What is an adjective in Russian. The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives in Russian
Ranks of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three types of adjectives:
Most quality adjectives have a long form and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some quality adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree sign, and an adjective, which are part of the terminological names ( Express train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very, have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlatives comparisons. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) and compound (consists of two words): harder, quietest.
- relative(answering the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives do not have degrees; designate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal features of the object: wood - wooden, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives do not combine with the adverb "very";
Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very much, do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (in singular).
- possessive- answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging to something living or person ( paternal, sisters, fox).
Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives change for case, number, and gender (singular).
To attribute an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Coordination of adjectives with nouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
- Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Sing., m.r., Im.p.) house (Sing., m.r., Im.p.)
- blue (Sing., Wed, Im.p.) sky (Sing., Wed, Im.p.).
Declension of adjectives.
The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition with respect to the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.
The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.
The form of the adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, while in other forms they are the same.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:
- V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:
- “Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
- V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- And the whole earth must praise forever ordinary people, to whom for victories I would have poured stars into orders ”(V. Sysoev).
masculine adjectives in -oh inclined in the same way as th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [bv], flying-his - summer [b].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
- hard declination;
- soft declension;
- mixed declension.
Hard declension of adjectives
According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n th. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: not big, and prefixed-suffixal ways: under waters n th. Adjectives are also formed in a compound suffix way: flax about seed cleaner tedious. Adjectives can also be formed by compounding two stems: pale pink, three-year.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be singular, nominative, masculine ( blue).
- Constant signs: discharge.
- Not permanent signs: used in short/full (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for qualitative ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- syntactic role- definition
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( No artist from him).
Adjectives, in turn, can substantiate, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.
Features of adjectives in other languages
Notes
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Synonyms:See what "Adjective" is in other dictionaries:
Exist., number of synonyms: 1 adjective (2) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Adjective- see adjective ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Part of speech characterized by; a) designation of an attribute of an object (quality, property, belonging, etc.) (semantic attribute); b) variability in cases, numbers, genders (morphological feature); c) use in a sentence in a function ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the question “what” / “whose”. In Russian, adjectives change by gender, case, number and person, and can have a short form. There are adjectives in a sentence ... ... Wikipedia
The numeral is an independent part of speech denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which? Numerals are divided into three lexicos grammatical category: quantitative (two, five, twenty, ... ... Wikipedia
Is an separate part speech denoting an object and having a developed morphology, inherited mainly from the Proto-Slavic language. Contents 1 Categories 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia
ADJECTIVE, wow, cf. or an adjective. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a quality, property or belonging and expressing this meaning in the forms of case, number and (in units) gender. Full, short adjectives. Quality,…… Dictionary Ozhegov
Exist., number of synonyms: 2 adjective (1) word (72) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that
1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions which?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.
quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size ( large), shape ( round), Colour ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action ( talkative).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading room) or another feature ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-th), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mum-in), -ov- (father-ov), -uy- (fox). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).
Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( rigor) and adverbs in - about(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue-yenky-y, evil-yushch-y);
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).
Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives reason to many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with sequential grammatical selection of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all ranks have non-permanent signs kind(singular) numbers and case in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and the singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls) - see the animation of the noun.
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
quality and relative adjectives decline the same way. This type of declension is called adjective.
In Russian, there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:
1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;
2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;
3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.
Degrees of comparison adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to single out three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. The positive degree of comparison is the original form of the adjective, in relation to which we are aware of other forms as expressing a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of attribute.
comparative adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).
The comparative degree can be simple and compound.
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed as follows:
base of positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).
If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad - worse, good - better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree uncharacteristic of an adjective. This is
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
element more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as positive degree comparisons (original form), i.e. by gender, numbers and cases, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);
3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)
Superlatives comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
simple superlatives Comparison adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed as follows:
basis of positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of a positive degree, i.e., variability in gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound Superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);
2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
The absence of a simple comparative and superlative degree may be due to
1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective has a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * thinner, * thinner, advanced - * more advanced);
2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in suffix ( fat-enn-th - * thicker, evil-shinning - * furious, white-oval - * whitish, blue-enk-th - * bluer).
Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic restriction, that is, in the second case. Yes, no forms. *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form
The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: for the masculine gender, - a for women - o/-e for the average, - s / -i for plural ( deep-, deep-a, deep-o, deep-and).
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) denote the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl, white combustible stone are phraseologized archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: skirt short - skirt short;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form: glad, much, must.
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example: iron detail(relative) - iron will(kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example: Foxy burrow(possessive) - fox hat(relative) - foxiness(kach.). Qualitative adjectives, used terminologically, function as relative ones ( voiceless consonants). At the same time, the adjective retains the type of its declension, but often changes morphological features: qualitative ones lose their degrees of comparison and short form (for example, one cannot say * This consonant is deaf), while relative ones, on the contrary, can acquire these features ( With every word, his voice became more and more honey, and his habits became more and more fox-like.).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. Adjective. Initial form.
2. Morphological features:
a) permanent:
Rank by value,
The degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant),
Full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
b) unstable:
Degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is not constant),
Full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is unstable),
Genus (in singular),
Case (for full).
Pronoun as a part of speech
A pronoun is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.
Pronouns are classified by meaning and by grammatical features.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning:
1. Personal: . Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. pointing: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, attributes, and quantity.
7. relative: the same as interrogative ones, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (union words).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or feature.
9. indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something- or suffixes - then, -or, -someday.
Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features
According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or an object, pronominal adjectives indicate an attribute of an object, pronominal numbers indicate a quantity.
To noun pronouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive myself who and whatnobody, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone and etc.).
To adjective pronouns include all possessive, all attributive, demonstrative this, that, such, such, this, this, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( none, nobody, some, some, some and etc.).
To pronouns-numerals include pronouns so many, how many and formed from them a few, some and etc.).
Pronouns also include pronouns-adverbs, i.e. words that indicate a sign of action ( where, when, there, for some reason and etc.). These pronouns complement the categories of definitives ( everywhere, always), index ( So, there), interrogative, relative ( where, why), undefined ( somewhere, ever) and negative ( nowhere, never) pronouns.
On the one hand, there is a basis for such a combination of all pronominal words: indeed, the pronoun as a part of speech does not have grammatical unity and is distinguished on the basis of its referential function: pronominal words do not name objects, signs, quantities, circumstances, but point to them, referring us or to extralinguistic reality, speech situation (pronoun I names the person who is currently speaking, phrase Give methat book can be understood by pointing the hand at a certain book), or to the preceding or following text ( Here is the table.He (= table) wooden. Man,which (=man) I need, didn't come- reference to the previous context . I want to talk aboutvolume that I won't come- reference to the following context).
On the other hand, there is an established linguistic tradition to refer to a pronoun as a part of speech only those pronominal words that are used "instead of a name", that is, instead of a noun, adjective or numeral. It is this tradition that we adhere to in our description. Pronominal adverbs are described by us as an insignificant category of adverbs (see adverb).
Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns
Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, return myself, interrogative-relative who and what and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something, anything and etc.).
These pronouns have grammatical features similar to the grammatical features of nouns, but they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions who? or what?, in the sentence these words act mainly as subjects or objects.
Consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.
Personal pronouns have a morphological character faces:
1 person: me, we;
2 person: you you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed out of word - personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and forms of the imperative mood of the verb, i.e. those verbal forms that have a morphological feature of the person:
1 person: I'm going, we're going;
2 person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go, go, go;
3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.
For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers. Personal pronouns are singular ( I, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we you they) numbers. When listing personal pronouns, all three complexes cite these eight words, from which we can conclude that each of the eight personal pronouns is an independent word. However, there are disagreements regarding the interpretation of the sign of number in the complexes. In complex 1, nothing is said about changing personal pronouns according to numbers, however, in terms of the morphological analysis of the pronoun, the number is placed in non-permanent features. Complex 2 says that personal pronouns “are singular. and many others. numbers." In complex 3 it is indicated that the pronouns 1 and 2 of the person do not change in numbers (i.e. I and we- different words), and 3rd person pronouns - change (i.e. is he and they are forms of the same word.
In linguistics, it is usually believed that the number is a constant feature of noun pronouns, i.e. pronouns I and we, you and you, is he, she is, it and they- different words. This is due to the fact that between the words I and we, you and you there is no normal for a change in number ratio “one object - a lot of objects, each of which is called the singular form”, i.e. it cannot be said that we- it's a lot I, insofar as we- This I(speaking) and someone else.
Thus, we will describe personal pronouns as words with a permanent feature of the singular or plural.
Noun pronouns have a constant feature kind. This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. On the one hand, as already mentioned, the list of personal pronouns contains 8 words, i.e. the words is he, she is and it considered different words. On the other hand, 3rd person pronouns change by gender. The gender of other personal pronouns is not mentioned.
We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender sign, which, like significant nouns, is expressed out of word.
Pronouns I and you general kind: i, you came- - I, you came.
Pronoun is he male: he came-.
Pronoun she is female: she came.
Pronoun it neuter: it came.
Plural Pronouns we, you, they not characterized by genus.
We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases, i.e. bow down. Personal pronouns are inclined in a special way, and the forms of their indirect cases are formed from a different basis (the so-called suppletivism):
|
I.p. I | ||||||||
|
me |
you | |||||||
|
you | ||||||||
|
me |
you | |||||||
|
me/me |
you / you |
us |
you | |||||
|
(about me |
(about you |
(about him |
(about him |
(about her |
(o) us |
(about you |
(about them |
In indirect cases with a preposition, 3rd person pronouns are added n: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, in spite of and etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
returnable pronoun-noun myself has no gender or number. It declines like a personal pronoun you, except that the pronoun myself has no form I. p.
Interrogative-relative pronouns who and what in school textbooks are not characterized in terms of gender and number, however, it can be noted that the pronoun who masculine singular ( who's come- but not * who came or * who came and), and the pronoun what- neuter singular ( what happened).
Formed from pronouns who and what negative and uncertain pronouns have the same characteristics as pronouns who and what. Feature of indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one and nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.
The study of adjectives, as a rule, does not cause any particular problems for schoolchildren and students.
It is not difficult to recognize an adjective in a text, to identify its grammatical features, but for this you need to know what kind of part of speech it is.
An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions: Which one? Whose?
For example: beautiful, good, spring, metallic, fox, mother's .
Adjectives are divided into three categories (qualitative, relative, possessive). They change by numbers and cases (decline) and by gender. They can have a full or short form, degrees of comparison.
An adjective can be any member of a sentence, but most often act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
By definition, an adjective denotes a sign, but the meaning, the nature of this sign can be very different. Thus, an adjective can mean:
- the size of the object ( big, tiny, huge );
- position, shape of the object ( high, crooked );
— physical properties (warm, frosty, hard );
- characteristics of a person or other person ( old, kind, brave );
- Colour ( white, pink );
- attitude towards something (someone) ( English, children's, student );
- material ( textile, glass ) etc.
Let's imagine that the language has . How many shades of meaning would be lost in such a situation! 
Let's say the word book simply means an object, a certain number of pages with printed text. Substitute a few adjectives for this word and get:
— interesting book, funny book, old book, A new book, a forgotten book, a read book, a children's book...
A lot of new meanings, meanings, shades appeared. We need adjectives to more accurately express our thoughts, to make speech more diverse, figurative, intelligible.
It is no coincidence that in the Russian language - one of the richest on Earth - a huge number of adjectives - over 12,000!
All adjectives are divided into three large groups(categories): qualitative, relative and possessive. Words belonging to the same category. They have a common component of meaning and common grammatical features. Let's take a closer look at adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives - express a sign that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. Qualitative adjectives answer the question "What?" and can denote a variety of attributes of an object: color, size, weight, smell, taste, internal quality of the creature, age, etc. 
Qualitative adjectives have the following grammatical features:
- they can have a full or short form ( young, young, young, young );
- have degrees of comparison ( young - younger, the youngest, the youngest of all );
- can form adverbs young - young ) and nouns with an abstract meaning ( young-youth );
- can be combined with the words very, most ( very young, very young );
- for a qualitative adjective, you can pick up synonyms and antonyms ( young - young, young - old ).
Relative adjectives express a sign that does not manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent and expresses an attitude towards the material ( wooden ), time ( winter ), territories ( river ), action ( washing ), face ( female ), number ( double ).
Relative adjectives do not have comparison forms and short forms, they answer the question "Which one?"
Possessive adjectives express the belonging of an object to a person, answer the question “Whose?” Examples: wolf, father, fathers, bear .
Due to the metaphorical nature of the language, there is often a phenomenon called the transition of adjectives from category to category. For example:
iron detail (relative value) – iron will (qualitative value);
Zephyr (qualitative value) – light industry (relative value);
Bunny sheepskin coat (possessive value) - hare character (qualitative value);
It is usually not difficult to determine that we have an adjective in front of us. Any student understands that the words long, wide, sweet, ceramic, raven
- adjectives. 
But there are also more complex cases - for example, a limited group of invariable adjectives that do not have endings characteristic of this part of speech.
Year skirt, flared trousers, beige curtains, Khanty language.
It is important to remember that all these words answer the question “Which one?”, And if you have difficulty, refer to the dictionary.
§one. general characteristics adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. grammatical meaning
- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
- inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. It has null ending, while the long form sweet has an ending -y.
Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.
Quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives - non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships
- synonyms: big, large, huge, huge
- antonyms: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
oh, oh, oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:
Singular
Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.
Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.
Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.
Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.
Plural
Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.
Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
- light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)
§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.
In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female AT modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: beautiful girl, in broad daylight.
Do not be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
- Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
- Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among the simple forms in Russian, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different base.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in simple comparative form in the sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- quality
- relative
- Possessive
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessive
Are relative adjectives derived?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessive
Do adjectives in full form change by case?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?
- For full
- For brief
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change by gender?
- Not all
Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?
Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- quality
- For quality
- Possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
In contact with
Surely all students know what an adjective is. But many adults, most likely, find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even elementary things are forgotten. In what grades of the school is the adjective studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago! We invite you to go back in time and refresh your memory.
Independent part of speech
In Russian, it answers the questions “which”, “what”, “what”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes a sign of an object. It changes by numbers, gender, cases, it can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also be in the role of a predicate.
Discharges
The adjective as has only one invariable morphological feature - a discharge. Distinguish qualitative, possessive, relative language units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.
Quality adjectives
Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “what”, “what”, “what” and denote the sign that can be to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives tend to work well with adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, for example, too beautiful, very big, extremely smart.
From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-tasty. You can also add the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Usually, high-quality structural language units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (large - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics, there are those that do not satisfy these criteria.
Word forms
A feature of quality adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined by cases, gender, numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as a predicate, and full adjectives serve as a definition. Some words do not have a short form at all, for example, kindly, friendly, while others do not have a full form, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.
Degrees of comparison
The story of what an adjective is will not be complete if one does not touch upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in qualitative language units. There are three levels of comparison:
1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some kind of attribute, for example, a beautiful flower;
2) comparative, denoting that one or another feature in one object or group of objects is more pronounced than in another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or in the same object (same objects), but already in other times, for example, I will be smarter in the future;
3) superlative, indicating that an item or set of items has some feature to a greater extent than all other items from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player in the team.
You can form an adjective in a comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech acquires a composite, or, as they say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be pointed out that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in terms of category do not have such characteristics.
Relative adjectives
These are language units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denoting a feature that is impossible to have to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relation of an object to another object, to a property (washing powder), to a material (a glass vase), to a place (Moscow courtyard), to time (October day), to a unit of measurement (three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram package) and so on. Further. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms, they do not have a short form, degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.
Possessive adjectives
These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and denote the belonging of a certain object to a person or living being, for example, sisters, fathers, foxes. These language units, just as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short form, do not combine with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms.
Rank boundaries
Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of the words of this part of speech are very mobile, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. So, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase "dog paw" the word "dog" will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase "dog pack" - relative, and in the phrase "dog life" - qualitative.
Declension types
Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be declined by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of indeclinable words, for example, beige jackets.
The case, number, gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the basis, there are three variants of declension:
- solid: ;
- soft: winter, winter, winter;
- mixed: bad, bad, bad.
word formation
An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:
- prefixed: joyful - joyless;
- suffix: swamp - marsh;
- prefixed-suffixal: earth - underground;
- the composition of two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
- complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flaxseed cleaning.
Morphological analysis
At school, in Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children the task of making something related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:
Transition to other parts of speech
Participles and pronouns often pass into the category of adjectives. For example, he is no musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantiated into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.
Features of this part of speech in other languages
We hope that thanks to the article you managed to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in Russian will take place in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English language they do not change by numbers and cases, in French they also do not decline by cases, but they change by numbers. AT Japanese adjectives are generally invariable, they have tenses and determine the politeness of speech. in Portuguese and Spanish many adjectives are both masculine and feminine general form, while others vary in gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!
Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but only touched on the main features. But for general development this is quite enough.