Who was shot by Breivik on national grounds. How is Andres Breivik sitting in prison - the most sinister killer of our time. "Bureocracy Organizes Life"

04.11.2019

In the 1,500-page European Declaration of Independence 2083, which Anders Behring Breivik sent to the European Right a few hours before he bombed the parliament building and shot 76 youth camp participants, the word "multiculturalism" (synonymous with "cultural Marxism" and Breivik's "cultural relativism") occurs 462 times.

This is the main curse in Breivik's text - a term that is practically not found in the political lexicon of Norway, although mass immigration to this mono-ethnic northern country began in the 1960s.

“This is a text about how the political doctrine known as multiculturalism/cultural Marxism/cultural relativism, commonly referred to as humanism, was born and applied,” Breivik writes in the introductory article to his Declaration. Most of the promoters of this idea are anti-nationalists, he continues (nationalism, according to Breivik, is the lack of self-confidence at the level of the entire nation) and want to destroy European identity, traditions, culture and “even statehood”. Their opponents, Breivik complains, are ridiculed, their position ignored - this has been the case since 1945, and still the majority believes that "a return to the principles of nationalism means that some new Hitler will immediately appear and Armageddon will begin." There is only one solution, Breivik concludes: in order to stop the "Islamic colonization of Western Europe", one must begin with the eradication of the doctrine of multiculturalism imposed on society by those same "cultural relativists."

When buying a self-loading Ruger mini-14 carbine, from which he would later shoot a youth camp, Breivik had to indicate how he planned to use it. “I really wanted to write the truth - the execution of multiculturalist traitors category A and B - just to see the reaction. I wrote "hunting deer," Breivik recalls in Declaration.

Those who talk about criticism of multiculturalism in Europe mean Islam first of all by this word, Riva Castoriano, a sociologist from the French National Research Center, explains to Gazeta.Ru. “This is not about the concept of multiculturalist integration or the anti-immigrant concept, but about evaluation categories - the perception of what modern society and a united Europe are,” she said.

How do you say it in Norwegian

The problem of interaction with migrants in Norway has never been as acute as, for example, in the UK or European countries with a colonial past. Norwegian society was ethnically homogeneous: the absolute majority (more than 97%) were Norwegians, and the minorities - Swedes and Sami - were historically close to the Norwegians and very small in number.

Norway started accepting migrants fifty years ago, but multiculturalism has never been officially proclaimed. public policy in Norway, as opposed to Canada or Australia where the term comes from, the researchers note.

One of the reasons for the launch of programs of mass admission of migrants in the 1960s in Norway was its sparse population: the basis of the first wave was made up of labor migrants from developing countries such as Pakistan. In 1975, due to the economic crisis, Norway practically froze the labor migration channel. It was replaced by family immigration - in fact, it was the families of workers who arrived earlier. There were also many "brides" from Thailand and the Philippines.

Since the mid-1970s, a wave of refugees from developing countries began, mainly from Vietnam, Iran and Sri Lanka. Finally, this wave was replaced in the 1990s by political refugees, including those from the former Yugoslavia, especially Albanians from Kosovo (however, after the conflict was resolved, many Albanians returned to their homeland).

At the same time, Norway opened its doors to refugees from Chechnya - 6-8 thousand Chechens entered the country. Since the late 1990s, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan have become the main countries of origin for refugees.

As a result, by 2010 the share of the purely refugee population in Norway amounted to 3.1%, and in general, the share of Norwegian residents born outside the country was estimated, according to the national statistics office, at 11.4% (in Sweden - 14.3%, Denmark - 9.5%, Finland - 2.7%). In absolute terms, 4.9 million people lived in the country as of January 1, 2011, of which 600 thousand are immigrants and their children who were already born in Norway. Every third of them - a native of Muslim countries.

Most of the immigrants settle in Oslo (more than 40% of all visitors) - that's where Breivik lived.

In some areas of the capital, according to statistics, the proportion of residents of non-Norwegian origin exceeds a third. At the same time, in 70% of municipalities, immigrants make up less than 1% of the population - the inhabitants there, the researchers conclude, in order to form an opinion about visitors, they have to rely on someone else's experience.

"Protection", not "refuge"

The modern migration policy of Norway has two main features: strict immigration legislation and a high level of ensuring the rights and freedoms of legal migrants, explains Yulia Melnichuk, an employee of the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Since in recent years the bulk of migrants are refugees, the main requirement put forward by the Norwegian authorities is to prove that their lives are in danger in their homeland.

Any person who fled their homeland for security reasons can apply for refugee status (according to the 2010 law - “protected”), the chances of refusal with due proof are small. It can take more than a year to process an asylum application.

The last update of the immigration law took place in 2008, three years after another victory in the elections of the ruling Workers' Party of Norway - it was her youth camp that Breivik shot. The new immigration law developed the previous idea of the Norwegian authorities:

it will not be easy to get the right to stay in Norway, but the country is ready to help a legal immigrant to live, study and work.

The law encouraged the arrival of workers and partly blocked the road for dependents. Thus, those who receive benefits could no longer count on family reunification. But now it was possible to start work under an employment contract without waiting for the submission of documents for issuing a residence permit.

Political correctness - another mask of multiculturalism hated by Breivik - found a place for itself in this document: according to the text of the law, all those forced to leave their homeland will henceforth receive not “asylum”, but “protection” in Norway. This word, decided in the Norwegian government, sounds more correct in relation to refugees. The law came into force on January 1, 2010.

Attempts to prevent the influx of dependents into the country should have been approved by Breivik: in his opinion, the basis of the “Islamic colonization” of Europe is precisely the generous benefits that the authorities paid to immigrants.

In one form or another, five years ago, every third immigrant received benefits, while among the indigenous inhabitants of the country, only every twentieth received assistance from the state.

Newcomers received their first allowance immediately upon leaving the transit camp for newcomers. For each immigrant, it is calculated individually, approximately a childless couple receives about $ 800 per month, a mother with two children - about $ 1,000.

Those who have obtained a residence permit in Norway are ready to help the authorities to become a full-fledged resident. The IOM ranks Norway seventh out of the 31 countries included in the immigrant integration index. The authorities help newcomers to find a job, retrain, and adapt in society, Melnichuk lists, they have language courses and seminars on initial cultural and civic orientation.

This has a positive effect on the unemployment rate in the immigrant environment - in Norway it is significantly lower than in other European countries, according to official statistics, only 6.8%. True, this is three times higher than the average level for all in Norway, UN experts recognized.

In parallel with the amendment of the entry legislation, the laws describing the further life of migrants also changed.

Changes concerning, on the one hand, integration, and, on the other hand, the preservation of the identity of migrants, clearly illustrate the challenges that Norwegian society has faced in the past few years.

In 1999, children of migrants were given the right to receive education in their own language. In 2006, crimes motivated by ethnic hatred were singled out as a separate article of the Criminal Code. In 2007, some government agencies were allowed to give immigrants an advantage over Norwegians with the same skills when hiring.

In 2008, the name of the school subject "Christianity and General Religious and Ethical Education" was renamed to "Religion, Philosophical Concepts of Life and Ethics".

Finally, in 2009, female police officers were allowed to wear a hijab instead of a uniform cap.

"True Finns", Swedes and Norwegians

The change in the usual picture of the world caused a natural reaction among the Norwegians: back in the 70s in Norway, as in other European countries that were faced with an influx of migrants, right-wing populist parties appeared, the role and popularity of which has only grown since then.

So, in Finland, in the elections in April 2011, the True Finns party of Timo Soini unexpectedly received five times more votes than in the previous elections, gaining almost 20% (Shortly before the attacks, Breivik sent an e-mail a copy of the "Declaration" to the party headquarters but received no response). Pia Kjærsgaard's Danish People's Party, with 25 out of 175 parliamentary seats, was recently able to regain partial control of borders with Schengen countries to counter the entry of illegal migrants. In Sweden, the role of the extreme right is played by the Swedish Democrats party, which for the first time in 2010 received a faction in parliament.

The rhetoric of modern right-wing populist parties in Europe is permeated with the awareness of themselves as “suffering for the truth,” which cannot be conveyed to voters without being ridiculed, distorted or even arrested, notes Swedish Anna-Lena Lodenius, author of several books on xenophobia and right-wing extremism. in Europe.

Breivik also felt similar feelings: in his book there is a separate chapter about "the sacrifices that he had to make in order to write this work, the most complete of all existing problems." Among them, he includes both a misunderstanding and a possible rejection of his work, as well as 180 thousand euros of lost income: to write the "Declaration", Breivik quit his job.

The “guilty-guilty” image attracts a certain type of person, Stieg Larsson, bestselling author of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and founder of the anti-racism publication Expo, has found:

23% of the leadership of the "Swedish Democrats" have a criminal record - mainly for economic crimes, while only 12% of Swedish immigrants have a criminal record.

Siv Jensen's Norwegian Progress Party, the second-largest faction in parliament (first entered parliament in 1972), seems rather moderate compared to right-wing parties from neighboring countries.

Progressives profess a completely liberal principle “my freedom ends where the freedom of another begins”, but only in its literal sense: newcomers reduce the space of freedom for Norwegians.

“Basically, their ideology is that Europe is at war, or the whole West is at war, or Christianity is at war,” explains Expo Science Foundation expert Jonathan Leman. Depending on who says it, it can be more religious or more secular rhetoric, it can be about the onset of Islam as a different religion or as a different value system that opposes European humanism.

Support for the Progress Party is stronger in the cities than in the countryside, despite the fact that studies by the Dane Thor Bjorklund showed no correlation between the level of ethnic prejudice and the proportion of the immigrant population in a particular locality in Norway. Norwegians form their political ideas about the problem of migration based not so much on personal experience as on the general context of political discussion on the so-called Islamic threat, Bjorklund concluded.

The far more radical, far-right organization Virgid also participated in the 2009 elections, which managed to become a party despite the criminal prosecution of its leader Thorgrim Bredesen. As an organization, it was founded in 1998 by the nationalist Thure Twedt, who was a pagan and considered himself a prophet of the pagan god Odin. Virgid consisted of many teenagers - it was accepted from the age of 14. Tvedt led the organization until 2005, when he was found guilty of inciting racial hatred (such cases are rare in Norway).

Tvedt was replaced in 2005 by Bredesen, who was also a pagan. He paid great attention to the combat training of the members of the organization: many followers of Vigrid acquired weapons, trained in shooting, playing paintball. Bredesen was not only a pagan, but also an ardent anti-Semite.

“Jews are the main enemy, they killed our people and seized power in our country,” the Vigrid leader said in an interview with the Verdens Ganges newspaper. “I won’t be upset if anything happens to people I don’t want to see in my country.”

In 2007, the Supreme Court of Norway found Bredesen guilty of "humiliation of human dignity", but this did not prevent Virgid from taking part in the elections - for this, according to Norwegian law, it was enough to collect 500 signatures for his party in the district. The party failed to enter parliament.

Now the organization has collapsed, says the ex-leader of the Slavic Union (SS), banned in Russia, Dmitry Demushkin,

in fact, there are no more nationalist organizations in Norway.

The SS kept a close eye on Virgid's activities. The “Slavic Union”, banned in Russia, still has its own branch in Norway: its members, in particular, helped comrade-in-arms Vyacheslav Datsik, nicknamed Red Tarzan, who sailed to Norway on a boat. In Russia, he was accused of a series of robberies and, by a court decision, was placed in a psychiatric hospital. He fled from there in August 2010, crossed the Norwegian border by water, where he asked for political asylum, but the Norwegian authorities decided to extradite him back to Russia.

According to the former leader of the SS, now there are "two dozen skinheads left in all of Norway, there is not a single right-wing musical team." In his opinion, the right in Norway was "pressed": there was too much freedom - "drug addicts and gays." “And when they put pressure on them, then autonomies come to replace them,” a Russian nationalist comments on the recent events in Norway.

Breivik was most likely such a loner, Leman believes. “We don’t know if there are violent groups that share Breivik’s views,” the expert continues.

But Breivik's ideas are rather close not to neo-Nazis, but to the populist anti-Muslim trend among supporters of the legal Progress Party.

Experts are not inclined to believe that after the terrorist attacks in Norway, the anti-Muslim trend will begin to gain momentum: there are few of its followers in the country, and influence on them comes from outside - mainly from Sweden. The anti-Muslim Swedish Resistance Movement, for example, is officially the parent organization of the Norwegian Resistance Movement, Leman said.

There were no power actions in Norway before Breivik and, most likely, there will not be, observers believe. One of the lawyers of the Agora Association, who lived in Norway for several years, says that "it is a peaceful and friendly country." “Black metal music is developed in Norway, people who are fond of it usually take nationalist positions. But I have never come across any street actions or even everyday talk about xenophobia,” he says.

“The anti-Muslim movement, which previously only called for voting for anti-Muslim politicians, is now advocating to release activism into the streets, going into direct confrontation. But, I repeat, it is too early to say whether we will see a violent anti-Muslim movement,” says Leman.

"Bureocracy Organizes Life"

The 15,000-strong Norwegian community of immigrants from Russia at least half consists of former residents of the Caucasian republics, who were previously willingly accepted by Oslo as refugees. It was in Norway, in particular, that the family of the Chechen Elza Kungayeva, who was killed by the former colonel of the Russian army Yuri Budanov, received asylum.

Recently, however, tightening of immigration laws and measures to reduce the number of asylum seekers who do not need protection have led to an increase in the number of refusals of natives of the North Caucasus.

Chechens blame the Russian authorities for the increase in refusals, which convince the world community that life in the North Caucasian republics has become safe.

At the same time, the Norwegian authorities stepped up their efforts to search for and deport illegal immigrants: in the first half of 2009 alone, 50 illegal Chechens were deported. These measures gave rise to talk about discrimination and oppression of migrants. The Norwegian authorities reacted to the allegations with bewilderment, explaining that it was only a requirement to comply with the law.

Even the scandal with the expulsion in February 2011 of the Ossetian Maria Amelie (Madina Salamova), upon closer examination, turned out to be connected with the violation of the law by the girl. When she was a child, the Norwegian authorities denied asylum to her family and she remained in the country illegally. After living in Norway for eight years, finishing school and university, defending her dissertation, she wrote a book about her life as an illegal immigrant, and only after its publication the police detained her and deported her to Russia. “They thought that I should have taken responsibility for my own life and left,” she said in an interview with Russian media. “But the police also have a responsibility to throw out illegal immigrants, even if they are already so integrated that they practically do not differ from the Norwegians.”

The system makes a mistake, since it allows people to live in the country for so long that the best of them manage to feel like their homeland, Salamova believes.

The reaction of the Norwegians to the expulsion of Salamova was indicative: they stood up for the Ossetians, held rallies, wrote letters to the government. In the end, the government agreed to accusations of double standards and decided to consider amendments to laws that would allow deported migrants to apply for a work visa. After that, several Norwegian companies said they were ready to invite Salamova to work for them, but there is no information that she returned.

Natives of the North Caucasus, who now live in Norway, say that even after the explosions they do not observe any aggression from local residents.

“Norwegians are very polite and courteous, if you step on their foot, they will be the first to apologize,” one of the immigrants, natives of Chechnya, told Gazeta.ru, who asked not to be named. - At the school where my children go, there are Somalis, Chinese, Peruvians. Norwegian teachers explain to students that you need to be polite, teach children to live in society.”

“What kind of confrontation are we talking about, if here every second couple is mixed, you see every now and then: a two-meter Norwegian is walking and holding a dark-skinned child,” he argues. - Everyone came to the rally after the tragedy - both locals and Muslims.

Women in hijabs were lighting candles in the square where the explosion took place, although this is not a Muslim tradition.”

The tightening of laws in relation to migrants is not discrimination, but the desire of the state to streamline the process, the interlocutor of Gazeta.Ru believes. “If you collect enough evidence to grant asylum, you will get it. This is bureaucracy, but it streamlines life,” says the Chechen. “There are no Breivik motives here.”

OSLO, April 19 - RIA Novosti, Anastasia Yakonyuk. Norwegian defendant Anders Breivik, who is being tried in the Oslo District Court, was cross-examined on Thursday in detail about the preparations for the attack, about who he was going to kill in those days and about even more cruel plans that could not be realized.

"I played World of Warcraft 16 times a day throughout the year. I just played, ate and slept," Breivik explained.

Play online game Breivik went to live with his mother after his firm closed in 2006. He said that he wanted to save money to prepare for the attack, and that it was cheaper for his mother to live. By this time, Breivik had at his disposal about a million crowns (167.4 thousand dollars).

When asked by the prosecutor whether this year Breivik made the final decision to stage a terrorist attack, the defendant answered in the affirmative. In addition, he added that the computer game helped him develop an attack strategy and tactics.

The multiplayer online game World of Warcraft was released in late 2004. Now this virtual universe has approximately 12 million subscribers worldwide.

After the double terrorist attack on July 22 last year, the video games World of Warcraft and Call of Duty - Modern Warfare were withdrawn from sale in Norway. The reason for this was Breivik's statement about what exactly. The decision was made by retailers out of respect for the families of the victims.

A gun named Mjolner

One of the main issues that the court needs to sort out in detail is where Breivik bought weapons and who helped him with this.

The defendant himself explained that, since it was extremely difficult to legally acquire weapons in Norway, he had to join a shooting club, membership in which gave him the opportunity to buy weapons and train in shooting.

Breivik gave names to each type of weapon, explaining that such a tradition existed among the Scandinavian Vikings and many other warlike peoples.

"The great Spanish hero El Cid, who fought against Islam in Andalusia, gave a name to his sword, we also know about similar facts from Scandinavian mythology," Breivik said, explaining that it was from Scandinavian myths that he took names for his weapons .

Breivik said that he called one of the guns Gungnir (Gungnir) - that was the name of the spear of the Scandinavian god Odin, which was endowed with the magical power to return to the owner.

"I called the Glock Mjolner (Mjolner) - the hammer of the god Thor was called, and the car was named Sleipner, named after the eight-legged horse of the god Odin. The names were written in runes," the defendant said.

"I think it's a wonderful European tradition that is still alive today. Many Norwegian soldiers in Afghanistan gave names to their weapons," he said.

In addition, Breivik said that he had been training and building muscles for a long time, and also took steroids to be in good physical shape and carry heavy weapons and explosives.

Maximum plan: three bombs and a mass shooting

Speaking about the organization of the explosion in the government quarter, Breivik said that he had implemented only part of his plan. Initially, he planned to detonate three bombs with a total weight of 2.5 tons.

The first target for the explosion was the government quarter, the second - the main office of the workers' party. For another explosion, I initially chose the editorial office of the newspaper Aftenposten, but there were too many peaceful people there, and I abandoned this idea. As for the third goal, I wasn't sure. I thought about the royal palace as a third goal," Breivik said, explaining that he did not intend to harm the royal family itself and would choose the moment for her to be absent, because, like many nationalists, he supports the monarchy.

In addition, he considered the editorial offices of the newspaper Dagbladet, the public broadcaster NRK and several others as possible targets for the explosion.

"However, making bombs turned out to be much more difficult than I thought. There were several problems. I did not have enough components," the defendant said.

Preparing an explosion in the government quarter, Breivik assumed that as a result of this terrorist attack, the government building should collapse, and all members of the cabinet of ministers, including the prime minister, who was the main target, would die.

Breivik noted that he estimated his chances of survival after three explosions at 5%, but if he still managed to survive, he might have gone to the city center and started shooting passers-by.

"I would try to execute as many people as possible," he said.

Execute, no pardon

The main task of the terrorist on the island of Utoya, according to him, was to attack the political elite on one of the five days that the meeting continued. On the first day, Marthe Michelet, a political commentator for the Dagbladet newspaper, was to visit him, the next day, Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, then former Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundland. Then the current Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was supposed to arrive.

"So any one of the five days was good for an attack," Breivik said, explaining that Støre and Brundland were his most attractive targets.

He planned to take a camera and iPhone with him to capture the death of the former prime minister - he was going to slit her throat, and post the video of the execution on the Internet. The second target was the head of the youth wing of the party, Eskil Pedersen, then Breivik would begin to kill the camp participants.

"I didn't plan to shoot (only) 69 people, I wanted to kill everyone using water as a weapon of mass destruction," Breivik said. According to him, he believed that many young people would drown from fear.

At the same time, the accused noted that he did not want to be branded as a killer of children and planned that young people over 18 years of age would become victims. He was sure that only those who had reached the age of 16 could join the youth wing of the party, and that the percentage of 16-17-year-olds in the camp was very small. The fact that among the executed were children under 16, he learned the next day after the attack.

"I understood that I would be criticized for killing young people under the age of 18. I thought that I could understand how old they were by appearance, but they turned their backs and I could not see their faces. The implementation of the plan turned out to be more difficult than I expected" Breivik said.

When asked by the prosecutor how he assesses his actions today, the defendant again stated that he would have acted in exactly the same way.

This man became the initiator of a double terrorist attack that occurred in 2011 in Norway. The crimes he committed were unprecedented, so a resident of a northern European country - Andreas Breivik - suddenly became known to the whole world. He is responsible for the deaths of 77 people on the island of Utoya and 8 residents of the capital during the explosion in Oslo. The public absolutely rightly considered that his atrocities were terrible and inhuman. However, the criminal himself convinces everyone that by his actions he wanted to rid the country of the Islamists who flooded Europe. One way or another, but for the radical methods of dealing with migrants, Andreas Breivik received a severe punishment, namely: 21 years of isolation from society. Moreover, it is possible that this period can be changed to life. What prompted the Norwegian to take such a non-standard solution to the problem of resettling Islamists in countries with a culture alien to them? What is the basis of his behavior? Let's consider this question in more detail.

Curriculum vitae

However, a few months later, at the initiative of the judiciary, a re-examination of the mental state of the suspect was carried out, as a result of which a conclusion was made: Andreas Breivik is not crazy. Psychiatrist Friedrich Malt, who was involved in the criminal process, stressed that the terrorist has some mental disorders, but schizophrenia is not in question.

In April 2012, a hearing was held on the fact of committing terrorist acts in Norway. The verdict was harsh: Breivik is guilty and must spend 21 years of his subsequent life in a maximum security prison.

Isolation conditions

In fairness, it should be noted that the conditions in the prison of the "Norwegian shooter" are very benign, despite the severity of the crimes he committed. He lives in a rather spacious cell (31 sq.m.), which includes a bedroom, a gym, and an office with a TV. Breivik cannot communicate with other criminals, only with prison staff, and then once a week and no more than an hour.

Such conditions of isolation from society seemed inhuman to the terrorist, and he filed a lawsuit in which he demanded that he stop being fed semi-finished products and serve cold coffee. In addition, he was not satisfied with the outdated model of the game console. But the main complaint was that he was not allowed to communicate with friends.

The court partially recognized the claims of the Norwegian radical.

Conclusion

Of course, many would like to know if Anders Breivik will be released ahead of schedule. The opinion of lawyers on this issue is unequivocal: potentially this can only happen if the court considers that the “Norwegian shooter” has ceased to be a threat to society. It is possible that the offender will stay in the cell until the end of his days.

Most of society continues to believe that Breivik did not know what he was doing when he shot people. However, a completely logical question arises: “Why does a mentally ill person have so many sane supporters?” Unfortunately, history knows many cases when people with mental illness are glorified throughout the world thanks to unprecedented and radical actions. The situation is complicated by the fact that they have followers who also want to challenge society.