Industrial revolution: essence and consequences. On the consequences of the fourth industrial revolution

1. Indicate the socio-economic and political prerequisites for the industrial revolution. What internal and external factors contributed to the development of the economy?

Prerequisites:

As a result of colonial trade, significant capital was accumulated, and it was from entrepreneurs;

The nobility of Great Britain also did not consider it shameful to engage in entrepreneurship;

Entrepreneurs who became wealthy in Great Britain could relatively easily enter the ranks of the nobility;

The colonial empire became a vast market for goods;

Reached high level dividing the production of complex products into small operations;

With the ongoing enclosure policy, the masses of landless peasants represented a suitable market work force.

Thus, the main external factor The beginning of the industrial revolution was the colonial empire of Great Britain. The internal ones include the fencing policy and the special ideology of British society, in which there was no clear opposition between the nobility and entrepreneurship.

2. What are the changes in social structure and public relations occurred in English society during the era of colonial conquest? Explain why the position of the English "lower classes" was extremely difficult.

A special culture of the ruling class of Great Britain was gradually developed, for which land ownership and entrepreneurship were considered equally honorable. A person was accepted depending on what kind of capital he had, and it did not matter how this capital was acquired (with the exception of illegal methods).

At the same time, the process of landlessness of the peasants continued as a result of the fencing policy. People deprived of their land came to the cities, where they ended up in workhouses for begging. It was from such destitute people that not only the colonists came out, but also a new class for Europe at that time - the worker. However, the life of this poorest class was unenviable. Not only hard, but also monotonous work spoiled health, especially since the length of the working day was not limited by law; but the law limited the increase in wages.

3. Describe the policy of the ruling circles of England, tell us about its political development.

After the restoration of the monarchy, relative stability set in in society. The King and Parliament fought hard at times, but only in the form of political debates. The situation changed with the death of Charles II, who left no legitimate heirs. During the reign of the second son of Charles I, James II, the government made no secret of its pro-Catholic sympathies. They become main reason The Glorious Revolution, which replaced James II with the husband of his sister Mary, William II of Orange. Since that time, steady Anglicanism has become an integral part of the policy of the ruling circles. Catholics were forbidden by law to occupy the throne and seats in the House of Lords.

As a result of the Glorious Revolution, the powers of Parliament began to resemble the current ones in many ways. Part political life was the balance of individual branches of government, including parliament and the royal government. But the parliament itself was not formed by the entire population. The House of Commons was elected from certain cities. At the same time, there was a high property qualification for voters. As a result, the parliament represented the interests of only the upper stratum of society, including entrepreneurs. In this parliament, throughout the 18th century, the political confrontation between the Whigs (representing more entrepreneurs) was preserved, on the basis of which the Liberals and Tories (representing the landed aristocracy) developed, who later also became known as conservatives.

4. Name the technical inventions that marked the beginning of the industrial revolution.

Inventions:

Spinning machine with a "flying shuttle" D. Kay 1733;

A new method of iron smelting using coal, 1735;

Mechanical spinning wheel "Jenny" D. Hargreaves 1765;

Arkwright's factory near Derby 1771, where the machinery was powered by a water wheel;

J. Watt's improved steam engine from 1781.

5. Specify the consequences of the industrial revolution. What contradictions in society did he give rise to? What forms did the workers express against their oppressed position?

On the one hand, the industrial revolution increased the power of the country's economy and the well-being of the population as a whole. On the other hand, because of it, the number of the poor was growing, because now, due to competition with factories and factories, artisans were ruined, handicraft production and even manufactories. In addition, machine labor required less physical effort, so it was more profitable for entrepreneurs to hire women and children, whose labor was cheaper. At the end of the 18th century in England, only 10% to 25% of workers were men over 18 years of age. The latter, for the most part, remained unemployed and turned out to be a socially dangerous element.

The protest of the workers was expressed in different forms. The simplest was the destruction of machine tools and other industrial machines, called Luddism. Strikes were another form. They already demanded greater organization, therefore they were carried out by specially created workers' unions.

6. What was the significance of the industrial revolution and the modernization of society?

The Industrial Revolution did more than just reshape the economy. Cardinal changes began in the structure of society. In addition, he seriously strengthened the dominance of Europe in the world. Therefore, we can say that the industrial revolution and modernization played a key role in world history.

In addition to the technical and economic aspects industrial revolution had a real side, which was expressed in the transformation of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie into the main classes of capitalist society. The rate of formation of the bourgeoisie, the degree of its influence on public life, on the destruction of feudal relations were not the same in various countries. In the 19th century in England the bourgeoisie occupied a leading position in economic life. Its population in the middle of the XIX century. was 8.1% in total strength population. As capitalism develops and competition there were profound changes in the alignment of forces within the bourgeois class. The petty and middle bourgeoisie periodically went bankrupt. The decisive role began to play the big bourgeoisie, which includes large manufacturers and breeders, merchants and bankers. The commercial and industrial bourgeoisie strove for more radical state transformations.

The proletariat began to stand out from the mass of working people in the 18th century. With the creation of conditions by capitalism for the transformation of the formal subordination of labor to capital into a real one, workers begin to form into an independent social class, a class deprived of ownership of the means of production. The source of its existence is the sale of labor power. The first detachment of the factory working class were textile workers. The number of workers with the growth of production is constantly increasing. In the middle of the XIX century. there were 10 million workers in the world, of which in England - 4.1 million (1851), in France - 2.5 million (1848), in the USA - 1.4 million (1850), in Germany - 0, 9 million (1850). By the 70s. in the three largest industrialized countries (England, France and the USA), the number of industrial workers - the core of the working class - was 12-13 million, and together with workers employed in agriculture, 20 million. Of the total number of workers almost half were in England. To late XIX in. in terms of the working class, the first place was taken by the United States, where there were 10.4 million industrial workers.

The working class has undergone not only quantitative but also qualitative changes. The share of factory workers employed in the production of means of production increased. In the 70s and 80s. 19th century The largest group of industrial workers were workers in the textile industry. But by the beginning of the 20th century the situation has changed: machine builders, metallurgists, railroad workers have become the most numerous detachment of the working class.

The position of the working class until the 60-70s. 19th century was extremely difficult. The duration of the working day was 14-16 hours, working and living conditions were inhuman, low wages, women's and child labour. For example, in the first half of the XIX century. 50-60% of those employed in English industry were women and children. Such was the reality, and the picture of the position of the workers presented in the writings of the Marxists is quite objective. The freedom, equality and fraternity proclaimed by the bourgeoisie turned out to be only a declaration. The situation of the workers became especially difficult during the period of economic crises, which, as a rule, affected the entire industry and Agriculture and affecting the economies of many countries. Crises lead to the closure of many enterprises, rising unemployment, falling wages and living standards of workers. The first economic crisis arose in England in 1825.

Complete political lack of rights, exhausting work, life in slums, hunger, disease, high mortality caused discontent and resistance of workers to employers, led to the intensification of the struggle of the working class. However, at first, the protests of the workers against exploitation were expressed in spontaneous forms of food riots, arson of enterprises, destruction of machines. The workers' struggle intensified and rose to a qualitatively new level. The first major protests of the workers took place in Manchester (England) in 1819, in Lyon (France) in 1831 and 1834, the uprising of the Silesian weavers (Germany) in 1844, the Chartist movement for the political rights of workers in 30-40 gg. in England.

§ 47. Industrial revolution and its consequences

Beginning of the industrial revolution.

At the end of the XVIII century. in the industrial production of a number of countries Western Europe, in which Great Britain was the pioneer, the transition from the manufacturing stage with its manual technique to the factory production system began.

This transition is called the industrial revolution or industrial revolution.

The industrial revolution had important consequences for the life of the whole society, but first of all, the changes affected the economy.

The needs of the development of manufactories contributed to a number of inventions in the field of mechanics. In the textile industry, Jenny spinning wheels (invented by J. Hargvis; 1765) were widely used, in 1779 Samuel Crompton improved the weaving process by introducing mules, which made it possible to obtain a thinner and stronger thread than before. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright's first mechanical loom was patented in England, and sixteen years later the first mechanical weaving factory was opened - an industrial enterprise based on machine production.

The intense competition of entrepreneurs required constant implementation in production the latest achievements science and technology.

In 1765, the Englishman James Watt built his own steam engine. For the operation of steam engines, coal was needed, so its production increased dramatically. The increase in the demand for metal led to the improvement of metallurgy.

In England since the 1940s 18th century began to use crucible melting for the production of cast steel. The flash processing of pig iron was replaced by more productive puddling. In 1856, the Englishman Henry Bessemer found a way to blow air through hot iron in order to burn out excess oxygen from it and turn it into steel. At the same time, the Frenchman Pierre-Emile Martin created a special furnace for processing cast iron into steel by oxidative melting (open-hearth method).

In England, the length of railways grew rapidly. In 1825, George Stephenson, who was actively involved in the construction of steam locomotives, led the first passenger train on the Darlington-Stockton route. In 1830 rail track linked Manchester with Liverpool. And by 1850, the country was covered with a network of railways with a total length of 50 thousand km. Railway fever contributed to the rapid development of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, locomotive and carriage building.

The birth of an industrial society.

The industrial revolution that began in Great Britain later spread to other countries of the Old and New Worlds.

The Industrial Revolution created the conditions that gave birth to the industrial society.

The modernization process was not only accompanied by changes in the economy, but also changed the worldview of people.

Ideally, an industrial society is based on the ideas of freedom, equality and independence: entrepreneurs do not depend on the power of the state, buyers and sellers are equal, each member of society is free in his actions.

The most rapid development of industrial society was in Great Britain. Here in the second half of the XVII century. freedom of trade was proclaimed, thus, the necessary conditions were formed for the domination of free competition.

The formation of a layer of hired workers and the creation of an internal market (i.e., the sphere of commodity exchange within the country; everyone needed to buy industrial products more people) in England was combined with a turbulent process of the so-called primitive accumulation of capital.

Capital is money or other property that generates income.

There is also an industrial proletariat - people working in factories. The work in the factories was very hard. The working day lasted up to 18 hours a day, and the salary was low. The invention of new machines led to mass layoffs, which angered the workers. It was expressed in the breakdown of machines and tools (Luddism). Under English law, damage to cars was punishable by death.

In the first half of the XIX century. The industrial revolution in Britain was over. Until the end of the 19th century. England remained the "workshop of the world".

Economic development of Great Britain and France in the first half of the XIX century.

Despite the successes, the British economy also experienced considerable difficulties. In the 19th century Great Britain entered in a state of extreme tension, caused by continuous wars with France. The continental blockade introduced by Napoleon, i.e., the ban on European states to trade with England, sharply raised food prices, which caused "hunger riots" in the country.

The victory over Napoleon in 1815 eliminated the blockade, but gave rise to new problems. Up to half a million people were dismissed from the army and navy. The government has reduced orders to industrial enterprises. Cheap European grain began to flow into Britain. Falling prices sowed panic. As a regulatory measure, "corn laws" were adopted, effectively prohibiting the import of bread into the country. As a result, the price of bread skyrocketed.

Yet the positive effects of the industrial revolution outweighed the negative effects.

The economic development of France in the first half of the XIX century. on the whole it went well. Behind short period French industry grew by more than 50%. The development of the economy was facilitated by the influx of money and valuables from the countries conquered by Napoleon, protectionist policies and lucrative foreign trade deals. However, the long wars, and then the crushing defeat of France, dealt a serious blow to its economy. True, it was possible to recover from the consequences of adverse factors quite quickly. During the period of the Bourbon restoration (1, the process of replacing manual labor with machine labor continued successfully. From 1825 to 1847, the volume industrial production increased by two thirds. A number of new industries developed rapidly, primarily the chemical industry.

General Features economic development in the second half of the 19th century. In the second half of the XIX century. further changes took place in the economies of the advanced countries of Europe. They are associated with the emergence of monopolies.

Monopolies are large economic associations that exercise control over industries, markets and the economy on the basis of high degree concentration of production and capital in order to set higher prices and extract higher profits.

The strengthening of the role of monopolies was caused by progress in technology, which entailed the complication production process. For the implementation of the latter, everything was required more capital as machines and raw materials became more and more expensive. Therefore, entrepreneurs began to unite.

Economic crises, or crises of overproduction, contributed to the acceleration of this unification. The mechanism of the emergence of crises was as follows: the introduction of new technology led to a reduction in workers; unemployed people stopped buying goods; and this, in turn, led to a drop in production. The first such crisis occurred in England in 1825. It soon became clear that crises were brewing in about equal number years. In 1858, the first world economic crisis broke out. During crises, many enterprises were closed, entrepreneurs went bankrupt, and it was easier for the association of entrepreneurs to overcome the consequences of crises.

The most important aspect of the development of monopolies was the new role of banks in the economy. Industrial companies made good with banks strong ties for receiving long - term loans , opening credit . In the second half of the XIX century. the process of merging of production and capital accelerated. There were monopolies of the following types: cartel, syndicate, trust, concern.

A cartel is an association of independent enterprises based on a temporary agreement between them with the aim of establishing control over the sale of a certain product, raising prices for this product and ensuring monopoly high profits.

The cartel may provide for the establishment of binding prices for goods for all participants in the association, the delimitation of sales areas, the determination of the total volume of production or sales and the share of each participant in them.

A syndicate is an association of independent enterprises of any industry, based on an agreement on the joint sale of goods.

The syndicate is created with the aim of ensuring monopoly dominance in the market, setting monopoly prices and obtaining the highest profit. The participants in such an association subjugate small enterprises to their control and expand their influence in domestic and foreign markets.

A trust is a form of organization when the merging enterprises lose their independence and are subject to a single management.

The owners of enterprises included in the trust are deprived of the right to directly dispose of them.

The highest form of monopolies are concerns - associations of enterprises, banks and trading firms on the basis of a common financial dependence on a certain
groups of capitalists.

Often, concerns united in financial groups, or financial houses (for example, the houses of the Morgans, Rockefellers in the USA).

After the global economic crisis of 1873, the development of cartels accelerated, but they quickly disintegrated. Nevertheless, by the end of the 19th century, cartels had become one of the foundations of the European economy. By the beginning of the XX century. the number of concerns and trusts in the United States increased from 185 to 250.

The role of the state in the economy.

In the first half of the XIX century. State intervention in the economy has been drastically reduced. Bankers, owners of industrial enterprises persistently defended the freedom of enterprise. In their opinion, the role of the state, in addition to protecting external interests, should have been limited to creating and maintaining conditions conducive to development. economic life countries (development of means of communication, means of communication, ensuring the stability of monetary circulation, etc.).

However, in the second half of the XIX century. the role of the state in the management of the colonies increased, and the wars contributed to the receipt by the victorious country of huge military indemnities. State intervention in economic life also consisted in the introduction of factory legislation (limitation of the working day, workers' insurance, etc.).

The strongest influence of the state on the economy was in Germany. Here the nationalization of the railways took place, a tobacco monopoly was introduced.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What impact did the industrial revolution have on the development of European countries? What is a factory, modernization, industrial society?

2. Describe the main features of the economic development of the leading countries of Western Europe in the first half of the XIX century.

3. What changes took place in the economies of developed countries in the second half of the 19th century? What are monopolies and why did they arise? What was different Various types monopoly associations? Make a comparison table.

4. What was the role of the state in the economy of the leading countries in the 19th century?

5. Using additional materials, write a historical essay on the history of the economic development of one of the countries in the 19th century. (optionally).

Document

From Charles Dickens' novel The Antiquities Store. 1841

On both sides of the road and up to the hazy horizon, the factory chimneys, huddled together in that depressing monotony that so frightens us in heavy dreams, spewed clouds of stinking smoke into the sky, darkened the divine light and poisoned the air of these sad places. To right and left, barely covered by hastily knocked down boards or a half-rotted shed, some strange machines spun and writhed among the heaps of ash, like living creatures under torture, clanged their chains, shook the ground with their convulsions and from time to time shrieked piercingly, as if they could not endure the torment. Here and there one came across sooty shacks that had grown into the ground - without roofs, with broken glass, supported on all sides by planks from neighboring ruins, and yet they served as housing for people. Men, women and children, miserable, dressed in rags, worked near the cars, threw coal into their fireboxes, begged on the road or looked around frowningly, standing on the threshold of their dwellings, devoid of even doors. And behind the shacks, machines appeared again, not inferior to the fury of a wild beast, and the rattle and whirlwind of movement began again, and in front of an endless line rose brick chimneys, which still belched black smoke, destroying all life, blocking the sun and enveloping this pitch-black cloud in a dense dark cloud. hell.

QUESTIONS TO THE DOCUMENT

What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers?

Was, in your opinion, such a situation for the workers inevitable?

Dmitry PERETOLCHIN. A hundred years ago, it was noted that it is the level of science and education that ensures the success of warfare. Therefore, in our turbulent times, I propose to talk about the correlation of education with the level of technological development.

Olga CHETVERIKOVA. Let's just say that education is determined by the interests of technological development. But in Russia it was understood somewhat differently: as full development personality, intellectual, moral and spiritual. And now we are talking about education for the sake of training, which refers us to the ideas of the third or even fourth industrial revolution.

This is interesting because the phenomenon of the new industrial revolution is based on robotization and automation of production, which is displacing humans. We talked earlier about transhumanism as a consequence of changes in the person himself, in his mind due to modern cognitive technologies, and why this concept is being introduced into the worldview systems of different countries. The term "fourth industrial revolution", updated after the Davos forum, as far as I know, was first used by German economists. In general, this is rather just one area of ​​the third industrial revolution, affecting the digital economy and Computer techologies and talking about the creation of a "virtual person".

Unlike ordinary reality, virtual reality has no boundaries and frames, so you can do anything with a virtual person or a virtual thing. We have to abstract from the production process, because the phenomenon of the emergence of 3D printing has changed the view of the industry in general. Although, in my opinion, there is also “scientific verbiage”, which, as an instrument of influence on society, justifies serious changes in the social sphere, and in politics, and in human consciousness, because if a scientist wants to understand the processes of the third industrial revolution, then he simply does not have enough time and creative energy to understand the main thing: what consequences it led to.

Therefore, operating with such categories looks like an attempt to drive a person's consciousness into the framework of dogma, as was the case with the Marxist-Leninist teaching, in order to cover up the essence of the structural changes from this revolution. Two of these changes are social relations between people and within the individual. The industrial revolution, it turns out, affects ethics, aesthetics and many other components of a person's personality. Moreover, biologists specializing in the work of the brain, before sociologists began to pay attention to the phenomenon of “digital dementia”. "Mowgli effect" - in the event that the education of a child occurs during computerization, some areas of his brain do not develop.

Dmitry PERETOLCHIN. At the moment of communication, people simultaneously analyze up to seven parameters: intonation, gestures, and much more, and a certain part of the brain is responsible for each parameter. If children with early age get used to communicate with a “finger”, through the phone screen, for example, then only one area of ​​the brain is actively developing, and the rest begin to degrade. Our brain is an amazing phenomenon: the intraspecific difference in the brains of humans can be greater than the interspecific difference in animals.

Olga CHETVERIKOVA. Every person can develop spiritually and intellectually rich person, if you create conditions for the internal, independent development of the brain. As a teacher, I can say that earlier social conditions had a very strong influence on education: some could, say, pay for education, others could not. Today, a person with an atrophied brain is deliberately created, but neither teenagers nor parents are told about this: if various areas of the child do not begin to work before the age of 7-10, then the consequences are irreversible. This is not a consequence of the objective laws of the development of technology, as they try to imagine, but a conscious influence on a person, because he somehow remains in the center.

Under capitalism, the value of a commodity is made up of fixed capital (the funds themselves), variable capital (expenditure on wages), and profit. AT post-war years the main part of the cost was determined precisely by variable capital, and it was profitable to spend huge amounts of money on the maintenance of the labor force. But the rate of profit tends to decrease, and when this happened, an interest arose to reduce costs as much as possible: the denationalization of capital, the privatization of resources, and, most importantly, the exclusion of the maintenance of labor resources from the general cost formula, in other words, the person must be removed from the formula. Not only from the production process, but also from the service sector, which is actively robotized. He becomes a cyborg minimum requirements, which he will implement in virtual reality. In most developed countries, the market for basic needs is full, and therefore the manufacturer begins to dictate new, artificial ones that are not characteristic of a normal person.

According to various estimates, in 40 years from 50 to 70% of workers from production will be removed and replaced by robots. Now 10% of all goods are produced exclusively by robots, by 2025 the forecast speaks of 40%. Not only blue-collar workers, but also white-collar workers are at risk: managers, car drivers, pharmacists, insurance agents, sellers, collectors. Outside this zone - psychologists, detectives, artists, photographers, social workers, priests. That is why show business is developing so actively - people ousted from production and the service sector are “placed” there. And the requirements of such people are minimal, and they are not interested in spiritual development (if only the phone was more fashionable), and it is very easy to manage them.

The British scientist Guy Standing, having borrowed the term from his French colleagues, built an interesting concept about social change. He talks about the emergence of a new class - the precariat, the basis of which is instability, instability, unreliability. Behind the elite, the people with social guarantees and the old proletariat (the latter two strata of society are declining) is followed by the precariat, which includes workers temporary contracts people, migrants, skilled youth who cannot find work because the specialty they have received does not have time to adapt to rapidly changing technological conditions. This provides an easy radicalization of the precariat: for migrants, these are Islamist or pseudo-Islamist groups, for young people (especially in Europe) - the growing popularity of right-wing radical movements and parties. And instead of trying to fight the TNC elite, which started such a rift in society, these people begin to solve problems among themselves, being simply pitted.

What happens to a person? Back in the 60s, the term "human capital" was introduced - how much money needs to be invested in a person so that he starts to make a profit. At first, economists invested in this concept education, upbringing and development. professional qualities, and then expanded by adding elements of consumption there (food, entertainment, etc.) And this remained unchanged - I'm talking about treating a person only as a tool for making a profit under capitalism. The term "human capital" is even used in all educational programs, in the concept of education of our country - the same attitude. Spiritual development and other personal things in a person become unnecessary, because it increases costs in the same formula for the value of a commodity. Alas, in these conditions it is impossible to have any other education than that which works for a technological business. And this is objective, and loud words about patriotism are an empty phrase. We simply cannot say to pupils and students: “You will integrate into society, and therefore we need you only as a function, a controlled biological object.” For today’s student, there are generally few opportunities to discuss some topics that were relevant for education in the past.

An interesting statement is made by Elon Musk, the founder of Space X and Tesla Motors, who joined the Donald Trump Policy Strategy Forum in December 2016. He believes that the introduction of new technologies must be skillfully managed so that there are no serious consequences. To do this, in his opinion, it is necessary to achieve the fusion of the biological brain with the digital one. Main problem - throughput, the speed of connection of the real brain with the digital one. About social issues: “Human-machine fusion is the future, and the immediate effect of technology is autonomous cars. They can replace drivers. Such a process could take up to 20 years, be fast and destructive. 12-15% of all working people will be out of work, so they need to find new roles.” In the end, he plans to come up with the idea of ​​a universal basic income. “Automation will be followed by an avalanche of cheap goods and services, but you need to understand what to do with the purpose of a person and what this person will matter if for many it is inextricably linked with work. If your job is not needed, what's the point in you? Therefore, the future is a serious test for us.”

By minimum basic income, he means a certain amount of money that the state will pay to everyone, regardless of a person's role in society and whether he works or not. In fact, this is an attempt to justify the total demolition social policy(why is it needed, if they pay anyway?), which will be followed by the abolition of this income, because there will be no one to resist.

If we talk about education and the changes that have taken place during this year: the processes mentioned above have only intensified, and the change in leadership turned out to be decorative. The Science and Technology Initiative project was quietly adopted and just as quietly passed. They started talking about it actively in 2013, when the question of how we should respond to sanctions was being decided.

Dmitry PERETOLCHIN. Interestingly, an attempt to reduce a person to a “function” or “competence” leads to the degradation of the personality, because in order to discover or create something new, a person must have a level basic knowledge about the world around us in all spheres, and then, perhaps, at the intersection of sciences, a discovery will occur. It turns out that the capitalist system does not develop that much.

Olga CHETVERIKOVA. The Science and Technology Initiative project was supposed to create new export markets for high-tech goods. In this regard, the following areas have been developed: unmanned aircrafts, a driverless vehicle control network, a distributed energy and finance system, a food and water production and delivery system, life extension and individual medicine, an individual transportation system, brain mapping and the creation of a new generation of the World Wide Web. This excludes industrialization and the revival of industry for import substitution.

Today is actually created new system the influence of technology centers. The first thing to highlight when talking about these changes is the emergence within groups of developed and developing countries two subgroups: the zone of technological superclusters in the former and the zone of controlled instability in the latter. A product of technology leaves the zone of superclusters, but what is taken from others? - a talent that is becoming a staple today.

At the opening of the Science and Technology Initiative, it was said that Russia should become a generator of meanings and cultural codes. The idea was also voiced that it is necessary to capitalize talents from childhood, turning groups of children into companies that develop technological solutions. It was proposed to regulate people's behavior with the help of games (for example, "Pokemon"). According to the speakers, new methods of collective thinking can also be exported.

The current first-graders are the personnel reserve of the future, so the situation of a systemic shift in education should happen now. Speaking of this, at the opening of the program it was openly said that talented children this moment– only 10%. This is considered a "breakthrough group", and the rest "need psychotechniques"

higher educational establishments should also be restructured according to a specific program, in which great attention is paid to the knowledge of the English language and the ability to integrate knowledge into world experience.

in winter out news agencies It became known that the Minister of Education appealed to the Government with a request to reduce funding for non-basic universities by 20 billion. The rectors of these universities took this calmly and not because there are other sources, but because it made them think about how to earn money themselves and make breakthroughs in the rankings. This is a purely American position, in which a commercial university is essentially a venture company that produces and sells. In my opinion, this project is not well known, it should be brought to the discussion of the general public.

The Industrial Revolution was the rapid development of technology in modern times and the transition from manual to machine labor. As a result of technological innovations, the social, political, and economic conditions of Europe and the whole world were subjected to significant transformations. However, the industrial revolution is not a one-time process. Its duration is traditionally

stretch from the second half of the XIII century to the beginning of the XX. And a number of scientists adhere to the point of view that this process does not end to this day, evidence of which is the ever-accelerating pace of technology development in our time, when many new items become obsolete within a few years.

Industrial Revolution in England

Traditionally, this country is called the ancestor of the technological revolution in modern times. Already in the 1760-80s, revolutionary changes were achieved here in a number of important areas of heavy and light industry. For example, the invention of the spinning loom and its spread throughout the island led England to become the largest supplier of fabrics for European and American markets. The creation of a steam engine made it possible to build ships of a new type - faster and more ergonomic, which established the dominance of the British at sea. epochal

Changes have also taken place in land transport. So, appeared railways by the middle of the 19th century, they entangled the entire state in a network and became a new word in the possibility of communication between remote regions of the country - the transportation of goods, people, animals was facilitated and accelerated. Completely new possibilities are open! Heavy industry has also undergone important changes. Yes, the appearance milling machine and a number of other similar inventions significantly stimulated the development of mechanical engineering. The quality of the metal itself was significantly improved due to the fact that now, when it was smelted, not coal was used as a fuel material, but coke. This allowed England to abandon the export of metal, covering its growing needs, and direct the released funds to other industries.

Industrial Revolution in Europe

Soon, the rapid pace of technological development spread to the continent, giving Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Russia their own factories of heavy and light industry. However, this process is different countries did not happen at the same time. For example, in France and Belgium, the industrial revolution began immediately after England, already in late XIII century, but he reached Germany and Russia only in the 1830-1840s. However, this did not mean a mandatory outsider. Germany, being a lagging country in the middle of the century, by 1900 was able to significantly increase its technological and military potential, and at the beginning of the 20th century belatedly join in the redistribution of spheres of influence in other parts of the world (the fact that virtually all world territories and led to the forceful solution of the issue - the First World War).

Impact on society

The industrial revolution was not limited to changes only in the technological part. It inevitably entailed social, political and economic consequences, giving rise to new classes of society (workers, bourgeoisie), accelerating the growth of cities (urbanization). The complication of social processes led to the birth of new political and socio-economic doctrines and movements, which soon produced an explosion in the moods of the masses.