, integration of the education system Interpenetration of values and cultures Self-isolation Economy Protectionism Ideology of nationalism Religious fanaticism Extremism Globalization (gradual erasure of traditional borders)
Interethnic relations find their expression in the specific actions of people and largely depend on individual behavior, cultural norms, the influence of the family and the immediate environment. Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful (cooperation) or hostile (conflict). Causes of ethno-social conflicts: territorial; socio-economic; ethno-demographic; cultural and linguistic, confessional; environmental; historical, etc. Ethno-social conflicts - a state of mutual claims, open confrontation of ethnic groups with each other, tending to increase contradictions up to armed clashes
Causes of ethno-social conflicts Causes Characteristic Mismatch of state or administrative borders with the border of the settlement of peoples Territorial Socio-economic Inequality in living standards Cultural-Linguistic Insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture; differences in cultural traditions Ethno-demographic Rapid change in the ratio of the number of people in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth Environmental Deterioration of the quality of the environment as a result of pollution or depletion of natural resources Historical Past relationships between peoples (wars, etc.) .) Confessional Belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of religiosity of the population
Types of ethno-social conflicts State-legal (the desire of an ethnic group for its own statehood) Socio-psychological (change in lifestyle, violation of human rights) Ethno-territorial (definition of the territory of residence of an ethnic group) Ethno-demographic (protection of the rights of "indigenous" nationality, restrictions for "newcomers")
At the present stage, the main guideline in the implementation of the moral, political and legal regulation of interethnic relations is a humanistic approach, consisting of: the application and respect for the diversity of cultures, adherence to the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence in relations between peoples; in the development and continuous functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic communities, regardless of their nationality; in the focus of state bodies, the media, the education system, sports, art on the formation of a culture of interethnic communication among citizens, the education of tolerance. Tolerance - respect, trust, readiness for cooperation, compromise with people of different ethnicity; the desire to understand and accept their cultural values and way of life.
Conditions for overcoming ethno-social conflicts Racial segregation in the USA is the separation of ethnic groups through the establishment of barriers to social education and upbringing and other discriminatory measures. Legislative racial segregation in the United States was abolished in 1964. Improving the life of every citizen Creation and consolidation among ethnic groups of a psychological sense of satisfaction with a favorable stability of life
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community, a focus on cooperation and rapprochement of peoples. The main principles are formulated in the "Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
The constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Equality of rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language Preservation of the historically established integrity of the Russian Federation Equality of rights for all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal authorities Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial , national and religious discord, hatred or enmity The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion
Constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts Prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of a citizen based on nationality Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation abroad; support for compatriots living in foreign countries Promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples
The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 68 The official language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is the Russian language. Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In public authorities ... of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation guarantees to all its peoples the right to preserve their native language, to create conditions for its study and development.
Nations and international relations.
- Plan:
- ethnic communities.
- national identity.
- Nationalism. International conflicts.
- Ways to overcome interethnic conflicts.
- The concept of national policy in the Russian Federation.
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- National self-consciousness is the awareness by people of one nation, common ideals, cultural norms, traditions.
- national interests -
- 1. The need to preserve its peculiarity, uniqueness in human history.
- 2. Psychologically, do not fence off from other nations and peoples. Enrich your culture.
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- Tolerance - tolerance for other views, customs, mores, traditions, ideological convictions.
- Humanistic approach in solving national issues -
- The idea of peace, harmony, respect for national dignity.
- Consistent development of democracy, legal principles in society.
- Equality of human and citizen rights regardless of race or nationality.
- Prohibition of restriction of citizens on the grounds of racial, social, religious affiliation.
- Preservation of the historical integrity of the Russian Federation.
- Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples.
- The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion.
- Assistance in the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
- Timely resolution of contradictions and conflicts.
- The prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, at inciting ethnic hatred.
ETHNOS IS A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE UNITED: LANGUAGE CULTURE HISTORY UNITY OF TERRITORY INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIP BLOOD RELATIONSHIP COMMON SELF
NATION A nation is a historically formed community of people, which is characterized by the formation of common economic ties, a common historical life, language, territory, certain features of psychology, art and life. Historically the highest form of ethnosocial community of people
Interethnic relations 1. relations between different nationalities within one state; 2. relations between different nation-states. Forms of interethnic relations Peaceful cooperation Ethnic conflict (from lat. conflictus - clash).
Ways of peaceful cooperation: Ethnic mixing (Latin American peoples) Ethnic absorption (assimilation) USA Creation of a multinational state Russian Federation
Question for reflection: What difficulties, problems connected with the national question, exist now in our country?
Russian Federation: population - 143 million people. nationalities – over 160 Census 2010
The main trends in the development of nations Interethnic differentiation - the process of separation Interethnic integration - the process of gradual unification of various ethnic groups 1. Self-isolation in general 2. Protectionism in the economy 3. Nationalism in various forms in politics and culture 4. Religious fanaticism 1. Economic and political unions 2. International and cultural centers 3. Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values 4. Transnational corporations (TNCs) Interethnic conflict GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased, and humanity is turning into a single political system. Name the pros and cons of globalization
Interethnic conflict is one of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by a state of mutual claims, open opposition of peoples and nations to each other, which tends to increase contradictions up to armed clashes, open wars.
Types of interethnic conflicts: 1. State-legal (dissatisfaction with the legal status of the nation, the desire for their own statehood; conflict with state power structures, which includes the nation). 2. Ethnoterritorial (defining the boundaries of the nation). 3. Ethno-demographic (protection of the rights of indigenous peoples). 4. Socio-psychological (change in lifestyle, violation of human rights).
Modern sociologists offer the following classification of the causes of interethnic conflicts - Socio-economic - inequality in living standards, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, authorities. - Cultural and linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life. - Ethno-demographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the number of peoples in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth. - Environmental - deterioration of the quality of the environment as a result of its pollution or depletion of natural resources due to the use of representatives of another ethnic group. - Extraterritorial - non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples. - Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, the former ratio of domination-subordination, etc.). - Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population. - Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.
National Policy The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 19, 26, 29) “Concept of the National Policy of the Russian Federation” affiliation Peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts Prohibition of activities aimed at inciting social, racial, national, religious hatred Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders im.
The concepts of NATIONALISM are ideology and politics based on the ideas of national exclusivity and national superiority, the interpretation of the nation as the highest form of society. Chauvinism is the ideology and policy of militant nationalism, which preaches the national and racial exclusivity of one people, hatred and contempt for other peoples, and incites national and racial enmity. RACISM is an ideology and politics, which are based on the provisions on the physical and mental inequality of human races and on the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of society, on the primordial division of people into superior and inferior races, of which the former are the only creators of civilization, called to dominate while the latter are incapable of creating and even assimilating a high culture and are doomed to exploitation. GENOCIDE is a policy of extermination of entire groups of the population along ethnic lines.
Nations and international relations
- Developed by:
- Lecturer in social studies, SBEE SPO "Moscow Regional College of Information Technologies of Economics and Management" MO Zaitseva O.Yu.
- There are about 2 thousand nations, nationalities, tribes on the Earth now. Among them are numerous and sparsely populated, the latter are called ethnic minorities. All of them are part of almost 200 states. It is not difficult to realize that there are many more nations and nationalities than there are states in the world, therefore among these states there are many that are multinational.
- Facts. It is generally recognized that the Russian Federation is one of the largest multinational states in the world, where more than a hundred peoples live, each of which has unique features of material and spiritual culture. In the overwhelming majority, the peoples of the country have developed over the centuries as ethnic communities on the territory of Russia, and in this sense they are indigenous peoples who have played a historical role in the formation of Russian statehood. Thanks to the unifying role of the Russian people, a unique unity and diversity have been preserved on the territory of the country, spiritual community and the union of different peoples.
- - a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
- blood relatives team
- Descent from a common ancestor
- Bears a common generic name
- The kinship account is kept on the maternal or paternal line
- Originated at the turn of the Upper and Lower Paleolithic
- Type of ethnic community and social organization of the era of the primitive system
- What are the characteristics of a tribe?
- Signs:
- - blood relations
- - common territory, elements of the economy, self-consciousness, customs and cults
- - self management
- Historically formed linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people
- An autonomous, non-territorially bound political group whose members are committed to common values and institutions
- Switzerland has 4 equal languages (German,
- French, Italian, Romansh),
- However, the Swiss are one nation
- English and Americans speak the same language
- but they are different nations
- Common historical path
- - historical memory
- - national culture
- Nationality- belonging of a person to a particular nation
- National identity
- it is necessary to maintain its originality and uniqueness
- enrich your culture with contacts
- Differentiation
- the desire for self-development,
- national independence,
- development of national culture.
- Integration
- expansion of ties between different nations, a tendency to perceive all the best that has been created by other peoples.
- The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made the extermination of the Jewish population part of the state policy.
- From the 30s and during the Second World War, about 6 million people were shot, burned and destroyed in concentration camps (Treblinka, Auschwitz, Buchenwald) - almost half of the entire Jewish population
- This greatest tragedy is now called the Greek word Holocaust, which means "destruction through burning"
- In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, a British mandated territory, Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine.
- The Jews did not have their own national state, and the policy of oppression of the Jews by the Nazis in World War II played a role in making this decision.
- Neighboring Arab states reacted with hostility to the UN decision
- May 1948 - Proclamation of the establishment of Israel
- From that time began a conflict that continues to this day.
- Palestine did not have its own state
- Yasser Arafat, the leader of Palestine, together with the Fatah movement, began the struggle for gaining national borders, by the mid-90s, with the help of the mediation of European states, the creation of a Palestinian national autonomy was achieved
- At the same time, at one of the international conferences, with the mediation of the United States, it was possible to achieve a decision from Israel that they would give 7% of their territory to the Arabs, in fact, 4% of the territory was occupied by military installations and equipment
- In the fall of 2000, the conflict escalated, the agreement to end the conflict reached at the meeting of world leaders with the warring parties in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) was violated the next day. The Israelis put forward the slogan "Let the army win." In response, the Palestinians promised to "open the way to hell for the Israelis"
- In the early 90s, in connection with the perestroika in the USSR, proclaimed by Gorbachev, the countries of Eastern Europe were freed from communist influence.
- Yugoslavia in the early 90s - a symbiosis of various modern states (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro)
- The leader of Serbia at that time was S. Milosevic, who tried to maintain the dominant position of his republic in the union state
- Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia declared their independence in 1991.
- In the spring of 1992, a war began in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Serbs, Croats and Muslims who inhabited it. This conflict was stopped only with the help of the world community's intervention in it.
- Only Serbia and Montenegro remained in Yugoslavia
- In the autonomous province of Kosovo, populated for the most part by the national minority - Albanians - a separatist movement began (the desire for secession)
- Milosevic tries to preserve the integrity of the state
- His actions were interpreted by the world community as genocide.
- The NATO bloc intervened in the situation, deciding to punish Serbia with a series of powerful airstrikes.
- As a result of the 2000 elections, the democratic opposition came to power in Yugoslavia.
- Milosevic was imprisoned without waiting for the verdict, he died under mysterious circumstances
- Ireland, being an integral part of the British Empire, haunted the government, demanding independence
- At the beginning of the 20th century, the conflict escalated
- In an effort to prevent an explosion in the most turbulent part of the empire, the liberals were forced to make concessions: in April 1912, a bill on home rule (self-government) for Ireland was submitted to Parliament
- Through the efforts of the House of Lords, its adoption was delayed until 1914.
- The situation was especially difficult in Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, where, unlike the rest of Ireland, the majority belonged to Protestants who had close ties with England and therefore advocated maintaining the union (union) with London
- Extremist sentiments were strong among both Catholics and Protestants, and there were quite a few people ready to prove their case with arms in their hands.
- This is how the IRA, the Irish Republican Army, was created.
- As a result, the British government had to make concessions: although the law on the self-government of Ireland was adopted, the most developed province of this island - Ulster - was excluded from its scope.
- Genocide - the extermination of certain groups of the population according to racial, national, religious principles
- Anti-Semitism - national intolerance towards Jews
- Racism - the existence of unequal races, divided into higher and lower
- Apartheid - racial discrimination legislated and supported by the authorities of the state
- Nationalism - the idea of exclusivity and superiority of any nation over another
- Chauvinism is an extreme aggressive form of nationalism
- Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin
- tolerance - tolerance
- Xenophobia - an obsessive dislike of "strangers"
- Discrimination - infringement of rights
- How do you understand the statement of the German thinker G. Lessing (1729 - 1781): "I am quite convinced that no nation in the world is gifted with any ability predominantly over others"
- Can nationality influence activity, attitude to work, the choice of professions, and the mastery of culture? Explain your answer
- TO ALL THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD The whole universe is in your great power, Yours - "Let it be!" finally happened. You are God the father created the world for happiness, And the man of your labors is the crown. We are all from the ancestor Adam, And our nature is from the root of one, And I want to tell you people directly: -Do not kill your brother. What should we share? The land is dear to everyone, A cradle for everyone, feeds and waters everyone. As a mother does not share her children, the Earth cherishes any nation. And you blow it up, tear it apart, Can you be called the crown of creation? In your pride, as you will not understand, The son does not kill his own mother. For all, one revolves until now, the Earth! Live without wars and without adversity. Every existing people is obliged to protect you as a shrine.
- At first glance, they are so different - Snub-nosed, blue-eyed, Curly-haired and dark-skinned - You are somehow similar: Let every country know: You need peace, not war!
- What documents determine the national policy in the Russian Federation and what are their main provisions?
- In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, was driving along the busy Kievskoye Highway when she saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to rip it off, but it was mined. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. In some media, the installation of the poster was called a fascist sortie. How do you explain why Tatyana did not drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; d) statements made in the media.
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Nations and international relations
Why should we study this topic? Who is the source of power in Russia? How many nationalities live in Russia? What is an "ethnos"? What ethnic conflicts have you heard about? What is tolerance?
Tasks of studying the topic To know what an ethnic group and ethnic communities are. Understand the meaning of the main concepts of the topic (nation, nationalism, Nazism, chauvinism, racism, xenophobia, separatism, mentality, self-consciousness) 3. Know the causes of interethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them.
Correlate the type of society and the ethnic community Ethnic community Type of society (stage approach) Type of society (formational approach) Genus A) industrial D) capitalism 2. Tribe B) pre-industrial E) feudalism 3. Nationality C) post-industrial E) primitive communal 4. Nation
Compare the two concepts of "nation" - a historical community of people characterized by a common origin, language, territory, economic structure, as well as a mental make-up and culture, manifested in ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness. a historically established community of people based on a common territory, economic structure, system of political ties, language, culture and psychological makeup, manifested in the general civil consciousness and self-awareness (a sense of belonging to one's people, to its historical destiny).
Nation Autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values and institutions Nationality - belonging to a particular nation
National values are something that is especially significant and important for a person and society, which is recognized, with which people generally agree.
The national mentality is usually defined as a way of thinking, a spiritual disposition characteristic of a given particular ethnic community. In other words, the national mentality is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people and helps them to remain true to their historically established values and traditions.
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
Ethnology is a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, interaction between the individual and the social environment.
Trends in the ethnic processes of modern integration - cooperation, unification of various ethno-state communities, convergence of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation - the aspirations of peoples for national independence
Ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation for the possession of limited resources to social competition between different ethnic groups.
The main causes of conflicts are Territorial - the struggle to change borders, Economic - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which land and subsoil, in particular, are of great value. Social - the requirements of civil equality, equality before the law, in education, wages, equality in employment, especially for prestigious places in government. Cultural and linguistic - the requirements for the preservation or revival, development of the language, cultural community.
Examples of conflicts The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made the extermination of the Jewish population part of the state policy. In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, the British mandated territory, the Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine. May 1948 - Proclamation of the creation of Israel From that time on, a conflict began that continues to this day. Yugoslavia and Albania England and Ireland
Ways to prevent conflict situations The first is the use of legal mechanisms; The second is negotiations between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries. The third is informational. It involves the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) between representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
The humanistic approach is the main guideline in the implementation of the moral, political, and legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are: recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, adherence to the ideas of peace, rejection of violence in relations between peoples; development and continuous functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, regardless of nationality; the focus of state bodies, the media, education, sports, all forms of literature and art on the formation among citizens, especially young people, of a culture of interethnic communication.
Terms (write in a notebook) Genocide - the extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, religious principles Anti-Semitism - national intolerance towards Jews Racism - the existence of unequal races, divided into higher and lower Apartheid - racial discrimination legally enshrined and supported by the state authorities Nationalism - the idea of exclusivity and the superiority of any nation over another Chauvinism - an extreme aggressive form of nationalism Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin Xenophobia - an obsessive dislike for "strangers" Discrimination - infringement of rights Separatism is a demand for sovereignty and independence for an ethnic group
Tolerance - respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior.
Homework What documents determine the national policy in the Russian Federation and what are its main provisions? In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, was driving along the busy Kievskoye Highway when she saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to rip it off, but it was mined. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. In some media, the installation of the poster was called a fascist sortie. How do you explain why Tatyana did not drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; Give examples of interethnic conflicts