What is included in the organs of state security. From the Cheka to the FSB: the history of the state security agencies of the USSR and Russia

Important component law of the protective system of the state, special law enforcement agencies, whose main activity is aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against the existing state (constitutional) system, external and internal security of the state. In competence State Security Bodies functions of an intelligence and information nature, protection of higher state bodies, provision of government communications, and protection of state borders may also be included. In democratic states State Security Bodies fight against such criminal offenses as terrorism, high treason, espionage, sabotage, encroachment on life statesmen, violent seizure of power and armed rebellion . In non-democratic (authoritarian, totalitarian) states, activities State Security Bodies is directed both against the above-mentioned criminal offenses (often acquiring a "political" character) and against the completely peaceful social activity of political opponents of the regime (dissidents). In democratic states State Security Bodies must act in accordance with the principle of legality and under the control of authorized state bodies (courts, prosecutors, parliament). For authoritary countries common practice is almost complete lack of control State Security Bodies(usually reporting only to the head of the regime), and often a kind of "immunity" from legal responsibility for the actions committed by employees State Security Bodies illegal acts (kidnappings, torture, extrajudicial executions and murders, including on the territory of other states). History State Security Bodies dates back many centuries, their prototype was already in a number of ancient states. Moreover, the appearance State Security Bodies usually preceded the establishment of regular bodies to deal with ordinary crimes. In France, for example, State Security Bodies("secret police") appeared almost two centuries earlier than the criminal police. In the Soviet state State Security Bodies- The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created a few weeks after the October Revolution in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of December 7 (20), 1917. The VChK was officially entrusted with the suppression and liquidation of counter-revolution and sabotage and bringing saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries to trial at the Military Revolutionary Tribunal , the development of measures to combat them, as well as the fight against speculation, malfeasance, etc. In 1922, instead of the Cheka, the State Political Directorate (GPU) was created under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD). The GPU was entrusted with the task of preventing, disclosing and suppressing "hostile activities of anti-Soviet elements", protecting "state secrets, combating espionage, hostile activities of foreign intelligence services and counterrevolutionary centers" abroad, as well as smuggling. At the disposal of the GPU were special parts of the troops. Its activities focused on the disclosure of political and anti-state crimes. The organs of the GPU received the right to carry out search operations, inquests, preliminary investigations, and administrative measures. state political administration (OGPU). The Union administration was entrusted with the leadership of the GPU of the Union republics. special departments of military districts, transport departments of political departments. special departments of fronts and armies; organization of the protection of the borders of the USSR. Supervision of the activities of the OGPU was entrusted to the Prosecutor of the USSR Armed Forces. In 1932, public order protection bodies (police) were included in the OGPU system. At the same time, a judicial board was formed as part of the OGPU, in connection with which the executive functions of management were supplemented by judicial ones. The centralization of the system of security agencies was completed in 1934 with the creation of the united NKVD of the USSR, which included the OGPU. The Judicial Collegium is liquidated, and a Special Conference is created - a body that, in an administrative (out of court) order, could use exile, exile and imprisonment in "corrective labor" camps as a measure of punishment. The NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with the functions of protecting public order, state security, state borders. The NKVD headed the system of corrective labor institutions, its structure included the Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG), created back in 1930. In February 1941, the united NKVD was divided into the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB). In July 1941, the people's commissariats were merged into a single NKVD of the USSR. in April 1943 they were separated again. In March 1946, the NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR were renamed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD) and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR (MGB), respectively, which in March 1953. merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In March 1954 State Security Bodies were separated into an independent organization - the State Security Committee (KGB) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In November 1991, the KGB of the USSR was transformed into the Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB). The Central Intelligence Service of the USSR and the Committee for the Protection of State Borders of the USSR. In December 1991, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was established. Intelligence functions were transferred to the Foreign Intelligence Service. A number of other functions (border protection, government communications, protection of higher authorities) that previously belonged to the KGB were also transferred to independent bodies. In December 1993, the Ministry of Security was abolished and replaced by the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK RF). In November 1994, the Investigation Department was established as part of the Federal Grid Company in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against crime. In April 1995, the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of the Russian Federation). In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1995 No. Federal Service security in Russian Federation"The FSB bodies are a single centralized system, which includes: a) the FSB of the Russian Federation; b) departments (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation ( territorial bodies security); c) departments (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, troops and other military units, as well as in their governing bodies (security agencies in the troops). Territorial security agencies and security agencies in the troops are directly subordinate to the FSB of the Russian Federation (in contrast, for example, to internal affairs agencies that are in dual subordination: the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and local authorities). The FSB of the Russian Federation is headed by the Director of the FSB of the Russian Federation as a federal minister, appointed solely by the President of the Russian Federation. The law establishes as principles of activity State Security Bodies legality, respect and observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, humanism. the unity of the system of FSB organs and the centralization of their management, as well as conspiracy, a combination of overt and covert methods and means of activity. Activity control State Security Bodies is assigned to the prosecutor's office and the court, where, in particular, any person can appeal against the actions State Security Bodies based on the violation of their rights and freedoms. As the main areas of activity of the FSB bodies, the law determined: a) counterintelligence activities; b) the fight against crime; c) intelligence activities. Other directions can be established only by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation. The counterintelligence activities of the FSB consist in identifying, preventing, suppressing intelligence and other activities of special services and other organizations foreign countries, as well as individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation. As part of the fight against crime, the FSB bodies carry out operational-search measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose espionage, terrorist activities, organized crime, corruption, illegal traffic weapons and drugs? funds, smuggling and other crimes, the inquiry and preliminary investigation of which are referred by law to and> jurisdiction, as well as to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose the activities of illegal armed formations, criminal groups, individuals and public associations, aiming to forcibly change the constitutional structure of the Russian Federation. State Security Bodies and their employees are guided by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 12, 1995 No. 144-FZ "On operational-search activity", criminal and criminal procedural legislation of the Russian Federation. The FSB carries out intelligence activities in cooperation with the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVRRF). State Security Bodies staffed by military and civilian personnel. Special, increased requirements are imposed on employees of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation: they can only be citizens of the Russian Federation who are capable of fulfilling the duties assigned to them by their personal and business qualities, age, education and health status. Dodonov V.N.

Next to the word State Security Bodies in the Encyclopedia of a Lawyer

STATE SECURITY BODIES

an important component of the law enforcement system of the state, special law enforcement agencies whose main activity is aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against the existing state (constitutional) system, external and internal security of the state. In the competence of O.g.b. functions of an intelligence and information nature, protection of higher state bodies, provision of government communications, and protection of state borders may also be included. In democracies O.g.b. fight against such criminal offenses as terrorism, high treason, espionage, sabotage, encroachments on the life of statesmen, violent seizure of power and armed rebellion. In non-democratic (authoritarian, totalitarian) states, the activities of O.g.b. It is directed both against the above-mentioned criminal offenses (often acquiring a "political" character) and against the completely peaceful public activity of the political opponents of the regime (dissidents).

In democracies O.g.b. must act in accordance with the principle of legality and under the control of authorized state bodies (court, prosecutor's office, parliament). For authoritarian countries, the usual practice is the almost complete absence of control over the activities of O.g.b. (usually reporting only to the head of the regime), and often a kind of "immunity" from legal liability for the employees of the O.g.b. illegal acts (kidnapping, torture, extrajudicial executions and murders, including on the territory of other states).

History of O.g.b. dates back many centuries, their prototype was already in a number of ancient states. Moreover, the appearance of O.g.b. usually preceded the establishment of regular bodies to deal with ordinary crimes. In France, for example, O.g.b. ("secret police") appeared almost two centuries earlier than the criminal police.

In the Soviet state O.g.b. - The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created a few weeks after the October Revolution in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of December 7 (20), 1917. The VChK was officially entrusted with the suppression and liquidation of counter-revolution and sabotage and bringing saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries to trial by the Military Revolutionary Tribunal, development of measures to combat them, as well as the fight against speculation, malfeasance, etc.

In 1922, instead of the Cheka, the State Political Directorate (GPU) was created under the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD). The GPU was entrusted with the tasks of preventing, disclosing and suppressing "hostile activities of anti-Soviet elements", protecting "state secrets, combating espionage, hostile activities of foreign intelligence and counter-revolutionary centers" abroad, as well as smuggling. At the disposal of the GPU were special parts of the troops. Its activities focused on the disclosure of political and anti-state crimes. The bodies of the GPU received the right to conduct search operations, inquests, preliminary investigations and administrative measures.

In 1923, "in order to unite the revolutionary efforts of the union republics in the fight against political and economic counter-revolution, espionage and banditry," the United State Political Administration was established under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

(OGPU). The Union administration was entrusted with the leadership of the GPU of the Union republics. special departments of military districts, transport departments of political departments. special departments of fronts and armies; organization of the protection of the borders of the USSR. Supervision of the activities of the OGPU was entrusted to the Prosecutor of the USSR Armed Forces.

In 1932, public order protection bodies were included in the OGPU system ( militia). At the same time, a judicial board was formed as part of the OGPU, in connection with which the executive functions of the administration were supplemented by judicial ones. The centralization of the system of security agencies was completed in 1934 with the creation of the united NKVD of the USSR, which included the OGPU. The Judicial Collegium is liquidated, and a Special Conference is created - a body that, in an administrative (out of court) order, could use exile, exile and imprisonment in "corrective labor" camps as a measure of punishment. The NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with the functions of protecting public order, state security, and state borders. The NKVD headed the system of correctional labor institutions, its structure included the Main Directorate of Camps ( Gulag), created in 1930.

In February 1941, the unified NKVD was divided into the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR (NKGB). In July 1941, the people's commissariats were merged into a single NKVD of the USSR. in April 1943 they were separated again. In March 1946, the NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR were renamed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD) and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR (MGB), respectively, which in March 1953. merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In March 1954, O.g.b. were separated into an independent organization - the State Security Committee (KGB) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In November 1991, the KGB of the USSR was transformed into the Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB). the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR and the Committee for the Protection of State Borders of the USSR.

In December 1991, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was created. Intelligence functions were transferred to the Foreign Intelligence Service. A number of other functions (border protection, government communications, protection of higher authorities) that previously belonged to the KGB were also transferred to independent bodies. In December 1993, the Ministry of Security was abolished and replaced by the Federal Counter-

intelligence of the Russian Federation (FSK RF). In November 1994, the Investigation Department was created as part of the Federal Grid Company in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against crime. In April 1995, the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1995 No. 40-FZ "On the Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", the FSB bodies are a single centralized system, which includes: a) the FSB of the Russian Federation; b) departments (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation for individual regions and subjects of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies); c) departments (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, troops and other military formations, as well as in their governing bodies (security agencies in the troops). Territorial security agencies and security agencies in the troops are directly subordinate to the FSB of the Russian Federation (in contrast, for example, to internal affairs agencies that are in dual subordination: the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and local authorities). The FSB of the Russian Federation is headed by the Director of the FSB of the Russian Federation as a federal minister, appointed solely by the President of the Russian Federation ...

The law establishes as the principles of activity of O.g.b. legality, respect and observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, humanism. the unity of the system of FSB organs and the centralization of their management, as well as conspiracy, a combination of overt and covert methods and means of activity. Control over the activities of O.g.b. is assigned to the prosecutor's office and the court, where, in particular, any person can appeal against the actions of O.g.b. for violating their rights and freedoms.

The law defined as the main areas of activity of the FSB bodies: a) counterintelligence activities; b) the fight against crime;

c) intelligence activities. Other directions can be established only by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation.

The counterintelligence activity of the FSB is to identify, prevent, suppress intelligence and other activities of special services and other organizations of foreign states, as well as individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation. As part of the fight against crime, the FSB bodies carry out operational-search measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose espionage, terrorist activities, organized

crime, corruption, arms trafficking and drugs? funds, smuggling and other crimes, the inquiry and preliminary investigation of which are referred by law to and jurisdiction, as well as to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose the activities of illegal armed groups, criminal groups, individuals and public associations \" putting their goal is to forcibly change the constitutional structure of the Russian Federation. The FSB carries out intelligence activities in cooperation with the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVRRF).

O.g.b. staffed by military and civilian personnel. Special, increased requirements are imposed on employees of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation:

they can only be citizens of the Russian Federation who, due to their personal and business qualities, age, education and state of health, are capable of fulfilling the duties assigned to them.

Dodonov V.N.

Law Encyclopedia. 2005 .

See what "STATE SECURITY BODIES" are in other dictionaries:

BODIES OF STATE SECURITY, part of the law enforcement system of the state (see STATE); government bodies whose activities are aimed at the suppression and disclosure of crimes against political system, external and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

An integral part of the state apparatus of any country, providing professional protection of the existing state system, territorial integrity and integrity of the country, countering foreign sabotage ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Law Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 9 VChK (1) state security (16) GPU (1) ... Synonym dictionary

State Security Bodies- 7(20) Dec. 1917 decision of the Council of People's Commissars created Vseros. Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution. and sabotage (VChK) as an organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat to protect the state. the security of the Soviet rep. 24 Feb. 1918 Cheka organized in Yekat. First prev. M.I. Efremov. ... ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

state security agencies- an important component of the law enforcement system of the state; special bodies, whose main activity is aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against the existing state (constitutional) system, external and internal ... ... Big Law Dictionary

STATE SECURITY BODIES- - state structures, main goal whose activity is to ensure the security of the state. O. g. b. designed to protect the state from internal and external enemies and thereby warn social conflicts. To what extent is this… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

In the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917 the Council of People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Speculation and Sabotage (VChK) with great powers, mainly of a repressive nature. WITH… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STATE SECURITY AUTHORITIES in the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK). In 1922, it was transformed into the State Political ... ... Russian history

Designed to govern the state on different levels. They are usually divided into central, regional and local. In the Russian Federation, to the main central authorities authorities include: Head of State President of the Russian Federation; ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• The organs of state security of the USSR in the Second World War. In 3 volumes, 6 books. Volume 3. Book 1. The collapse of the Blitzkrieg,. Sold without dust jacket. This publication is the next volume of the eight-volume collection of documents "State Security Organs of the USSR in the Great Patriotic war"released in...

In 1917, Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka from the remnants of the tsarist secret police. This new organization, which eventually became the KGB, dealt with a wide range of tasks, including intelligence, counterintelligence, and isolating the Soviet Union from Western goods, news, and ideas. In 1991, the USSR collapsed, which led to the fragmentation of the Committee into many organizations, the largest of which is the FSB.

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was established on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". The main task of the commission was the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. The body also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political search. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a striking weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."
The people called the commission "extraordinary", and its employees - "chekists". Felix Dzerzhinsky headed the first Soviet state security agency. Under new structure the building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was assigned.

In February 1918, employees of the Cheka received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree "The Fatherland is in danger!".

The death penalty was allowed to apply to "enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies", and later "all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions."

The ending civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the continued existence of an overgrown repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party faced the question of reforming the organization.

On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State political management, which later became known as the united (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: "... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean a change in the name of the bodies, but consists in changing the nature of all the activities of the body during the period of peaceful state building in a new situation ...".

Until July 20, 1926, Felix Dzerzhinsky was the chairman of the department, after his death this post was taken by the former People's Commissar for Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was still the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of the troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the following functions were assigned to the department:

Protection of railway and waterways;
- the fight against smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
- fulfillment of special instructions of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

On May 9, 1924, the powers of the OGPU were significantly expanded. The department began to obey the police and the criminal investigation department. Thus began the process of merging the state security agencies with the internal affairs agencies.

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was all-Union, and the OGPU was included in it in the form structural unit under the name of the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department was not supposed to have judicial functions. The new people's commissariat was headed by Genrikh Yagoda.

The NKVD was responsible for political investigation and the right to extrajudicial sentencing, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, regulation was assigned to the functions of the NKVD. traffic(GAI), and in 1937 departments of the NKVD were created for transport, including sea and river ports.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD, during a search of his house, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. In view of the "anti-state" activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. Nikolai Yezhov was appointed the new head of the NKVD.

In 1937, the "troikas" of the NKVD appeared. commission them three people issued thousands of sentences in absentia to "enemies of the people", based on the materials of the authorities, and sometimes simply according to the lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The verdict of the Troika was not subject to appeal.

During the year of work, the “troikas” convicted 767,397 people, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often became kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give their property to the collective farm.

April 10, 1939 Yezhov was arrested in the office of Georgy Malenkov. Subsequently former head NKVD confessed to homosexual orientation and training coup d'état. Lavrenty Beria became the third people's commissar of internal affairs.

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done in order to improve the intelligence and operational work of the state security agencies and the distribution of the increased workload of the NKVD of the USSR.

The tasks assigned to the NKGB were:

Conducting intelligence work abroad;
- fight against subversive, espionage, terrorist activities foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
- operational development and liquidation of the remnants of anti-Soviet parties and counter-revolutionary -
- formations among various strata of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, agriculture;
- protection of party and government leaders.

The tasks of ensuring state security were assigned to the NKVD. The military and prison units, the police, and the fire brigade remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and the NKVD into one department in order to reduce the bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities in the rear German troops. As we moved west, the importance of working in countries increased. of Eastern Europe, where the NKGB was engaged in the "liquidation of anti-Soviet elements."

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, respectively, the NKGB became the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. At the same time, Viktor Abakumov became the Minister of State Security. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947-1952, the department was transferred internal troops, police, border troops and other units (the camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, courier communications remained in the composition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev removed Beria and organized a campaign against the illegal repressions of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating departments, services and departments from the MGB that were related to issues of ensuring state security. Compared with its predecessors, the new body had a lower status: it was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The KGB chairman was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but in supreme body authorities - the Politburo - he did not enter. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man who could remove her from power for the sake of implementing their own political projects.

The area of ​​​​responsibility of the new body included: foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, protection of the state border of the USSR, protection of the leaders of the CPSU and the government, organization and provision of government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent, crime and anti-Soviet activities.

Almost immediately after its formation, the KGB carried out a large-scale staff reduction in connection with the beginning of the process of de-Stalinization of society and the state. From 1953 to 1955, the state security agencies were reduced by 52%.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means of psychological pressure as surveillance, public condemnation, undermining professional career, preventive talks, coercion to travel abroad, forced imprisonment in psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation. At the same time, there were also lists of "not allowed to travel abroad" - those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new "invention" of the special services was the so-called "exile beyond the 101st kilometer": politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under the close attention of the KGB during this period were, first of all, representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, by their social status and international prestige, could cause the greatest damage to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

On December 3, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law "On the reorganization of state security agencies." On the basis of the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transitional period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

After the abolition of the KGB, the process of creating new state security agencies took about three years. During this time, departments of the disbanded committee were transferred from one department to another.

On December 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). From December 1993 to March 1994, Nikolai Golushko was the director of the new body, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergei Stepashin.

Currently, the FSB is cooperating with 142 special services, law enforcement and border structures of 86 states. Devices are operating in 45 countries official representatives bodies of the Service.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

counterintelligence activities;
- fight against terrorism;
- protection of the constitutional system;
- fight against especially dangerous forms of crime;
- intelligence activities;
- border activities;
- provision information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:
in 1995-1996 M. I. Barsukov;
in 1996–1998 N. D. Kovalev;
in 1998-1999 V. V. Putin;
in 1999–2008 N. P. Patrushev;
since May 2008 - A. V. Bortnikov.

The structure of the FSB of Russia:
- Office of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee;
- Counterintelligence Service;
- Service for the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism;
- Economic Security Service;
- Operational Information and International Relations Service;
- Service of organizational and personnel work;
- Activity support service;
- Border Service;
- Scientific and technical service;
- Control service;
- Investigation department;
- Centers, departments;
- directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);
- border departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia (border agencies);
- other departments (departments) of the FSB of Russia exercising certain powers of this body or ensuring the activities of the FSB bodies (other security bodies);
- aviation, railway, motor transport divisions, centers special training, divisions special purpose, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units, sanatoriums and other institutions and units designed to ensure the activities of the federal security service.

As we know, any country is a vast organization that provides an adequate standard of living for its population. Thus, the welfare of a country directly affects the quality of life of its inhabitants. The latter, in turn, are obliged to ensure the protection of their state. This fact people realized in ancient times what led to the creation of armies. Its representatives have always had honor and popularity in society.

However, in addition to the usual military formations, in each power there were security agencies that fought with the intelligence activities of other countries on their territory. Such organizations in most cases carried out their activities in the shadows in order to hide from prying eyes the methods and methods of work. Nevertheless, today the existence and functioning of many state security structures is not surprising, since they exist in almost every country.

As for Russia, our state also has a special agency called the Federal Security Service, or FSB. What this organization does, its structure and functions will be discussed later in the article.

Department structure

The Law "On the FSB" in many ways gives an understanding of the structure of the service presented in the article. This question today is extremely interesting. After all, the structure shows the priority of certain areas of activity of the service. Thus, today the system includes the following departments, services and departments of the FSB:

• directly the apparatus of the department;
• services of counterintelligence and protection of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation;
• economic security service;
• border, personnel services and own security;
• investigative department;
• department of military counterintelligence.

There are also other, more insignificant units that are part of the FSB. What each structural department does can be understood by analyzing regulatory framework and other official information about the service.

Special units

FSB officers perform completely different tasks when working in various structural units of the service. However, there are units that have special goals. Such a formation is the FSB Special Purpose Center. It consists of two departments: "A" ("Alpha") and "B" ("Vympel"). The departments are executing special tasks. For example, Alpha is an organization created to fight terrorism, free hostages and solve other important tasks. Alpha fighters often perform tasks in Chechnya, Dagestan, etc.

As for the Vympel unit, it is one of the most secret to date. Number, command and personnel controls are unknown. The activities of the organization are also shrouded in mystery. Its functioning can only be judged by rumors, according to which Vympel is used for activities abroad.

Features of the staff

Any state department of employees selects carefully. FSB officers in this case come to serve in the body as military personnel or as civilian personnel. At the same time, people who already have education in certain fields of activity are welcome in the department. In addition, there is a special academy of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. In that educational institution prepare representatives of the officer corps for certain departments of the department.

Conclusion

So, we tried to analyze the features of such a structure as the FSB. What this body does, the features of its system and personnel were also described in the article. It remains to be hoped that in the future the department will only improve in its work, since its activities are directly related to the security of Russia.