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Features of the regional component of the state innovation policy. Regional innovation policy

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Regional innovation policy has significant features compared to federal policy. In particular, one of the main tasks of the regional policy in the field of innovation is to promote the development of small innovative entrepreneurship. The experience of the developed countries of the world shows that for the development of small innovative businesses on the ground, it is of great importance not so much to provide various kinds of tax benefits, but to develop an innovative infrastructure, which is the basic component of the innovative potential of the territory.

The management of innovation processes at the regional level must be approached from the standpoint of strategic management. Attempts to solve operational problems in the field of innovation are much less effective than an innovation strategy that sets the goals of innovation, the choice of means to achieve them, and the sources for attracting these funds.

The results of the implementation of the innovative strategy of the region should be: a qualitatively new level of resource conservation, an increase in labor productivity, capital productivity, a decrease in material intensity, energy intensity, capital intensity of products, the achievement of its high competitiveness and, as a result, the transformation of the structure of the territorial economy in the direction of increasing the contribution of manufacturing industries.

State support for innovation at the regional level can be carried out in the following forms:

  • direct government incentives R&D through distribution of budgetary and non-budgetary financial resources (government orders, grants, loans) between various areas of research and development in accordance with the developed system of scientific priorities;
  • indirect state stimulation of science and the development of its achievements in the public and private sectors of the economy through tax, depreciation, patent, customs policies, as well as by supporting small innovative enterprises;
  • providing various kinds of benefits to the subjects of the innovation process (both directly to entrepreneurs implementing innovations, and to those elements of the infrastructure that provide them with one or another support);
  • formation of a favorable innovation climate in the economy of the region and the infrastructure for ensuring research and development (including services for scientific and technical information, patenting and licensing, standardization, certification, statistics, etc.).

When it comes to state support for innovative businesses, most often they mean first of all provision of tax incentives. Indeed, in a number of countries, in order to stimulate the inflow of private capital into R&D, additional benefits have been used for many years - the so-called extra concessions, which allow companies to deduct 100% of the funds spent on research and development, and sometimes more than 100%, from the tax base (for example, Australia, Austria, Denmark). If an enterprise spends its funds on R&D and the acquisition of the equipment necessary for this, but does not have this moment sufficient income to take full advantage of the established tax benefits, the legislation of many countries provides for the possibility of transferring such a right to the future.

Experts note that the provision of benefits can be associated with a number of negative consequences. Benefits and exemptions from objects of taxation to a certain extent narrow the circle of taxpayers and the tax base, put taxpayers in unequal conditions and blur the mandatory nature of tax payments. In addition, there is ground for corruption on the ground.

However, according to many experts, the benefits of tax incentives outweigh the possible negative consequences. That is why the system of benefits and subsidies is so widespread in world practice. A differentiated approach to taxation, given the need for structural restructuring of the economy, seems more justified than a policy of equal tax cuts for all.

Particular attention should be given to regional authorities development of small business in the innovation sphere. It is known that when it comes to the development of one or another innovation that does not require large investments and large ones, the efficiency of a small company engaged in R&D is often higher than that of a large organization.

The unit R&D costs of small high-tech companies are often several times higher than those of large firms, which contributes to their faster and more efficient entry into the innovation market. Inventive groups in small firms have to work in areas where researchers are not professionals, since a small company cannot have specialists in many branches of knowledge on its staff. This sometimes contributes to the emergence of new original ideas and a new approach to solving problems that are too familiar to specialists.

The experience of the developed countries of the world shows that for the development of small innovative businesses on the ground, it is of great importance not so much to provide various kinds of tax benefits, but to develop an innovative infrastructure, which is the basic component of the innovative potential of the territory. Small businesses need cooperation with organizations providing information, credit, marketing, patent and other services, thereby contributing to the formation of a knowledge-intensive sector of the economy and creating an effective mechanism for innovation.

In modern literature innovation infrastructure is defined as a set of interrelated, complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and relevant organizational and management systems that are necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovative activities and the implementation of innovations. AT modern conditions innovative infrastructure largely determines the pace of development of the region's economy and the growth of the welfare of its population.

In the region, it is important to create not just an innovative infrastructure with a traditional set of components, it is important to ensure the constructiveness of this infrastructure, to focus it on the final result. In addition, the circulation of information, including feedback, should be properly organized (which will ensure continuous analysis of intermediate and final results). Thus it is possible to provide closed system management of innovations according to the scheme: innovations - investments - monitoring of final results - investments, etc.

An important problem for the region is the creation of an effective mechanism for information support of innovation activities. The subjects of innovative activity need, first of all, ordered technical and economic, market and commercial, statistical information, they also need information about the characteristics of industrial products, technologies, machinery and equipment, materials, types of services, etc. Here an important role belongs to the marketing of innovations and innovation activities.

innovative marketing is a set of measures to study issues related to the process of implementing innovative products, namely: the study of the consumer and the study of the motives of his behavior in the market; research of an innovative product and channels for its implementation; analysis of competitors and determination of the competitiveness of their innovative products; determination of a market niche in which the enterprise has the best opportunities to realize its advantages.

Marketing assessment of innovation activity is an important condition for the success of events held in the region.

Thus, for the successful implementation of the innovation strategy in the region, whole complex scientific and organizational and technical measures:

1. development of a concept for the development of innovation activity and innovation infrastructure with the definition of strategic goals and means to achieve them;

2. development of a program for the region's innovative development in the near future (in the form of an address document indicating, by resources, executors and terms, a set of measures aimed at achieving the goals of the region's innovative development);

3. inclusion of the main provisions of the innovative development program in the strategy of social economic development region;

4. organization of practical activities of local governments in the adoption and implementation of relevant regulatory legal acts and the implementation of organizational and informational activities in support of innovation.

It is obvious that the development of innovations is necessary to diversify the economy, but projects in this area often have a high level of risk, and the state must share some of the risks with entrepreneurs. In particular, some scientific ideas need to be brought to a stage where entrepreneurs can pick them up. Technoparks, technology commercialization centers and other elements of innovation infrastructure should be created with the participation of the state.

With the help of various elements of the innovation infrastructure, such basic tasks of promoting innovation activities are solved as:

  • Information Support;
  • production and technological support for innovation;
  • tasks of certification and standardization of innovative products;
  • promotion of effective developments and implementation of innovative projects;
  • holding exhibitions of innovative projects and products;
  • provision of consulting assistance;
  • training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for innovative activities and others.

By analogy with transport infrastructure, we can say that innovative infrastructure is all information, organizational, marketing, educational and other networks that help a new idea (as if on "rails") to get to its practical implementation and find its consumer

Key elements of innovation infrastructure

1. Technopark structures:

  • science parks, technology and research parks;
  • innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers;
  • technology transfer centers,
  • business and technology incubators;
  • virtual incubators;
  • technopolises, etc.

2. Information technology systems:

  • bases of scientific and technological information,
  • technical-legal and technical-economic information,
  • other databases.

Technopark structures.

At present, there are many different forms of technopark structures in the world. There are fundamental differences between some of these forms associated with different functional purposes, the specifics of the organizational form, the range of tasks to be solved, while the difference between other technopark structures is more of a terminological nature, sometimes associated with the peculiarities of the development of innovation infrastructure in a particular country.

There are three main groups of technopark structures:

1. incubators;

2. technology parks;

3. technopolises.

Incubators- These are multifunctional complexes that provide a variety of services to new innovative firms that are at the stage of emergence and formation.

In other words, incubators are designed to “hatch” new innovative enterprises, assist them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services. The incubator usually occupies one or more buildings. The incubation period of the client firm usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, after which the innovative firm leaves the incubator and begins independent activity.

The incubator as a form and element of the innovation infrastructure is in constant development, the logic of which is largely helped to understand the history of the emergence and spread of incubators.

The progenitor of incubators in the field of innovation can be considered the so-called "creative communes" of architects, designers, artists or craftsmen. These communes tended to redesign the buildings they occupied to create the most conducive environment for creativity and communication. A distinctive feature of these communes, which are considered to be the birthplace of Great Britain, is that they had a certain set of services for collective use.

All incubators created and functioning to support new innovative companies and promote innovative entrepreneurship can be divided into two main types. The first includes those that operate as independent organizations. To the second - the incubators which are a part of a technopark.

The business incubator provides the following basic services:

  • leasing (subleasing) non-residential premises to small businesses;
  • technical operation of the building (part of the building) of the business incubator;
  • postal and secretarial services;
  • consulting services on taxation, accounting, lending, legal protection and enterprise development, business planning, advanced training and training;
  • access to information databases.

Recently, in connection with the development of electronic business, the active use of the Internet and other new information technologies in production and management practice, they are distinguished as a separate type virtual incubators or "incubators without walls". Such incubators help to assess the commercial potential of an innovative project, considered as the basis for the creation of a new company; conduct appropriate marketing research; regulate relations with the parent organization (university, research institute, etc.) on intellectual property issues; develop a business plan and overall business strategy; find partner organizations acting as suppliers or consumers of innovative products, etc. Naturally, "incubators without walls" do not rent premises to client firms. However, the advantage of the virtual form is that the creation of such an incubator, compared to the traditional form, usually involves much more modest investments.

Under technopark It implies a research and production territorial complex, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.

The concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of the innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. The difference between them lies in the fact that the range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of the commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and science-intensive technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation.

In addition, incubator complexes are usually located in one or more buildings. Technoparks also usually have plots of land that they can lease to client firms for the construction of those offices or other production facilities.

Consequently, technoparks, in comparison with incubators, imply the creation of a more diverse innovation environment that allows providing a wider range of services to support innovative entrepreneurship by developing the material, technical, socio-cultural, informational and financial base for the formation and development of small and medium-sized innovative enterprises.

The main structural unit of the technopark is the center. Typically, the structure of the technopark includes:

  • innovation and technology center;
  • The educational center;
  • counseling center;
  • information Center;
  • marketing center;
  • Industrial Zone.

Each of the centers of the technopark provides a specialized set of services, for example, services for retraining specialists, searching for and providing information on a particular technology, legal advice, etc. The technopark may include an incubator as its separate structural element.

It should be noted that parks as an element of innovative infrastructure in different countries have received different definitions. If in Russia they are called “technological parks” (“technoparks”) or “science and technology parks”, then in the USA these structures are mainly called “research parks”, in the UK they are called “science parks”, in China they are called “scientific and technological parks”. industrial parks.

Technopolis, which is often also called a scientific city or a science city, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.

The purpose of the construction of science cities and technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new science-intensive industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.

In Russia, there are quite a few quite successful examples of the creation and development of technopolises. Among them - Pushchino, Dubna, Obninsk.

Information technology systems.

One of the key elements of the innovation infrastructure in many countries is information technology systems. These systems are based on databases containing a wide variety of information about the subjects and results of innovative activities, including information about innovative products, services, technologies, scientific and innovative organizations, intellectual property, etc.

The rapid development of Internet technologies and other new information technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of solving the problem of information support for innovation. The use of telematic networks for interactive remote access to databases of information technology systems contributes to a more efficient implementation of innovation processes.

Examples of the successful functioning of this element of the innovation infrastructure are the information technology systems ARIST, CORDIS, EPIPOS, supported by the countries of the European Union.

Thus, the scientific and technological information service ARIST is an information tool for obtaining information about innovative technologies existing on the market. It is used to connect innovative organizations with relevant technology with potential clients. ARIST provides a range of information services which can be divided into three groups:

  • scientific and technological information to analyze what stage a certain innovative technology has reached;
  • technical and legal information for the analysis of industrial property (patents, trademarks, utility models, national and foreign technical standards), as well as legislation, regulations of different countries;
  • technical and economic information, which includes market research on supply and distribution.

At present, the successful development of innovation infrastructure in many countries is associated with integration processes that allow achieving synergistic effects by combining and coordinating the activities of various elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our country, a positive integrating role in the development of innovation infrastructure is played by the creation of various innovation unions and associations.


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Abaev A.L., candidate of economic sciences.

An objective continuation of the state scientific and innovation policy is its regional component. Innovation processes are increasingly difficult to manage only at the national level. National borders in innovation processes are being erased, transnational corporations are breaking value chains and placing its individual elements where they find local advantages. In the context of globalization, the region becomes a natural economic area. In this regard, the regional authorities must create the necessary conditions and supporting institutions that will make the region attractive for foreign investment, and keep global corporations on their territory. Competitive advantages of regions can be created purposefully. The main specificity of the processes of formation of a new post-industrial structure in the economy is such that it pushes for some redistribution of roles between the center and regions, shifting the center of gravity of economic growth in favor of the latter. With the change in the role of the state, the importance of the regional level of innovation policy increases. Regional innovation policy is aimed at solving a number of problems, including:

  • assistance to regions in the formation and implementation of an effective innovation policy and support for innovation business;
  • identification and dissemination of "best practices" in the field of creation, management and support of innovation infrastructure as elements of a regional innovation system;
  • formation and testing of models of interaction between organizations of innovative infrastructure and innovative business;
  • development of international relations of innovative business and regional innovative structures.

The expected results of such interaction can be: the creation of effective regional systems for supporting innovative entrepreneurship (including venture funds, transfer centers, etc.) and the use of innovative potential; development of an effective regional policy that contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship and the creation of an innovative infrastructure; expanding the range and improving the quality of innovation infrastructure; development of an effective organizational and economic mechanism for the interaction of participants in the innovation process and the economy of the region as a whole.

As a result of the implementation of socio-economic transformations in Russia, the region as a territorial entity received the status of a subject of the Russian Federation, endowed with its own competence, rights, duties and responsibilities, enshrined in the Constitution of the country, the relevant basic laws of the autonomous republics, charters of districts, territories, regions, a federal treaty. Legislative definition of regions as subjects of the Russian Federation means recognizing them as independent economic units with equal opportunities and the same organizational and legal status (a region as an economic enterprise).

Since the use of innovations provides a monopoly high entrepreneurial income, local authorities are interested in raising the level of regional scientific and innovative potential and intensifying innovative activities.

Regional innovation policy - component economic policy of regional authorities to create favorable conditions for trade and production, agro-industrial, construction and industrial and scientific and production integration of all institutional forms of management. Regional economic, and therefore, innovation policy is largely determined by the economic structure of the region, in which structure-forming enterprises are of key importance, i.e. such enterprises that form the revenue part of the regional budget, bring the region the main share of foreign exchange earnings, directly determine social stability in the region as a result of the involvement of a significant number of labor resources in production activities.

For the stable economic development of the regions, the real situation and prospects of enterprises are important, characterized by indicators of the dynamics of output (provision of services), the dynamics of the wage fund and the number of employees, the dynamics of prices for similar products, the solvency and efficiency of production and marketing of products, its competitiveness, the possibility of attracting external , including foreign investors, etc.

Creation of conditions for scientific and industrial integration provides a close technological relationship between research, design organizations in the region and manufacturing enterprises. The focus of R&D should be related primarily to production capabilities region, using the scientific and innovative potential and infrastructure. It is advisable for regional authorities to coordinate the activities of the academic, university and industry sectors of science, reprofiling them to solve practical problems of restructuring the regional economy, including for the purpose of expanding exports, import substitution, and forming a regional economic complex with its own specialization in a single national market.

Territorial (regional) innovation programs and projects that correspond to the development priorities of the territories and are the basis of the organizational and economic mechanism of scientific and innovation policy are of paramount importance for the implementation of methods of regional regulation of innovation processes.

The regional innovation support program is a document containing a set of major projects and activities, the implementation of which is aimed at developing competitive industries and technologies, using local natural resources, production and labor potential, improving the environmental situation, creating product and technological innovations, etc.

In full, the concept of "innovative activity in the region" contains all types of scientific activity, design, design, technological, experimental developments, and other works focused on the implementation of innovation in social practice. In addition to them, the scope of the concept of "innovative activity in the region" includes activities for the development of innovations in production and for their consumers - the implementation of innovations. In a generalized view, innovation activity is an expedient change, transformation of various aspects of social life, including the transformation of social production, updating its technological structure in order to make a profit or achieve a social result. In the latter case, the concept of "innovative activity" is considered in close connection with marketing and investment activities.

As a result, innovation activity turns into a process aimed at implementing innovation policy through the functioning of innovation systems. Based on the territorial understanding of the effectiveness of innovation systems, we note that they operate both at the transnational and national levels, and at the regional level. AT modern world two trends are emerging: innovation processes that are increasingly becoming transnational, on the one hand, and the emergence of regional or local innovation systems, on the other.

The influence of the state on the development of innovation systems is still very high. In all countries, government decisions that affect innovation are still planned and implemented at the national level. In almost all areas, one way or another related to innovation, the nation-state is still the main regulatory and initiating force.

At the same time, the regional dimension is becoming increasingly important in innovation processes. The regionalization of innovation activities is closely linked to the process of globalization. Thus, Ohmae argues that in a world where borders are increasingly disappearing, where companies are increasingly free to move their production activities around the world, the region is a "natural" economic area. Another factor contributing to the development of regional innovation systems is the need to create competitive advantages for large corporations. With intense global competition, companies are breaking down their value chains into discrete functions and placing them wherever they can find specific local benefits. New transport and information technologies serve global manufacturing organizations and innovation processes. The authorities must adapt the globalization strategies of companies by creating a supportive environment and establishing special organizations and institutions that make the region attractive for foreign investment, but also keep companies on their territory.

Along with the transformation from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy, natural resources are losing their importance as a competitive advantage; on the contrary, a developed infrastructure, a highly skilled workforce, and effective supporting institutions are becoming more important. This means that competitive advantages can be deliberately created in the region.

Scholars emphasize the importance of interaction and communication in innovation processes, citing geographic proximity as a key advantage of regional economies. While there is no doubt that a national system contains a greater diversity of knowledge by supporting common (cumulative) learning processes, this will not lead to innovation if proximity is not sufficient to support communication. Context-specific, tacit knowledge, a key component of innovation processes, is better communicated through frequent and repetitive face-to-face interactions; they cannot be transmitted through time and space independently of the "knowing subject".

Thus, we can note the following advantages of the regional level of innovation processes in comparison with the national one:

  • the co-presence of many manufacturers of various kinds, offering specialized services in a timely and flexible manner in response to requests;
  • learning effects that are caused by the involvement of regional producers in transnational networks;
  • emergence of local funds work force with a concentration of specific skills and forms of education;
  • cultural and institutional infrastructure that is constantly emerging inside and around industrial clusters and which is often very important for the effective operation of a single local socio-economic system;
  • development of networks of trust between regional economic actors.

Under influence global processes Russian innovation policy is beginning to change. However, the intellectual potential of the regions and the opportunities to turn it into various forms of capital are still far from being fully used today. Judging by the structure of Russian exports, for example, there are almost no production clusters that are competitive on the world market in Russia now. One of the goals of transforming the organizational forms of innovation activity, economic relations in the scientific and innovation sphere and its management is to create conditions in the regions for its maximum activation.

From the point of view of the interests of the region, the innovation process is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it functions and develops. In this case, it is strategically important to understand that the innovation process is carried out not as a one-time action, but as a continuous course of development, qualitative improvement in any area of ​​practical activity that affects the entire regional economy and society. In order to ensure the development of innovative activity, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must:

  • to carry out the preparation and implementation of regional programs for the development of innovative activities at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
  • take part in the implementation of federal programs, projects and activities for the development of innovative activities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
  • create the necessary conditions for the development of infrastructure to support innovation activities in the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
  • to coordinate at the regional level the activities of infrastructure organizations to support innovation in the implementation of activities provided for by regional programs for the development of innovation;
  • take measures to protect the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of innovative activity on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
  • assist local governments in the development and implementation of programs for the development of innovative activities;
  • solve other issues in the field of development of innovative activity related to their competence.

It is to fulfill these and other tasks of innovative development that a regional innovation policy (RIP) is being formed.

Regional innovation policy is a relatively independent area of ​​economic policy associated with the need to solve strategic tasks to transform Russia into a truly federal state and transfer its economy to an innovative development path.

In a narrowly targeted sense, RIP is usually understood as the activity of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation to determine and achieve the goals of an innovation strategy for their territories. At the same time, RIP is interpreted as a process aimed at translating the results of completed scientific research, development and other scientific and technological achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, in a new or improved technological process used in business activities. In accordance with this, the political, economic, informational and institutional prerequisites and conditions necessary for the formation and implementation of the RIP are identified. As the main tool, a predominantly program method of managing innovation activity in the region is usually used. At the same time, approaches are used that ensure the coordination of the interests of business entities in a given territory with the goals of its economic and social development as a whole.

In a broader context, RIP is an integral organic part of the state science and technology policy, which is a set of socio-economic relations of the state and its structures at different levels with business entities regarding the creation, transformation and use of innovations to update all spheres of people's life on the basis of a balance of interests of all participants in scientific, technological and innovative processes. RIP, as well as the state science and technology policy in general, is the most closely related to structural, industrial, investment, etc. the policy of the state and its bodies, called upon, in accordance with their basic economic functions, to take care of creating the structure of economic systems and the institutional conditions for their functioning and development.

The regional scientific and innovative policy prescribes the institutional framework for the creation and functioning of the scientific and innovative complex of the region. The problems of forming the institutional structure of the scientific and innovative complex of the region are primarily related to the legislative consolidation of the relationship between the powers of the center and the periphery in the field of scientific and technical policy, which regulates the legal regime that determines the development of new economic relations in the field of innovation, and is implemented through scientific, technical and innovative politics. General attitudes in this matter have been affected by some legal acts, however, a real legal framework may appear with the adoption of the specified federal law"On State Innovation Policy", which will allow the distribution of powers between three (at least) levels of government: federal, joint (of the Federation and the subjects of the Federation) and the level of the subjects of the Federation.

The process of forming a regional science and innovation policy is gaining momentum. The need to manage scientific and technological development led to the creation of appropriate organizational units in the structure of regional management; in general, regional systems for supporting scientific and technical activities have been formed, which have their own organizational structure and financial mechanism. Today, in the regions of Russia, the process of forming an innovation direction in the very mechanism of public administration, the formation of a system of institutions of scientific and innovation policy is gaining momentum. Their main task is to harmonize the national and regional innovation interests and the interests of the subjects of the scientific and innovation sphere.

Let us designate some of the powers of regional management structures that determine the functioning of the innovation sphere:

  • giving additional features structures that previously regulated certain aspects of scientific and innovative activities. for example, the bodies supervising regional science are entrusted with the task of assessing the innovative potential of scientific research and allocating funds for relevant commercialization projects;
  • the inclusion of structures that previously did not have a direct relationship with science and innovation in the regulation of the scientific and innovation sphere. for example, bodies for labor protection, antimonopoly regulation, small business development;
  • unification of structures, reflecting the integration processes in the scientific and innovative sphere. for example, regulation of scientific, technological and industrial development within the framework of one structure.

However, the emerging organizational management structures and mechanisms for regulating innovation activities have not yet had a tangible impact on regional development. In this regard, the task of increasing the efficiency of existing mechanisms and regional methods of managing scientific, technical and innovative activities is topical.

The main mechanism for the implementation of the regional innovation policy in the analyzed period was the regional target programs (RTP), and the main source of funding - the regional innovation funds. The experience of the formation and implementation of the RIC has shown that the institutional environment of the regions is not yet conducive to the implementation software methods work with innovation. And local authorities do not have modern methods and tools for analyzing and forecasting scientific and technical progress, which reduces the efficiency of selection, preparation and implementation of innovative projects and programs.

The most important condition for the successful implementation of the regional scientific and innovation policy is the appropriate financial support. Currently, the main financial sources are regional innovation funds, which are formed at the expense of mandatory contributions enterprises that are in regional (municipal) ownership. Funds are used for technical re-equipment and modernization of existing enterprises, reconstruction of buildings, engineering and transport communications; financing of work on the development of new types of science-intensive products. One of the problems of creating and implementing innovations at regional enterprises is that there is no mechanism for financing organizations in the scientific sphere for conducting exploratory research and development work at the expense of local innovation funds, since there are practically no such funds. Therefore, in order to conduct an effective innovation policy in the regions, it is necessary to improve the financial mechanism, and first of all, the procedure for the formation and use of innovation funds.

At present, the organizational structure of the management of scientific and technological progress in the regions is being formed: scientific and technical councils, departments are being created or staff units are being introduced responsible for coordinating, monitoring and auditing the innovative development of enterprises and organizations. At the same time, scientific and technical councils have not yet been created in all regions, and the existing ones do not always manifest themselves as an active coordinating element of innovation activity.

Regional innovation policy involves the creation of favorable conditions for the formation of an innovation climate. These include the systematization and efficient use of information resources, their integration into the global information space and entry into the information services market based on the development and implementation of technologies for high-performance processing, storage and transmission of data over telecommunication networks, as well as the creation of databases and knowledge banks.

Thus, the main directions of innovation policy common to all regions should be:

  • effective use of local innovation funds for solving regional problems and updating the fixed production assets of enterprises on a new technological basis;
  • strengthening the use of administrative resources to solve the problems of innovative development;
  • promoting the development of innovation infrastructure, including through funds to support entrepreneurship;
  • development of program-targeted financing of innovative projects of enterprises and organizations of the region, reflecting its problems, by improving the system of concentration of investment resources and the mechanism for selecting investment objects;
  • financing at the expense of the regional budget the most significant research projects and programs of leading research institutes and universities of the regions;
  • organizing and conducting monitoring of the scientific and innovative potential of the regions in order to increase the effectiveness of the scientific and technical regional policy.

The principal basis for the formation of the economic foundations of regional innovation programs and projects are:

  • introduction of joint (equity) state-commercial financing;
  • combination of direct public funding with indirect state economic support in the form of benefits;
  • development of an insurance procedure and the establishment of guarantees by state bodies, including regional ones;
  • development of a procedure for the activities of authorized banks or companies for financing and control over the spending of funds;
  • development of rules for the preparation, evaluation, implementation, control by state-authorized structures over the implementation of priority programs and projects, including on the basis of independent expertise.

The financial support of innovation activity in the region is the establishment of sources of financing carried out by various objects and operating in various economic forms, as well as the subjects of financing operating on the basis of an organizational and technological scheme that determines their interaction with objects and sources of financing. Sources of financing for innovation activities can be budgetary financing from non-budgetary funds, indirect financing (due to benefits), commercial venture financing.

The subjects of financing of scientific activity can be federal legislative and executive bodies, representative and executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation, Russian Academy sciences, extra-budgetary funds for financing scientific activities, commercial structures (banks, investment, innovation and other financial funds and institutions), public organizations (academies, associations), funds and firms for venture financing of scientific activities, scientific infrastructure institutions, financial and industrial groups, international and foreign structures and projects, commercial economic units.

At the same time, large financial entities that are involved in the reconstruction and development of the region in the long term, as well as integrated research and production complexes, which are the main subject of innovation financing, stand out.

Innovation policy is the development of strategic goals for the development of innovations and tasks for mobilizing, maintaining and developing innovative potential, taking into account socio-economic prospects and the current situation and means, ways to achieve them.

The innovation policy of the state at the federal and regional levels - designing, creating and stimulating the use of organizational and economic relations, structures and infrastructure for innovation - among others includes the following priorities:

  • giving an innovative direction to the process of development of applied science, focusing on the transition to a new technological and social order, as well as the creation of an innovative mood in society, the lifestyle of the population of the regions;
  • transformation of the sphere of innovation based on increasing its competitiveness of the regions, i.e. consistent reflection of intellectual property in the formation of organizational and economic relations in the field of innovation;
  • orientation of the sphere of innovations to increase the efficiency of industrial policy, maintain leading positions in the economy, ensure economic security regions and the country as a whole.

The general task of transforming the sphere of innovation, taking into account regional policy, is the development of functions inherent in science - cultural, educational, applied. Further, it becomes possible to stretch the chain from science to the tasks of regional development through the formation of technological, innovative and entrepreneurial infrastructure.

The implementation of scientific and innovation policy in the region includes the process of forming tasks and relevant programs to ensure the solution of complex problems of the socio-economic development of the region on the basis of its innovative potential, which is necessary for the development of the infrastructure for innovation activity, decision-making on state and regional support for the implementation of innovative programs, including the consolidation of financial resources from all sources and in all forms, creating for these purposes appropriate financial structures, primarily funds.

The innovation policy is implemented in the form of certain measures of state and regional support, and in general, by creating a favorable innovation climate, increasing innovation susceptibility and shaping the innovation readiness of the regions.

For the implementation of innovation policy and the implementation of state and regional support measures, the implementation of the functions of innovation management - forecasting, financing, stimulation, control and operational regulation - to the extent necessary for issuing relevant regulations, providing program management, implementing information activities, coordinating with others tasks of regional policy, regional bodies of management of scientific activity are necessary.

The process of formation of the institutional environment of the scientific and innovative sphere, especially at the regional level, takes place in close interaction with the socio-cultural environment, represented by government and authorities, subjects of scientific, technical and innovative activities, public organizations, consumers of their services and the population. These interactions are complex and multilateral. Various social groups, defining their interests focused on a specific problem, form a certain level of public consciousness, which reflects the degree of influence of the social environment on institutional development. At the same time, RNIP makes it possible to solve the problems of social support for science.

Regional science and innovation policy creates real opportunities to ensure the effectiveness of social and economic transformations in the region.

The basis of the modern mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of the country and specific regions is an innovative model of economic development. This model represents a multifunctional and complex system of interaction between different levels of management of the activation of innovation and investment activities, constant adaptation to external environment and increasing the efficiency of the use of material, intellectual and financial resources.

The implementation of an innovative model for increasing the competitiveness of the country and regions involves the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring such competitiveness. This mechanism includes organizational and economic management at the regional level, a market factor in the functioning of the regional economy, forms and methods for regulating the processes of increasing competitiveness at the macro-, meso- and mega-levels, which together determine the final results of the economy of the country (region) and the level of consumer satisfaction in goods and services.

In the scientific literature as a whole, both the elements of such a mechanism and their relationship within the innovation process are defined.

The first element of the mechanism is managing the increase in the level of competitiveness of the country's economy (and, accordingly, the goods and services produced) at the micro level.

The second element of the mechanism is market self-regulation of the competitiveness of enterprises and regions, which is aimed at constantly maintaining the competitiveness of manufactured products based on the laws of the market.

The third element of the mechanism - macroeconomic state regulation of competitiveness - is the activity of the state aimed at constantly maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of domestically produced goods.

The fourth element of the mechanism is the regulation of the competitiveness of enterprises and goods at the meso level, which differs from regulation at the macro level in the scope of regulation. At the mesolevel, it is carried out within a single region or industry, based on its (or its) characteristics. Mesofactors of competitiveness are factors that characterize the development of a region or industry.

The fifth element of the mechanism is the regulation of competitiveness at the mega level, which is based on international competition and cooperation between countries aimed at maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and their products. The megafactors of the competitiveness of enterprises are the factors and trends of global development. The main one is the globalization of the world economy, leading to increased competition both in the world and domestic markets, requiring states to increase the openness of their economies.

The need for interconnection of all the above elements in the formation of competitiveness at all levels is obvious. At the same time, despite the importance of competitiveness for the development of innovations, it is not enough to activate the processes of implementing innovations in practice. It is necessary to create a really functioning organizational and economic mechanism of innovation activity.

The problematics of the development and functioning of such a mechanism is currently insufficiently developed in the domestic scientific literature.

At the same time, one cannot fail to note the increase in the number of studies that consider the problems of innovative development and individual components of such a mechanism, aimed at enhancing the process of introducing innovations to the market.

However, the concept of the organizational and economic mechanism of innovation policy, which would link different levels of innovation activity into a single process, namely: entrepreneurial, regional, regional-district and federal, is still not available in Russia.

At the same time, there is an obvious need for a deep scientific study of the processes of formation and functioning of this system. The scientific and practical tasks of forming a scientific and innovation policy aimed at activating the innovation process not only at the level of business structures and (or) the business community as a whole, but also at other levels, are related to the effectiveness of the functioning of the organizational and economic mechanism. That is, such a mechanism should expand the understanding of innovation activity not only as an innovative business, but also as a factor in the development of the country's economy as a whole and its regions. Such a system of innovation mechanisms is an organizational and economic mechanism. And its application is a factor and a condition for the formation of scientific and innovation policy, including at the regional level.

At the same time, it is clear that such a mechanism should ensure the possibility of interaction between innovatively active enterprises and regions within the framework of a unified state scientific and innovative policy.

Based on the foregoing, we define the organizational and economic mechanism of scientific and innovation policy as a form of implementation of innovative activities at various levels with the formation of an appropriate infrastructure, the use of scientific, educational, industrial and organizational potentials, the provision of the necessary resources and the development of incentive and regulation levers.

At the same time, within the framework of the general organizational and economic mechanism, there is a complex of mechanisms that perform various specific functions. Moreover, this complex is not closed, and the emergence of new mechanisms is a natural event, caused both by a change in the stages of development and by the possibility of their use in various conditions. Such mechanisms should form the functional support of both the economy as a whole and its individual components in accordance with market economic categories: demand, need, competition, resources, etc. Functional support in this case should be understood as legal, investment and organizational support. Legal support should form the possibility of scientific research and implementation of its results. The corresponding mechanism is designed to ensure the protection of a scientific idea and an innovative product. The next element of functional support is the creation of conditions for efficiency and safety (naturally, within the framework of the market risk of investments) for investing in innovation activities with the aim of commercializing and introducing the results of scientific research into production.

Naturally, it is impossible to solve the problems of producing innovations and investing in the innovation process without appropriate organizational decisions. At the same time, functional support mechanisms will be different depending on the level and stage of development of the innovation process. It is important to link in one chain the elements of functional support with the stages of development of scientific and innovation policy.

Note that this approach makes it possible to form a system of mechanisms, i.e. take into account all the possible set of mechanisms, but precisely as an open system. The latter means that it is quite likely that new mechanisms will emerge within and outside of these groups and depending on the specific stage of the innovation process.

As already noted, the organizational and economic mechanism functions at several levels, including: at the macro level, at the regional level, at the entrepreneurial level. At the macro level, the following (among others) tasks are solved: the state scientific and innovation strategy is formulated, a favorable innovation climate is created for the economy as a whole, and state innovation programs and projects are being implemented. At the regional level, the relevant tasks are tied to the characteristics of certain regions. Both macro- and regional levels create conditions for the intensive flow of innovative processes at the level of business structures. These innovative mechanisms are designed to ensure the implementation of federal and regional innovative strategies at the micro level, to direct entrepreneurial initiative in line with innovation priorities.

Naturally, all of the above levels presuppose a certain sequence and consistency in the formation of scientific and innovation policy. At the same time, the entire system of innovative mechanisms and its practical implementation are designed to contribute to strengthening the innovation component of the economy and the transition in practice to innovative type economic growth. This system of innovation mechanisms emphasizes the inseparability of all components of the innovation process in the formation of scientific and innovation policy.

In the formation of innovation policy in our country, the creation of an organizational and economic mechanism at the regional level with the decisive role of competition is now of particular importance. Such a mechanism is designed to support the state, firstly, giving broad rights to the regions for the development of regional economies, and secondly, taking special measures to support competition and designate priority support for innovative enterprises. The basis of the competitiveness of the region can be its innovation system as an internal element of the organizational and economic mechanism of the scientific and innovation policy of the region, integrating the scientific, technical, technological, investment and human potentials of the region. In the modern economy, these components, closely interacting with each other and penetrating the entire structure of the regional economy, become a kind of way for its functioning and development. Regional innovative activity is largely determined by the investment climate and the receptivity of the regional scientific and production system, i.e. the ability to effectively consume innovations by the subjects of the regional economy.

The level of innovative susceptibility is determined by a complex of various economic, organizational, social and technological aspects. The most significant are the factors determined by the development of social and economic relations; the presence of a competitive market mechanism; the development of the relevant infrastructure, as well as the management system and organizational structure of economic entities, the technological level of production, the level of qualification and the prevailing motivation of personnel, etc.

The competitiveness of the region, based on an innovative development path, is determined by a classical set of factors, but has its own specifics.

  1. The basic factors of production - labor, land, natural resources, infrastructure and others - do not provide benefits by themselves. Thus, the presence in the region of a large number of people with higher education and even academic degrees does not provide competitive advantages in high-tech industries. To maintain competitive advantages, this factor should be highly specialized in relation to specific industries and enterprises of the region, which determine the competitiveness of the region, including those that create an innovative perspective.
  2. The state of domestic demand helps to create competitive advantages in the event that the corresponding segment of the economy is more visible than in the markets external to the region. The region gains a competitive edge in industries where domestic demand provides companies with a clearer and earlier view of emerging customer needs.

"Local" buyers help the competitiveness of "their" producers if their needs "anticipate" or even shape the needs of buyers from other regions. At the same time, it is clear that the formation of such a need for an innovative (i.e., new, unfamiliar to consumers) product is much easier within the framework of a regional innovator enterprise. And the risks of failure can be minimized. And considering that only 20% of innovative products are successful in the market, risk minimization is a very significant competitive advantage.

  1. The third important component of regional competitiveness is the presence in the region of related and (or) supporting industries. This is most important from the point of view that regional sister and / or supporting enterprises provide modernization and innovation - competitive advantage is based on close partnerships. Companies located close to each other have the opportunity to ensure a constant and, most importantly, rapid exchange of ideas and innovations. In this case, internal competition provides similar benefits: the flow of information and the exchange of ideas (technical, technological, organizational) increase the speed of innovation.

In this case, it becomes possible to form strong regional clusters, which, in our opinion, today are the basis of the innovative and industrial potential of the regions.

  1. In addition to all of the above, the competitiveness of the region depends on the business development conditions existing in the given territory: the existence of a regional development strategy, the legal framework, support for certain industries and enterprises at the state (regional) level, etc.

In this sense, the need for innovative development of regions is defined not as a declaration of understanding the importance of such an approach, but as actual support for innovative enterprises, innovators and the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the functioning of regional innovation systems.

Based on the need to form an organizational and economic mechanism, the goals and priorities for the development of innovative and industrial activities in the region are determined. They can be determined, firstly, on the basis of federal interests, established priorities for scientific and innovative activities, and, secondly, the goals of the socio-economic development of the region.

Since the scientific solution of these problems requires considerable funds, and the region's budget is limited by the narrowed economic (production) activity, the activation of which often requires a technological restructuring of production, again associated with scientific and innovative activities, it turns out that, firstly, the deployment the latter is of particular importance in industrialized regions, and secondly, it becomes necessary to solve the problem of initial external (not from the budget) infusion of funds into the scientific and innovative sphere of the region as a factor in the restructuring of production to the level of world market requirements and thereby ensuring sustainable growth in regional incomes. budget.

Investment activity, and especially in the innovation-industrial sphere, depends on many factors. One of the main ones is the creation of a favorable economic environment. This, perhaps, is the main task of regional authorities at the present stage of development of market relations. The foundation for the formation of such an environment forms the existing socio-economic potential of the region (city): economic and geographical (transport position, the possibility of recreation, tourism, etc.); natural resource (resource reserves, their quality, climatic conditions, etc.); demographic (population size, sex and age composition, dynamics of change, etc.); labor (educational, professional, qualification composition of workers, their employment, etc.); production (structure and volume of production, ownership structure, condition of fixed assets, etc.); scientific (number and qualification of personnel, value of fixed assets, etc.); social infrastructure, etc.

However, the existing potential of the region can play the role of a factor of a favorable investment environment with one decisive condition, namely, if regional governments can create a mechanism that facilitates its use in line with the interests of potential domestic and foreign investors, for example, in the spirit of existing subsidies to entrepreneurs for creating new jobs. There may be other conditions that facilitate the realization of the potential of the region. Thus, along with competition in production, trade, and finance, the competition of territories that can create attractive conditions for investors and fight for attracting capital for the implementation of innovative projects, the socio-economic development of the region, and improving the quality of life of its population is not excluded. This policy cannot but take into account the development of trends, when leading firms in innovation and production activities become more sensitive to the socio-economic, natural environment and begin to invest in higher educational establishments, ecology and culture of their territory. These trends can also be appropriately reinforced by regional governments. In general terms, there is a problem of forming a mutually beneficial partnership territorial bodies, business entities and investors in realizing the regional potential, including its scientific and innovative component in achieving socio-economic goals.

The problem of forming a competitive territorial environment is closely related to two major problems of means to achieve goals: 1) with the organization of regional horizontal links in the implementation of comprehensive research in the region, the joint use of the potentials of organizations and institutions from different sectors of the "science and scientific service" industry in the development of complex and voluminous scientific - innovative projects and 2) with the development of a mechanism for applying economic management methods leading to maximization of the effect in supporting priority areas of science and production.

The listed general setting of goals and possible priorities acquire specific content for a given region for periods of up to one or two years - short-term targets, up to five years - medium-term.

The underdevelopment of state regulation of the market economy in the country, the imperfection in the field of structural, industrial and scientific and technical policy affected domestic commodity production and its competitiveness. The process of ensuring regional competitiveness involves the development of an appropriate strategy that comprehensively and interrelatedly covers: industrial, investment, scientific and technical and foreign economic policy. The innovation policy strategy, its priorities and sources of resource provision can be formed at two levels: federal and regional.

At the federal level, Russia's strategic tasks are solved, funding is provided for those areas that smooth out the initial differences between regions in the initial period of transition to a predominantly innovative economy and contribute to the preservation of a single economic space.

At the regional level, it is very important to predetermine the movement of financial, labor and material resources towards promising industries and enterprises, the competitive potential of which is the greatest. The implementation of such a policy will contribute to the creation of market specialization of the regions and the implementation of such an important principle as the complementarity of regions.

All of the above suggests that at present the center of gravity of the direct regulation of life support, the solution of social problems, the development of market economic relations is transferred to the regions, lies with local executive authorities.

The solution of these problems is possible only if the competitiveness of the regional economy is ensured, and therefore deep structural transformations are inevitable, such as:

  • maintaining production at viable enterprises in order to maintain an acceptable level of supply of consumer goods, employment, curbing the growth of social tension and preventing conflicts in the regional market;
  • regulating the curtailment of economically unpromising industries and providing the necessary selective assistance to priority (from the point of view of the region) areas of development and enterprises;
  • organization of work on the rehabilitation of enterprises based on the conceptual positions of the structural and investment policy of the region;
  • ensuring rational economic relations of enterprises in the region through the possible integration of the efforts of enterprises and various territorial entities (both within Russia and abroad);
  • creation of conditions for the functioning of the main life support systems, prevention of technological and environmental disasters, etc.;
  • support for entrepreneurship, especially small and medium-sized businesses that create new jobs, increase the supply of goods and services in the local market;
  • search for potential investors, organizing the acceptance and effective use of foreign loans (especially in the field of recreational business, tourism), creating a favorable climate for foreign direct investment, and primarily in the sphere of material production;
  • formation of a regional system of institutional investors, extra-budgetary sources capable of accumulating savings and effectively turning them into investments;
  • active promotion of goods of local exporters to foreign markets, participation in centralized export programs of the Federation;
  • development of tax levers to support innovation.

The solution of many problems of the competitiveness of the regional economy is associated with the intensive involvement of both domestic and foreign capital and the choice of industries and industries for priority financing. These sectors and industries should provide a quick return on investment and should not depend on attracting additional labor resources to the region. To the greatest extent, the listed requirements are met by the knowledge-intensive industries of the region, which form the potential for innovative development. The analysis shows that, in general, in Russia it is possible to achieve higher and more sustainable economic growth rates based on increasing competitiveness, diversifying the structure of the economy, and implementing institutional reforms both in the country and in the regions.

The most important priority is the further formation of a favorable institutional market environment in order to support competition, as well as stimulate the innovation sector and small businesses.

The state creates institutional opportunities for the economic independence of the regions. At the same time, the regional scientific and innovation policy should be aimed at developing elements of the economic mechanism that contribute, on the one hand, to state support for innovative areas and specific industries, and, on the other hand, to stimulate and support private initiative in the development of innovations.

The need for uniform development of individual regions implies giving them the freedom to make managerial decisions aimed, among other things, at increasing the competitiveness of regional economies. The competitiveness of the regional economy reflects the ability of the region to produce a product that is superior to its competitors in terms of a set of indicators and provides high income with minimal risk, and serves as the basis for attracting investments into it, the basis of socio-economic development. In the medium term, the regional authorities face the most serious task of expanding and intensifying innovative activity, since only the implementation of the above measures can ensure a significant increase in production in the real sector of the economy.

Regional innovation policy should be aimed at developing elements of the organizational and economic mechanism that contribute, on the one hand, to state support for innovative areas and specific enterprises, and, on the other hand, to stimulate and support private initiative in the development of innovations. It is necessary to increase the role of scientific research and development, to turn the accumulated scientific potential into one of the main resources for sustainable economic growth. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for the introduction of advanced technologies into production, including the balanced development of innovative infrastructure.

The innovation policy is implemented in the form of measures of state and regional support, the formation of a favorable innovation climate, increasing the innovation susceptibility and innovation readiness of the regions. For the implementation of scientific and innovation policy and the implementation of measures of state and regional support, the implementation of the functions of managing innovation activity, it is necessary to form a scientifically based system of management bodies and regulation of innovation activity.

In modern conditions, the task of paramount importance is the preservation and subsequent strengthening of the innovative and industrial potential of the region, increasing the degree of its impact on the economic efficiency of production. Without this, it is unattainable to ensure the sustainability of regional development.

All of the above determines the importance and scope of the task of forming the organizational and economic mechanism of scientific and innovation policy at all levels, including, of course, its regional level.

The innovation policy is designed to ensure an increase in the country's gross domestic product through the development of the production of fundamentally new types of products and technologies, as well as the expansion on this basis of markets for domestic goods.

In this regard, the main directions of the state innovation policy include:

    Development and improvement of legal support for innovation activity, mechanisms for its stimulation, a system of institutional transformations, protection of intellectual property in the innovation sphere and its introduction into economic circulation.

    Creation of a system of comprehensive support for innovation, development of production, increasing competitiveness and export of science-intensive products. In the process of enhancing innovation activity, it is necessary to involve not only government bodies, commercial structures, financial and credit institutions, but also public organizations both at the federal and regional levels.

    Development of the innovation process infrastructure, including an information support system, an examination system, a financial and economic system, production and technological support, a system for certification and promotion of developments, a system for training and retraining personnel. The backlog that has accumulated over many years is based not on the low potential of domestic research and development, but on the weak infrastructure of innovation activity, the lack of motivation of commodity producers to implement innovations as a way of competition. This leads to the lack of demand for the potential of domestic applied science and technology.

    Development of small innovative entrepreneurship by creating favorable conditions for the formation and successful operation of small high-tech organizations and providing them with state support at the initial stage of activity.

    Improving the competitive system for selecting innovative projects and programs. The implementation of relatively small and fast-payback innovative projects in the sectors of the economy with the participation of private investors and with the support of the state will help support the most promising industries and organizations, and increase the flow of private investment into them.

    Implementation of critical technologies and priority areas that can transform the relevant sectors of the economy of the country and its regions. The key task of the formation and implementation of innovation policy is the selection of a relatively small number of the most important basic technologies that have a decisive influence on increasing the efficiency of production and the competitiveness of products in the sectors of the economy and ensuring the transition to a new technological order.

    The use of dual-purpose technologies. Such technologies will be used both for the production of weapons and military equipment, and for civilian products.

An important role in the set of proposed measures is played by institutional transformations (privatization, the creation of financial and industrial groups, demonopolization in the innovation sphere, small business, and others) aimed at creating a market infrastructure and facilitating the intensification of innovation activities that ensure the growth of production of competitive products and the development of high technologies.

To this end, it is necessary, in accordance with the law, to provide for the creation of innovation centers in the regions that will coordinate interaction and support participants in innovation activities.

The implementation of the main stages of innovation, from the transformation of scientific and technical developments into an innovative product that is attractive to investors, manufacturers and buyers, and ending with their development in production, requires expanding the network of technology parks, business incubators, innovation and technology centers in those regions of Russia, where the infrastructure is concentrated, which ensures the activation of the innovation process.

Under the regional science and technology policy is understood as a set of established goals and priorities for the development of science and innovation. Activities in the region, ways and means to achieve them based on the interaction of regional and federal governments. The formation of a regional innovation policy is based on the so-called theory of creating an enabling environment for innovation. Its central point is the dynamic efficiency of the regional production structure, and the main tool is the creation of local synergies, the transfer of innovations and technologies (the so-called technology transfer). The development and implementation of a regional innovation policy is not an end in itself. It is aimed at increasing the contribution of the scientific and innovative sphere to the country's scientific and technical progress, to the region's economy, improving the socio-economic indicators of the region through the effective use of its innovative potential.

Regional innovation policy, presented in the form of a program, contains the following sections:

1. Analysis of the state of the scientific and innovative sphere in order to identify the level and degree of use of innovative potential; prospects and directions of innovative activity, its scale and impact on the competitiveness of the region's products; structural and institutional changes; conditions for increasing innovation activity.

2. Goals and priorities for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the region. The system and structure of goals should be developed on the basis of the following principles:

Regional goals should follow from the general concept of scientific and technological development of the country and not contradict the strategic federal goals;

Regional goals should be formulated taking into account the specifics and needs of the region;

The goals of the regional program should not come from the availability of resources and opportunities, on the contrary, the resource program should be formed from the established goals;

The specific development of the structure of goals and, in general, the target program should be carried out at the level of modern methods with the widespread use of independent experts and a system of expert assessments;

International scientific and technical cooperation;

State (federal) programs for accelerating scientific and technological progress;

Actually regional (municipal) policy of development of scientific and technical potential; - individual industrial enterprises and scientific institutions of state and municipal forms of ownership;

Individual privatization industrial and scientific and technical firms;

With regard to specific research teams (groups) and individual scientists who independently solve priority scientific and technical problems.

The ranks of goals at the listed levels of regional innovation policy are established in the system of long-term and short-term planning and forecasting of regional socio-economic development.

The most realistic approach to the choice of priorities for the development of the innovation sphere can be considered an approach focused on the global criteria of scientific and technical progress, the development of high technologies.

The second general guideline in choosing the priorities of scientific and innovative development is the achievement of the goals of its socio-economic development. The main task of the regional authorities in this case is to create a favorable economic environment and conditions for increasing investment activity in the scientific and innovative sphere.

The third point: innovation policy in the region should have a selective, strictly selective character, not seeking to cover all areas of scientific and technological development, but, having chosen the narrow fields of a strategic breakthrough, through which it is possible to achieve or exceed the world technological level, to concentrate on these fields the bulk of the limited centralized and regional resources.

The fourth point: the priorities of the regional science, technology and innovation policy should be focused on the deconcentration of scientific potential, turning it to the urgent needs of the integrated development and self-sufficiency of the regions, the formation of a network of technopolises and science cities.

Each region has its own specific, reproductive, sectoral and technological structure, its own system of priorities and must rely on its own forces and resources in the implementation of this strategy. However, in a transitional economy, as a rule, there are few or no such forces and resources, therefore, federal innovation programs are needed aimed at providing initial assistance in the technological transformation of regions, at developing innovation infrastructure, training personnel, etc.

Fifth point: Russia cannot stand aside from world scientific and technological progress. It would be detrimental to her future. It is necessary to actively join the global scientific community and the global technology market, find niches in it and develop them, change the priorities and specifics of foreign economic relations, gradually shifting the center of gravity from fuel and raw materials to high-tech markets.

Finally, and most importantly, it is necessary to form a civilized market mechanism for the implementation of a selective science and technology policy. First of all, we are talking about an innovative motivational mechanism, economic support for innovative activity.

Subject: Regional innovation policy

INTRODUCTION 3
1. ESSENCE AND MECHANISMS OF THE REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 5
2. PROBLEMS OF FORMING A REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY 17
CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 27

INTRODUCTION

At present, the issues of orientation of the economy towards an innovative path of development and the creation of regional innovation systems are becoming increasingly important. The state carries out all types of regulation of innovation activity - organizational, economic, financial, regulatory and legal. The highest form of regulatory activity is the development and implementation of innovation policy, management of innovation activity. Such a policy is developed on the basis of the affirmation of the priority importance of innovation activity for modern social development. The state creates organizational, economic and legal conditions for innovative activity.
The implementation of the state innovation policy, as an integral part of the socio-economic policy of the state, which is a set of goals and tools to achieve them, in the field of innovation will stimulate an increase in the country's GDP and the well-being of the population based on the growth of production and the sale of competitive high-tech products on the world market.
The role of the state in the development of an innovative economy is to create the necessary infrastructure and legal environment, regulate the issues of using the results of intellectual activity, and create conditions for the effective use of scientific and technological achievements for the production of a commercial product by Russian enterprises.
The implementation of an active state innovation policy solves the main task: to bridge the gap between the scientific and technical sphere, personified mainly by the state, and the industrial sector, personified by private business, and create effective system transformation of scientific and technical reserves into science-intensive, competitive products. The share of domestic high-tech production and technical products and consumer demand products, both in exports and in domestic consumption, is significantly increasing.
The management of the regional innovation process takes place through the development of a regional innovation policy capable of solving the state tasks of increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of the economy.
Innovation policy in the regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics. However, the basic means of its implementation remain the same: the legislative framework, targeted programs, and concepts.
At the present stage of the implementation of the regional innovation policy, such deformations in the structural and investment sphere as the lack of motivation to invest in the production of fixed capital, the extremely low level and significant differentiation of investment activity are clearly manifested. In this regard, the federal center and the regions face the problem of forming a structural investment policy, which enhances the role of regional power structures.
To solve the problems of implementing the state innovation policy, the Russian government has developed a set of measures aimed at both developing the innovation infrastructure and maintaining the priority areas of the scientific and technological sphere, creating a special, innovation-oriented environment in all Russian regions.
This work is devoted to the consideration of the issues of developing a regional innovation policy, problems associated with the development of innovation activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
1. ESSENCE AND MECHANISMS OF THE REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The main directions of the state innovation policy at present, economists include the following:
- development and improvement of legal and regulatory support for innovation, mechanisms for its stimulation, mechanisms for its stimulation, a system of institutional transformations, protection of intellectual property in the innovation sphere and its introduction into economic circulation;
- creation of a system of comprehensive support for innovation, development of production, increasing competitiveness and export of high technology products. In the process of enhancing innovation activity, it is necessary to involve not only government bodies, commercial structures, financial and credit institutions, but also public organizations, both at the federal and regional levels;
- development of the innovation process infrastructure, including an information support system, an examination system, a financial and economic system, production and technological support, a system for certification and promotion of developments, a system for training and retraining personnel. The backlog that has accumulated over many years is based not on the low potential of domestic research and development, but on the weak infrastructure of innovation activity, the lack of motivation of commodity producers to implement innovations as a way of competition. This leads to the lack of demand for the potential of domestic applied science and technology;
- development of small innovative entrepreneurship by creating favorable conditions for the formation and successful functioning of small high-tech organizations and providing them with state support at the initial stage of activity;
- improvement of the competitive system for selecting innovative projects and programs. The implementation of relatively small and quickly payback innovative projects in the sectors of the economy with the participation of private investors and with the support of the state will help support the most promising industries and organizations, increase the inflow of private investment into them;
- implementation of critical technologies and priority areas capable of transforming the relevant sectors of the economy of the country and its regions. The key task of the formation and implementation of innovation policy is the selection of a relatively small number of the most important basic technologies that have a decisive influence on increasing the efficiency of production and the competitiveness of products in the sectors of the economy and ensuring the transition to a new technological order;
- use of dual-purpose technologies. Such technologies will be used both for the production of weapons and military equipment and for civilian products.
The same tasks are also solved by the regional innovation policy, which at the same time is focused on solving territorial problems, which include the effective use of the existing material and technical, raw materials and labor potentials, and meeting the needs of the domestic market.
Regional innovation policy is an integral part of the economic policy of regional authorities to create favorable conditions for trade-industrial, agro-industrial, construction-industrial and scientific-industrial integration of all institutional forms of management.
The measures to implement the regional innovation policy are programs to increase the competitive potential of priority industries for the region by attracting private institutional investors to the implementation of innovations; formation of a regime of economic stimulation of innovation activity.
Innovation policy in different regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics. However, the basic means of its implementation remain the same: the legislative framework, targeted programs, concepts, and so on. It is possible to single out the internal and external components of the region's innovative potential. Among the internal ones are: the financial and credit system, the economic structure, the research base, the system for the formation and development of the human resources potential of the region. External elements include: integration interaction with other regions, the socio-economic competitiveness of the region, the possibility of reaching the world level.
Let us consider the main mechanisms for the implementation of the regional scientific, technical and innovation policy.
Concentration on priority areas. In order to concentrate resources on the most important areas of social and economic development, priority areas of scientific and technical activity are established in the regions. The selection of priority areas and critical technologies includes: analysis of the results of the scientific and technical activities of the region and global trends in scientific and technological progress, forecasting the needs for scientific products, generating proposals for regional priorities, determining selection criteria and conducting expert evaluation, coordination and approval.
The grounds for setting priorities are:
- a list of priority areas for the development of science, technology and engineering and a list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation;
- proposals of the scientific community of the region;
- innovation forecast data (in terms of organizing the release of competitive science-intensive products);
- directions of socio-economic development programs and the results of their implementation, as well as other information about the needs of the economy of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
In forecasts and development programs, an assessment is made of the resource potential of the region, the experience of implementing the scientific, technical and innovation policy of other regions of Russia and economically developed countries. When considering proposals, the existence of a scientific, technical and industrial base for their implementation, the presence of financial or other resource restrictions are taken into account. When establishing regional priorities for scientific and technical activities, it is necessary to proceed from the prospects for the development of market niches by industry through the introduction of new technologies, as well as solving the most acute problems of the region (social, environmental).
Priorities are documented in the form of a list of areas of scientific and technical activity, including critical technologies, approved by the authorities of the relevant subject, or in the form of a regional scientific and technical program, or a section of the regional program of socio-economic development.
The approval of regional priorities is the basis for financial support of scientific and technical activities at the expense of the budgetary funds of the region or the republic, as well as at the expense of the federal budget in the case of equity financing of programs and projects, for the formation of a state order for research and development, to support innovation , to the use of other measures of state support, including measures of protectionism.
Development of personnel potential. The tasks associated with the formation and distribution of labor resources in the implementation of the strategy for the economic development of the region require comprehensive and in-depth scientific support, aimed primarily at creating a reliable dynamic model of the personnel structure of the economy and the social sphere, taking into account demographic processes, strategic and operational forecasts for the development of the region .
The reproduction of scientific personnel is one of the main factors for the sustainable development of the scientific and technical potential of the subject. The system of training scientific personnel should be consistent with the needs and priorities of the development of the scientific and technical sphere. A comprehensive solution to the problem of personnel for innovative development requires the organization of training and retraining of specialists, taking into account the requirements of a developing economy. We need thoughtful integration forms that combine the capabilities of scientific, industrial and educational structures for training personnel, as well as for using and building up the existing material and technical base for research and development work.
Development of information support. Information support of scientific activity is an important aspect of the integration of the subject of the Russian Federation into the federal and even the system of division of labor in the field of science and technology and the growth of its role in solving the problems of modern civilization. The use of information technologies in science should, on the one hand, develop within the informatization of the country, and on the other hand, ensure closer interaction between science, education, industry and the social sphere, and should also improve the quality and accelerate the implementation of knowledge-intensive investment projects in the regions.
When implementing a regional scientific and technical policy, attention should be paid to the creation of an information and telecommunications infrastructure and support for new forms of scientific activity that involve the use of modern information technologies: electronic journals and libraries, intellectual property fairs and exchanges, teleconferences, etc. The telecommunications infrastructure should provide opportunities for remote access to its constituent databases, data banks and other information resources on various terms, including commercial ones, for all interested organizations of various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership. Consumers should be able to receive information about the market for scientific services, the market for innovative products and projects, and about the needs of the regional economy. This will create new prerequisites for the restructuring of scientific organizations and the improvement of research and development methodology.
An important problem that requires its actual solution in the conditions of an innovative economy is the anticipatory creation in the regions of an effective mechanism for information support of innovative activity. The effectiveness of this mechanism largely depends on the quality of continuous socio-economic monitoring of the regions. Such monitoring should cover the observation, analysis, assessment and forecast of the economic, social, environmental, scientific and innovative situation in the region in order to prepare management decisions and recommendations aimed at improving and developing innovative activities.
Monitoring both innovative processes and more general processes of structural transformations of the economy in the region aims the regions at the effective management of these processes. Therefore, one of the main functions in the field of information support for the innovative economy should be the function of automated monitoring of structural transformations in the region. In this regard, it seems appropriate to create automated centers for innovation and information support (ARCI) in the regions to constantly update and operate innovative data and knowledge banks.
Work on the development of the information and telecommunications system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation should be carried out within the framework of the federal target programs "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)", "Development of a unified educational information environment (2001-2015)", "Creation of an automated system for maintaining the state land cadastre and state registration of real estate objects (2002-2012)", as well as in accordance with the activities carried out by leading organizations in this area, telecommunications companies.
Financial and economic support of scientific, technical and innovative activities. Financing of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities is carried out at the expense of state and market sources. The task of the regional authorities is to improve the mechanism of public procurement of scientific and technical services, to stimulate effective demand for scientific services, to attract extrabudgetary funds for scientific and innovative activities, to create regional and interregional specialized organizations that provide financial resources (credits). As the economy develops, the share of spending on science in the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation should be brought up to the level of developed countries.
It is necessary that funding from the regional budget be provided by law for spending on fundamental research, high-performance applied research and development, and development of innovation infrastructure. The system of state financing of research and development and spending by organizations of the allocated appropriations should be "transparent" in order to exclude abuses and ensure the efficient use of budgetary funds.
Funding from the regional budget for fundamental research projects should be carried out within the framework of regional and federal target programs and on a shared basis with federal state customers (for example, Russian fund fundamental research, the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, and other specialized funds). At the same time, maximum objectivity should be ensured during the competitive selection of projects and their examination.
State financial support for scientific, technical and innovative activities involves the use of the following methods of financing innovative activities:
- provision of targeted subventions for the repayment of tax benefits innovative organizations;
- compensation interest rate bank loans received for the implementation of innovative projects;
- acceptance to the budget of a part of the costs of maintaining the objects of material infrastructure used by innovative infrastructure organizations (maintenance of premises, utilities, electronic communications services, acquisition of the right to use paid information resources);
- state order for organizing participation and holding presentations of developments and technologies of scientific organizations and institutions of the region at international, interregional exhibitions and fairs.
The most important condition for the activation of innovation activity is the attraction of finance from non-state sources for the purpose of technology commercialization. Great prospects for attracting private capital to the scientific and technical sphere open up the possibility of forming an interregional system of venture and leasing financing of technological projects.
Development of regional innovation infrastructure. The innovation infrastructure is defined as a set of interrelated, complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and relevant organizational and management systems that are necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovative activities and the implementation of innovations.
The innovation infrastructure predetermines the pace (speed) of the development of the country's economy and the growth of the well-being of its population. The experience of the developed countries of the world confirms that in the conditions of global competition in the world market, the one who has a developed infrastructure for the creation and implementation of innovations, who owns the most effective mechanism for innovation, inevitably wins. Therefore, for the effective functioning of the country's innovation economy, the innovation infrastructure must be functionally complete.
For organizations engaged in innovative activities, the presence of infrastructure organizations allows them to carry out work with a small number, to compensate for the lack of many components necessary for successful work, by acquiring the services of specialized organizations.
The development of innovation infrastructure provides for the creation of information technology centers, technology transfer centers, science and technology parks, business incubators, a network of other organizations providing consulting, information, financial and other types of services aimed at supporting and developing innovative activities in the region.
Infrastructural functions can be performed by both small organizations created on the basis of existing scientific and educational institutions, and specialized organizations that have their own material and personnel base. Small business support infrastructure should be an integral part of the region's innovation infrastructure.
We can single out the following general principles for the formation of the region's innovation infrastructure:
- the innovation infrastructure should be comprehensive, provide services at all stages of the innovation process;
- innovative infrastructure should be able to quickly adapt to changes in demand for infrastructure services in terms of volume, composition and quality;
- innovation infrastructure organizations should coordinate their actions in the provision of services (work not as separate organizations, but as a single mechanism), as well as interact with similar organizations from other regions;
- in the formation of infrastructure, it is necessary to rely on domestic and foreign experience.
As the experience of the developed countries of the world shows, the main core of the innovation infrastructure, the most adequate mechanism for implementing innovations is the infrastructure of innovative engineering centers (firms, enterprises), which should accumulate the best domestic and foreign knowledge and technologies and act as a system integrator for the customer and a guarantor of successful implementation. innovative project and ensure coverage of the full innovation cycle: from studying the market situation for the final innovative product, feasibility study of the innovative project and its development to the complete supply of equipment, its system integration, turnkey delivery with staffing and subsequent service maintenance.
Production and technological support system. The system of production and technological support for scientific and technical activities is being created both in order to support the actual sphere of scientific research and development, and in order to organize pilot production. Leasing organizations, technology parks, associations for the joint use of expensive scientific equipment should become elements of the system.
The most important regional problem of the formation and development of the innovation economy is the solution of scientific, methodological, organizational and technological issues related to the development, creation and development of automated integrated design and production systems that automatically carry out an end-to-end "paperless" cycle and combine innovation-oriented research, development work, processes of technological preparation and production planning, ultimately aimed at creating innovative products. In such systems, three main stages typical for the creation of a new science-intensive system should be automated in an end-to-end chain: designing innovations; production and assembly of the prototype of a new science-intensive system; commissioning and testing of a new science-intensive system.
System of examination of scientific, technical and innovative programs and projects. In the transition to a market system of relations and to the commercialization of scientific products, a system of independent expertise is needed. For this reason, the creation in the region of an institution that carries out an independent examination of scientific products is an important part of the infrastructure of scientific, technical and innovative activities. Examination of scientific products should be a mandatory element of the expert selection of projects, performers of scientific research and development in regional and federal targeted programs.
Certification system for science-intensive products. The quality control system for scientific and technical services and innovative products is a necessary condition for the activity of the scientific services market. This system should provide quality control of innovative products on the basis of federal legislation on technical regulation, certify the compliance of products with regulatory requirements and specifications to provide organizations developing and producing these products with a wide range of services in the field of metrology, standardization, etc. Product certification includes an examination of consumer properties of products, certifies the conformity of products to the requirements of markets for the upcoming sale of products.
A system for promoting scientific and technical developments and science-intensive products to the market. This system is designed to solve a dual task - to ensure the occupation and consistent expansion of a certain segment ("niche") in the market for the created developments and products, while maintaining and effectively protecting all the rights and benefits associated with them for the owners of these developments and product manufacturers. It should include marketing, advertising and exhibition activities, patent and licensing work. Regional authorities should have at their disposal such promotional tools as providing exhibition space, organizing presentations, supporting specialized publications, organizing interaction between potential consumers and product manufacturers, and creating specialized organizations to provide information about innovations. An important tool in the system of promoting science-intensive products to the market is state support for new markets on the demand side.
Thus, each of the listed systems included in the infrastructure complex of scientific, technical and innovative activities must have mechanisms for the implementation of its functions and appropriate organizational elements in the form of specialized or multifunctional organizations that will ensure the operation of these mechanisms.
The formation of the innovation infrastructure of any region or region of the Russian Federation should be carried out in close connection with the infrastructures of neighboring regions, the corresponding federal district, the country as a whole. Regional infrastructure should be considered as an integral part of the overall infrastructure for the needs of the national innovation system.

2. PROBLEMS OF FORMING A REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY

The economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation in modern conditions depends on their scientific, technical and innovative potential, which is determined by the level of material, technical, labor, information and financial resources. In addition, the prospects for the scientific and technological development of the regions are largely determined by their capabilities and ability to create and use new technologies.
The table shows the main ways of regulating innovation activity.
REGULATION OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES

Types of regulation
Ways of regulation
Organizational regulation of innovation activity - development of innovation infrastructure,
- ensuring the priority of innovation,
- moral encouragement of the authors of innovations,
- promotion of modernization,
- development integration processes,
- development of international relations
Economic and financial regulation of innovation activity - development of innovation supply,
- increasing demand for innovation,
- promotion of competition in the innovation sphere,
- development of entrepreneurship,
- providing employment in the innovation sphere,
- development of leasing of science-intensive products
- investments in innovations, increasing their efficiency,
- creation of a favorable investment climate
Legal regulation of innovative activity - protection of the rights and interests of subjects of innovative activity,
- protection of the rights of possession, use and disposal of innovations,
- protection of industrial, intellectual property,
- development of contractual relations

Russia inherited from the USSR an enormous scientific and technical potential (both according to the estimates of world experts and the testimony of domestic scientists). Russia still has a fairly high level of scientific development, world-famous scientific schools, and a large proportion of specialists with higher education in the national economy.
Russia continues to be a world leader in a number of fundamental areas in physics, mathematics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, in applied developments in the field of laser and cryogenic technology, new materials for aerospace technology, communications and communications, etc. The country has accumulated a significant stock of unrealized inventions (foreign experts name 200,000 unused patents, including 120,000 technologies for sale). At present, the problem of preserving this potential and adapting it to market conditions comes to the fore.
In modern conditions, the most important aspect of the regional policy of the Russian Federation is its innovative component. It should be taken into account that the subjects of the Russian Federation differ significantly in economic, natural resource and scientific and technological potential, in terms of the level of socio-economic development. Therefore, each region (or group of regions) of the Russian Federation requires an individual approach to solving the problems of innovative development. In each region or group of regions, national regional innovation systems should be created, and on federal level an innovative system that meets the objectives of macroeconomic policy. The federal and regional systems will form a unified Russian innovation system.
To date, multi-level relations have already been established in this area between the regions and the Federation, within which quite specific tasks are being solved. At the federal level, priorities for the development of the economy as a whole are determined, programs and projects that are important for all regions are developed and implemented. At the regional level, the priorities of the subject of the Russian Federation are determined, regional programs and projects are formed and implemented.
At the federal-regional level, a unified regulatory framework for innovation activity is being formed, the interests of the state and regions are harmonized, the degree of participation of the federation in solving regional problems, and the regions in solving federal problems, is determined. At the interregional level, the problems of interaction between regions are solved in the implementation of tasks of interest to several regions, in particular, within the framework of federal districts. At the municipal level, specific measures are being taken to ensure the life and development of territories.
There are a number of objective reasons that determine the increased role of regional governments in the development of scientific and technical activities. First, innovation activity by its nature gravitates towards decentralized management. Regional levels of management are better suited to solving its problems.
Secondly, at the regional level, on the basis of existing non-formal contacts and common interests that unite various organizations and local authorities, as a rule, the necessary interaction between education, science and high-tech production, the connection of educational, scientific and industrial potentials, which is a key condition for the successful promotion of innovations along the innovation chain, is more fully ensured.
The participation of regions is key in creating an innovative infrastructure. However, at present, the problem of forming a developed innovation infrastructure remains quite acute for all subjects of the Russian Federation, which hinders the commercialization and dissemination of research and development results. In the regions, only its individual elements have been created. It is not possible to single out the leading regions in this direction, since single structures function in the regions.
The main reasons hindering the development of innovation infrastructure are the decline in demand for R&D and the lack of tangible government support. This indicates that the economy of the country and regions has not yet approached the state of innovation susceptibility.
As already mentioned, the most important condition for the successful implementation of regional innovation policy is appropriate financial support. Currently, the main financial source is various regional innovation funds, which are formed at the expense of mandatory contributions from enterprises owned by municipalities. Funds are used for technical re-equipment and modernization of existing enterprises, reconstruction of buildings, engineering and transport communications; financing of work on the development of new types of science-intensive products.
One of the problems of creating and implementing innovations at enterprises in the regions is that there is no mechanism for financing organizations in the scientific sphere for conducting exploratory research and development work at the expense of innovation funds, since these organizations are generally not payers of these funds. Therefore, in order to conduct an effective innovation policy in the regions, it is necessary to improve the financial mechanism, and, first of all, the procedure for the formation and use of innovation funds.
It is advisable to recommend to regional and local authorities to establish a standard for spending on supporting innovation activities in the amount of at least 10% of their development budgets. The catalyst for the development of infrastructure should also be a more efficient use of state property, which involves the organization of the state scientific and technological sector.
At present, the organizational structure of the management of scientific and technological progress in the regions is being formed: scientific and technical councils, departments are being created or staff units are being introduced responsible for coordinating, monitoring and auditing the innovative development of enterprises and organizations. At the same time, scientific and technical councils have not yet been created in all regions, even in the capital of the Russian Federation there is no such structure, and the existing ones do not always manifest themselves as an active coordinating element of innovation activity.
Regional innovation policy involves the creation of favorable conditions for the formation of an innovation climate. These include the systematization and efficient use of information resources, their integration into the global information space and entry into the information services market based on the development and implementation of technologies for high-performance processing, storage and transmission of data over telecommunication networks, as well as the creation of databases and knowledge banks.
When forming a regional innovation policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation Special attention should be given to the following factors.
1. The experience of the last decade has shown that it is unrealistic to count on foreign investment in volumes that can significantly influence the development of science and technology. The main sources of investment in innovation are currently the own funds of enterprises (87%). The share of financing from the federal budget, federal budgets and regional budgets is 4.2%, from extra-budgetary funds - 3.8%. Foreign sources account for about 5%. Foreign investments are used by approximately 2% of economic entities in the regions.
2. According to available estimates, Russia's share in the world market for high-tech products is only 0.3%.
3. The domestic market of Russia is still, as a rule, not able to withstand the competition of many foreign goods.
4. Insufficiently effective management of innovation processes. This problem can be solved through the creation of an Interdepartmental Coordinating Council on the problems of innovation activity from representatives of federal and regional government bodies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Simultaneously with the solution of organizational and methodological problems, the Council could ensure a coordinated distribution of state resources allocated to the development of innovative activities.
The total investment in innovation, according to leading economists, should not be less than a certain percentage of GDP. World practice shows that it is necessary to allocate budgetary funds in the amount of at least 1% of GDP to maintain the scientific and technical complex of the country. Otherwise, the degradation of the scientific and technical potential is inevitable. In the US, Germany, Japan, this figure is about 3%, and in the UK and France - more than 2%.
In the regions of the Russian Federation, programs aimed at supporting domestic producers, increasing the competitiveness of products, and implementing large innovative projects should be based primarily on completed R&D, ensuring the creation of new high-tech industries, and financed, since the level of industrial privatization is 83-97%, primarily business owners.
Of course, in many regions of the Russian Federation, large-scale work is currently underway to enhance innovation and investment processes at enterprises and organizations; development of interaction between industrial enterprises, scientific institutions and universities; increase in the number and increase the prestige of workers engaged in scientific, technical and innovative activities.
This is facilitated by the Strategy for the Development of Science and Innovation in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation, developed in accordance with the minutes of the meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2004 No. 24, dated December 15, 2005 PP-48-01 and instructions of the Chairman Government of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2004 No. MF-P13-4480, dated December 28, 2004 No. MF-P13-40pr.
This program is aimed at creating economic, organizational and legal conditions for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the regions. It is a system of comprehensive measures, innovative projects aimed at solving both state tasks and the most important problems facing enterprises in the regions.
The main objectives of the policy are:
- improving the mechanisms of state assistance to the commercialization of the results of scientific research and experimental development;
- increase in the number of organizations in the region using innovations;
- development of infrastructure for innovation activities;
- development of small science-intensive manufacturing business;
- increase in the volume of competitive innovative products produced by regional organizations;
- creation of a permanent system for monitoring the scientific and technical potential;
- financial and credit support for priority developments;
- target orientation of training specialists in universities in the interests of promising areas of development of industry and the social sphere on the basis of "personnel support".
Thus, the main directions of innovation policy common to all regions should be:
- effective use of regional innovation funds for solving regional problems and updating the fixed production assets of public utilities on a new technological basis;
- strengthening the use of administrative resources to solve the problems of innovative development;
- assistance in the development of innovative infrastructure, including at the expense of entrepreneurship support funds;
- development of program-targeted financing of innovative projects of enterprises and organizations of the region, reflecting its problems, by improving the system of concentration of investment resources and the mechanism for selecting investment objects;
- financing at the expense of the regional budget of the most significant research projects and programs of leading research institutes and universities of the regions;
- organizing and conducting monitoring of the scientific and innovative potential of the regions in order to increase the effectiveness of the scientific and technical regional policy.
CONCLUSION

The economic development of regions in modern conditions depends on their scientific, technical and innovative potential, which is determined by the level of material, technical, labor, information and financial resources. In addition, the prospects for the scientific and technological development of the regions are largely determined by their capabilities and ability to create and use new technologies. In this regard, the task of increasing the efficiency of existing mechanisms and regional methods of managing scientific, technical and innovative activities is topical.
To ensure the conditions for sustainable development of the country's economy based on the intensification of innovation activity, first of all, a federal-regional innovation policy should be developed and approved by law, which provides for the development of regional innovation programs.
Regional innovation policy is understood as a set of established goals and priorities for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the region, ways and means of achieving them based on the interaction of regional and federal governments.
The regional component of the state innovation policy in our country is just beginning to take shape: organizational management structures and mechanisms for regulating innovation activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are being created. However, they do not yet have a tangible impact on regional development.
The effectiveness of innovation activities is largely determined by the innovation infrastructure. Therefore, the innovation infrastructure is the basic component of the innovation economy, the innovation potential of society.
At present, for all regions and republics of the Russian Federation, the problem of forming a developed innovation infrastructure remains quite acute, the lack of which hinders the commercialization and dissemination of research and development results. In the regions, only its individual elements have been created.
Therefore, one of the most urgent tasks at the present stage of the economic development of Russian regions is the construction of a competent innovation policy, the development of a full-fledged innovation system.

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