Performed by: Dmitry Melnikov, Maxim Lukin. Property - belonging of things, material and spiritual values to certain persons, legal right. The belonging of material and spiritual values to certain persons is
1. Culture is a concept adopted to refer to a specifically human way of life
2. Culture is a stage of development and improvement of the person himself
3. Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by man
4. Culture is the process of organizing and preserving past experience
Society, Grade 8
the French psychologist A. Peron wrote that a catastrophe happened to our planet earth, as a result, only small children survived.material and spiritual values, all the treasures of culture - libraries, books, museums, etc. the human race would not stop, but the history of mankind would be interrupted. Machines would be idle. Books would remain unread. Works of art- not needed. cultural history humanity should start from the beginning.
What conclusion, in your opinion, can be drawn from this reasoning?
children. All material and spiritual values would be preserved, all the treasures of culture - libraries and books, museums and paintings, scientific works and technology, all the most advanced machines. The human race would not have ended, but the history of mankind would have been interrupted. Machines would be idle. The books were left unread. Artistic works - unnecessary: their meaning and aesthetic essence would not be open. The cultural history of mankind would have to begin anew.
What conclusion do you think can be drawn from this reasoning?
1. Humanism is:
A) incorruptibility of thought and fearlessness in the face of inhumanity;
B) philanthropy, respect for the personal dignity of a person, faith in his future;
B) sentimentality
G) special kind activities.
2. Worldview ideals, universal moral standards, reflecting the spiritual experience of all mankind, emerging in the process of spiritual and practical activities of people are:
A) morality
B) culture;
C) universal human values;
D) social consciousness.
3. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is:
A) philosophy;
B) worldview;
B) science;
D) sociology.
4. In its most complete form, morality is:
A) the conclusions that a person makes on the basis of an analysis of his behavior;
B) the science of good manners;
C) a set of principles and norms of human behavior in society;
D) formulated and legislatively fixed norms of behavior of citizens.
5. The rules “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself”, “Do not steal”, “Do not lie”, “Honor your elders” are the norms:
A) art
B) science;
B) morality
D) right.
6. Morality, unlike law, includes:
A) any law;
B) the Constitution of the state;
C) the charter of a public organization;
D) certain principles, norms of behavior.
7. Morality as opposed to law:
A) relies solely on the support of society;
B) contains norms of human behavior;
C) arises on the basis of the historical experience of people;
D) is in development.
8. You witnessed how one person undeservedly offended another. Which variant of behavior does not correspond to the moral choice of a humane person?
A) demand from the offender an apology to the victim;
B) pretend that it does not concern you;
C) express condolences to the person who was offended;
D) understand the causes of the conflict and achieve its elimination.
9. You accidentally, unwittingly, caused damage or harm to another person. Which choice corresponds to the moral position of a humane person?
A) do everything possible to eliminate evil, damage;
B) pretend that nothing happened;
C) to try so that no one notices the damage you have caused;
D) shift the blame on the one who suffered (let him not climb, he is to blame).
10. Criteria of human spirituality:
A) an active life position;
B) higher education;
C) commitment in thoughts and actions to universal values.
11. Worldview in human life is:
A) a guideline for its activities;
B) strengthening his life experience;
C) connection with religion and science.
12. The level of development of spiritual culture is measured:
A) the volume of spiritual values created in society;
B) the quality of spiritual products;
C) how people use the achievements of spiritual culture;
D) the degree of achievement of social equality of people in their familiarization with the values of culture.
13. A person's worldview depends on:
A) historical conditions;
B) life experience;
C) on the level of education;
D) internal culture.
14. Moral qualities of a person:
A) laid down from birth;
B) are developed by self-education, self-improvement;
C) are purposefully formed by society.
15. Culture in broad sense- This:
A) all types of transformational activities;
B) everything related to art;
C) the production of spiritual values;
D) education of a person.
16. To products material culture do not include:
A) a skyscraper
B) music;
B) a car
D) TV.
17. Spiritual values include:
A) a microscope
B) a computer;
B) scientific discovery;
D) video cassettes.
18. Is the judgment correct?
A. Spiritual and material culture exist independently of each other.
B. Elements of spiritual and material culture are inextricably linked.
A) only A is true;
B) only B is true;
C) A and B are correct;
D) Both are wrong.
19. The accumulation of cultural values vertically is related to:
A) with the advent of new works of art;
B) deepening knowledge about culture;
C) the transmission of cultural values from generation to generation;
D) restoration of cultural monuments.
J. Ortega y Gasset "Man and People" there are no absolutely reliable human achievements and never have been. Even what seems settled and undoubted,may disappear after a few generations. The so-called "civilization", material and spiritual goods, knowledge, values, in short, what we rely on and that we make up a system of "reliable" means created by man as a kind of raft for salvation in a life shipwreck, - all this is absolutely problematic and disappears in the blink of an eye at the slightest negligence. The so-called "unconditional achievements" slip out of our hands, turning into disembodied, flying ghosts. The history of mankind is a series of crises, retreats, declines. Even worse: the danger of a regression much more radical than those known so far exists to this day .... questions for the document: 1. How do you understand the main idea of the above fragment? 2. Do you share the point of view of the author of the passage that "there is no absolutely reliable human achievement and never was"? 3. Can, in your opinion, moral and religious values, universal norms of morality prevent "the total degeneration of mankind as such, a return to an animal state, to final and complete alienation"?? 4. What can you say about the value of Faith, Hope and Love?? Can they be considered as a reliable "raft of salvation?"
Page 18 of 36
Economic and legal content of ownership.
In addition to the triune question “What - how - for whom to produce?” There is another important economic question: "Who has economic power?" In other words, on whose means of production will production take place, who will own the goods?
The problem of ownership is one of the most discussed in economic theory and socially acute in the life of society. Ownership -economic ties between people, and jurisprudence - legal relations. As a result, one word “property” denotes, although close, but not the same concepts. it belongs to material, spiritual values, Money certain owners. In the literature, one can find a variety of interpretations of property. This concept is studied from different angles by several social sciences. Thus, the economy reveals in the appropriation of useful goods
A comprehensive study of property allows you to find out three main socio-economic issues:
1. Who(which business entities) have economic power, appropriate the factors and results of production?
2. What economic ties contribute to a better use of resources?
3. To whom receive income from economic activity?
Regarding this single system economic relationsproperty can be represented as a scheme that includes three elements (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. The structure of the system of property relations
For an economist, property is not a thing, not a relation of a person to a thing, but relationship between people about the appropriation of goods(tangible and intangible). Thus, the starting point for research economic content of property is the definition of the concept of “assignment”.
Under appropriation is understood as the possibility of using in the production, consumption of a certain good exclusively by this subject of economic relations. The Austrian economist Carl Menger (1840–1921) came to the conclusion that property, as its initial premise, has the existence rare goods, i.e., such goods, the quantity of which is less than the need for them. Therefore, the institution of property is the only possible tool for solving the problem of “disproportion between the need and the amount of goods available for disposal”1.
Property relations allow the possibility of the transfer of the object (means) of labor into the ownership of one person (appropriation) and its alienation from another. Alienation? depriving the subject of the opportunity to use this good in production and consumption. In meaning, it is directly opposite to the concept of “appropriation”.
The central point of property relations is their exclusive character . Property relations are a system of exclusions from access to tangible and intangible resources for everyone except the owner himself. The absence of exceptions, that is, free access to them, means that they belong to no one, that they belong to no one, or, in other words, belong to everyone. Such resources and benefits cannot constitute an object of ownership. Consequently, regarding their use, people do not enter into economic relations market exchange.
Consequently, property relations are primarily relations of appropriation and alienation. A system of relations of use and disposal is hidden between them. Use relations allow the use of means or objects of labor with a certain benefit. Disposition relationships make it possible to manage the process of using property. Hired worker in the process of production uses equipment owned by another person. Large company manager manages, governs property without owning it. The owner of the factors of production does not always act as a direct economic entity, an entrepreneur.
In the process of economic activity, property is economically implemented, i.e. generates income . The owner of a plot of land can work on this land himself and earn income, or he can rent it out or mortgage it in a mortgage bank, but in any case he will receive the corresponding income. Thus, the economic realization of property is carried out through certain types economic activity.
Ownership in the economic sense it is the relationship between people about ownership, division and redistribution of property.
Property is a product of the historical development of society and, first of all, the economic life of people. Property characterizes the attitude of the individual to the world of things around him as "to his own" or as "to others". Such an attitude can be formed on the basis of established morality, traditions, norms, rules, laws adopted in this society. Therefore, property is considered, first of all, as a legal, legal category, and therefore lawyers quite rightly speak not about property in general, but about the right to property (private, state, etc.). "The property is right, that is, a specially established way of recognizing certain persons opportunities order, dominion over things and protection of such an opportunity from encroachment by third parties.
Ownership in legal terms - the legal right to belong to material and spiritual values, funds to their owners, the right to own, use and dispose of the property. These rights are enshrined in the norms of laws.
Thus, when speaking of property, it is important to distinguish right with property and property relations .
Ownership is the right to control the use of certain resources and share the resulting costs and benefits. Property rights form the "lion's share" of the rules that govern most social relations, delimit what belongs to whom, how the change of ownership will take place, determine the degree of freedom of choice of people pursuing their interests.
The right of ownership expresses the attitude to a thing “as to one’s own” or “as to someone else’s”, i.e. is built according to the formula:
However, in this interpretation there is no answer to the question: “Where does the property right come from and how is it realized?” The answer is contained in the consideration of property as an economic relationship between people about things, which can be expressed by the formula:
If we try to dissect the economic relations of property, we will immediately find two of its sides: the subject (owner) and the object (property).
object property may be: real estate (apartment, house, land, etc.); movable property (car, yacht, equipment, furniture, etc.); as well as intellectual property(inventions, software products, manuscripts, achievements in art and other products of human intelligence).
Subjects of ownership may be individuals, their associations, social groups and society as a whole, which appropriate certain benefits.
It is quite obvious that the whole system of property relations gives rise to people's economic - material, property - interests. Chief among them, perhaps, is to multiply in every possible way the goods owned in order to better satisfy needs. Thus, through interests, property predetermines the direction and nature of people's economic behavior.
However, a person driven by proprietary interests may come into conflict with the interests of the whole society. In this case, only the state and law can regulate the behavior of economic entities and prevent contradictions.
Belonging of material and spiritual values to certain persons
Answer to the test
1; 2
2; 4
3; 1
4; 3
5; 1
6; 2
7; 4
8; 2
9; 2
10; 3
11; 3
12; 4
13; 2
14; 2
15; 4
16; 1
17; 3
18; 1
19; 2
20; 4
21; 1
22; 4
23; 1
24; 3
25; 2
1. Society in the broad sense of the word is called
1) the whole world around
2) a set of forms of association of people
3) groups in which communication takes place
4) the interaction of people in Everyday life
2. What pair of words is missing in the following phrase?
“The draining of wetlands by humans is an example of interaction……….”
1) civilizations and cultures
2) citizen and state
3) production and consumption
4) society and nature
3. Connection of all spheres of society
1) follows from the integrity of society as a system
2) is achieved by political struggle
3) provided by ideological work
4) established by law
4. Variety political systems in countries modern world manifests itself in particular in
1) different ratios of forms of ownership
2) social stratification of society
3) various forms state structure
4) property inequality of people
5. Are the following judgments about society and culture correct?
A. The material conditions of society influence the norms of human behavior.
B. The culture of a society does not depend on the socio-economic conditions of its life.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are wrong
6. A person is distinguished from an animal, in particular, by the presence
1) blood circulation
2) speech
3) view
4) hearing
7. Social needs include human needs for
1) rest
2) food
3) water
4) communication
8. Are the following judgments about a person's abilities correct?
A: This person has absolutely no ability.
B. This person failed to develop his abilities.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are wrong
9. cognitive activity as opposed to labor.
1) presupposes the existence of a goal
2) aimed at comprehending the truth
3) requires special training
4) wears useful character
10. Activity, the result of which is the creation of new material and spiritual values, is
1) communication
2) understanding
3) creativity
4) knowledge
11. Self-knowledge is aimed at
1) knowledge of social norms and values
2) reflection of objective reality
3) awareness of their capabilities
4) knowledge of the laws of beauty
12. Are the following judgments about the source of objective knowledge correct?
A. Reason alone is the source of objective knowledge.
B. Only feelings are the source of objective knowledge.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are wrong
13. Which of the sciences listed below provides the most general knowledge about society and man?
1) ecology
2) philosophy
3) jurisprudence
4) political science
14. Are the following judgments about true knowledge correct?
A. All knowledge shared by the majority of people is true.
B. All knowledge confirmed by practice is true.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are wrong
15. The formation of the ability of each person to be creative, his susceptibility to the best works of art is one of the tasks
1) elite culture
2) pop culture
3) mass culture
4) spiritual culture
16. Reflection and transformation of reality into artistic images underlies
1) art
2) science
3) production
4) education
17. Are the following judgments about the purpose of science correct?
A. The purpose of science is the description, explanation and prediction of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of science is to reflect reality in the form of theoretical knowledge.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are wrong
18. What pair of words is missing in the following sentence?
Morality is the idea of what is in the actions of people and human society.
1) good and evil
2) strength and intelligence
3) law and order
4) struggle and concessions
19. Economics is a science that studies
1) motives of human behavior
2) methods of rational management
3) ways to introduce the achievements of science and technology
4) forms of professional development of employees
20. The belonging of material and spiritual values to certain persons is
1) bond
2) privatization check
3) share
4) property
21. The main feature of a command economy is
1) production of goods in accordance with the state plan
2) management of the economy by market methods.
3) the presence of economic independence of commodity producers
4) the variety of forms of ownership of the means of production
22. Supply and demand for household appliances formed in the market
1) labor
2) capital
3) real estate
4) goods and services
23. The price of a good will increase if demand
1) will stay the same, but the supply will decrease
2) will decrease, but the supply will remain unchanged
3) will remain unchanged and the offer will remain unchanged
4) will decrease and supply will increase
24. Demand reflects
1) the buyer's need for the product
2) the quantity of goods that can satisfy the desire of buyers
3) the need for the product and the ability to purchase it
4) the amount of money available to the buyer for the purchase of goods
25. Which of the following factors will contribute to the growth of production?
1) increase in taxation
2) introduction of new technology
3) reducing the requirements for the qualifications of workers
4) increase in social benefits
OWN
OWN
the belonging of things, material and spiritual values to certain persons, the legal right to such belonging and economic relations between people regarding the ownership, division, redistribution of property objects.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what "PROPERTY" is in other dictionaries:
own- Ownership... Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
Historically defined society. way of appropriation by people of objects of productive and unproductive consumption. S. is always associated with a thing (an object of appropriation), but it is not the thing itself, but the relationship between people about the thing. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (property) 1. Legal relationship between a person and a thing. 2. The object of a legal relationship with a certain person, natural or legal. Ownership can be private, collective or state (public). The thing could be quite... Political science. Vocabulary.
PROPERTY, property, pl. no, female 1. Property that is in the possession, at the full disposal of someone of something, belonging to someone of something. Own property (preferably about real estate). Lifetime ownership.… … Dictionary Ushakov
This is the spirit of the laws. Simon Nicola Lenghe Property is theft. Pierre Joseph Proudhon Mine is better than ours. Benjamin Franklin Thugs value property the most. Aren't they risking their freedom and even their lives for her? Georges Elgosy Every blacksmith ... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
Historically developing public relations, which characterize the distribution (appropriation) of things as elements of the material wealth of society between various persons(individuals, social groups, state).… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
property or financial resources belonging to a physical or legal entity. There are state, personal, joint-stock, individual, share, joint, general, labor, collective, communal, cooperative and private ... ... Financial vocabulary
See property... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. property is good, property; wealth, condition, capital, savings, funds; inventory, possession, leasehold, allod ... Synonym dictionary
own- The ownership of the means and products of production by certain individuals, individuals or groups in certain historical conditions, reflecting a specific type of property relations. The right of ownership as the right of specific subjects to ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook
Own- (property) an economic category that, apparently, does not have, like many similar categories high level abstraction, single definition. In addition, its interpretation, like the interpretation of many similar categories, depends on the political ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary
Own- (Latin proprietas, dominium; English ownership, property) 1) in a broad sense, a system of historically changing objective relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange, consumption, characterizing the appropriation of funds ... ... Encyclopedia of Law
Books
- Property, VV Bibikhin. For the first time, a course of lectures read by Vladimir Bibikhin at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1993 and in the spring semester of 1994 is published. Attention is drawn to the hidden polarity of one's own, ...
- Property and ownership: civil aspects: Monograph / Yu. N. Andreev-M.: Jur. Norma, NIC, Andreev Yu. N. Ownership and ownership: civil aspects: Monograph / Yu. N. Andreev-M.: Jur. Norma, SIC…
1. Culture is a concept adopted to refer to a specifically human way of life
2. Culture is a stage of development and improvement of the person himself
3. Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by man
4. Culture is the process of organizing and preserving past experience
Society, Grade 8
the French psychologist A. Peron wrote that a catastrophe happened to our planet earth, as a result, only small children survived.material and spiritual values, all the treasures of culture - libraries, books, museums, etc. the human race would not stop, but the history of mankind would be interrupted. Machines would be idle. Books would remain unread. Works of art are unnecessary. The cultural history of mankind should begin from the beginning.
What conclusion, in your opinion, can be drawn from this reasoning?
children. All material and spiritual values, all the treasures of culture - libraries and books, museums and paintings, scientific works and technology, all the most advanced machines would be preserved. The human race would not have ended, but the history of mankind would have been interrupted. Machines would be idle. The books were left unread. Artistic works - unnecessary: their meaning and aesthetic essence would not be open. The cultural history of mankind would have to begin anew.
What conclusion do you think can be drawn from this reasoning?
1. Humanism is:
A) incorruptibility of thought and fearlessness in the face of inhumanity;
B) philanthropy, respect for the personal dignity of a person, faith in his future;
B) sentimentality
D) a special kind of activity.
2. Worldview ideals, universal moral standards, reflecting the spiritual experience of all mankind, emerging in the process of spiritual and practical activities of people are:
A) morality
B) culture;
C) universal human values;
D) social consciousness.
3. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is:
A) philosophy;
B) worldview;
B) science;
D) sociology.
4. In its most complete form, morality is:
A) the conclusions that a person makes on the basis of an analysis of his behavior;
B) the science of good manners;
C) a set of principles and norms of human behavior in society;
D) formulated and legislatively fixed norms of behavior of citizens.
5. The rules “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself”, “Do not steal”, “Do not lie”, “Honor your elders” are the norms:
A) art
B) science;
B) morality
D) right.
6. Morality, unlike law, includes:
A) any law;
B) the Constitution of the state;
C) the charter of a public organization;
D) certain principles, norms of behavior.
7. Morality as opposed to law:
A) relies solely on the support of society;
B) contains norms of human behavior;
C) arises on the basis of the historical experience of people;
D) is in development.
8. You witnessed how one person undeservedly offended another. Which variant of behavior does not correspond to the moral choice of a humane person?
A) demand from the offender an apology to the victim;
B) pretend that it does not concern you;
C) express condolences to the person who was offended;
D) understand the causes of the conflict and achieve its elimination.
9. You accidentally, unwittingly, caused damage or harm to another person. Which choice corresponds to the moral position of a humane person?
A) do everything possible to eliminate evil, damage;
B) pretend that nothing happened;
C) to try so that no one notices the damage you have caused;
D) shift the blame on the one who suffered (let him not climb, he is to blame).
10. Criteria of human spirituality:
A) an active life position;
B) higher education;
C) commitment in thoughts and actions to universal values.
11. Worldview in human life is:
A) a guideline for its activities;
B) strengthening his life experience;
C) connection with religion and science.
12. The level of development of spiritual culture is measured:
A) the volume of spiritual values created in society;
B) the quality of spiritual products;
C) how people use the achievements of spiritual culture;
D) the degree of achievement of social equality of people in their familiarization with the values of culture.
13. A person's worldview depends on:
A) historical conditions;
B) life experience;
C) on the level of education;
D) internal culture.
14. Moral qualities of a person:
A) laid down from birth;
B) are developed by self-education, self-improvement;
C) are purposefully formed by society.
15. Culture in a broad sense is:
A) all types of transformational activities;
B) everything related to art;
C) the production of spiritual values;
D) education of a person.
16. Products of material culture do not include:
A) a skyscraper
B) music;
B) a car
D) TV.
17. Spiritual values include:
A) a microscope
B) a computer;
B) scientific discovery;
D) video cassettes.
18. Is the judgment correct?
A. Spiritual and material culture exist independently of each other.
B. Elements of spiritual and material culture are inextricably linked.
A) only A is true;
B) only B is true;
C) A and B are correct;
D) Both are wrong.
19. The accumulation of cultural values vertically is related to:
A) with the advent of new works of art;
B) deepening knowledge about culture;
C) the transmission of cultural values from generation to generation;
D) restoration of cultural monuments.
J. Ortega y Gasset "Man and People" there are no absolutely reliable human achievements and never have been. Even what seems settled and undoubted,may disappear after a few generations. The so-called "civilization", material and spiritual goods, knowledge, values, in short, what we rely on and that we make up a system of "reliable" means created by man as a kind of raft for salvation in a life shipwreck, - all this is absolutely problematic and disappears in the blink of an eye at the slightest negligence. The so-called "unconditional achievements" slip out of our hands, turning into disembodied, flying ghosts. The history of mankind is a series of crises, retreats, declines. Even worse: the danger of a regression much more radical than those known so far exists to this day .... questions for the document: 1. How do you understand the main idea of the above fragment? 2. Do you share the point of view of the author of the passage that "there is no absolutely reliable human achievement and never was"? 3. Can, in your opinion, moral and religious values, universal norms of morality prevent "the total degeneration of mankind as such, a return to an animal state, to final and complete alienation"?? 4. What can you say about the value of Faith, Hope and Love?? Can they be considered as a reliable "raft of salvation?"