What is a proper name? Own names: examples. The most important international organizations. Adverbs formed from proper names

3.1. General rules

3.1.1. Assignment of capital letters

A capital (large, capital) letter is used: 1) to highlight the beginning of text segments; 2) to highlight individual words, regardless of the structure of the text.

Highlighting words in the text is used to contrast proper and common names: common names are written with lower case, own - capitalized; compare, for example: lion - Leo, Neva banks - Alexander Nevsky, little red riding hood - Little Red Riding Hood (fairy tale character), health - Health magazine.

In addition, a capital letter may indicate a special stylistic use of the word: you (in letters, documents) when referring to one person; capitalization of some words that express high concepts, as well as those associated with certain stylistic varieties of the text. The names of sacred concepts in religion are characterized by the peculiarities in the use of capital letters.

3.1.2. Types of proper names

Among the words highlighted in capital letters, the following are distinguished: 1) proper names in narrow sense this word and 2) the name.

Proper names in the narrow sense include names and nicknames of people and nicknames of animals, geographical and astronomical names.

All words in proper names, except for function words and generic terms, are written with a capital letter, for example: Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, Polar Star, East European Plain, Palace Square.

The names include the names of institutions, organizations, associations, historical eras and events, holidays, public events, orders, architectural monuments, as well as the names of newspapers, magazines, awards, works of art, societies, enterprises, industrial products, etc. If a proper name - the name consists of several words, then only the first word is capitalized (except when the name includes other proper names), for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, Museum of the History and Reconstruction of Moscow, Peter the Great, Battle of Kulikovo, Moscow News newspaper, War and Peace novel, Labor Veteran medal, Red Moscow perfume.

3.1.3. The transition of proper names to common nouns

Proper names are often used to generically designate homogeneous objects, becoming common nouns, with the capital letter in many cases being replaced by a lowercase one. So, they are common nouns and are always written with a lowercase letter the names of objects, products (types of clothing, weapons, fabrics, drinks, etc.), formed from personal names, company names, geogr. titles ( mac, colt, winchester, boston, bordeaux, khokhloma, adidas), as well as the names of units of quantities formed from the names of scientists ( ampere, volt, pascal, x-ray). Significantly less often are written with a lowercase letter the names of people, generalized according to the traits of character and behavior associated with one or another source. face, lit. or a mythological character, which is determined by the tradition of use. Yes, the words Donquixote, Don Juan, Robinson, Dzhimorda, Judas, philanthropist, Hercules, Cerberus, used in a common sense, are written with a lowercase letter, and Oblomov, Manilov, Plushkin, Mitrofanushka, Apollo, Juvenal, Napoleon and many others retain the capital letter. The same applies to the generalized (figurative) use of geogr. names: so, with a lowercase letter are written Sodom(complete disorder, chaos), hodynka(mass crush of people in the crowd), Kamchatka(back rows in the hall, in the classroom), but retain the capital letter in figurative meanings Mecca, Vendée, Klondike, Hiroshima, Chernobyl and others. The use of such names in the common sense in the form of pl. h. does not require the replacement of an uppercase letter with a lowercase one, for example: Ivans, who do not remember kinship; gallop through Europe; We all look at Napoleons (Pushkin); Soviet Sharikovs.

3.1.4. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of names

The use of personal names and geogr. names associated with continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling. The choice of spelling and the use of capital letters in these names also depend on the meaning of the name (for example: Saltykov-Shchedrin- surname, Erich Maria- name), and from the origin and spelling of words in the source language (for example: Charles de Coster, Saint-Just, Pak Soo-yeon, Omar al-Sharif), and from the position at the beginning or in the middle of the name (eg: Las Vegas, Frankfurt am Main).

Below (see 3.2 - 3.31.) the rules for the use of uppercase and lowercase letters are considered in more detail for individual groups of names.

3.2. Names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames, nicknames

3.2.1. General rule

In the names, etc. of persons, all the words included in them are written with a capital letter. For example: names, surnames, patronymics, pseudonyms: Maxim Gorky (Aleksey Peshkov), Franz Liszt, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Isaac Newton, William Shakespeare, Albert Einstein; nicknames, nicknames: Catherine the Great, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Yuri Dolgoruky, Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vladimir Monomakh, Alexander Nevsky, Peter the Great (Peter I), Elena the Beautiful, Heinrich the Birdman, Cato the Elder, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud.

Wed: Dumas father, Dumas son, Petrov Sr. etc., where the words father, son, senior etc. have not gone into the category of nicknames and are common nouns.

Proper names are capitalized in plural. h. For example: two Natashas, ​​several Kuznetsovs, the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, the Morozov merchants, the Tolstoy spouses.

3.2.2. Names that have lost their own meaning and are used in the sense of common nouns

3.2.3. Proper names in the plural in a contemptuous, pejorative sense

Hitlers, quislings, Azevs, newly appeared Goebbels. Such writing is allowed as an expressive stylistic device.

3.2.4. Individual names used as common nouns, but not lost their individual meaning

We ... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts (Belinsky). Wed (permissible spelling): Surrounded by wild boars, wild and feklush, the freedom-loving character of Katerina developed.

3.2.5. Names of units of quantities formed from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: ampere, pendant, newton, ohm, pascal, x-ray. However, the abbreviations for the same units are capitalized. For example: A - ampere, Kl - pendant, N - newton, Ohm - ohm, Pa - pascal.

3.2.6. Names of household items, etc., formed from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: riding breeches, mackintosh, napoleon(cake), remington, sweatshirt, french.

3.2.7. Names of weapons formed from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: browning, katyusha, colt, maxim, revolver, kalashnikov(colloquial: Kalashnikov assault rifle).

3.2.8. Russian double, triple surnames and pseudonyms

Each part of a double, triple surname or pseudonym begins with a capital letter, a hyphen is placed between them. For example: Mamin-Sibiryak, Melnikov-Pechersky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Novikov-Priboy, Ovchina-Obolensky-Telepnev, Rimsky-Korsakov.

3.2.9. Non-Russian double, triple surnames and pseudonyms

Each part of a double, triple surname or pseudonym is written with a capital letter, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling. For example: Garcia Lorca, Andersen-Nexo, Castro Rus, Sklodowska-Curie, Toulouse-Lautrec, Sholom Aleichem.

3.2.10. Non-Russian double, triple, etc. names

Such European, American, Australian names are capitalized each, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling. For example: George Noel Gordon Byron John Desmond Bernal Pierre Augustin Beaumarchais Charles Robert Darwin Henry Wadsworth Longfellow John Stuart Mill Lewis Stevenson, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Thorbern Olaf Bergman, Bela Ivany Grünwald, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Niccolo Hugo Foscolo, Pedro Ortega Diaz, José Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Hans Christian Andersen, Peter Powel Rubens, Bronisław Wojciech Linke, Michal Cleofas Ogiński, Karel Jaromir Erben, Quint Horace Flaccus, Mark Fabius Quintilian, Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marie Antoinette.

Note. There is no uniformity regarding the separate or hyphenated spelling of foreign names. Linguistic papers argue for hyphenation of all multicomponent names. The press either focuses on the separate spelling of all names, adopted in encyclopedias (for example, in TSB, the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary), or allows hyphenated spelling of some. French names, as a rule, fixed by tradition (for example: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Marie Antoinette), in accordance with the recommendation of reference publications on the Russian language (for example: Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. M ., 1994, III, § 13). It is recommended to adopt one of the decisions used in print and consistently adhere to it in all publications.

3.2.11. Chinese personal names

In two-part Chinese proper names, both parts are capitalized. For example: Li Bo, Liu Huaqing, Song Yu, Sun Yat-sen, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi.

3.2.12. Burmese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Korean, Ceylonese, Japanese personal names

All parts of personal names are capitalized. For example: Kim Il Sung, Le Duan, Pham Van Dong, Ho Chi Minh, Mang Reng Sai, San Yu, Wu Ne Win, Wu Taung Zhi, Pak Su Yong, Wu Dau Ma, Kattorge Publicis Silva, Akira Kurosawa, Satsuo Yamamoto, Kim Chen Ir.

3.3. Complex non-Russian names and surnames with articles, prepositions, particles, etc.

3.3.1. Articles, prepositions, particles van, yes, das, de, del, der, di, dos, du, la, le, background, etc. in Western European surnames and given names

They are written with a lowercase letter and separately from other components. For example: Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Honore de Balzac, Lope de Vega, Alfred de Musset, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Lucca della Robbia, Andrea del Sarto, Roger Martin du Tar, Jenny von Westphalen, Max von der Grün, Perez de Cuellar Javier.

Exception 1. The specified articles, prepositions, particles at the beginning of the surname are written with a capital letter:

a) if they have merged with another part of the surname into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Van Gogh, Van der Waals, Vandervelde, Descartes, Delavigne, Dubois, Ducerso, La Bruyère, Lamarck, Lamartine, La Mettrie, Lamont-le-Vayer, Laplace, La Rochefoucauld, Lafayette, Lafontaine, Fonvizin;

b) if in the source language they are written with a capital letter: D "Alamber, Charles De Coster, Eduardo De Filippo, De Sica, Di Vittorio, Etienne La Boesi, Le Corbusier, Henri Louis Le Chatelier, El Greco.

Exception 2. When fluctuating between continuous and separate spelling of service words, continuous writing should be preferred.

3.3.2. truncated particle De (de) in Western European surnames

Attaches to another part of the surname or name through an apostrophe. For example: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Jeanne d'Arc, Agrippa d'Aubigné, Giscard d'Estaing, d'Etaple. The spelling of an uppercase or lowercase letter depends on the spelling in the source language.

3.3.3. Particle O before Irish surnames

It is written with a capital letter, attached with an apostrophe: Frank O'Connor, O'Neal.

3.3.4. Particles Mac, San, Saint, Saint before Western European surnames

McGregor, McMachene, Jose San Martin, Sant Elia, Saint Just, Saint Sans, Saint Simon, Saint Beuve, Antoine de Saint Exupery.

3.3.5. Component and in non-Russian surnames

It is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen. For example: José Ortega y Gaset, Riego y Nunez.

3.3.6. The words don, donna, dona, dona in combination with Spanish, Italian, Portuguese names and surnames

These words, meaning "master", "lady", are written with a lowercase letter, separately and declined in oblique cases. For example: Don Lope Melendeo de Almecdares, Don Fernando, Donna Maria, Dona Clementa, Don Lope, Don Fernando, Dona Clementa.

Exception. Word Don capitalized in two names: Don Quixote(hero of Cervantes) and Don Juan(hero of Byron). The names of the heroes of Cervantes and Byron, used in a common sense, are written with a lowercase letter and together: rustic Don Juan, Don Quixotes.

3.3.7. Components of Arabic, Turkic, Persian and other Oriental personal names

The components of such names, denoting social status, family relations, etc., as well as service words ( yeah, al, al, ar, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc.) are written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter and are attached to the name through a hyphen. For example: Kerim-aga, Zayn al-Abi-din, al-Biruni, al-Jahm, Rashid Selim al-Khouri, Harun ar-Rashid, Sabah al-Salem al-Sabah, Omar ash-Sharif, Ibrahim-bey, Gasan-bek , Tursunzade, Salah zul-Fiqar, Ker-ogly, Mammad-ogly, Abil Pasha, Safe ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Melik Shah, ed-Din, el-Kuni, es-Zayat.

3.3.8. Initial part Ibn, Khan, Ben Arabic, Turkic and other Eastern names; Ter in Armenian surnames

It is written with a capital letter, attached to the next part, as a rule, with a hyphen. For example: Ibn Yasser, Khan Pira, Shah Ja Khan, but: Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ben Ali; cf. Ali ibn Abd Rahman.

It is recommended to specify the spelling of specific proper names of this group according to the encyclopedic dictionary of the publishing house "Bolshaya Russian encyclopedia» last year editions.

Always capitalize and hyphenate the initial part Ter- in Armenian surnames. For example: Ter-Gabrielyan, Ter-Petrosyan.

3.3.9. Particle dignity in Japanese personal names

Attaches to names with a hyphen and is written with a lowercase letter. For example: Komiyama-san, Cio-Cio-san.

3.4. Mythological and religious names, conditional proper names, names of characters

3.4.1. Individual religious and mythological names

They are written with a capital letter. For example: Atlas, Pallas Athena, Mother of God, Brahma, Buddha, Venus, Hercules, Zeus the Thunderer, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Perun.

For other names related to religion, see

3.4.2. Generic names of mythological creatures

angel, valkyrie, demon, brownie, devil, goblin, nymph, mermaid, satyr, siren, faun, cherub.

3.4.3. Names of characters in works of fiction (fairy tales, fables, plays, etc.)

They are usually written with a capital letter, even if these names are nominal. For example: The naughty Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Mishka started to play a quartet (Krylov), Falcon (Bitter), Sugar, Bread, Milk, Dog, Cat (Maeterlinck), Santa Claus(but: Santa Claus- a toy), Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Found Bird, Rike-Crest, Snow Maiden, Blue Beard(heroes of fairy tales). But: Ivanushka the Fool, Masha the Confused Boy, Little Finger, Bruignon the Fidget in combinations of a name with a common noun; also Baron Munchausen, grandfather Mazai, the Frog Princess, Lady Macbeth, King Lear, Dr. Aibolit.

3.4.4. Attachments and type components cinema, television before proper names

Such prefixes and components are written with a hyphen. For example: not-Gogol, false-Christ, pseudo-Pushkin, cinema-Ostap, TV-Pechorin, neo-Robinson; but: False Dmitry(traditional spelling).

3.5. Adjectives and adverbs formed from names of persons

3.5.1. Adjectives formed from individual names of persons, mythological creatures, etc. using a suffix -ov- (-ev-) or -in-

They are written with a capital letter. For example: Van Dyck's Madonna, Dalev Dictionary, Marx's "Capital", Odyssey's wanderings, Tanya's doll.

Also uncles-Vasin, aunts-Valin, women-Dusin.

3.5.2. Adjectives formed from individual names of persons with a suffix -sk- (-ovsk-, -evsk-, -insk-)

3.5.3. Adjectives with suffix -sk- in the meaning of a proper name, including those having the meaning of “the name of someone”, “the memory of someone”

They are written with a capital letter. For example: The Habsburg dynasty, the Petrine reforms, the Stroganov School, the Nobel Prize, the Lomonosov Readings, the Bulgakov Conference, the Vakhtangov Theater, the Pushkin Poetry Festival.

3.5.4. Adjectives included in frozen phraseological expressions and compound terms

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: Augean stables, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Pillars of Hercules, Gordian knot, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language, Ariel weightlessness, Archimedes' lever, Filkin's letter, Volt's arc, Graves' disease, Fickford's cord, Witt's dance. Wed 3.5.1.

3.5.5. Adjectives formed from combinations of first and last name, first name and nickname

They are written with a hyphen and lowercase. For example: walter scott(from Walter Scott) Jules-Vernovsky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Childe-Haroldovsky, Kozma-Prutkovsky; but according to tradition: Mao Zedong(from: Mao Zedong).

3.5.6. Adverbs formed from proper names

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: in a Suvorov way, in a tannin way, in a bone way.

3.6. Astronomical names

3.6.1. General rule

Proper astronomical names are capitalized. In two- and multi-word astronomical names, all words are capitalized, except for generic words ( star, comet, constellation etc.), ordinal designations of luminaries ( alpha, beta, gamma etc.) and apart from official words. For example: Alpha Ursa Minor, Canis Hounds, Large Magellanic Cloud Galaxy, Archduke Charles Star, Charioteer Chapel, Milky Way, Bird of Paradise, Canis Major Constellation, Sagittarius, Andromeda Nebula, Southern Crown, Southern Cross. See p.

3.6.2. The words Sun, Moon, Earth etc.

They are capitalized only if they are used in the meaning of astronomical names: the planet Earth with the satellite Moon; distance from earth to sun. However, in a non-terminological sense: sunset, tillage, moonlight. Wed also: Universe [There is no doubt that over time, man will begin to remake the universe(TSB)] and Universe [In the desert, stunted and stingy, / On the ground, hot in the heat, / Anchar, like a formidable sentry, / Stands alone in the whole universe(Pushkin)].

3.6.3. Names of places on space bodies

All words are capitalized. For example: Swamp of Rot, Rainbow Bay, Sea of ​​Rains, Sea of ​​Clarity, Ocean of Storms(on the moon).

3.7. Geographical names (names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, countries, regions, settlements, etc.) and words derived from them

3.7.1. General rule

All words that are part of geogr. are written with a capital letter. names, with the exception of generic geogr. terms ( island, sea, mountain, lake etc.) used in direct meaning, and service words, as well as words years, years. For example: Alps, America, Eurasia, Arctic, Volga, Europe, Caucasus, Urals; Eastern Siberia, New Zealand, North America, Central Europe; Big Bahama bank, Kivach waterfall, West Karelian Upland, Kanin Kamen(elevation), Vesuvius volcano, Kara Bay, Tamashlyk Valley, Prosperity Bay, Great Australian Gulf, Great Lakes Basin, Northern Engilchek Glacier, Dnieper Estuary, Cape Heart-Stone, Cape Chelyuskin, Cape Four Winds, Cape of Good Hope, Abyssinian Highlands, Lake Baikal, Golodnaya Lip(lake), Arctic Ocean, Novaya Zemlya Island, Pioneer Peak, Ustyurt Plateau, Central Siberian Plateau, Caucasian coast, Taimyr Peninsula, South Pole, Great Sandy Desert, Blue Nile(river), Moscow River, Great Barrier Reef, current West Winds, Tropic of Cancer, Academy of Sciences Ridge, Main Caucasian Ridge, Valle de la Serena, Rostov-on-Don.

3.7.2. Adjectives formed from proper geographical names

They are written with a capital letter if they are part of complex geogr. names or as nicknames, surnames in the composition of complex ind. titles ( Moscow region, Indian Ocean, Neva Bay, Perekop division), and with a lowercase one, if they are not part of a complex own geogr. denominations ( Asian countries, Moscow school, Pacific herring).

3.7.3. Geographical names with a generic concept that has lost its direct meaning (such as forest, glade, horn, church)

Such nouns are written with a capital letter if they are not used in the direct meaning and name the object conditionally. For example: Golden Gate(strait), Sovetskaya Gavan(city), Tierra del Fuego(island), Czech Forest(the mountains), Golden Horn(bay), Krivoy Rog(city), Vyatsky Uval(elevation), White church(city), Pushkin Mountains(village).

3.7.4. Job titles, ranks, titles, etc. in compound geographical names

They are written with a capital letter. For example: Prince Olaf Beach, Princess Charlotte Bay, Dronning Maud Land(island), Queen Charlotte Islands.

3.7.5. The word Saint in place names

It is written with a capital letter. For example: Saint Elijah Mountains, Saint Lawrence Bay, Saint Helena.

3.7.6. Compound geographical names written with a hyphen

Through a hyphen (each part with a capital letter) are written:

1. Toponyms (nouns or adjectives), consisting of two equal components. For example: Ilyinskoye-Khovanskoye, LikinoDulyovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Port Arthur, Cape Heart-Stone, Brus-Kamen Upland.

2. Names that are a combination of a noun followed by an adjective. For example: Gus-Khrustalny, Dmitriev-Lgovsky, Novgorod-Seversky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Strugi-Red, Moscow-Tovarnaya(station).

3. Names that are combinations of two equal proper names, having a connecting vowel o or e in the first part. For example: Nikolo-Berezovka, Troitse-Lykovo, Troitsko-Pechorsk. By tradition, the following names are written together: Borisoglebsk, Petropavlovsk, Kozmodemyansk.

4. Names in the form of adjectives, formed from the first name and last name, or from the last name, written with a hyphen. For example: Lev-Tolstovsky district, settlements of Mikhailo-Kotsyubinskoye, Vorontsovo-Dashkovskoye.

5. Names starting with words East-, West-, North-(North-), South-(South-), Central-. For example: East Siberian Sea, West Karelian Upland, Severo-Chuysky Range, Severo-Vostochny Cape, South Golostepsky Canal, Yugo-Kamsky settlement, Central Andean Highlands, Central Yakut Lowland.

Note. In the names of settlements that begin with the words North, South, both continuous and hyphenated writing is possible, for example: Severo-Kurilsk, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Severodvinsk, Severomorye.

6. Names of settlements with the first component Top-, Sol-, Ust-. For example: Verkh-Neyvinsky, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Ishim, Ust-Kamenogorsk, but: Solvychegodsk(according to tradition).

7. Transmitted in Russian foreign-language geogr. names that are written separately or with a hyphen in the original. For example: Salt Lake City, New York, Stara Zagora, Buenos Aires, Port Kennedy, Zielona Gora.

Note. The names of the inhabitants, formed from complex geogr. names, parts of which are connected by a hyphen, are written together. For example: Alma-Ata, New Yorkers, Nutcrackers, Ust-Kamenogorsk.

3.7.7. Generic foreign words as part of geographical names

These words, which are not used in Russian as common nouns, are written with a capital letter through a hyphen. For example: Yoshkar-Ola (ola- city), Rio Colorado (rio- river) Arakan Yoma (youma- backbone) Issyk-Kul (sack- lake). However, foreign generic names used in Russian as common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Varanger Fjord, Berkeley Square, Wall Street, Michigan Avenue, Fifth Avenue, Hyde Park; cf .: Moscow River, Bear Mountain.

3.7.8. Functional words (prepositions, articles, particles) at the beginning of foreign geographical names

Capitalized and appended with a hyphen. For example: De Ridder, La Asuncion, La Martre, Las Vegas, Le Creso, De Long Islands; See also: Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Saint Gotthard, Saint Etienne.

3.7.9. Functional words (prepositions, articles, particles) in the middle of complex Russian and foreign geographical names

They are written with a lowercase letter and connected with two hyphens. For example: Ain el Hadjel, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Pinar del Rio, Puer to de Chorrera, Puy de Dome, Rio de Janeiro, Rostov-on-Don, Santa Maria di Leuca, Frankfurt am Main, Chatillon-sur-Indre, Choisy-le-Roi, Abruzzo e Molise, Dar es Salaam.

3.7.10. Compound geographical names spelled together

Names with first component New, Old, White, Red, Black, More, Large, Little, Top, Top, Bottom, Medium and others. For example: Novokuznetsk, Starobelsk, Krasnoperekopsk, Belokamensk, Chernogolovka, Lower Yenisei Upland, Middle Amur Plain, Gornozavodsk, Verkhnedneprovsk.

3.7.11. Compound geographical names spelled separately

Written separately:

1. Names that are a combination of a noun with a preceding adjective or numeral. For example: South America, Belorussian Polissya, Veliky Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Tsarskoye Selo, Yasnaya Polyana, Second Kuril Strait.

2. Names that include the same combination as indicated above in paragraph 1. For example: Cape of Good Hope, Saint Helena, Cape of the Four Winds, Strait of the Eighth Degree.

3.7.12. countries of the world

The names of the countries of the world (simple and compound) are written with a capital letter when they are used instead of geogr. titles. For example: peoples of the East(i.e. Eastern countries), Far East, Western countries, Far North, War of North and South(in the USA).

In the literal sense, the names of the countries of the world, directions in space are written with a lowercase letter. For example: east, west, south, north. The steamer headed south and then turned southeast.

3.7.13 Parts of the world

Written in capital letters: Australia, Asia, America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe.

3.7.14. Informal names of geographical units, parts of countries

In these names, all words, except generic ones ( coast, coast, mainland, continent Asian continent, Atlantic coast, Upper Volga region, Eastern Siberia, East Coast USA, European continent, Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia, Western Siberia, the Arctic, the Lower Volga region, the New World, the Orenburg region, the Moscow region, the Poltava region, the Urals, the Amur region, the Baltic states, Transnistria, Primorye, the North Caucasus, Northern Ural, Smolensk region, Central Asia, Stavropol region, Old World, Central Tien Shan, Black Sea coast, Southeast Asia, Southern coast of Crimea, Southern Urals.

3.7.15. Geographic areas and zones

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: forest-steppe zone, forest-tundra zone, coastal region.

3.7.16. Zoogeographic and floristic regions and subregions

Capitalized except for provinces. For example: Australian region, New Zealand sub-region, but: Guinean province.

3.7.17. Geological basins, mineral deposits, river basins

In such names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic ones. For example: Volga basin, Volga-Ural oil and gas basin, Vyatsko-Kama phosphorite deposit, Illinois coal basin, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Mediterranean basin.

3.7.18. Sections of the flow of rivers and reaches

Such names are written with lowercase if they are not part of complex proper names. For example: the upper Pripyat, the lower Berezina, the middle reaches of the Volga; but: Upper Tura, Lower Tunguska (name of the river).

3.7.19. sea ​​routes

Northern Sea Route, Volga Trade Route.

3.8. Names of states. Administrative-territorial names

3.8.1. Official names of states

In them, all words, except for service ones, are written with a capital letter. For example: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, State of Bahrain, Principality of Liechtenstein, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kingdom of Belgium, United Mexican States, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Commonwealth Bahamas, French Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Ukraine, Republic of Estonia.

Note. For the use of capital letters in the names of ancient states, principalities, empires, see

3.8.2. Names of subjects of the Russian Federation

In the names of the republics of the Russian Federation, all words are written with a capital letter. For example: Republic of Altai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia.

In the names of territories, regions, districts, a generic or specific concept is written with a lower case letter, and words denoting an individual name are written with a capital letter. For example: Primorsky Territory, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd Region, Moscow Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

3.8.3. Groups, unions and associations of states of a political nature

Their names capitalize the first word, as well as their own names. For example: Asia-Pacific Council (APAC), Entente, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Benelux, European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Community (EEC), League of Arab States (LAS), Organization American states(OAS), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), Colombo Plan, Holy Alliance, Nordic Council, Accord Council, Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC), Triple Alliance; but: Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

3.8.4. Groups of states by their geographical location

The first word is capitalized. For example: Balkan countries, Transcaucasian republics, Baltic countries, Scandinavian countries. But: Danubian countries, northern countries, southern countries(there is no fixed composition of states).

3.8.5. Informal common names of countries and their parts

All words in them, except generic ones ( coast, coast, mainland, continent, center, zone, empire etc.), are written with a capital letter. For example: Albion, English Empire, England, Inner and Outer Mongolia, European Turkey, Northern Italy, United Kingdom, Left Bank Ukraine, Western Belarus.

3.8.6. Figurative names of states and cities

Either the first word or the word underlining is capitalized. feature called object. For example: Liberty Island(about Cuba) land of the rising sun(about Japan) Land of the Morning Calm(about Korea) maple leaf country(about Canada) Northern Palmyra(about Petersburg), but: foggy Albion(about England).

3.8.7. Administrative-territorial units of foreign states

In their names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations ( department, province, state etc.), as well as service words. For example: East Sussex, North Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire, West Yorkshire(Great Britain); Cantons of Valais, Graubünden(Switzerland); West Bengal state(India); Valle d'Aosta, Emilia Romagna(Italy); departments Bouches-du-Rhone, Hautes-Pyrenees, Loire-Atlantique, Côte-d'Or, Côte-du-Nor, Pas-de-Calais, Seine-Maritime, Saint-Saint-Denis(France); Sichuan, Gansu, Hunan provinces(PRC); South Carolina, West Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island(USA); state of Baden-Württemberg(Germany); Hokkaido prefecture(Japan).

3.9. Streets, lanes, city landmarks

3.9.1. Avenues, streets, squares, lanes, dead ends, bridges, etc.

In these names, all words, except generic ones ( alley, boulevard, line, embankment, lane, square, passage, clearing, avenue, descent, dead end, street, highway), it is recommended to write in capital letters general rule writing geogr. titles. For example: Komsomolsky prospect, Mira prospect; Butyrsky Val street, Karetny Ryad street, Kuznetsky Most street, Likhoborskie Bugry street, Pushkinskaya street, Narodnogo Opolcheniya street, Serpukhovskaya Zastava street, Sivtsev Vrazhek street, Teply Stan street, Tyufeleva Grove street, Champs Elysees(street in Paris); Peasant Outpost Square, Nikitsky Gates, Revolution Square; Bolshoi Kozikhinsky Lane, Krivokolenny Lane; Sytinsky dead end; Big Stone Bridge, Bridge of Sighs; Rostov embankment; Highway Enthusiasts.

3.9.2. Street names, etc. that begin with a number

Words following a number are capitalized, except for words years and of the year. For example: st. 26 Baku Commissars, st. 1905, square 40 years of October.

3.9.3. Composite street names, including the names of military, scientific and other ranks, professions, etc.

In these names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic ones. For example: Admiral Makarov Street, Academician Korolev Street, Architect Vlasov Street, General Belov Street, Cosmonaut Volkov Street, Pilot Babushkin Street, Pilot Nesterov Street, Marshal Zhukov Avenue, Sailor Zheleznyak Boulevard; also: Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge.

3.9.4. Names of city places of interest

In such names, all words, except for generic common nouns, are used in the direct meaning ( palace, castle, cemetery etc.), are written with a capital letter. For example: Grand Kremlin Palace, Winter Palace, Engineering Castle, Novodevichy Cemetery, Peter and Paul Fortress, Triumphal Arch, Eiffel Tower, Tsar Bell, Tsar Cannon, Bronze Horseman(monument), The Colossus of Rhodes; but: Wall of Tears(in Jerusalem) Walk of Fame, Mound of Immortality, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier(as expressing sacred concepts).

3.9.5. Kremlin

This name is capitalized when it is a proper name for a part of a city. For example: In the center of Moscow is the Kremlin, surrounded by stone walls, the second ring is Kitay-Gorod, the third is the Earthen City (val). But: In Novgorod, Kazan, Pskov and other cities there are kremlins, that is, ancient fortresses; Novgorod Kremlin.

3.10. Railway stations, train stations, airports, metro stations, ground transport stops

3.10.1. Railway stations, train stations, airports

In these names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations. For example: Vnukovo air terminal, Domodedovo airport, Orly airport, Kursky railway station, Leningrad-Passenger, Moscow-Sorting, Moscow-Tovarnaya, Peredelkino, Catull airport.

3.10.2. Metro stations, ground transport stops

Enclosed in quotation marks and capitalized (first word). For example: metro stations "Arbatskaya", "Okhotny Ryad" "Izmailovsky Park", "Alexander Garden", "October Field"(second word for the name of the street), "Preobrazhenskaya Square", "Ryazansky Prospekt", "Prospect Mira"; stops "Nikitsky Gate", "Children's Clinic", "Tallinskaya Street", "10th Microdistrict".

3.11. Authorities, institutions and organizations

Z.11.1. General rule

The spelling of higher state and international organizations differs, in which all words are capitalized, and other institutions and organizations of a single nature, in which the first word is written with a capital letter, as well as proper names that are part of the name. For example: United Nations Organization, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, but: World Peace Council, Security Council of the Russian Federation.

3.11.2. The highest state bodies and organizations of the Russian Federation

In the state in official documents in such names all words are written with a capital letter. For example: The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation.

Note. In the practice of printing, there is a tendency, supported by linguists, to use a capital letter only in the first word of the name. Yes, acad. "Russian orthographic dictionary"(M., 1999) recommends writing according to the general rule: The State Duma (Duma), the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Navy RF.

3.11.3. The most important international organizations

In their names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for official ones. For example: Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, United Nations (UN), UN Security Council, League of Nations.

3.11.4. Governing bodies, ministries, committees, public and other organizations and institutions of the Russian Federation of a single nature

In their compound names, the first word is capitalized, as well as the proper names included in them. For example: State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan, People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia, Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Karelia, State Council the Republic of Komi, the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Altai Regional Legislative Assembly, the State Duma of the Stavropol Territory, the Moscow City Duma; Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS), Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North and the Far East, Interregional Association for Economic Cooperation of the Subjects of the Federation of the Far East and Transbaikalia, Bank for Foreign Trade (Vneshtorgbank), Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Russian Commodity and Raw Materials Exchange, Morozov Children's Clinical Hospital, Central Bureau for Animal Search, Bureau of Information Technology, Guild of Film Directors of Russia, Department of Foreign Relations of the City of Moscow, Administrative Department of the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation, Central Chess Club, Commission for International Humanitarian and Technical Assistance under the Government of the Russian Federation, Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social -labor relations, Russian Olympic Committee, Russian State Insurance Company, All-Russian Confederation of Labor, State Investment Corporation, Russian Professional Boxing League, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, federal oversight of Russia for Nuclear and Radiation Safety, Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights, Russian Red Cross Society, Russian Defense Sports and Technical Organization, Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Russian Book Chamber, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Council for Agrarian Policy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Union of Artists of Russia, Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Glasnost Defense Fund, Flight Control Center, Headquarters for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of Moscow.

Note. Incomplete names instead of full ones, when repeated, may begin with a capital letter, but in the absence of a full name of the word in the text department, headquarters, administration, ministry etc. are written with a lowercase letter.

3.11.5. Institutional names in the plural and not as proper names

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: ministries of the Russian Federation, main departments of ministries, committees and commissions of the State Duma, agencies, federal services.

3.11.6. Non-single institutions and organizations

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: accident bureau in the city, housing exchange bureau, regional post office, board of a housing construction cooperative, deputy commission, conciliation commission, polyclinic No. 140 of the Gagarinsky district.

3.11.7. Names of institutions and organizations with a code name in quotation marks

1. The first word of the name is written in quotation marks with a capital letter. The text preceding the conditional name is written with a lowercase letter, unless it begins with the word All-Russian, Russian, State, Central. For example: Interfax news agency, Vozrozhdenie association, humanitarian fund"Knowledge"; but: Russian News Agency "Novosti", Russian Charitable Foundation "Intellect", Interstate TV and Radio Company "Mir".

2. In names beginning with geogr. definitions, geogr. the definition is written with a capital letter if it is part of the full official name, and with a lower case letter if it is not part of it. For example: Kaliningrad publishing house "Business World"; but: Moscow publishing house "Sovremennik"(the official name is used without geographic definition).

3.11.8. Parts and departments of institutions and organizations

Names of departments and departments of institutions, organizations, except for those indicated above, as well as words like presidium, academic council, artistic council, faculty, department, division, sector, group are written in lower case. For example: at the Faculty of Philology, at the Editorial and Publishing Department, in the Educational and Methodological Department, the Department of the Russian Language, the Human Resources Department, the Sector of Dialectology, the Electronic System Control Group.

3.11.9. International and foreign central organizations and institutions

The first word is capitalized, as well as proper names. For example: World Health Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions, International monetary fund, European Economic Community, European Union, International Court of Justice, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Federation Red Cross and Red Crescent, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Labor Organization, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Commission of the European Communities, Organization of African Unity, National Congress of the Argentine Republic. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Inter-Parliamentary Union, parliamentary assembly Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, General Secretariat of the Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, European Parliament, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, International League for the Protection of Culture, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, European Policy Research Consortium, Society for Ethnology and Folklore of Europe, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US Supreme Court, Polish Sejm, French National Assembly, Mongolian State Great Khural, Bulgarian Legislative Assembly. see also

3.11.10. Names of bodies and organizations of the CIS

Council of CIS Heads, CIS Executive Secretariat, Council of Ministers of Internal Affairs of the CIS Member States, Legal Advisory Council of the CIS Member States, Headquarters for the Coordination of Military Cooperation of the CIS Member States, Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States, CIS Economic Court, Permanent Commission on Problems environment, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

3.11.11. State elective institutions of foreign countries

They are usually written with a lowercase letter. For example: congress, majlis, lower house, house of deputies, house of lords, house of commons(In Great Britain), Senate and House of Representatives(in the USA), Parliament, Reichstag, Storting.

3.11.12. Elective institutions of a temporary or singular nature in historical literature

Capitalize the first word. For example: provisional government(1917 in Russia), States General, State Duma, III Duma(but: city ​​council), Convention, Pre-Parliament.

3.11.13. Foreign news agencies

In their names, all words, except for the generic one, are written with a capital letter, and the name is not enclosed in quotation marks. For example: France Press agency, United Press International (UPI) agency, Union Française d'Enformation agency, Associated Press (USA).

3.12. Research institutions, academies, educational institutions

3.12.1. General rule

In the proper names of academies, research institutions, educational institutions, only the first word is capitalized (even if it is a generic name or a name indicating a specialty), as well as proper names included in a complex name. For example: Russian Academy Sciences, Academy natural sciences, Air Force Academy them. Yu. A. Gagarina, International Academy of Entrepreneurship, Moscow State University of Printing Arts, Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State Linguistic University, Orthodox Theological University. John the Theologian, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Institute of International Business, Acoustic Institute. N. N. Andreeva, Electromechanical Research Institute, All-American Institute of Business and Economics, Literary Institute. A. M. Gorky, Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Russian Center for International and Cultural Cooperation, Pushchino Research Center, Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

3.12.2. Secondary educational institutions (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, colleges, technical schools, colleges) of a non-single nature

Their names are capitalized. For example: medical school No. 1, technical school No. 2 in Moscow, shift school for cooks, pharmaceutical school No. 266, evening school, secondary school No. 59 named after. N. V. Gogol, Moscow secondary school No. 266, children's music school No. 3 named after. N. Ya. Myaskovsky, professional lyceum No. 319, experimental gymnasium No. 20, automechanical technical school.

However, if the name includes geogr. the definition or name is of a singular nature and is equated to the highest educational institution, then it is capitalized. For example: Russian Republican Medical School, Theater School. M. S. Shchepkina, Musical College. Ippolitova-Ivanov, Novosibirsk Theater School, Moscow Art School in memory of 1905, State Musical College of Brass Art, Moscow Humanitarian Acting Lyceum, Zhukovsky Aviation College.

3.13. Spectacle enterprises and institutions (theaters, museums, parks, ensembles, choirs, etc.)

3.13.1. General rule

Only the first word is capitalized, as well as proper names included in the name. For example: State academic big theater Russia, the Central Academic Theater of the Russian Army, the Moscow Taganka Theater, the Musical Academic Theatre. K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Peoples' Friendship Theater(Moscow), Theater of Nations(Paris), Moscow State Conservatory. P. I. Tchaikovsky, Concert Hall named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, State Central Concert Hall "Russia", Rachmaninov Hall of the Conservatory, St. George's Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace(in the first of the last two names, the word Conservatory is capitalized as a substitute for the full name - see), Column Hall of the House of Unions, Academic Large Concert Orchestra, Russian State Symphony Orchestra of Cinematography, State Armory Chamber, State Russian Museum, Hermitage, Museum of Oriental Art, Museum of V. A. Tropinin and Moscow Artists of His Time, Museum ancient Russian literature and art to them. Andrei Rublev, Metropolitan Museum of Art, International Slavic Cultural Center, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Ballet of Great Britain, State Academic Choir of Russia named after A. A. Yurlov, State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble under the direction of Igor Moiseev, Voronezh Russian Folk Choir, Russian State Library , State Public Historical Library, Central City Library. N. A. Nekrasova, Central Sports Club of the Army (CSKA), Central Park of Culture and Recreation. M. Gorky, Summer Garden(in St. Petersburg), Botanical Garden of Moscow State University, Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill, Kunstkamera(St. Petersburg).

3.13.2. Names from the generic name and the name in quotation marks

1. The first word of the name in quotation marks is written with a capital letter, and the generic name is written with a lowercase letter, if it does not begin with words International, All-Russian, Russian, Central, State. For example: Theater "Commonwealth of Taganka Actors", exhibition hall "Belyaevo", Russian State Theater "Satyricon" named after. A. I. Raikin, the club of young sailors "Brigantine", the leisure center "Fantasy", the exhibition "Gold of the Scythians", the cinema "Art", but: the Central Exhibition Hall "Manezh", the All-Russian Museum Association "The State Tretyakov Gallery".

2. In names beginning with geogr. definitions, geogr. the definition is written with a capital letter if it is part of the official name, and with a lower case letter if it is not part of the name. For example: Moscow theater "Sovremennik" but: Moscow theater. Evg. Vakhtangov(full official name - State Academic Theatre. Evg. Vakhtangov), Moscow circus "Luch"

3.14. Cultural institutions (palaces, houses, etc.)

3.14.1. General rule

In the complex names of such institutions, the words House and Castle, beginning the name, are written with a capital letter. For example: House of Friendship with the Peoples of Foreign Countries, House of Culture. S. P. Gorbunova, Schoolchildren's Creativity House, Youth Creativity Palace. However, if the words house and castle are preceded by words of the type included in the official name All-Union, Central or geogr. definition, only the first word of the name is capitalized. For example: Central House of Writers, Central House of Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow House of Composers, Moscow House of Models, Zelenograd Palace of Children and Youth Creativity, State Russian House of Folk Art, State House of Radio Broadcasting and Sound Recording, White House; but: Pushkin House, Printing Yard(traditionally).

Wed also orphanage, mother and child home, rest home, maternity hospital, Winter Palace(here the words house, palace- common nouns) Peredelkino House of Creativity(geographical definition is not included in the official name).

3.14.2. Incomplete name replacing the full

The first (or only) word of the truncated name is capitalized. For example: State Literary Museum - Literary Museum, Central House of Artist - House of Artist, Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory - Great Hall of the Conservatory, Moscow Satire Theater - Satire Theater, State Kremlin Palace - Kremlin Palace, but: Sovremennik Theater.

3.15. Enterprises, firms, trusts, associations

3.15.1. Names of firms, joint-stock companies, plants, factories, etc. with a code name in quotation marks

3.15.2. Names with the words of someone's name or number

The generic name and the name indicating the profile of the enterprise are written with a lowercase letter. For example: sewing studio number 2, metallurgical plant them. A. I. Serov, pencil factory. L. B. Krasina, printing house No. 5, dry-cleaning factory No. 3, tram depot named after. P. L. Apakova. Cm. ,

3.15.3. Compound names that begin with words State, Russian etc.

The first word is capitalized. For example: State Aviation Corporation "Tupolev", Russian State Concern "Cement".

3.15.4. Compound names that begin with a geographic definition

They are written with a capital letter if this definition is part of the official name, and with a lower case letter if the geogr. the definition is not part of the name, but only indicates the location. For example: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Moscow Mechanical Plant "Krasny Put", Oryol Machine-Building Plant. Medvedev, but: the Stavropol industrial and commercial shoe association "Kavkaz", the Vologda breeding plant "Zarya", the Moscow hotel "Metropol", the Yekaterinburg JSC "Ural Tire Plant"(full official name does not include geographical definitions).

3.15.5. Names of foreign firms, companies, concerns, banks, etc. from one or more words

They are transcribed in Russian letters and enclosed in quotation marks. With a capital letter in these names, they write the first word in quotation marks and their own names. For example: United States Steel, General Motors, Peugeot, Rolls-Royce, Sony, Coca-Cola, United Fruit Company, Morgan Stanley Bank, Concerns Volkswagen, Fiat.

Note. It is undesirable to print the names of foreign companies in the language of their national. or Mrs. accessories. In scientific publications, the name in the source language may be given in parentheses.

3.15.6. Names of foreign firms, companies, etc. in the form of an initial abbreviation

These names are not enclosed in quotation marks. For example: firms AEG, IABG, MBB.

3.16. Abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, etc.

3.16.1. Abbreviated names made up of parts of words

They are written with a capital letter if they denote single institutions, and with a lowercase letter if they serve as generic names. For example: Goznak, Vnesheconombank, State Property Committee, but: Special Forces.

3.16.2. Abbreviated conditional names of departments, trusts, associations

3.16.3. Abbreviated mixed names of individual institutions, organizations, institutions (complex abbreviated words in combination with initial abbreviations)

They are written with a capital letter, together, without quotes, and the initial abbreviations, which are usually written in capital letters, retain the spelling both at the beginning and in the middle or end of the abbreviated designation. For example: NIIstroykeramika, NIIpromstroy, NIIcement, TsNIIchermet, GiprodorNII, GlavAPU, but: Dneproges.

3.17. Political parties, social movements and organizations

3.17.1. Full official names of parties and movements

The first word and proper names are written in them with a capital letter. For example: All-Russian Confederation of Labor, Union of Women of Russia, Democratic Party of Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Peasant Party of Russia, People's Patriotic Union, Socialist Party of Workers of Russia, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of Great Britain, Christian Democratic Union(Germany), Arab Socialist Renaissance Party(Syria), Austrian People's Party, Popular Unity Movement of Tunisia, Confederation socialist parties European Community, National Liberation Front of Algeria, Congress of Jewish religious communities and organizations of Russia, Armenian National Movement, Republican Party(USA), Democratic Party(USA), Labor Party.

3.17.2. Names of an informal nature

They are written with a lowercase letter (including similar names of pre-revolutionary parties in Russia). For example: conservative party(in the UK and other countries), Kuomintang, Dashnakiutyun, Seiukai, Menshevik Party, Cadets Party.

3.17.3. Symbolic character names

Enclose in quotation marks and capitalize the first word. For example: People's Will Party, Black Panthers(USA), party "Fourth Force"(Panama), “Democratic Choice of Russia”, association “Yabloko”, movement “Women of Russia”, “Our Home is Russia”, Islamic movement “Taliban”, party “Unity”.

3.17.4. Political clubs

In the names of political clubs, the first word is capitalized. For example: English Club, Cordeliers Club, Jacobin Club.

3.18. Positions, ranks, titles

3.18.1. Highest positions and highest honorary titles of the Russian Federation

They write in capital letters. For example: senior positions: President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, President of the Republic of Tatarstan; honorary title Hero of the Russian Federation, as well as honorary titles of the former USSR: Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Note 1. This spelling of senior positions is accepted only in official documents (laws, decrees, diplomatic documents), but: According to the press service of the head of state, the President expressed satisfaction with the fact that...; The meeting was attended by the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the State Duma, ministers. see also

Note 2. The list of titles of senior positions and their spelling is established by non-linguists. So, in the Brief Guide to the Registration of Acts of Federal Government Bodies (M, 1997), it is recommended, in addition to those mentioned above, to write in official documents with a capital letter Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and many others. others

3.18.2. Other positions and titles

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: Chairman of the Council on Foreign Policy under the President of the Russian Federation, Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation, Acting State Adviser 1st Class, Head of the Legal Department of the Office of the Federation Council, Head of Administration, Governor, Mayor, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Minister, Prime Minister, Academician, Corresponding Member , President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, attache, ambassador, marshal, general, major, honored worker of culture, Nobel Prize winner, director, general director, leader, scientific secretary, collective farm chairman.

For the names of spiritual titles and positions, see

3.18.3. Positions and titles of foreign states

The names of higher and other state. positions are written with a lowercase letter. For example: Emperor of Japan, Queen of the Netherlands, Pasha, Chairman of the People's Council of the Syrian Arab Republic, President of the French Republic, Prime Minister of India, Federal Chancellor of Germany, Khan, Sheikh.

In diplomatic documents, in messages about meetings at the highest level, the names of senior positions and titles are written with a capital letter. For example: President of the French Republic, President of Georgia, Prime Minister of India, Emperor of Japan, Queen of the Netherlands, Prime Minister of Great Britain.

3.18.4. Top positions in major international organizations

The titles of these positions are capitalized. For example: Secretary General of the League of Arab States, Secretary General of the United Nations, President of the UN Security Council.

3.19. Historical epochs and events, revolutions, popular uprisings and movements, congresses, congresses, conferences

3.19.1. Historical eras and periods

renaissance, renaissance, high renaissance(also: Early, Late Renaissance), Renaissance(but: renaissance style), Reformation, Enlightenment, Middle Ages, Petrine era(but: pre-Petrine era, post-Petrine era- like regular periods) Time of Troubles, Second Empire, June Monarchy, Paris Commune, Third Republic.

3.19.2. Revolutions, uprisings, riots, popular movements

The first word (except for generic concepts) and proper names are written with a capital letter. For example: Great October Socialist Revolution (October), Great French Revolution, August Revolution(in SRV), English bourgeois revolution February Revolution 1917 (February), Bulavin uprising, December armed uprising of 1905(but: December Uprising 1825- in this phrase December- only a designation of the time of the uprising, not part of the name), Jacquerie(specific historical event, but: jacquerie- in the meaning of "peasant uprising"), Kronstadt uprising, Lyon uprising, Copper riot, salt riot, Pugachev uprising, September uprising(1944, Bulgaria), Pugwash movement, resistance movement.

3.19.3. Congresses, conferences, congresses

In these names, the first word is capitalized, as well as proper names. For example: World Congress of Trade Unions, All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920, Potsdam (Berlin) Conference 1945, San Francisco Conference (1945), Congress people's deputies Russian Federation, International Astronomical Congress, but: Congress of Entrepreneurs, Congress "Teachers for Peace", Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Extraordinary Session of the General National Congress.

3.19.4. Names of historical epochs, events, etc., which are not proper names

Written in lower case: ancient world, civil war(but as a proper name: Russian Civil War 1918-1921), Napoleonic wars, feudalism.

3.20. Scientific and historical terms. Names of ancient states

3.20.1. Mounds, burial grounds, sites of ancient man

In these names, the first word is capitalized. For example: Baksil mound, Borkovsky burial ground, Velskoye settlement, Kirillovskaya camp, Smolensk settlement, Shaitanov mound.

3.20.2. Ages, cultures, geological periods

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: bronze Age, stone Age, ice age, Mesozoic era, Cretaceous period, Tertiary period, Trypillia culture, Paleolithic era, Jurassic period.

3.20.3. Ancient states, principalities, empires, kingdoms

In these names, all words are capitalized, except for generic concepts. principality, empire, kingdom etc. For example: Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Eastern Roman Empire, Galician Principality, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rus, Mughal Empire, Kievan Rus, Moscow Rus, Russian land.

3.20.4. Names of monarchies

Usually these names are not official, so they are written with lowercase. For example: Bourbon monarchy, German monarchy, Russian monarchy.

3.20.5. Dynasties

These names are capitalized, with the exception of the word dynasty. For example: Habsburg dynasty, Romanov dynasty, Merovingians, Han, Bourbons, Ptolemies, Mughals.

3.21. Significant dates, holidays, public events

3.21.1. General rule

In the names of significant dates, revolutionary holidays, major mass events, the first word and proper names are written with a capital letter. For example: May 1st, World Population Year, World Aviation and Space Day, Year of the Child (1979), Constitution Day of the Russian Federation, Day of Accord and Reconciliation, Day of Memory and Sorrow, New Year, International Women's Day(March 8), Independence Day, National Uprising Day(Cuba), Victory Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day, Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, International Writing Week, International Book Year, Peace Week.

The names of some political, cultural, sports and other events of national or international importance are also written. For example: World Economic Forum, Peace March, World Festival of Youth and Students, 1980 Olympic Games, Football World Cup, Davis Cup, Goodwill Games, White Olympiad.

For the names of religious holidays, see

3.21.2. Names with an initial ordinal number in numerical or verbal form

In such a complex name, the word following the number (numbers) is written with a capital letter: May 1, March 8, XI international competition named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

The words International, Worldwide, All-Russian etc. They are written with a capital letter, regardless of whether the serial number at the beginning of the name is indicated by a number or a word.

3.21.3. Names of constantly held mass events (months, days, decades)

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: alumni meeting day, deputy day, donor day, open day.

3.22. Names related to religion

The spelling of names associated with religion is subject to general rules, however, the traditional ways of representing separate groups of names that have developed in church-religious and religious-philosophical texts are taken into account.

3.22.1. Names of gods, apostles, prophets, saints

The word is capitalized God(in the meaning of a single supreme being) and the names of gods in all religions. For example: Jehovah, Hosts, Yahweh, Jesus Christ, Allah, Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, names of pagan gods, for example: Perun, Zeus, Moloch, Osiris, Ra, Astarte, Aurora, Bacchus, Dionysus. The proper names of the founders of religions are also written. For example: Buddha(but: Buddha- teacher of faith; a person who has attained spiritual enlightenment) Mohammed (Mohammed, Mohammed), Zarathustra (Zarathustra); apostles, prophets, saints, for example: John the Baptist, John the Theologian, Nicholas the Wonderworker, George the Victorious.

All the names of the persons of the Holy Trinity are written with a capital letter ( God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit) and the word Mother of God, as well as all words used instead of the word God(ex.: Lord, Savior, Creator, Almighty, Almighty, Creator, God-Man) and words Mother of God(ex.: Queen of Heaven, Most Pure Virgin, Mother of God), as well as adjectives formed from the words God, Lord, for example: the grace of God, the Lord's (Lord's) will, the will of God for everything, the temple of God, the Divine Trinity, the Divine Liturgy(but in a figurative sense - a lowercase letter, for example: divine voice, lady dandelion, ladybug).

Note 1. In church-religious texts (prayers, sermons, etc.) and religious-philosophical texts, pronouns are written with a capital letter, replacing words God, God. For example: Hallowed be Thy name, may His holy will be done.

Note 2. Word God in the meaning of one of the many gods or in a figurative sense, it is written with a lowercase letter. For example: god Apollo, god of war, gods of Olympus.

Note 3. Words apostle, prophet, saint, reverend, martyr, blessed etc. before proper names are written with a lowercase letter. For example: Apostle Paul, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Martyr Irenaeus, St. Basil the Great, Blessed Xenia of Petersburg, but: Holy Mother of God, Holy Trinity.

3.22.2. Stable combinations with the words god, lord

In numerous stable combinations that are constantly used in colloquial speech without direct connection with religion, one should write God(as well as Lord) with a lowercase letter. These include: (not) god knows or (not) god knows (who, what, what)- about someone, something not very important, significant; god (lord) knows- unknown, don't know; God bless him (her, you, you), (not) God forbid, for God's sake, God kill me, as God puts on my soul, God forbid (Lord), offended by God, forgotten by God, to God in paradise, do not believe neither in God nor in hell, do not drive God into the forest, if you climbed into the hut, and etc.

Interjections should also not be capitalized by God, my God, my God, Lord, Lord my God, you are my God, God forbid, God save, in contrast to those cases where the forms god, lord express an appeal to God.

In some cases, the choice of spelling depends on the context. Yes, it can be written thank God(if the context indicates that the speaker really thanks the Lord God) and Thank God(if it is clear from the context that a common colloquial phrase is used: At that time, thank God, he came on time!

But in combination no thank god capital letter not possible ( He's not good, thank god).

3.22.3. Words denoting the most important concepts for the Orthodox tradition

Such words are used in the meaning of proper names and are written with a capital letter. For example: Heaven (Humility is a protective sword, with it you will safely pass the earth, hell and reach Heaven), the Cross of the Lord, the Last Judgment, the Holy Gifts, the Holy Spirit(but: holy spirit- unknown how).

3.22.4. Names of various denominations

The first word is capitalized. For example: Russian Orthodox Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church.

3.22.5. Names of religious holidays

The first word and proper names are capitalized. For example: in Christianity: Easter, Christmas, Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, Trinity, Baptism of the Lord, Meeting, Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Ilyin's day; in other religions: Eid al-Adha, Ramadan (Ramadan), Navruz, Hanukkah, Shabbat and etc.

The names of posts and weeks (weeks) are written with a capital letter: great post, Petrov Post, bright week, Holy Week, Fomin's week, as well as the words Maslenitsa (Shrovetide week, Cheese week), Christmas time.

3.22.6. Names of church authorities

The first word is capitalized. For example: Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, Council of Bishops, Local Council, Moscow Patriarchate, Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia and European CIS countries, Higher Coordination Center of Spiritual Administrations of Muslims of Russia.

3.22.7. Names of spiritual titles and positions

All words, except official and pronouns, are written with a capital letter in the official names of the highest religious officials. For example: Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Locum Tenens, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Pope of Rome, but: During the conversation, the President and the Patriarch...; During a visit to Cuba, my father visited...

The names of other spiritual ranks and positions are written with a lowercase letter. For example: Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and Yurievsky, Archbishop, Cardinal, Archimandrite, Hegumen, Priest, Deacon, Protodeacon.

3.22.8. Names of churches, monasteries, icons

3.22.9. Titles of cult books

They are written with a capital letter. For example: Bible, Holy Bible, gospel, Old Testament, New Testament, Book of Hours, Reading Menaion, Psalter, Koran, Torah, Talmud, Vedas; the same in the names of written monuments, for example: Ostromir Gospel, Ostroh Bible.

3.22.10. Names of church services and their parts

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: Liturgy, Vespers, Matins, Mass, Procession, Vespers, Compline.

3.23. Military related titles

3.23.1. The most important military names of the Russian Federation, types of troops

The first word is written with a capital letter, as well as proper names. For example: General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Strategic Missile Forces, Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces, Air Force, Military Space Forces, Airborne Forces, Railway Troops of the Russian Federation. But in the official documents: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Navy.

3.23.2. Departments and divisions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

The first word is written with a capital letter, as well as proper names. For example: Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Main Headquarters of the Ground Forces.

3.23.3. Military districts, garrisons

The first word is capitalized. For example: Moscow military district, North Caucasian military district, Saratov garrison.

3.23.4. Own war names

The first word and proper names are capitalized. For example: Balkan Wars, Patriotic War of 1812, 1st Punic War, Seven Years' War, Thirty Years' War, War of the Scarlet and White Roses, War of Independence(in North America 1775-1783), World War I, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, Civil War(in Russia 1918-1921), The Second World War, but: The Great Patriotic War(traditional spelling); Korean War(1950-1953), afghan war(1979-1989).

3.23.5. Fights, battles, directions, fronts

In these names, the first word is written with a capital letter (with a hyphenated spelling, both parts of the name). For example: Berlin direction, Battle of Borodino, Battle of the Nations(near Leipzig 1814), Oryol-Bryansk operation, 1st Ukrainian Front, Sinai battle, Battle of Stalingrad, Steppe Front, Southwestern Front.

3.23.6. Military units, formations

Proper names are capitalized. For example: Belomorsky 35th Dragoon Regiment, Vyatka Regiment(but: 1st battalion, 2nd company, sapper battalion), Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Siberian Cossack Army, Separate Primorsky Army, 1st Cavalry Army, Smolensk Infantry Division, 119th Kolomna Regiment, Kantemirovskaya Tank Division.

3.24. Orders, medals, insignia, awards

3.24.1. Names of orders not in quotation marks

order. For example: Order of Courage, Order of Friendship, Order of Honor, Order of the Patriotic War I degree, Order of St. George, Order of Victory, Order of Nakhimov, Order of Suvorov, Order of Glory. Also: maternity medal.

Note. In the names of orders and insignia of the former USSR, according to tradition, all words are written with a capital letter, except for the word order, for example: Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the October Revolution.

3.24.2. Names of orders, medals and insignia in quotation marks

Capitalize the first word of the name in quotation marks and proper names. For example: order "Maternal Glory" 1st class, medal "Defender of Free Russia", order "For Services to the Fatherland", anniversary medal "50 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", medal "In memory of the 850th anniversary of Moscow", medal "For distinction in the protection of the state border", insignia "For impeccable service", badge "Marshal's star".

3.24.3. Names of foreign orders and international medals

The first word of the name is capitalized (except for the word order) and proper names. For example: Iron Cross, Order of the Legion of Honor(France), gold medal Peace them. Joliot-Curie, Order of the Garter(England).

3.24.4. Prizes

The first word is capitalized, except for the word premium. For example: Goncourt Prize, Lomonosov Prize, Nobel Prize, International Peace Prize, Booker Prize, State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art, Grand Prix, but: prize to them. Dimitrova, Golden Mask Award(when the name is in quotation marks).

3.25. Documents, printed works, musical works, monuments of art and architecture

3.25.1. Document names without a preceding generic word standing outside the name ( charter, instruction etc.)

Such names are usually not enclosed in quotation marks and begin with a capital letter. For example: Treaty of Versailles, UN Declaration, Peace Decree, Erfurt Program, Constitution of the Russian Federation, Treaty on Public Accord, Founding Act of Russia and NATO, Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Code of Labor Laws of the Russian Federation, Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, Law on the fundamentals of the tax system, Regulations on the procedure for considering issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens, Memorandum on economic policy, Regulations on joint-stock companies, State Refugee Convention.

Note. If an incomplete or inaccurate title of a document is given, then lowercase letters are used, e.g.: At the next meeting, the law on pensions was not approved.

3.25.2. Titles of documents with a preceding generic word not included in the title

The generic word is written with a lowercase letter, and the name is enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. For example: federal constitutional law “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation”, decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to improve public finances”, law “On freedom of conscience and religious associations”, program “Partnership for Peace”, resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation “On the formation of committees State Duma» (document titles are given exactly as they are written in government documents).

3.25.3. Literary works, magazines, newspapers and press organs

The first word and proper names are capitalized in quotation marks in the names of books, newspapers, magazines, etc. For example: comedy "Woe from Wit", play "Marriage", story "Singers", novel "War and Peace", newspaper "Arguments and Facts", "Literary Gazette", magazine "New World".

Note 1. The spelling of all the words of the name with a capital letter, adopted in the late XIX - early XX centuries. (up to the 20s), is not modern and is not preserved even in the document. texts, with few exceptions.

Note 2. In the text, bibliogr. descriptions of the titles of printed works are not enclosed in quotation marks (see Ch. 31), but this does not affect the spelling of the titles themselves.

3.25.4. Alternative title of a literary work (edition)

The first word of the second part of the title after the union is also written with a capital letter or. For example: "Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro", "Twelfth Night, or Whatever".

3.25.5. Titles of publications

Do not enclose in quotation marks and capitalize names such as collected works, selected works when these names are used in the meaning of the type of publication: ... in all collected works of M. Yu. Lermontov ...; The publication of selected works of poets is planned. But if we are talking about a specific publication that has such a typical name, then it is written with a capital letter without quotes. AT the full assembly works of A. S. Pushkin, a volume of Selected Works of A. N. Tolstoy.

3.25.6. Foreign books, newspapers and magazines

In the text of the publication in Russian, the names of newspapers and magazines are reproduced in Russian transcription (transliteration), the titles of books - in Russian translation or in transcription (non-translatable titles). Uppercase and lowercase letters are written according to the general rule for the design of names in quotation marks. For example: Al-Ahram, Washington Post and Times Herald, Zemedelsko Znamé, Corriere di Roma, Christian Science Monitor, France Nouvelle, Letras de Ecuador, The New York Times, Di Zeit, Humanite, United States News and Ward Dee Report, Les Misérables, Apuleius' Golden Ass.

Note. Reproduction of the name of a magazine, newspaper, lit. works in the text in the original language are admissible only in those cases when the mention of these names is simultaneously attached to the bibliography. character. It is more expedient, however, in such cases in scientific. publications, indicate next to the transcribed title the title in the original language in parentheses or, if titles are frequently repeated, place a list of titles in the original language, indicating the transcribed title next to each.

3.25.7. Musical works

These names are enclosed in quotation marks and capitalized (the first word and proper nouns) if the genre or type of musical work is not included in the name itself. If the title of a piece of music is a combination of a generic word ( symphony, sonata etc.) with a number or a musical term, it is capitalized but not enclosed in quotation marks. For example: the ballet "The Bronze Horseman", the song "Russian Field", the opera " Queen of Spades”, oratorio “To the Ages of Tradition”, symphony “Jupiter”, sonata “Appassionata”, but: The Seventh Symphony by D. Shostakovich, the Leningrad Symphony, the First Concerto for Piano and Orchestra by P. I. Tchaikovsky, the Second Ballade by Chopin, Suite No. 3, the Quartet in F major were performed.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the names of musical works that coincide with the name of the genre (they are written with a capital letter without quotes: The performer's program included the Concerto by A. Saint-Saens and the Symphony-concert by A. Prokofiev; but: The composer worked for a long time on a piano concerto), and genre designations (written with a lowercase letter: march, elegy, serenade).

3.25.8. Monuments of antiquity

In the names of cathedrals, temples, etc., the first word (if this is not a generic concept) and proper names are written with a capital letter. For example: Saint Isaac's Cathedral, the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Sistine Chapel, the Notre Dame Cathedral, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, St. Basil's Cathedral, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of St. Sophia, the Church of the Savior Nereditsa.

3.25.9. Names of churches and cathedrals with elements San, Santa, Saint

Written with a capital letter through a hyphen. For example: Cathedral of San Marco (Venice), Church of San Francisco, Church of Santa Croce, Sainte-Chapelle.

3.25.10. Titles of works of fine art

Proper names are capitalized and the first word of the name is in quotation marks. For example: bust of Voltaire, monument of Glory, monument to A. S. Pushkin, statue of M. Yu. Lermontov, portrait of L. N. Tolstoy, monument "Mask of Sorrow", "Last Judgment" by Michelangelo, painting "Creation of Adam", "Sistine Madonna" by Raphael , "Girl illuminated by the sun" by V. A. Serov.

In such names of memorial structures and collections of documents as Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Wailing Wall, Mound of Immortality, Book of Memory, with a capital letter they write the first and subsequent words expressing high sacred concepts; but combined Eternal flame- traditionally only the first word.

3.26. Music terms

3.26.1. Keys

Denoted by Russian letters, they are written with a lowercase letter separately ( C major, G minor), and the adjectives formed from them - with a lower case through a hyphen ( C major, G minor); denoted by Latin letters - variously: major ( dur) - capitalized (for example: D major), minor ( mall) - with a lower case (for example: es-moll). In adjectives formed from the names of keys, indicated by Latin letters, Russian case endings are joined through an apostrophe. For example: D-dur "ny, es-moll" ny.

Note. The names of keys in the text are not distinguished, in contrast to the names of musical sounds (it is customary to highlight them in italics: do, re, mi, h, fis).

3.26.2. Names of altered sounds and adjectives formed from them

Written with a lowercase letter through a hyphen. For example: D-flat, G-sharp, G-sharp-minor.

3.27. Nicknames and names of breeds of animals and birds

3.27.1. Names of animals and birds (general rule)

They are written with a capital letter and are not separated by quotation marks. For example: horses Farlaf, Shutter, Biryuk, Sivka, cows Oda, Pestrushka, Mashka, Nymph, bulls Catch 2, Barin Young, Thunderstorm, dogs Fafik, Guess, Polkan, Kashtanka, pigs Novice, Khivrya, boar Tur, cat Murka, cat Snow leopard, Pursh tiger, Sambo elephant, Screamer parrot, magpie Chatterbox.

3.27.2. Names of animals related to their groups

They are written with lowercase, even if they are formed from proper names. For example: Vaskas and murks rushed through the attics; All the mashkas, maruskas, pieds walked along the streets of the village, leaving the smell of milk; sivki and cloaks; bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; balloons and bugs barked loudly.

3.27.3. Breeds of animals and birds

Their names are written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: large cattle - bushuevsky, zebu-shaped, simmental(breed), Swiss, Shorthorn; pigs - alabuzinskaya(breed), Berkshire, Kemerovo tallow; sheep - Azerbaijani mountain merino, bal-baz, Hissar(breed), Caucasian fine-fleece; goats - angora(breed), megrelian; horses - Akhal-Teke(breed), percheron, russian trotter, bityug; chickens - white leghorn, brahma, cochin(breed); geese - Arzamas; ducks - indian runners; cows - kholmogorka; dogs - lapdog, poodle.

3.28. Conventional names of goods and plant varieties

3.28.1. Product names

Conditional names of grocery, perfumery, etc. goods are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. For example: Russian cheese, Little Red Riding Hood sweets, Inspiration chocolate, Baby soap, Marlboro cigarettes.

The names of grocery products in household use are written with a lowercase letter. For example: We bought Poshekhonsky cheese, amateur sausage sandwiches, Borodino bread and fanta..

3.28.2. Conditional names of species and varieties of plants, vegetables, etc.

They are separated by quotation marks and are written with a lowercase letter. For example: strawberries "Victoria", tomato "Joseph the Beautiful", apples "Pepin Lithuanian", plum "Nikolskaya", winter rye "Ulyanovka", cucumbers "Golden Cockerel", "Pirento", watermelon "Rose of the South-East", eggplant "Donetsk fruitful ».

Note. In the special lit. write without quotes with a capital letter the first word after the generic name and proper names. For example: apple tree Grushovka early, pear Michurinskaya beauty, cherry Vladimirskaya, Tula black ogiva, Marlboro raspberry, Nantes carrot, Epicurus potato, Dnepr-521 wheat, Black Prince tulip, Parma violet.

3.28.3. common plant names

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: aloe, antonovka, pansies, belladonna, white filling, valerian, victoria-regia, grapefruit, jute, ivan-da-marya, ivan-tea, Chinese, watercress, fiber flax, tiger lily, marin root, oats, meadow fescue, papirovka, squash, rye, celery, tulip, lemon eucalyptus, barley.

3.29. Wines, mineral waters

3.29.1. Wine varieties

Written with a lowercase letter without quotes. For example: table wines: Bordeaux, Burgundy, Cabernet, Kakhetian, Mukuzani, Napareuli, Riesling, Tsinandali; dessert: Cahors, Madeira, Marsala, Muscat, Port, Tokay, Sherry; sparkling: Don, Russian, champagne and etc.

3.29.2. Conventional brand names of wines

Enclosed in quotation marks, the first word is capitalized. For example: wines "Bull's blood", "Solnechnaya Dolina", port wine "Aige-shat", champagne "Abrau-Durso".

3.29.3. Mineral water

Written with a lowercase letter. For example: Borjomi, Essentuki No. 17, Narzan, Slavyanovskaya.

3.30. Ships, trains, planes, cars

3.30.1. Conditional individual names

Enclosed in quotation marks and capitalized. For example: the armored train "Death to the enemy", the cruiser "Aurora", the icebreaker "Admiral Makarov", the plane "Maxim Gorky", the schooner "Running on the Waves", the express "Red Arrow".

3.30.2. Conditional names denoting the production brands of machines

Enclosed in quotation marks and capitalized. For example: cars - Volga, Zhiguli, Moskvich-412; harvesters - "Sibiryak", "Khersonets-7"; washing machines - "Vyatka", "Eureka"; tractor "Belarus"; refrigerators - Biryusa, Saratov.

3.30.3. Official serial names of aircraft, machines of foreign companies

They are capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks. For example: Boeing 707, Caravel, Leopard 2, Messerschmitt-109, Phantom, Focke-Wulf-18, Heinkel-111, Junkers-88, Opel Omega ”, “Rolls-Royce”, “Jaguar”, “Skoda 1000NB”, “Mercedes E430”.

3.30.4. Informal names of aircraft, cars

These names without digital designations in a non-terminological sense, conveying colloquial speech in writing, are usually written with a lowercase letter in quotation marks. For example: Muscovite, Toyota, Mercedes, Boeing, Phantom, Cadillac, Ford, but: Volga, Oka, Lada, Tavria(coincide with proper names - personal and geographical), with the exception of the name "Zhiguli".

Note. In everyday use, machine names can be used without quotation marks, for example: arrived in an old Muscovite, in a luxurious Cadillac. Without quotes, colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written, for example: Muscovite, Zhiguli, Ford.

3.30.5. Serial designations of machines in the form of initial abbreviations, combined with numbers, or without numbers

Such designations are written without quotes. For example: An-22, BelAZ, V-52, V-1, ZIL-114, GAZ-51, Il-18, KAMAZ, MAZ-500, KhTZ tractor, Tu-104, Yak-9, Su-30.

3.30.6. Space exploration tools

Conventional names are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. For example: geophysical rocket "Vertical-4", artificial Earth satellite "Cosmos-1443", spacecraft "Vostok-2", "Apollo-12", "Shuttle", interplanetary stations "Luna-3", "Venus-7", orbital station "Mir", "Gemini", communication satellite "Molniya-2".

3.30.7. Lists of conditional serial designations

If the text lists in a row several conditional serial designations of machines that differ only in numbers, then it is permissible to use a hanging hyphen. For example: "Mars-5 and -6", "Mars-1, -2, -4, -6", "Apollo-11 and -12", MAZ-500, -503, -504.

3.31. Capital letters in special stylistic usage

3.31.1. Names in the texts of official documents, contracts, etc.

In a special stylistic use, nek is written with a capital letter. common nouns when they seek to convey the special high meaning attributed to them. For example: Homeland, Fatherland, Man, Master, Honor and etc.

3.31.2. Pronouns You and Your

They are capitalized as a form of polite address to one person in official documents, personal letters. For example: Please... We inform you...

When referring to several persons, these pronouns are written with a lowercase letter. For example: dear colleagues, your letter...

With a capital letter, these pronouns are also written in the questionnaires. For example: Where did you live before? Composition of your family.

The use of terminology in defining parts of speech and their varieties is a common thing for philologists. For common man often all sorts of tricky names seem to be something unclear and complicated. Many schoolchildren are not given abstract terms denoting varieties of parts of speech, and they turn to their parents for help. Adults have to look again in textbooks or search for information on the Internet.

Today we will try to tell in a simple and understandable Russian language what proper and common nouns are, how they differ, how to find them and use them correctly in speech and in the text.

What is the part of speech?

Before determining the part of speech in Russian, you need to correctly ask a question to the word and determine what it means. If the word you have chosen matches the questions “who?” or “what?”, but it denotes an object, then it is a noun. This simple truth learn easily even schoolchildren, remember many adults. But the question of whether a proper or common noun is in front of you can already confuse a person. Let's try to figure out what these linguistic definitions mean.

Answer in meaning

All words belonging to the part of speech we are considering are divided into several types and categories according to different criteria. One of the classifications is the division into proper and common nouns. It is not so difficult to distinguish between them, you just need to understand the meaning of the word. If a separate specific person or some single object is called, then it is your own, and if the meaning of the word indicates the common name of many similar objects, persons or phenomena, then you have a common noun.

Let's explain this with examples. The word "Alexandra" is proper because it denotes the name of an individual. The words "girl, girl, woman" are common nouns because they are a common name for all females. The difference becomes clear, but it lies in the meaning.

Names and nicknames

It is customary to classify several groups of words as proper nouns.

The first is the name, patronymic and surname of a person, as well as his nickname or pseudonym. This also includes cat, dog and nicknames of other animals. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Murka, Pushinka, Sharik, Druzhok - these names distinguish one particular creature from others of their own kind. If we pick up a common noun for the same objects, then we can say: a poet, a cat, a dog.

Names on the map

The second group of words are the names of various geographical objects. Let's give examples: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Washington, Neva, Volga, Rhine, Russia, France, Norway, Europe, Africa, Australia. For comparison, let's give a common noun corresponding to the given names: city, river, country, continent.

space objects

The third group includes various astronomical names. These are, for example, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, the solar system, Milky Way. Each of the above names is a proper name, and you can pick up a common noun generalized in meaning to it. Examples of these objects correspond with the words planet, galaxy.

Names and brands

Another group of words that belong to their own are the various names of something - shops, cafes, literary works, paintings, magazines, newspapers, and so on. In the phrase "shop" Magnet "" the first is a common noun, and the second is a proper noun. Let us give more similar examples: the Chocolate Girl cafe, the novel War and Peace, the painting Pond, the Murzilka magazine, the Arguments and Facts newspaper, the Sedov sailboat, the Babaevsky plant, the Gefest gas stove, Consultant Plus system, Chardonnay wine, Napoleon cake, United Russia party, Nika award, Alyonka chocolate, Ruslan plane.

Spelling features

Since proper names indicate a specific single object, marking it from all other similar ones, they also stand out in writing - they are written with a capital letter. Children learn this at the very beginning of schooling: last names, first names, patronymics, symbols on the map, animal names, other names of something are capitalized. Examples: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Vanka, Ivan Kalita, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Novgorod, Angara, Cyprus, Turkey, Australia, Zhuchka, Fluff, Murzik.

There is one more feature of writing proper nouns, it concerns the names of factories, firms, enterprises, ships, periodicals (newspapers and magazines), works of art and literature, feature films, documentaries and other films, performances, cars, drinks, cigarettes and other similar words. Such names are written not only with a capital letter, but also enclosed in quotation marks. In philological science, they are called their own names. Examples: Niva car, Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper, Mayak radio, Ruslan and Lyudmila poem, Chanel perfume, Za Rulem magazine, Troika cigarettes, Fanta drink, Enlightenment publishing house , Abba group, Kinotavr festival.

A proper noun begins with a capital letter, a common noun begins with a lowercase letter. This simple rule often helps a person in determining spelling norms. This rule is easy to remember, but sometimes there are difficulties. As you know, the Russian language is rich in its exceptions to every rule. Such complex cases are not included in the school curriculum, and therefore, in the tasks of the Russian language textbook, even younger students can easily determine by the first letter in a word whether a proper or common noun is in front of them.

Transition of a proper name into a common noun and vice versa

As noted above, a common noun is a generalized name for something. But the Russian language is a living, changing system, and sometimes various transformations and changes take place in it: sometimes common nouns become proper ones. For example: earth - land, Earth - planet solar system. Universal human values, denoted by the common nouns love, faith and hope, have long been female names- Faith Hope Love. In the same way, some animal nicknames and other names arise: Ball, Snowball, etc.

The reverse process also occurs in Russian, when proper nouns become common nouns. So, from the own name of the Italian physicist Volta, the unit of electrical voltage, the volt, was named. The name of the master of musical instruments Saks became a common noun "saxophone". The Dutch city of Bruges gave its name to the word "pants". The names of the great gunsmiths - Mauser, Colt, Nagant - became the names of pistols. And there are many such examples in the language.

I came across a statement that the names of languages ​​(Russian, English, Esperanto, etc.) are proper names, since each of them denotes one specific language. Is it so?

Answer
A very interesting and difficult question. Here is what is said about proper and common nouns in the Russian Grammar.
On the basis of naming an object as an individual or as a representative of a whole class, all nouns are divided into proper and common nouns. Proper nouns (or proper nouns) are words that name individual objects belonging to a class of homogeneous ones, but do not in themselves carry any special indication of this class. Common nouns (or common nouns) are words that name an object according to its belonging to a particular class; accordingly, they designate an object as a carrier of features characteristic of objects of a given class. Note. This difference is certainly true for the opposition of individual words: Petya is a boy, Moscow is a city, Earth is a planet, Zhuchka is a dog. However, the number of proper names belonging to the language, assigned or assigned to objects of the same class, already in itself signals what this class is and, consequently, what common names stand behind these proper names: Petya, Vanya, Grisha, Kolya, Vitya , Misha ... - proper names assigned to men, boys; Moscow, Leningrad, Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan ... - proper names assigned to cities; Bug, Sharik, Bobik, Rex, Jack ... - proper names assigned to dogs. The boundary between proper names and common nouns is inconstant and mobile: common nouns easily become proper names (see § 1125), nicknames and nicknames. Proper names are often used for a generalized designation of homogeneous objects and at the same time become common nouns: Dzhimorda, Donquixote, Don Juan; We all look at Napoleons (Pushk.); Your iconic and strict face hung in chapels in Ryazan (Yesen.); Come to the capital Humbly and smartly Young Yesenins In red cowboy shirts (Smel.).
§ 1124. Among proper names, there are: 1) proper names in the narrow sense of the word and 2) denominations. Proper names in the narrow sense of the word are geographical and astronomical names and names of people and animals. This is a lexically limited and slowly replenished circle of words-names assigned or assigned to one subject. Repetitions here are possible as coincidences (for example, coinciding names of rivers, villages, towns); they are also high-frequency in the system of proper names of persons and animals. Among the names of persons, as a rule, there are no words repeating common nouns. In cases of the type Idea, Era, Helium, Radium, Uranus, Steel (personal names given in the 20s and 30s of the XX century), generalized subject meanings in proper names are weakened, and in old names of this type they are completely lost , for example: Faith, Hope, Love. The composition of the names of persons includes patronymics (names after the name of the father) and surnames (inherited family names).
Note. In fiction, artificial names can be used - individual words (in the stories of A. Green: Assol, Gray, Aigle; in L. Kassil: Count Urodonal Chatelain, Princess Cascara Sagrada) or combinations of words (in N. Aseev: boy Leave Don't Touch and girl in the palm of the eye). The semantic originality of proper names determines the originality of their morphological properties: these words, which serve to individualize the subject, are not used in plural forms. h. Forms pl. hours here are normal for designating different persons and objects that have the same proper name: There are several Svetlanas in one class; There were six Valentines in the orphanage. Plural forms. h. surnames denote, firstly, persons who are among themselves in family, family relations: brothers Zhemchuzhnikovs, spouses Dobrynins, merchants Morozovs, dynasty of steelworkers Kuznetsovs; secondly, persons having the same surname (namesake): Three hundred Ivanovs and two hundred Petrovs live in the city; Both of them are my namesakes: Alexandrov Nikolai Grigorievich (gaz.).
§ 1125 Common nouns or combinations of words are used for proper names. At the same time, the common noun does not lose its lexical meaning, but only changes its function. These are the names: the Izvestia newspaper, the Health magazine, the Hammer and Sickle factory, the Bolshevichka factory, the Lilac perfume. Names can also serve as proper names: the hotel "Moscow", the ship "Ukraine".
Note. In a number of cases, the connection between the meaning of a common noun and its use as a name is very distant or completely absent. But one condition always remains in force: words are not used as a name, the lexical meanings of which may be in conflict with the essence or purpose of the named object. So, a sanatorium cannot bear the name "Ailments", a variety of sweets cannot be called "Salty" (>. A. Nekrasov).

Now back to your question. The words Russian English etc. are not nouns, do not act as nouns and cannot be proper or common nouns (in other words, the whole phrase - a compound name can be proper or common noun). And here is the word Esperanto- noun. And here the question is "proper or common name?" relevant and not easy to answer. Proper names that are not personal names or geographical names are written, as a rule, in quotation marks and with a capital letter, for example: hotel "Zarya". Is it possible to write: language "Esperanto"? (cf.: "Internet" network, but Pascal language). Is it possible to write: language "Russian"? We think not, because adjectives Russian English French etc. are freely used in other phrases in the same sense "peculiar to, belonging to such and such a nation, found among such and such a people", cf .: Russian culture, English breakfast, French bread, German punctuality, Chinese tea. Combinations with the word "language" are on a par with such names. The most surprising thing is that there is no clear boundary here, since proper names with these adjectives are also possible, cf .: bun "French"(in the shop), cake "German" etc.

There is a huge variety of phenomena in the world. For each of them in the language there is a name. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is. When there is a need to name one object from a number of homogeneous ones, then the language has its own names for this.

nouns

Common nouns are such nouns that immediately designate a whole class of objects united by some common features. For example:

• Each water stream can be called in one word - a river.
• Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
• All animals of gray color, large size, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
• Giraffe - any animal with long neck, small horns and tall.

Proper names are nouns that distinguish one object from the entire class of similar phenomena. For example:

• The dog's name is Buddy.
• My cat's name is Murka.
• This river is the Volga.
• The deepest lake is Baikal.

When we know what our own name is, we can perform the following task.

Practice #1

Which nouns are proper nouns?

Moscow; city; Earth; planet; bug; dog; Vlad; boy; radio station; "Lighthouse".

Capital letter in proper nouns

As can be seen from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are written with a capital letter. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written first with a small letter, then with a capital one:

• bird eagle, the city of Oryol, the ship "Eagle";
• strong love, girl Love;
• early spring, lotion "Spring";
• riverside willow, restaurant "Iva".

If you know what your own name is, then it’s easy to understand the reason for this phenomenon: words denoting single objects are capitalized in order to separate them from others of the same kind.

Quotation marks for own names

In order to know how to correctly use quotation marks in your own names, you need to learn the following: proper names, denoting phenomena in the world, created by human hands, stand apart. In this case, quotation marks act as isolation marks:

• newspaper "New World";
• do-it-yourself magazine;
• factory "Amta";
• hotel "Astoria";
• ship "Swift".

The transition of words from common nouns to proper ones and vice versa

It cannot be said that the distinction between the categories of proper names and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common nouns become proper names. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What are your own names? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:

• cream "Spring";
• perfume "Jasmine";
• cinema "Zarya";
• magazine "Worker".

Proper names also easily become generalized names of homogeneous phenomena. Below are our own names, which can already be called common nouns:

• These are my young don Juan!
• We aim at Newtons, but we don’t know the formulas ourselves;
• You are all Pushkins until you write the dictation.

Practice #2

Which sentences contain proper nouns?

1. We decided to meet at the "Ocean".

2. In the summer I swam in the real ocean.

3. Anton decided to give his beloved the perfume "Rose".

4. The rose was cut in the morning.

5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.

6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.

Classification of proper names

It would seem that it is easy to learn what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one object from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:

A number of phenomena	Own names, examples
Names of people, surnames, patronymics	Ivan, Vanya, Ilyushka, Tatyana, Tanechka, Tanyukha, Ivanov, Lysenko, Gennady Ivanovich Belykh, Alexander Nevsky.
Animal names	Bobik, Murka, Dawn, Ryaba, Karyukha, Gray neck.
place names	Lena, Sayans, Baikal, Azov, Black, Novosibirsk.
Names of objects created by human hands	"Red October", "Rot-front", "Aurora", "Health", "Kis-kiss", "Chanel No. 6", "Kalashnikov".

The names of people, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals are animate nouns, and geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how their own names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.

Proper names in the plural

It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is due to the semantics of the studied features of proper names in that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to refer to multiple items as long as they have the same proper name:

The surname can be used in the plural. number in two cases. First, if it denotes a family, people who are related:

• It was customary for the Ivanovs to gather for dinner with the whole family.
• The Karenins lived in St. Petersburg.
• The Zhurbin dynasty had at all a hundred years of experience at a metallurgical plant.

Secondly, if namesakes are called:

• Hundreds of Ivanovs can be found in the registry.
• They are my full namesakes: Grigoriev Alexandra.

- inconsistent definitions

One of the tasks of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language requires knowledge of what your own name is. Graduates are required to establish correspondences between sentences and those allowed in them. One of these is a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an inconsistent application, does not change in cases with the main word. Examples of such proposals grammatical errors are given below:

• Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his poem "The Demon" (the poem "The Demon").
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" (in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov").
• A lot is said and written about the film "Taras Bulba" (About the film "Taras Bulba").

If a proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a defined word, then it can change its form:

• Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his "Demon".
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
• A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.

Practice #3

Which sentences have errors?

1. We stood for a long time at the painting "Barge Haulers on the Volga".

2. In The Hero of His Time, Lermontov sought to uncover the problems of his era.

3. In the "Journal of Pechorin" the vices of a secular person are revealed.

four). The story "Maxim Maksimych" reveals the image of a beautiful person.

5. In his opera The Snow Maiden, Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of mankind.