• metal certificate: about the center. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC standardization objects
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Work on international cooperation in the field of electrical engineering began in 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity was convened. In 1904, at a meeting of government delegates to the International Congress on Electricity in St. Louis (USA), it was decided that it was necessary to create a special body dealing with the standardization of terminology and parameters of electrical machines.
The formal creation of such a body - the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) - took place in 1906 in London at a conference of representatives of 13 countries.
The areas of activity of ISO and IEC are clearly demarcated - the IEC is engaged in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrumentation, ISO - in all other industries.
IEC official languages are English, French and Russian.
The objectives of the IEC, according to its Charter, is to promote international cooperation in solving issues of standardization and related problems in the field of electrical engineering and radio electronics.
The main task of the commission is to develop international standards in this area.
The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees of countries are represented (Fig. 4.2). The elected officials are the President (elected for a three-year term), Vice President, Treasurer and General Secretary. The Council meets annually at its meetings in turn in various countries and considers all issues of the IEC's activities, both technical, and administrative and financial. The Council has a financial committee and a consumer goods standardization committee.
Under the IEC Council, an Action Committee has been established, which, on behalf of the Council, considers all issues. The Action Committee is accountable for its work to the Council and submits its decisions to it for approval. Its functions include: control and coordination of the work of technical committees (TC), identification of new areas of work, resolution of issues related to the application of IEC standards, development of methodological documents for technical work, cooperation with other organizations.
The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from countries and proceeds from the sale of International Standards.
The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as that of ISO: technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG). In general, more than 80 TCs have been created in the IEC, some of which develop international standards of a general technical and intersectoral nature (for example, committees on terminology, graphic images, standard voltages and frequencies, climatic tests, etc.), and the other - standards for specific types of products (transformers , electronic products, household radio-electronic equipment, etc.).
The procedure for the development of IEC standards is governed by its Constitution, Rules of Procedure and General Directives for Technical Work.
Currently, more than two thousand IEC international standards have been developed. IEC standards are more complete than ISO standards in terms of the presence of technical requirements for products and methods of testing them. This is explained by the fact that safety requirements are leading in the requirements for products within the scope of the IEC, and the experience accumulated over many decades makes it possible to more fully address standardization issues.
IEC International Standards are more acceptable for use in member countries without revision.
IEC standards are developed in technical committees or subcommittees. The IEC Rules of Procedure establish the procedure for the development of IEC standards, which is identical to the procedure for the development of ISO standards.
IEC standards are advisory in nature, and countries have complete independence in matters of their application at the national level (except for countries that are members of the GATT), but they become mandatory if products enter the world market.
The main objects of IEC standardization are materials used in electrical engineering (liquid, solid and gaseous dielectrics, magnetic materials, copper, aluminum and its alloys), electrical equipment for general industrial purposes (motors, welding machines, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, switchgears, drives, cables, etc.), electric power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers), electronic industry products (discrete semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards and circuits), household and industrial electronic equipment , power tools, electrical and electronic equipment used in certain industries and in medicine.
One of the leading directions of standardization in the IEC is the development of terminological standards.
)The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was founded in 1906 as a result of the decision of the International Electrotechnical Congress in St. Louis (USA, 1904), i.e. long before the formation of ISO, and is one of the oldest and most respected non-governmental scientific and technical organizations. The founder and first president of the IEC was the famous English physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). IEC unites more than 60 economically developed and developing countries.
The main purpose of the IEC, as defined by its Constitution, is to promote international cooperation in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, including electronics, magnetism and electromagnetism, electroacoustics, multi-media, telecommuting, power generation and distribution, and related general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility, measurements, safety and environmental protection.
The main tasks of the IEC are:
- effectively meet the requirements of the global market;
- guarantee the primacy and maximum use of its standards and compliance schemes around the world;
- evaluate and improve the quality of products and services through the development of new standards;
- create conditions for the interaction of complex systems;
- promote the efficiency of industrial processes;
- contribute to activities to improve human health and safety;
- contribute to environmental protection activities.
To implement the main tasks, the IEC publishes international standards - publications. National and regional organizations are encouraged to use the publications in their standardization work, which greatly improves the efficiency and development of world trade. The IEC is one of the bodies recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO - World Trade Organization), whose normative documents are used as the basis for national and regional standards in order to overcome technical barriers to trade. IEC standards form the core of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers.
The IEC has two forms of active participation in international standardization work. These are full members - National Committees with full voting rights, and - Partners - National Committees of countries with limited resources, with limited voting rights. Associate members have observer status and may participate in all IEC meetings. They do not have the right to vote. As of July 1, 2001, the national committees of 51 countries were full members of the IEC, the national committees of 4 countries were partners, and 9 countries had the status of associate members. The USSR participated in the work of the IEC since 1921, its successor was the Russian Federation, which is represented by the State Standard of Russia. From 1974 to 1976, a representative of the USSR, Professor V.I. Popkov. The Lord Kelvin Prize, awarded for outstanding contribution to the development of standardization in the field of electrical engineering, was awarded in 1997 to V.N. Otrokhov, a representative of the State Standard of Russia.
The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, which is the General Assembly of the National Committees of the participating countries. The executive and advisory bodies, as well as senior managers - the President, Assistant to the President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer and Secretary General participate in the management of the work of the IEC.
The Council determines IEC policy and long-term strategic and financial objectives. The Council is a legislative body that meets once a year. The executive body governing all the work of the IEC is the Board of the Council. It prepares documents for Council meetings; considers the proposals of the Action Committee and the Board of the conformity assessment body; establishes, if necessary, advisory bodies and appoints their chairmen and members. The Board of the Council meets for its meetings at least three times a year.
There are four advisory governance committees at the disposal of the Council Board:
- The President's Advisory Committee on Future Technologies, whose task is to inform the President of the IEC about new technologies that require preliminary or immediate standardization work;
- Marketing Committee;
- Commercial Policy Committee;
- Finance Committee.
The functions of managing the development of standards, including the creation and dissolution of technical committees, relations with other international organizations, are assigned to the Action Committee.
The Action Committee coordinates the work of:
- Boards of three sectors: on the equipment of substations with high voltage, industrial automation systems and infrastructures of remote communication systems;
- 200 technical committees and subcommittees, 700 working groups;
- four technical advisory committees: on electronics and remote communication (ACET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Telecommunications), safety (ACOS - Advisory Committee on Safety), electromagnetic compatibility (ACEC - Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility), on environmental aspects (ACEA - Advisory Committee on Environmental Aspects), whose task is to coordinate work to include the necessary requirements in IEC standards.
The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from member countries and proceeds from the sale of published documents.
The main activity of the IEC is the development and publication of international standards and technical reports. International standards in the field of electrical engineering serve as the basis for national standardization and as recommendations in the preparation of international proposals and contracts. IEC publications are bilingual (English and French). The National Committee of the Russian Federation prepares Russian-language publications. The official IEC languages are English, French and Russian.
The IEC recognizes the need to develop international standards based on market demand in light of rapidly changing technologies and shortening product life cycles. IEC reduces development time for standards while maintaining their quality.
For the development of standards in various fields of activity of the IEC, technical committees (TCs) are responsible, in which national committees interested in the work of a particular TC take part. If the technical committee finds that the scope of its work is too broad, subcommittees (SCs) are organized with narrower themes of action. For example, TK 36 "Insulators", PK 36V "Insulators for the air network", PK 36C "Insulators for substations".
The IEC is a key organization in the preparation of international standards for information technology. A joint technical committee for information technology - JTC 1 (JTC 1), formed in 1987 in accordance with an agreement between IEC and ISO, works in this area. JTC1 has 17 subcommittees whose work covers everything from software to languages
programming, computer graphics and image processing, equipment interconnection and security methods.
The preparation of new IEC standards is based on several stages.
At the preliminary stage (IEC - PAS - publicly available specification), the need to develop a new standard is determined, its duration is no more than two months.
Offer stage. New development proposals are made by industry representatives through national committees. No more than three months are allotted for the study of proposals in the technical committees. If the result is positive and at least 25 percent of the committee members commit to actively participate in the work, this proposal is included in the program of work of the technical committee.
The preparatory stage consists in the development of a working draft of the standard (WD - working draft) within the working group.
At the technical committee stage, the document is presented to the National Committees for comment as a technical committee draft (CD).
Request stage. Before being accepted for approval, a bilingual committee draft for vote (CDV) is provided to all National Committees for approval. The duration of this stage is not more than five months. This is the last stage where technical comments can be taken into account. A CDV is approved if more than two thirds of the members of the technical committee voted for it and the number of negative votes does not exceed 25 percent. If the document is intended to become a technical specification rather than an international standard, the revised version is sent to the central office for publication. Four months are allotted for the development of the final draft of the international standard (FDIS - final draft international standard). If the CDV is approved by all members of the technical committee, it is sent to the central office for publication without the FDIS stage.
approval stage. The final draft International Standard is submitted for a period of two months to National Committees for approval. FDIS is approved if more than two-thirds of the National Committees vote for it and the number of negative votes does not exceed 25 percent. If the document is not approved, it is sent to the technical committees and subcommittees for review.
IEC international standards are based on multilateral conformity assessment schemes that reduce trade barriers caused by different product certification criteria in different countries; reduce the cost of testing equipment at the national level while maintaining an appropriate level of safety; Reduce time to market for products. IEC conformity assessment and product certification schemes are intended to confirm that a product meets the criteria of international standards, including those of the ISO 9000 series. The Board of the IEC conformity assessment body coordinates:
- Systems for assessing the quality of electronic components (IECQ - IEC Quality assessment system for electronic components);
- Systems for conformity testing and certification of electrical equipment (IECEE - IEC System for conformity testing and certification of electrical equipment);
- Certification schemes for electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres (IECEx - IEC Scheme for Certification to Standards for safety of electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres).
The IEC cooperates with many international organizations. The cooperation between the IEC and ISO is of the greatest importance.
Taking into account the commonality of the tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplicating the activities of individual technical bodies, an agreement was concluded between these organizations in 1976 aimed at both delimiting the scope of activities and coordinating these activities. Many documents have been adopted jointly by ISO and IEC, including ISO/IEC Guide 51 "General requirements for the presentation of safety issues in the preparation of standards". This guide discusses issues related to the integration of safety requirements into developing international standards.
The established ISO/IEC Joint Technical Advisory Committee sends proposals to the ISO Technical Steering Bureau and the IEC Action Committee to eliminate duplication in the activities of both organizations and resolve contentious issues.
In the future, the activities of IEC and ISO will gradually converge. At the first stage, this is the development of uniform rules for the preparation of MS, the creation of joint TCs.
At the second stage - a possible merger, since most of the countries are represented in ISO and IEC by the same bodies - national standards organizations.
ISO, IEC and ITU, whose fields of activity in the field of standardization complement each other, form an integral system of voluntary international technical agreements. These agreements, published as IS or Recommendations, are designed to help ensure technology interoperability around the world. Their introduction can give additional weight to both large and small businesses in all sectors of economic activity, in particular in the field of trade development. International agreements developed within the framework of ISO, IEC and ITU facilitate trade without borders.
7.4. Activities of the Secretariat on internationalstandardization of Gosstandart of Russia,www. gost. en
According to the Standardization Rules "Organization and conduct of work on international standardization in the Russian Federation" (PR 50.1.008-95), Gosstandart of Russia is a national standardization body and represents the Russian Federation in international, regional organizations engaged in standardization activities, including :
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO);
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC);
- Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (in the UNECE Working Party on Standardization Policies);
- CEN and SENELEC in accordance with the ISO Agreement with CEN and IEC with SENELEC.
Gosstandart of Russia organizes work on international standardization in the Russian Federation in accordance with the Charter and Rules of Procedure of the above organizations, as well as taking into account the fundamental state standards of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation.
The main objectives of international and regional scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization are:
- harmonization of the state standardization system of the Russian Federation with international and regional standardization systems;
- improvement of the fund of domestic normative documentation on standardization based on the application of international and regional standards and other international documents on standardization;
- assistance in improving the quality of domestic products, their competitiveness in the world market and the elimination of technical barriers to trade;
- protection of Russia's economic interests in the development of international and regional standards;
- promotion of mutual recognition of the results of certification of products and services at the international and regional levels.
Gosstandart of Russia carries out activities on international and regional standardization (hereinafter referred to as international standardization) in close cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Russian TCs for standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific and technical and other public associations .
Organizational and technical work on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the National Secretariat for International Standardization of the State Standard of Russia (hereinafter referred to as the National Secretariat).
The National Secretariat is managed by a division of the All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization (VNIIStandart) of the State Standard of Russia for international cooperation in the field of standardization.
The main tasks of the National Secretariat are:
- organizational and methodological support and coordination of activities for international standardization in the Russian Federation;
- accounting and control over the timely and high-quality fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations engaged in standardization activities;
- providing representatives of the Russian Federation in international organizations with information on the results of the activities of the governing and technical bodies, international organizations and on the activities carried out by the Russian Federation through international organizations for standardization;
- implementation of measures to improve the forms and methods of activity of representatives of the Russian Federation in the technical departments of international organizations;
- participation in the preparation and holding of meetings, seminars and meetings of representatives of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations;
- promotion of ideas and achievements of international standardization in the Russian Federation.
Direct work on the preparation of documents on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by Russian TCs on standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific and technical and other public associations.
Organizations that are executors of work on international standardization in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as executing organizations) participate in the development of draft international standards, the formation and presentation of the position of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations in accordance with the Directives for the technical work of ISO / IEC, as well as Rules for standardization of the Russian Federation.
Implementing organizations in the technical bodies of international organizations carry out the following work:
- prepare and through the State Standard of Russia (National Secretariat) send to the technical bodies of international organizations proposals for the development of new standards, revision and amendments to existing international standards;
- take part in the preparation of draft international standards;
- conduct, on behalf of the State Standard of Russia, the secretariats of the ISO and IEC technical bodies assigned to the Russian Federation;
- form and prepare terms of reference and other documents for the delegations of the Russian Federation to meetings of the technical bodies of ISO and IEC and coordinate them with the State Standard of Russia (Ministry of Construction of Russia);
- organize meetings of the technical bodies of ISO, IEC and UNECE in the Russian Federation;
- prepare proposals for the application of international standards in the Russian Federation, including those containing references to other international standards.
Implementing organizations conduct work at the preliminary stages of developing international standards (stages 1, 2, 3 of the ISO / IEC Technical Work Directives) directly in Russian standardization TCs, which, with the permission of the State Standard of Russia, can carry out correspondence on these issues independently.
If Gosstandart of Russia is the lead developer of an international standard project, the Russian TC for standardization appoints a project development manager and informs Gosstandart of Russia about this. The project development manager organizes and is responsible for the preparation, approval and timely submission of a draft international standard to the technical bodies of international organizations.
Implementing entities responsible for reporting on a draft International Standard, upon receipt (in English and/or French), shall:
- organize the translation of the draft international standard into Russian and send it for conclusion to interested organizations;
- ensure responsible storage of a control copy of the translation of the draft international standard for the purpose of its use at the last stages of work;
- organize consideration of the draft international standard in the manner established for draft state standards of the Russian Federation in accordance with GOST R 1.2;
- prepare a draft conclusion of the State Standard of Russia on the draft international standard.
The final position of the Gosstandart of Russia on the technical content of the draft international standard is formed by the implementing organizations at stage 3 of the "draft committee" of the "Guidelines for the technical work of ISO / IEC".
For voting on a draft international standard received from the central body of an international organization after its consideration in the manner established for consideration of the final version of the draft GOST R, the implementing organization sends the following documents to the State Standard of Russia:
- translation of the draft international standard into Russian;
- draft conclusion of the State Standard of Russia on the draft international standard.
The cover letter must contain the results of consideration of the draft international standard at a meeting of the TC or technical meetings of the enterprise (organization), proposals for the application of the international standard in the Russian Federation, information on the presence or absence of a similar Russian standard or other regulatory document.
Gosstandart of Russia considers the documents and makes the final decision on voting on the draft international standard. A voting ballot for a draft International Standard, drawn up in accordance with the ISO/IEC Technical Work Guidelines, is sent to the central authority of the relevant international organization.
Gosstandart of Russia, after receiving an officially published international standard from the central body of an international organization, carries out:
- publication of information about officially published international standards in the monthly information index "State Standards" (IUS);
- clarification of the translation of the international standard into Russian;
- publishing information about completed translations;
- transfer of the original of the received international standard to the Federal Standards Fund of the State Standard of Russia;
- ensuring the publication of translations of the international standard officially published by an international organization in Russian and its submission to the central body of international organizations.
The distribution of the international standard officially published by an international organization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the State Standard of Russia.
The application of the international standard in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the requirements established by GOST R 1.0 and GOST R 1.5.
The International Electrotechnical Commission was established in 1906 at an international conference attended by 13 countries most interested in such an organization. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering is considered to be 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity took place. Later, in 1904, government delegates to the Congress decided that a special organization was needed to standardize the parameters of electrical machines and terminology in this area.
After the Second World War, when ISO was created, the IEC became an autonomous organization within it. But organizational, financial issues and objects of standardization were clearly separated. IEC is engaged in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, and instrumentation. These areas are outside the scope of ISO .
Most of the IEC member countries are represented in it by their national standardization organizations (Russia is represented by the State Standard of the Russian Federation), in some countries special committees for participation in the IEC have been created that are not part of the structure of national standardization organizations (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, etc. ).
The representation of each country in the IEC takes the form of a national committee. IEC members are more than 40 national committees, representing 80% of the world's population, which consume more than 95% of the electricity produced in the world. IEC official languages are English, French and Russian.
The main purpose of the organization, which is defined by its Charter- promotion of international cooperation on standardization and related problems in the field of electrical and radio engineering through the development of international standards and other documents.
The National Committees of all countries form the Council, the highest governing body of the IEC. The annual meetings of the Council, which are held alternately in different member countries of the IEC, are devoted to solving the whole range of issues related to the activities of the organization. Decisions are made by a simple majority of votes, and the president has the right to vote, which he exercises in the event of an equal distribution of votes.
The main coordinating body of the IEC is the Action Committee. In addition to its main task - coordinating the work of technical committees - the Action Committee identifies the need for new areas of work, develops methodological documents that ensure technical work, participates in resolving issues of cooperation with other organizations, and performs all the tasks of the Council.
Advisory groups operate under the authority of the Action Committee, which the Committee has the right to create if there is a need for coordination on specific problems of the activities of the TC. Thus, two advisory groups have divided the development of safety standards among themselves: the Advisory Committee on. on electrical safety (AKOS) coordinates the actions of about 20 TCs and PCs on electrical household appliances, radio-electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc., and the Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications (ACET) deals with other standardization objects. In addition, the Action Committee considered it expedient to organize the Coordinating Group for Electromagnetic Compatibility (CGEMS), the Coordinating Group for Information Technology (CGIT) and the Working Group on Coordination of Dimensions (Fig. 11.2) to more effectively coordinate the work on the creation of international standards.
The structure of the IEC technical bodies that directly develop international standards is similar to ISO: these are technical committees (TC), subcommittees (PC) and working groups (WG). 15-25 countries participate in the work of each TC. France, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands lead the largest number of TC and PC secretariats. Russia maintains six secretariats.
International IEC standards can be divided into two types: general technical, which are intersectoral in nature, and standards containing technical requirements for specific products. The first type includes regulatory documents on terminology, standard voltages and frequencies, various types of tests, etc. The second type of standards covers a huge range from household electrical appliances to communication satellites. Every year more than 500 new topics on international standardization are included in the IEC program.
The main objects of IEC standardization:
Materials for the electrical industry (liquid, solid, gaseous dielectrics, copper, aluminum, their alloys, magnetic materials);
Electrical equipment for industrial purposes (welding machines, motors, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, cables, etc.);
Electric power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers);
Electronic industry products (integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards, etc.);
Electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes;
power tools;
Equipment for communication satellites;
Terminology.
IEC has adopted over 2,000 international standards. In terms of content, they differ from ISO standards in greater specificity: they set out the technical requirements for products and methods of testing them, as well as safety requirements, which is relevant not only for IEC standardization objects, but also for the most important aspect of conformity assessment - certification for compliance with the requirements of standards on security. To ensure that this area is of current importance in international trade, the IEC develops specific international standards for the safety of specific products. In view of the foregoing, as practice shows, IEC International Standards are more suitable for direct application in member countries than ISO standards.
Attaching great importance to the development of international safety standards, ISO, together with the IEC, adopted ISO/IEC Guide 51 "General requirements for the presentation of safety issues in the preparation of standards". It notes that safety is such an object of standardization, which manifests itself in the development of standards in many different forms, at different levels, in all areas of technology and for the vast majority of products. The essence of the concept of "safety" is interpreted as providing a balance between the prevention of the danger of causing physical harm and other requirements that the product must satisfy. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that absolute safety practically does not exist, therefore, even being at the highest level of safety, products can only be relatively safe.
In the manufacture of products, safety decisions are usually based on risk calculations and safety assessments. Risk assessment (or establishing the likelihood of harm) is based on accumulated empirical data and scientific research. The assessment of the degree of safety is associated with a probable level of risk, and safety standards are almost always set at the state level (in the EU - through Directives and technical regulations; in the Russian Federation - so far by the mandatory requirements of state standards). Usually, the safety standards themselves are influenced by the level of socio-economic development and education of society. The risks depend on the quality of the project and the production process, and, to no lesser extent, on the conditions of use (consumption) of the product.
Based on this concept of safety, ISO and IEC believe that safety will be facilitated by the application of international standards that specify safety requirements. This may be a standard that is exclusively related to the field of safety or contains safety requirements along with other technical requirements. When preparing safety standards, both the characteristics of the standardization object that can have a negative impact on humans, the environment, and methods for establishing safety for each product characteristic are identified. But The main purpose of standardization in the field of security is to seek protection against various types of dangers. The scope of the IEC includes: injury hazard, electric shock hazard, technical hazard, fire hazard, explosion hazard, chemical hazard, biological hazard, equipment radiation hazard (sound, infrared, radio frequency, ultraviolet, ionizing, radiation, etc.).
The procedure for developing an IEC standard is similar to that used by ISO. On average, they work on a standard for 3-4 years, and often it lags behind the pace of product innovation and the emergence of new products on the market. In order to reduce the time, the IEC practices the publication of a Technical Orienting Document (TOD) adopted under the short procedure, containing only the idea of a future standard. It is valid for no more than three years and is canceled after the publication of the standard created on its basis.
An accelerated development procedure is also applied, relating, in particular, to shortening the voting cycle, and, more effectively, expanding the re-issuance of normative documents adopted by other international organizations or national standards of member countries into IEC international standards. Technical means also contribute to the acceleration of work on the creation of a standard: an automated system for monitoring the progress of work, the Teletext information system, organized on the basis of the Central Bureau. More than 10 National Committees have become users of this system.
As part of the IEC, the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) has a somewhat special status, which standardizes methods for measuring radio interference emitted by electronic and electrical devices. Permissible levels of such interference are subject to direct technical legislation in almost all developed countries. Certification of such devices is carried out for compliance with CISPR standards.
Not only national committees, but also international organizations participate in CISPR: the European Broadcasting Union, the International Radio and Television Organization, the International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy, the International Conference on Large Electrical Systems, the International Union of Railways, the International Union of Public Transport, the International Union on electrothermy. The International Committee on Radiocommunication and the International Civil Aviation Organization participate as observers in the work of the committee. CISPR develops both regulatory and informational international documents:
international standards of technical requirements, which regulate the methods for measuring radio interference and contain recommendations for the use of measuring equipment;
reports, in which the results of scientific research on CISPR problems are presented.
International standards have the greatest practical application, which establish technical requirements and limit levels of radio interference for various sources: motor vehicles, pleasure craft, internal combustion engines, fluorescent lamps, televisions, etc.
With the development of digital technologies, manufacturers of electrical equipment did not stand aside. Despite the presence of the international ISO classification, in Russia the European standard IEC 61850 was used, which is responsible for substation systems and networks.
A bit of history
The development of computer technology has not bypassed the power grid control system. The IEC 61850 standard, which is generally accepted today, was originally introduced in 2003, although attempts to introduce systems on this basis were made as early as the 60s of the last century.
Its essence is reduced to the use of special protocols for managing electrical networks. Based on them, the functioning of all networks of this type is now being monitored.
If earlier the main attention was paid exclusively to the modernization of computer systems that control the electric power industry, then with the introduction of rules, standards, protocols in the form of IEC 61850, the situation has changed. The main task of this GOST was to ensure monitoring in order to timely identify malfunctions in the operation of the relevant equipment.
IEC 61850 protocol and equivalents
The protocol itself began to be most actively used in the mid-80s. Then, as the first tested versions, modifications of IEC 61850-1, IEC 60870-5 versions 101, 103 and 104, DNP3 and Modbus were used, which turned out to be completely untenable.
And it was the initial development that formed the basis of the modern UCA2 protocol, which was successfully applied in Western Europe in the mid-90s.
How it works
Dwelling on the issue of functioning, it is worth explaining what the IEC 61850 protocol is for "dummies" (people who are just learning the basics of working and understanding the principles of communicating with computer technology).
The bottom line is that a microprocessor chip is installed at the substation or power plant, which allows you to transfer data on the state of the entire system directly to the central terminal that performs the main control.
But, as practice shows, these systems are quite vulnerable. Have you watched American movies when in one of the episodes the power supply to the whole block is turned off? Here it is! Power grid management based on the IEC 61850 protocol can be coordinated from any external source (it will be clear later why). In the meantime, consider the basic system requirements.
Standard R IEC 61850: requirements for communication systems
If earlier it was assumed that the signal should be transmitted using a telephone line, today the means of communication have stepped far ahead. The built-in chips are capable of transmitting at the level of 64 Mbps, being completely independent of providers providing standard connection services.
If we consider the IEC 61850 standard for dummies, the explanation looks quite simple: the power unit chip uses its own data transfer protocol, and not the generally accepted TCP / IP standard. But that's not all.
The standard itself is the IEC 61850 secure communication protocol. In other words, connecting to the same internet, wireless network, etc. is done in a very specific way. The settings, as a rule, involve proxy server settings, since it is precisely these (even virtual ones) that are the most secure.
General scope
It is clear that according to the requirements that GOST IEC 61850 sets, it will not work to install equipment of this type in an ordinary transformer box (there is simply no place for a computer chip).
Such a device will not work with all the desire. It needs at least an initial I/O system akin to BIOS, as well as an appropriate communication model for data transfer (wireless network, wired secure connection, etc.).
But in the control center of the general or local power grid, you can access almost all the functions of power plants. As an example, although not the best one, we can cite the film "The Core" (The Core), when a hacker prevents the death of our planet by destabilizing the energy source that feeds the "backup" version of the promotion
But this is pure fantasy, rather even a virtual confirmation of the requirements of IEC 61850 (although this is not directly stated). However, even the most primitive IEC 61850 emulation looks exactly like this. But how many disasters could have been avoided?
The same 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, if diagnostic tools were installed on it that corresponded to at least IEC 61850-1, might not have exploded. And since 1986, it remains only to reap the fruits of what happened.
Radiation - it is such that it acts covertly. In the first days, months or years, they may not appear, not to mention the half-lives of uranium and plutonium, which few people pay attention to today. But the integration of the same into the power plant could significantly reduce the risk of staying in this zone. By the way, the protocol itself allows you to transfer such data at the hardware and software level of the involved complex.
Modeling technique and conversion to real protocols
For the simplest understanding of how, for example, the IEC 61850-9-2 standard works, it is worth saying that no iron wire can determine the direction of the transmitted data. That is, you need an appropriate repeater capable of transmitting data on the state of the system, and in encrypted form.
Receiving a signal, as it turns out, is quite simple. But in order for it to be read and decrypted by the receiving device, you have to sweat. In fact, to decode an incoming signal, for example, based on IEC 61850-2, at the initial level, you need to use visualization systems like SCADA and P3A.
But based on the fact that this system uses wired communications, GOOSE and MMS are considered the main protocols (not to be confused with mobile messages). The IEC 61850-8 standard performs such a conversion by sequentially using MMS first and then GOOSE, which ultimately allows displaying information using P3A technologies.
Basic types of substation configuration
Any substation using this protocol must have at least a minimum set of means for data transmission. First, it concerns the physical device itself connected to the network. Secondly, each such aggregate must have one or more logical modules.
In this case, the device itself is capable of performing the function of a hub, gateway, or even a kind of intermediary for transmitting information. The logical nodes themselves have a narrow focus and are divided into the following classes:
- "A" - automated control systems;
- "M" - measurement systems;
- "C" - telemetric control;
- "G" - modules of general functions and settings;
- "I" - the means of establishing communication and the methods used for archiving data;
- "L" - logical modules and system nodes;
- "P" - protection;
- "R" - related protective components;
- "S" - sensors;
- "T" - measuring transformers;
- "X" - block-contact switching equipment;
- "Y" - power type transformers;
- "Z" - everything else that is not included in the above categories.
It is believed that the IEC 61850-8-1 protocol, for example, is able to provide less use of wires or cables, which, of course, only positively affects the ease of equipment configuration. But the main problem, as it turns out, is that not all administrators are able to process the received data, even with the appropriate software packages. Hopefully this is a temporary issue.
Application software
Nevertheless, even in a situation of misunderstanding of the physical principles of the operation of programs of this type, IEC 61850 emulation can be performed on any operating system (even a mobile one).
It is believed that management personnel or integrators spend much less time processing data coming from substations. The architecture of such applications is intuitive, the interface is simple, and all processing consists only in the introduction of localized data, followed by automatic output of the result.
The disadvantages of such systems include, perhaps, the overestimated cost of P3A equipment (microprocessor systems). Hence the impossibility of its mass application.
Practical use
Until then, everything stated in relation to the IEC 61850 protocol concerned only theoretical information. How does it work in practice?
Let's say we have a power plant (substation) with a three-phase power supply and two measuring inputs. When defining a standard logical node, the name MMXU is used. For the IEC 61850 standard, there can be two: MMXU1 and MMXU2. Each such node can also contain an additional prefix to simplify identification.
An example is a simulated node based on XCBR. It is identified with the application of some basic operators:
- Loc - definition of local or remote location;
- OpCnt - method for counting performed (performed) operations;
- Pos - operator responsible for location and similar to Loc parameters;
- BlkOpn - switch blocking disable command;
- BlkCls - enable blocking;
- CBOPCap - selection of the switch operation mode.
Such a classification to describe CDC data classes is mainly used in modification 7-3 systems. However, even in this case, the configuration is based on the use of several features (FC - functional restrictions, SPS - state of a single control point, SV and ST - properties of substitution systems, DC and EX - description and extended parameter definition).
Regarding the definition and description of the SPS class, the logical chain includes the properties stVal, the quality - q, and the parameters of the current time - t.
Thus, the data is transformed by Ethernet connection technologies and TCP / IP protocols directly into the MMS object variable, which is then identified with the assigned name, which leads to the true value of any indicator currently involved.
In addition, the IEC 61850 protocol itself is only a generalized and even abstract model. But on its basis, a description of the structure of any element of the power system is made, which allows microprocessor chips to accurately identify each device involved in this area, including those that use energy-saving technologies.
Theoretically, the protocol format can be converted to any data type based on the MMS and ISO 9506 standards. But why was the IEC 61850 control standard chosen then?
It is associated solely with the reliability of the received parameters and the easy process of working with the assignment of complex names or models of the service itself.
Such a process without using the MMS protocol turns out to be very time consuming even when generating requests like “read-write-report”. No, of course, you can make this type of conversion even for the UCA architecture. But, as practice shows, it is the use of the IEC 61850 standard that allows you to do this without much effort and time.
Data verification issues
However, this system is not limited to transmission and reception. In fact, embedded microprocessor systems allow data exchange not only at the level of substations and central control systems. They can, with the appropriate equipment, process data among themselves.
The example is simple: an electronic chip transmits data on current or voltage in a critical area. Accordingly, any other voltage drop-based subsystem can enable or disable the auxiliary power system. All this is based on the standard laws of physics and electrical engineering, however, it depends on the current. For example, our standard voltage is 220 V. In Europe it is 230 V.
If you look at the deviation criteria, in the former USSR it is +/- 15%, while in developed European countries it is no more than 5%. It is not surprising that branded Western equipment simply fails only due to voltage drops in the mains.
And probably, it is not necessary to say that many of us observe in the yard a building in the form of a transformer booth, built back in the days of the Soviet Union. Do you think it is possible to install a computer chip there or connect special cables to obtain information about the state of the transformer? That's it, it's not!
New systems based on the IEC 61850 standard allow full control of all parameters, however, the obvious impossibility of its widespread implementation repels the relevant services like Energosbytov in terms of using protocols of this level.
There is nothing surprising in this. Companies that distribute electricity to consumers may simply lose their profits or even privileges in the market.
Instead of total
In general, the protocol, on the one hand, is simple, and on the other, very complex. The problem is not even that today there is no corresponding software, but that the entire control system for the electric power industry, inherited from the USSR, is simply not prepared for this. And if we take into account the low qualification of the service personnel, then there can be no question that someone is able to control or fix problems in a timely manner. How are we supposed to do it? Problem? We de-energize the neighborhood. Only and everything.
But the use of this standard allows you to avoid this kind of situations, not to mention any rolling blackouts.
Thus, it remains only to draw a conclusion. What does the use of the IEC 61850 protocol bring to the end user? In the simplest sense, this is an uninterrupted power supply with no voltage drops in the network. Note that if an uninterruptible power supply unit or a voltage stabilizer is not provided for a computer terminal or laptop, a surge or surge can cause an instant shutdown of the system. Okay, if you need to restore at the software level. And if the RAM sticks burn out or the hard drive fails, what then to do?
This, of course, is a separate subject for research, however, the standards themselves, now used in power plants with the appropriate hardware and software diagnostic tools, are able to control absolutely all network parameters, preventing situations with the appearance of critical failures that can lead not only to breakdown of household appliances , but also to the failure of all home wiring (as you know, it is designed for no more than 2 kW at a standard voltage of 220 V). Therefore, including at the same time a refrigerator, a washing machine or a boiler for heating water, think a hundred times how justified it is.
If these protocol versions are enabled, the subsystem settings will be applied automatically. And to the greatest extent this concerns the operation of the same 16-ampere fuses that residents of 9-story buildings sometimes install on their own, bypassing the services responsible for this. But the price of the issue, as it turns out, is much higher, because it allows you to bypass some of the restrictions associated with the above standard and its accompanying rules.
4. International Electrotechnical Commission IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission iec)
Goals, objectives and objects of IEC standardization
ISO's largest standardization partner is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, IEC). The beginning of cooperation in the field of electrical engineering dates back to 1881, when the 1st International Congress on Electricity took place.
On September 15, 1904, the delegates of the congress held in St. Louis (USA) decided to create a special organization for the standardization of terminology and parameters of electrical machines.
In June 1906 in London (England) the official opening of the head office of the organization took place with the participation of representatives of 13 countries of the world.
By 1914, four technical committees were formed that dealt with the terminology, designation and evaluation of the parameters of electrical machines.
Activity IEC aims at standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and related areas of industrial production.
The main goal and task IEC are to promote international cooperation in matters of standardization and unification in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and related areas of industrial production through the development and implementation of international standards and standardization documents, including the development and publication of relevant technical literature.
To main objects of standardization IEC include:
Materials for the electrical industry (for example, dielectrics, magnetic materials, etc.);
Electrical equipment for industrial purposes (for example, welding machines, lighting equipment, etc.);
Electric power equipment (for example, steam and hydraulic turbines, generators, transformers, etc.);
Products of the electronic industry (for example, integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.);
Electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes;
power tools;
Equipment for communication satellites;
Terminology.
As of 2012, the IEC includes national standards bodies 82 countries of the world, incl. 60 countries - member committees.
Organizational structure of the IEC
The organizational structure of the IEC is shown in Figure 3.
Within the organizational structure of the IEC, the highest governing body is Advice IEC, consisting of National Committees of all countries. The annual meetings of the Council are held alternately in different member countries of the IEC. Decisions in the IEC are taken by a simple majority vote, but the president has a casting vote in the event of an equal distribution of votes.
IEC Coordinating Body - Action Committee , whose main task is to coordinate the work of the technical committees of the organization. The Action Committee determines the priority areas of work in the field of standardization; develops methodological documents that provide technical work; participates in solving issues of cooperation with other international and regional organizations, performs tasks of the IEC Council.
The Action Committee is subordinate to 5 technical advisory committees on security aspects:
- ASO S (AKOS) - for security;
- ASTE L (ASTEL) – on telecommunications (telecommunications);
-BUT C E C (AKEK) – according to electromagnetic compatibility;
-CISPR (CISPR) – international ad hoc committee on radio interference;
-ASEA ( ACEA ) – on aspects of the environment;
- ASTA D (AKTAD) - for the transmission and distribution of electricity.
The activities of these advisory committees are aimed at seeking protection against various types of risks (hazards), for example, fire hazard, explosion hazard, electric shock hazard, chemical and biological hazard, equipment radiation hazard (sound, infrared, ultraviolet, radiation, etc.). .).
A With OS is responsible for coordinating and managing work in the field of electrical equipment safety. The Advisory Committee is composed of members appointed by the Action Committee and members of the relevant technical committees.
ASTE L supervises the work of technical committees in the field of telecommunications, explains the scope of their activities, gives recommendations on the development of new standards and their application. The advisory committee includes chairmen and secretaries of technical committees dealing with issues in the field of telecommunications. This committee exchanges information between the IEC and the International Telecommunication Union and coordinates the work on the development of international standards and documents for similar standardization objects in order to avoid their duplication.
BUT C E C coordinates the work of technical committees in the field of electromagnetic compatibility. The Committee is attended by individual members, members CISPR and members of TC 77 Electromagnetic Compatibility.
Back to main activities CISPR relate:
Protection of radio equipment from various types of radio interference;
Development of methods for measuring radio interference and related equipment;
Characterization of interference from various sources and determination of their limit values (for example, interference from industrial, scientific and medical radio-frequency equipment, high-voltage equipment, radio receivers, electrical household appliances, etc.);
CISPR also takes part in the development of safety regulations in terms of requirements for the suppression of electrical equipment interference.
The special committee includes representatives of IEC national committees and other international organizations dealing with the problems of reducing radio interference in various types of electrical products.
Note - 8 subcommittees are involved in the development of international standards and normative documents on standardization. CISPR , as well as such international organizations as the International Organization of Radio and Television, the International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy, the International Unions of Railways and Public Transport, etc.
ASTA D deals with issues related to the transmission and distribution of electricity, incl. identifies market needs for the development of new standards, identifies technologies in need of standardization, and makes recommendations to IEC technical committees to improve their work with SMEs.
ACEA considers aspects related to environmental protection, coordinates and coordinates the activities of IEC technical committees in order to avoid duplication of their work on environmental issues in the development of international standards. This advisory committee makes recommendations on the inclusion of environmental requirements in the standards being developed, and also deals with issues of environmental labeling and declaration of electrical products. ASEA is updating the IEC Guide 109:2012 “Environmental Matters. Inclusion in the standards for electrical products” and gives advice on its application.
Council IEC are subject to 4 management committees:
- PACT – Presidential Advisory Board on Future Technologies ( President’ s advisory Committee on future technology);
- MC - marketing committee Marketing Committee);
- SPC - trade policy committee Sales Policy Committee);
- CDF - finance committee finance committee).
Technical committees, subcommittees and working groups are directly involved in the development and adoption of international standards.
As of 2012, IEC has 94 TCs and 80 PC. More than 10,000 specialists are involved in the development of international standards and other IEC publications.
The official languages for issuing international standards and IEC documents are: English, French and Russian.
IEC standards are numbered from 60000 to 79999.
Example IEC international standard designations: