How to highlight the null ending. Zero endings in Russian

27.09.2019

The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such a huge number of rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun by cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What is an ending?

The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word "mainland" the ending -a indicates that this word is in the singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word "thinks" the ending -et says that this design third party singular.

Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word

When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.

In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect lexical meaning words and the sentence as a whole. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely due to the fact that the correct use of endings in words is given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:

Numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: pure canvas - the ending -th indicates the singular, the neuter gender and the nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular of the neuter and in the nominative) ;

Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th indicates the genitive case) and part of the numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: she spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed by either letters or sounds. Even though the material this species the ending is not expressed in any way, when analyzing morphological structure words must be marked as an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

The following types of words have a zero ending in Russian:

First person nouns in the genitive and plural. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in short form singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.

Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.

Singular imperative verbs. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in masculine in the past tense and in the presence of a singular number. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.

Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;

words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All adverbs, since this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;

All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.

Also, words that have no endings at all should not be indicated in writing in morphological analysis with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.

How to determine the end?

To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

		Singular	Plural	immutable word
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?		mirrorAM
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental		a mirror	mirrors
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		mirrors

In this example, it is noticeable how easily this morpheme can be defined in words. Since the word "pleated" is not inclined by cases, this word is without an ending, and in the word "mirrors" only a root and a zero ending are presented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, in the morphemic analysis of which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands before it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of the morphemic analysis of the word

The ending is the only variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.

A slight difficulty that could arise in the correct definition of the ending is to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.

I do not know how to explain to the child, because I have not had such problems. Neither by himself, nor with a child.

But companies of 15 people with the top technical are easy to explain.

If the temperature is zero outside, this does not mean that it is not there at all. And if you "have no temperature", then it is far from zero.

It seems to me that no ending and zero ending in the school context are complete synonyms and there is no reason to fight against one by virtue of the other. vice versa. If Petya has no apples, then he has zero of them, right? If a word has no ending, then it (at the ending) has zero sounds, no? Or do children at school in the age of computers not know what "zero" is?

To be honest, I don't really like the nose idea. There is a nose. And it is by no means "zero". Just not visible. This is completely different. At one time (from the fifth grade, because I didn’t study at school in the third and fourth), because of such inconsistencies and omissions, I often thought that they were just deliberately fooling my head.))) I’m mostly not talking about the Russian language, but also with Russians have had misunderstandings. But I dare not insist.

Ellen, answer here
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The question is who needs it and why. Can you explain what the author of this idea was guided by?

I'm sorry, but I didn't ask about schoolchildren. You did not understand. (Or "they didn't get it").

They (students) quickly understand what you will not understand in any way.

I can't grasp Why do we need such a system of definitions . And students understand why is it needed ? Do not make me laugh. They (just like me, by the way, you slander me in vain) understand what they are told - but why neither they nor I nor you understand it. If you name this goal (argued), then I will immediately understand. Yes, something does not work either for you or for your predecessors. Just do not repeat that "they understand better." Name at least what exactly they "understand".

If you don't understand again. Zhi and SHI write with I not at all because they "understand" better. But because it is so right, it is covered by tradition and historical phonetics. So argue, if not difficult, the idea "the word table has zero inflection, but the coat does not have it" is correct, and not just voluntaristically set.

But it is not clear to me what the people who invent the questions of the exam are guided by. (I'm talking about the question about the grammatical connection in the phrase "his appearance".)

What's with the USE? But if this is a question, then they were guided only by considerations like "they understand better this way."

But the question is actually something else. And how is it correct (more logical, clearer - your choice) to consider that non-inflected names / pronouns do not have inflections at all - and, as a result, get confused in all formulations, this concept is used ("his coat" is just one of the examples) or make the wording universal - and removing many inconsistencies in the entire system of definitions.

That's where the dog rummaged. And you tell me - about Kindergarten and "understand better". And how do they "understand worse", let me ask? If there is "better", then it must be "worse", no?

I do not know how to explain to the child, because I have not had such problems. Neither by himself, nor with a child.

But companies of 15 people with the top technical are easy to explain.

If the temperature is zero outside, this does not mean that it is not there at all. And if you "have no temperature", then it is far from zero.

Ellen, answer here
//----------------------

The question is who needs it and why. Can you explain what the author of this idea was guided by?

I'm sorry, but I didn't ask about schoolchildren. You did not understand. (Or "they didn't get it").

They (students) quickly understand what you will not understand in any way.

But it is not clear to me what the people who invent the questions of the exam are guided by. (I'm talking about the question about the grammatical connection in the phrase "his appearance".)

What's with the USE? But if this is a question, then they were guided only by considerations like "they understand better this way."

That's where the dog rummaged. And you tell me - about kindergarten and "understand better." And how do they "understand worse", let me ask? If there is "better", then it must be "worse", no?

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles-. The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th '] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-her, noch-ami. If [th '] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - to become [th'-a] - to become [th'-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [y'] is not expressed at the letter level, it is “hidden” in the iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and identify this sound. In order not to clutter up the spelling with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to designate the sound [th ’], “hidden” in an iotized vowel with the help of j, entered without brackets in the right place: articles j-s.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -е, -й. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in the initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:

genius, genij-[i], genij-[yu] - sections-[th], sections-[th], sections-[th]

armyj-[i], armyj-[she] - tables-[th], tables-[oh], etc.

4) short singular masculine adjectives: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have a different morphemic structure in these cases:

units number I. p. blue-[y] fox-

R. p. sin-[his] foxj-[him]

D. p. blue-[him] foxj-[him]

V. p. \u003d and. p. / c. P.

Etc. blue-[im] foxj-[im]

P. p. blue-[em] lisj-[em].

Such a morphemic structure of possessive adjectives is easy to understand, given that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -ij- from nouns: mother - mother-in-, fox - fox-y-. In oblique cases, this possessive suffix -ij- is realized in [j], which is "hidden" in an iotized vowel;

6) a verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood: deeds-l- (would) - cf .: deeds-l-[a], deeds-l-[and];

7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-[te];

8) in short participles the zero ending, as with short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-.

E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: short theoretical course- M., 2000

Good evening, dear reader of the site!
We will be glad to help you in solving all your questions. Are you worried about the answer to the topic of which words have a zero ending? Be sure to provide examples. Let's figure it all out together.
In general, inflections are called zero, which we do not pronounce and do not hear - they are not expressed by sounds, and also we do not write and do not see. Such inflections are found only in significant modified words, i.e. inclined or conjugated.
Zero inflection is revealed by a simple comparison of the form given to us with other word forms of the same lexeme.
Consider the following example:
My sister did her homework. As we can see, it has two lexemes with zero inflections: SISTER, PERFORMED. The lexeme SISTER is in the initial form, there is no EXPRESSED inflection behind the stem, but any word forms from the paradigm of its form change help to understand what it is: SISTER. Same most and in the verb PERFORMED: as soon as we put it in a different gender or a different number (PERFORMED, PERFORMED, PERFORMED) - it will become clear: in the word form from the sentence given as an example, inflection is zero.
But where do zero inflections occur most often?
1. FOR NOUNS
2nd sk. husband. kind in them. case, for example ghost, interruption, internationalism.
inanimate 2nd cl. husband. kind in wines. case, for example, I recognize a locker, telephone, rise.
3rd sk. in the fall them. and wine. degree, mouse, target, falseness.
2. FOR ADJECTS:
Possessive on -IY, -OV (-EV), -IN- (-YN-) - these are all suffixes, in the pad. them. and wine. husband. kind: whose? - Machines, fathers, grandfathers;
Masculine: handsome, interesting, gorgeous, attractive;
3.IN PRONOUNS
demonstrative and possessive in number of units. sort of husband; noun inanimate, vin.): this, that, his, mine, ours; demonstrative THAT and interrogative-relative WHAT; personal I, YOU and HE (in other inflections expressed - in the words WE, YOU;
4. FOR NUMERAL NAMES:
quantitative with the value of a) units (5 - 9), b) whole tens (10 - 80) and c) whole hundreds (200 - 900) per pad. them. and wine. - and in complex numbers. in these cases there are two zero inflections; quantitative, denoting whole hundreds
5. Do VERBS:
inclinations indicative in husband. kind of past tense: translated, tested, scattered;
conditional inclinations in the gender masculine. unit numbers: would translate, test, illustrate;
imperative moods in the number of units: review, laugh, add;
6. Do participles passive short numbers units. kind of male: we carry (from carried), we decide (from solved), completed, built.
So based on all of the above and the examples given, I hope that you have understood the topic, and our Desk team to answer all your questions!
We wish you good luck and success!