The first internecine war in Russia began after the death of Prince Svyatoslav: his sons Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir could not share the empty throne of Kyiv. It was not possible to resolve the issue amicably, so it was not possible to avoid fraternal bloodshed. Subsequently, similar stories were repeated repeatedly. About the strife that followed this conflict - in our material.

Sources:

Presnyakov A. E. "Princely Law in Ancient Russia"
Bokhanov A. N., Gorinov M. M.History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century

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The fate of Prince Vladimir was also shared by his children: they were also destined to become participants in the internecine war. The main contenders for the throne of Kyiv were Svyatopolk, who went down in history under the nickname Cursed, and Yaroslav, well known as the Wise. As a result of this conflict, other sons of Vladimir, Boris and Gleb, were killed (later they became the first Russian saints). Svyatopolk fled to Eastern Europe, but did not have time to settle there: he died of an illness.

During the civil strife, Boris and Gleb were killed

By the way, historians do not exclude that Svyatopolk was simply “framed”: Yaroslav himself could give the order to kill Boris and Gleb, who, if you follow this logic, then contributed to the formation of the image of the “cursed” brother. As they say, whoever wins is good.

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Another civil strife began after the death of the Kyiv prince Vsevolod Olgovich. This time the main opponents were Izyaslav Mstislavich and Yuri Vladimirovich, widely known as Dolgoruky. First of all, the war was fought for Kyiv. An end to the irreconcilable struggle was put only when Izyaslav died: only shortly after that, Yuri finally managed to take root on the throne of Kiev.

Yuri Dolgoruky strengthened in Kyiv only after the death of Izyaslav

Also, Yuri Vladimirovich managed to separate Pereyaslavl and Volyn from Kyiv. True, the prince did not rejoice at his achievements for long: he settled in Kyiv in 1155, and already in 1157 he died.

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In 1158, the struggle for reigning again began in Kyiv and other territories. At that time, Izyaslav Davydovich ruled over the "mother of Russian cities", but, as usual, his possessions were not enough for him, and he got involved in the struggle for Galician Principality. This led to the fact that the position of Izyaslav was shaken. Rostislav Mstislavich, Prince of Smolensk, and Mstislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Volyn, turned their eyes to the throne of Kyiv.

Izyaslav Davydovich was killed by black hoods

As a result of the struggle, Izyaslav Davidovich died. During one of the armed clashes, he was killed by black hoods - that was the name of the Turkic mercenaries who served the Russian princes.

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The internecine war of 1094 - 1097 did not have time to end, as it was replaced by a new one. This time the struggle was for the western lands: Terebovl, Volyn, Przemysl. The most striking and, perhaps, the most famous episode of this strife was the blinding of the Terebovl prince Vasilko Rostislavich, described in detail in The Tale of Bygone Years. This happened immediately after the Lyubech Congress of 1097, in which the princes tried to agree on an end to the strife. The result, however, was the opposite.

After the Lyubech Congress, Prince Vasilko was blinded

During the war, the Kyiv prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich managed to achieve the annexation of Volhynia and gave it to his son Yaroslav Svyatopolchich. One of the main participants in this conflict, Davyd Igorevich, who managed to visit both sides of the barricades, was deprived of Volyn with the words: “We don’t want to give you the table of Vladimir, because you threw a knife into us, which has never happened before in the Russian land.” However, in return, Davyd received other lands and even a cash ransom.

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In 1094, the heirs of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, began a struggle for the lands that belonged to their father. At the same time, Svyatoslav had been dead for almost twenty years. At that time, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, also the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, reigned in Kyiv.

The internecine war coincided with the attacks of the Polovtsy

The enmity between the Svyatoslavichs - Oleg, Davyd and Yaroslav - and Svyatopolk, as well as Vladimir Monomakh and other princes, escalated just at the time when southern Russia with difficulty managed to fight off the Polovtsians. In many respects, it was precisely this that contributed to the fact that many of the lands that previously belonged to the patrimony of Svyatoslav, his sons still managed to return, even though during the civil strife they made a lot of strategic mistakes. However, Kyiv still remained with Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

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The third strife in Russia. Vladimir Monomakh

AT 1054 ᴦ. Yaroslav dies, bequeathing Kievan Rus before his death to his three sons - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. Initially, the brothers ruled a triumvirate (jointly, three of them).

AT 1068 ᴦ. in the battle on the Alta River, the Yaroslavich army was defeated Cumans- nomadic tribes - the new enemies of Russia. Khan Sharukhan was at the head of the Polovtsian army. The people of Kiev, seeing the inability of the princes to organize the defense of the capital, demanded that Izyaslav (prince of Kyiv) distribute weapons to them. His refusal provoked a popular uprising. Izyaslav was expelled from Kyiv, and Vseslav, an old enemy of the Yaroslavichs, sat on the throne.

In 1069 ᴦ. Yaroslavichi returned the throne to Izyaslav.

AT 1072 ᴦ. the brothers created the second part of the code of laws - Russian Truth - Truth of the Yaroslavichs. Blood feud replaced with penalty for killing - viroy. The size of the virus depended on social status inhabitant of Russia. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, we receive information about social structure Kievan Rus.

The main layer of the population in Russia - people- free peasants-communes.

Categories of dependent population are represented stinks(people dependent on the prince), and serfs(slaves). Kholops were divided into whitewashed(full) and non-white. The obelnye were absolutely powerless, but it was from among them that officials were often appointed, in particular, tiuns (managers collecting tribute and conducting trade on behalf of princes or boyars) and keykeepers (household rulers). Among the non-whites stand out purchases(debt slaves, ʼʼkupaʼʼ - debt) and Ryadovichi(slaves under the contract, ʼʼrowʼʼ - contract). Slavery in Russia was patriarchal in nature and had little in common with classical ancient slavery.

AT 1073 ᴦ. starts The third strife in Russia- the struggle between the Yaroslavichs for power. The throne is captured by Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, who ruled Kyiv until his own death (1076 ᴦ.). Izyaslav, with the help of Vsevolod, returns to Kyiv. Against the Yaroslavichs, in alliance with the Polovtsy, the son of Svyatoslav Oleᴦ opposes.

1078 ᴦ. - the battle on the Nezhatina field between the Yaroslavichs and Oleg Svyatoslavich. The brothers won, but Izyaslav died.

1078 - 1093 gᴦ. - Board in Kyiv Vsevolod Yaroslavich.

1093 - 1113 gᴦ. - the reign of the son of Izyaslav Svyatopolk, who, like his predecessors, receives power horizontally ( ʼʼstaircaseʼʼ) system of succession to the throne, established after Yaroslav the Wise. Power is not transferred from father to son, but ʼʼ to the eldest in the clan ʼʼ - the next brother in seniority, and then the eldest of the nephews.

AT 1097 rᴦ. on the initiative of the Pereyaslav prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (grandson of Yaroslav the Wise), a congress of princes gathered in Lyubech. Objectives of the congress:

1. Termination of strife.

2. Organization of campaigns against the Steppe (against the Polovtsians).

The princes agreed on joint campaigns. Οʜᴎ took place in 1103 - 1111 ᴦ. The campaign of 1111 - was called ʼʼ Crusade against the steppeʼʼ. The leader of the campaigns is Vladimir Monomakh.

To stop the strife, the princes established new principle organization of power in Russia: ʼʼ Every time to keep your fatherlandʼʼ, ᴛ.ᴇ. the princes were invited to rule their own estates without looking back at Kyiv. This decision formally proclaimed feudal fragmentation, but did not contribute to the cessation of strife. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich was actively engaged in pitting the princes against each other.

AT 1113 ᴦ. Svyatopolk died and an uprising broke out in Kyiv against usurers and salt speculators, whom he supported. Only Vladimir Monomakh, invited to the throne, managed to calm the rebels.

Vladimir events:

1. ʼʼUstav Vladimir Monomakhʼʼ ( ʼʼCharter about cutsʼʼ) is an addition to Russian Pravda. Together with the Truth of Yaroslav and the Truth of the Yaroslavichs, which made up the first - Brief- the edition of Russian Pravda, the Charter forms the second - Spacious. The ʼʼCharterʼʼ restricted the arbitrariness of usurers. Purchases received permission to leave their owners to work.

2. Campaigns against the Polovtsians are organized. Οʜᴎ are not destroyed, but are forced to enter into an alliance with the Russian princes.

3. Created literary work– ʼʼInstruction for childrenʼʼ - the first political treatise in Russia.

The colossal authority of Vladimir Monomakh ( 1113 – 1125 gᴦ.) and his son Mstislav the Great (1125 - 1132 gᴦ.) still allowed to maintain the integrity of Kievan Rus, but with 1132 ᴦ. feudalism begins.

Section 2. Feudal fragmentation in Russia

Causes feudal fragmentation in Russia:

1. The dominance of natural economy and, as a result, weak economic ties between the regions of the state.

2. Strengthening of individual principalities, the rulers of which no longer want to obey the Kyiv prince. Constant strife.

3. The strengthening of feudal estates and the growth of boyar separatism.

4. Strengthening trading cities that did not want to pay tribute to a single ruler.

5. Lack of strength external enemies, for the fight against which a united army led by a single ruler would be required.

6. Variegated ethnic composition of Kievan Rus.

The meaning of feudal fragmentation:

1. Conditions have been created for the original socio-economic and political development of certain regions of the country.

2. There is a flourishing of cities, confirming the given Russia in Western Europe name - Gardarika - the country of cities.

3. The formation of the three great East Slavic peoples begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Old Russian language has existed since the 13th century.

4. The defense capability of the Russian lands has sharply weakened.

5. There is an increase in princely strife.

Features of feudal fragmentation:

1. Unlike Medieval Europe, there was no generally recognized political center (capital) in Russia. The throne of Kyiv quickly fell into decay. At the beginning of the XIII century, Vladimir princes began to be called Great.

2. The rulers in all the lands of Russia belonged to the same dynasty.

When the process of unification of the Russian lands begins, these features will lead to a tense struggle between individual principalities for the status of the capital of a single state. In most other European states there was no question of choosing the capital (France - Paris, England - London, etc.).

During the period of feudal fragmentation, against the backdrop of numerous, constantly diminishing destinies, several lands acquired a very special significance.

First of all, this ancient land Krivichi and Vyatichi, located in the north-east of Russia. Due to the low fertility of the lands, the colonization of these areas began only at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries, when the population moved here from the south, fleeing the raids of nomads and the oppression of patrimonial boyars. Late colonization also led to a later charm (in the middle of the 12th century), in connection with this, a strong boyar opposition did not have time to form in North-Eastern Russia by the beginning of fragmentation. In this region, the Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal) state arose with a strong princely power.

1132 – 1157 rᴦ. - the reign of the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky. Remaining a prince of the old school, he continued the struggle for the throne of the grand duke, clearly overestimating its importance. He managed to conquer Kyiv twice in 1153 and 1155. Poisoned by Kievan boyars. In connection with his name, Tula (1146ᴦ.) and Moscow ( 1147 ᴦ.)

1157 – 1174 rᴦ. - the reign of the son of Yuri Andrei Bogolyubsky. He abandoned the struggle for the throne of Kyiv and waged active internecine wars. 1164 ᴦ. - a trip to Bulgaria. In honor of the victory and in memory of his son, he built the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Nerl ( 1165g.). In 1169 ᴦ. took Kyiv, but did not rule there, but subjected it to demonstrative ruin. Moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir.
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He was distinguished by suspicion and cruelty, for which he was killed by servants.

From 1174 to 1176. - the reign of Mikhail Yurievich.

1176 – 1212 rᴦ. - the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. common ancestor almost all future princes - hence the nickname. Under him, the state reached its peak, but collapsed shortly after his death. It was under Vsevolod that the throne of Vladimir acquires the status of a grand-ducal one (1212 ᴦ.), later the headquarters of the metropolitan was transferred to Vladimir. Known for his great prestige among his contemporaries. Author of ʼʼThe Tale of Igor's Campaignʼʼ ( 1187 ᴦ.) wrote about Vsevolod that his squad could ʼʼ scoop the Don with helmets, and splash the Volga with oarsʼʼ.

In completely different conditions was the southwestern, Galicia-Volyn Rus. The mild climate and fertile lands have always attracted a mass of agricultural population here. At the same time, this flourishing land was constantly subjected to raids by neighbors - Poles, Hungarians, nomadic steppe dwellers. In addition, due to early charm, a strong boyar opposition formed early here.

Initially, the Galician and Volyn principalities existed as independent states. In an effort to stop the boyar strife, the rulers of these lands, especially Yaroslav Osmomysl Galitsky, more than once tried to unite them. This problem has only been solved in 1199 ᴦ. Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich. After his death in 1205 ᴦ. power in the principality was seized by the boyars, who soon turned it into a series of small, warring appanages. Only in 1238 ᴦ. son and heir of Roman Daniel ( Daniel Galitsky) returned power and became one of the most powerful Russian princes - Daniel became the only prince in Russia to whom the Pope sent the royal crown.

To the north of the Vladimir-Suzdal land was the vast Novgorod land. The climate and soils here were even less suitable for agriculture than in the northeast. But the ancient center of these lands - Novgorod - was located at the beginning of one of the most important trade routes of that time - ʼʼfrom the Varangians to the Greeksʼʼ (ᴛ.ᴇ. from Scandinavia to Byzantium). The ancient trade route went like this: from the Baltic - to the Neva, then - to Lake Ladoga, then - along the Volkhov River (through Novgorod), - to Ilmen Lake, from there - to the Lovat River, then - by drag, to the Dnieper, and from there - to the Black Sea. Proximity trade route turned Novgorod into one of the most important shopping centers Medieval Europe.

Successful trading and the absence of strong external enemies (and, therefore, the absence of extreme importance in their own princely dynasty) led to the formation of a special state system in Novgorod - feudal (aristocratic) republic. The date of the beginning of the republican period of its history is considered to be 1136 ᴦ. - the uprising of the Novgorodians against the grandson of Monomakh Vsevolod Mstislavich. The main role in this state was played by a layer of Novgorod boyars.
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Unlike the boyars in other lands, the Novgorod ones were not related to the squad, but were descendants of the tribal nobility of the Ilmen Slavs.

supreme body power in Novgorod was a veche - a meeting of the richest boyars (ʼʼthree hundred golden beltsʼʼ), ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ decided critical issues and elected senior officials: posadnik who judged and ruled Novgorod, thousandth, who headed the tax system and the militia; masters y - bishop (later - archbishop) - who led the white clergy, was in charge of the treasury and foreign policy, as well as archimandrite- the head of the black clergy. The prince was called to Novgorod. The functions of the prince were limited: the city needed him as a commander of a squad and a formal recipient of tribute from the Novgorod lands. Any attempt by the prince to interfere in the internal affairs of Novgorod inevitably ended in his exile.

The third strife in Russia. Vladimir Monomakh - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Third strife in Russia. Vladimir Monomakh" 2017, 2018.

Civil strife is internal strife, a war between people living in the same territory.

Kievan Rus from the 9th to the 11th century quite often faced internecine wars; the cause of princely strife was the struggle for power.

The largest princely civil strife in Russia

• The first civil strife of the princes (late 10th - early 11th century). The enmity of the sons of Prince Svyatoslav, caused by their desire to achieve independence from the authorities of Kyiv.
• Second civil strife (early 11th century). The enmity of the sons of Prince Vladimir for power.
• Third civil strife (second half of the 11th century). Enmity between the sons of Prince Yaroslav the Wise for power.

The first civil strife in Russia

Old Russian princes had a tradition of starting a large number of children, which was the reason for subsequent disputes over the right to inherit, since the rule of inheritance from father to eldest son did not exist then. After the death of Prince Svyatoslav in 972, he left three sons who had the right to inherit.

• Yaropolk Svyatoslavich - he received power in Kyiv.
• Oleg Svyatoslavich - received power on the territory of the Drevlyans
• Vladimir Svyatoslavich - received power in Novgorod, and later in Kyiv.

After the death of Svyatoslav, his sons received sole power in their lands and now they could manage them as they saw fit. Vladimir and Oleg wanted to gain complete independence for their principalities from the will of Kyiv, so they launched the first campaigns against each other.

Oleg was the first to speak, on his orders in the lands of the Drevlyans, where Vladimir ruled, the son of the governor Yaropolk, Seneveld, was killed. Upon learning of this, Seneveld decided to take revenge and forced Yaropolk, whom he had big influence, go with his army to his brother Oleg.

977 - the beginning of the civil strife of the sons of Svyatoslav was laid. Yaropolk attacked Oleg, who was not prepared, and the Drevlyans, together with their prince, were forced to retreat from the borders to the capital, the city of Ovruch. As a result, during the retreat, Prince Oleg died - he was crushed by the hooves of one of the horses. The Drevlyans began to obey Kyiv. Prince Vladimir, having learned about the death of his brother and the beginning of a family feud, runs to the Varangians.

980 - Vladimir returns to Russia together with the Varangian army. As a result of battles with the troops of Yaropolk, Vladimir managed to recapture Novgorod, Polotsk and move towards Kyiv.

Yaropolk, having learned about his brother's victories, convenes advisers. One of them persuades the prince to leave Kyiv and hide in the city of Rodnya, but later it becomes clear that the adviser is a traitor - he conspired with Vladimir and sent Yaropolk to the starving city. As a result, Yaropolk is forced to enter into negotiations with Vladimir. He goes to a meeting, however, upon arrival, he dies at the hands of two Varangian warriors.

Vladimir becomes prince in Kyiv and rules there until his death.

The second civil strife in Russia

In 1015, Prince Vladimir, who had 12 sons, dies. started new war for power between the sons of Vladimir.

1015 - Svyatopolk becomes prince in Kyiv, having killed his own brothers Boris and Gleb.

1016 - the struggle between Svyatopolk and Yaroslav the Wise begins.

Yaroslav, who reigned in Novgorod, gathered a detachment of Varangians and Novgorodians and moved to Kyiv. After a bloody battle near the city of Lyubech, Kyiv was captured and Yaroslav was forced to retreat. However, the feud didn't end there. In the same year, Yaroslav gathered an army, with the support of the Polish prince, and recaptured Kyiv, driving Yaroslav back to Novgorod. A few months later, Svyatopolk was again expelled from Kyiv by Yaroslav, who gathered a new army. This time, Yaroslav forever became a prince in Kyiv.

The third civil strife in Russia

Another civil strife began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. Grand Duke died in 1054, which provoked civil strife between the Yaroslavichs.

Yaroslav the Wise, fearing another enmity, himself distributed the lands among his sons:

• Izyaslav - Kyiv;
• Svyatoslav - Chernihiv;
• Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl;
• Igor - Vladimir;
• Vyacheslav - Smolensk.

1068 - Despite the fact that each of the sons had his own inheritance, they all disobeyed the will of their father and wanted to claim power in Kyiv. Having replaced each other several times as the Kyiv prince, power finally went to Izyaslav, as Yaroslav the Wise bequeathed.

After the death of Izyaslav and until the 15th century, princely strife occurred in Russia, but never again the struggle for power was so large-scale.

History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Events. Dates Anisimov Evgeniy Viktorovich

The first strife in Russia

The first strife in Russia

Before leaving Kyiv for the Danube, Svyatoslav ordered the fate of his three sons. The eldest, Yaropolk, he left in Kyiv; the middle one, Oleg, was sent to reign in the land of the Drevlyans, and the youngest, Vladimir (Voldemar), was planted in Novgorod. So, Yaropolk Svyatoslavich was in power in Kyiv. But soon strife began between the brothers. In 977, Yaropolk, on the advice of Sveneld, attacked Oleg Drevlyansky, and he died in a battle near the city of Ovruch - he was thrown from a bridge into a ditch and crushed there by his cavalry soldiers falling from above. The younger, young brother Vladimir, having learned about Yaropolk's speech against Oleg and fearing for his life, fled to Scandinavia.

It was a time of still close ties that ruled Russia Varangian kings with the ancestral home. In the scientific literature of the XX century. sought to "slavify" the Vikings as early as possible, to unite them with the local Slavic nobility. This process, of course, went on, but much more slowly than some historians would like. For a long time, the Russian elite was bilingual - hence the double Slavic-Scandinavian names: Oleg - Helg, Igor - Ingvar, Svyatoslav - Sfendisleif, Malusha - Malfred. For a long time, the Varangians who came from Scandinavia found refuge in Kyiv before their raids on Byzantium and others. southern countries. More than once or twice, Russian princes, who abandoned the Scandinavian name "khakan", fled to the homeland of their ancestors - to Scandinavia, where they found help and support among relatives and friends.

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Before leaving Kyiv for the Danube, Svyatoslav ordered the fate of his three sons. The eldest, Yaropolk, he left in Kyiv; the middle one, Oleg, was sent to reign in the land of the Drevlyans, and the youngest, Vladimir (Voldemar), was planted in Novgorod. So, Yaropolk Svyatoslavich was in power in Kyiv. But soon strife began between the brothers. In 977, Yaropolk, on the advice of Sveneld, attacked Oleg Drevlyansky, and he died in a battle near the city of Ovruch - he was thrown from a bridge into a ditch and crushed there by his cavalry soldiers falling from above. The younger, young brother Vladimir, having learned about Yaropolk's speech against Oleg and fearing for his life, fled to Scandinavia.

It was a time of still close ties between the Varangian kings who ruled Russia and the homeland of their ancestors. In the scientific literature of the XX century. sought to "slavify" the Vikings as early as possible, to unite them with the local Slavic nobility. This process, of course, went on, but much more slowly than some historians would like. For a long time, the Russian elite was bilingual - hence the double Slavic-Scandinavian names: Oleg - Helg, Igor - Ingvar, Svyatoslav - Sfendisleif, Malusha - Malfred. For a long time, the Varangians, who came from Scandinavia, found shelter in Kyiv before their raids on Byzantium and other southern countries. More than once or twice, Russian princes, who abandoned the Scandinavian name "khakan", fled to the homeland of their ancestors - to Scandinavia, where they found help and support among relatives and friends.

980 - Seizure of power by Vladimir Svyatoslavich

The fugitive Vladimir did not stay long in Scandinavia. With the Varangian squad hired there in 980, he moved to Kyiv, sending a messenger ahead, who conveyed to Yaropolk: “Vladimir is coming at you, get ready to fight him!” Such was the then noble custom of declaring war. Previously, Vladimir wanted to get Polotsk as an ally, where the Varangian Rogvolod then ruled. To do this, Vladimir decided to intermarry with him by marrying the daughter of Rogvolod Rogneda, who, however, was already considered the bride of Prince Yaropolk. Rogneda proudly answered the ambassadors of Vladimir that she would never go for the son of a slave (Vladimir was indeed born from the slave of Princess Olga, the housekeeper Malusha). Revenging for this humiliation, Vladimir attacked Polotsk, killed Rogvolod and his two sons, and took Rogneda as his wife by force. She became one of the many wives of Vladimir, who had a large harem. The chronicler claims that there were 800 women in Vladimir's harem, while the prince was distinguished by immeasurable lasciviousness: he grabbed other people's wives and corrupted girls. But he married Rogneda for political reasons. According to legend, subsequently Rogneda, offended by Vladimir's many years of inattention to her, wanted to kill the prince, but he managed to grab a knife brought over him.

Soon, Vladimir, at the head of a mighty Varangian squad, easily captured Kyiv. Yaropolk, on the other hand, turned out to be inexperienced in business, becoming a toy in the hands of his advisers. One of them, named Fornication, treacherously advised the prince to flee from fortified Kyiv, and then surrender to the mercy of the winner, which he did. Another adviser to the prince, named Varyazhko, persuaded him not to believe Vladimir and to flee to the Pechenegs. But the prince did not heed the advice of Varyazhko, for which he paid the price: “And Yaropolk came to Vladimir, when he entered the door, two Varangians raised him with swords under their bosoms,” as the chronicler notes. And the insidious Fornication at that time held the door so that Yaropolk's retinue would not interfere with fratricide. With the campaign of Yaropolk against Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir against Yaropolk, a long history of fratricide in Russia begins, when the thirst for power and boundless ambition drowned out the call of native blood and the voice of mercy.