Spectra of UV radiation. The positive effect of UV radiation on the human body. Indications for physiotherapy

Ultraviolet radiation Prepared by 11th grade student Vyacheslav Yumaev

Ultraviolet radiation - electromagnetic radiation invisible to the eye, occupying the region between the lower limit of the visible spectrum and the upper limit of X-ray radiation. The wavelength of UV - radiation lies in the range from 100 to 400 nm (1 nm = 10 m). According to the classification of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the UV spectrum is divided into three ranges: UV-A - long-wave (315 - 400 nm.) UV-B - medium-wave (280 - 315 nm.) UV-C - short-wave (100 - 280 nm.) The entire UV region is conditionally divided into: - near (400-200nm); - distant or vacuum (200-10 nm).

Properties: High chemical activity, invisible, high penetrating power, kills microorganisms, in small doses has a beneficial effect on the human body: sunburn, UV rays initiate the formation of vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium by the body and ensuring the normal development of the bone skeleton, ultraviolet is active affects the synthesis of hormones responsible for the daily biological rhythm; but in large doses it has a negative biological effect: changes in cell development and metabolism, effects on the eyes.

Spectrum of UV radiation: line (atoms, ions and light molecules); consists of bands (heavy molecules); Continuous spectrum (appears during deceleration and recombination of electrons).

Discovery of UV radiation: Near UV radiation was discovered in 1801 by the German scientist N. Ritter and the English scientist W. Wollaston on the photochemical effect of this radiation on silver chloride. Vacuum UV radiation was discovered by the German scientist W. Schumann using a vacuum spectrograph with a fluorite prism built by him and gelatin-free photographic plates. He was able to register short-wave radiation up to 130 nm. N. Ritter W. Wollaston

Features of UV radiation Up to 90% of this radiation is absorbed by atmospheric ozone. For every 1000m increase in altitude, UV levels increase by 12%.

Application: Medicine: the use of UV - radiation in medicine is due to the fact that it has a bactericidal, mutagenic, therapeutic (therapeutic), antimitotic, preventive action, disinfection; laser biomedicine Showbiz: Lighting, lighting effects

Cosmetology: In cosmetology, ultraviolet irradiation is widely used in solariums to obtain an even, beautiful tan. Deficiency of UV rays leads to beriberi, decreased immunity, weak functioning of the nervous system, and the appearance of mental instability. Ultraviolet radiation has a significant effect on phosphorus-calcium metabolism, stimulates the formation of vitamin D and improves all metabolic processes in the body.

Food industry: Disinfection of water, air, premises, containers and packaging by UV radiation. It should be emphasized that the use of UV radiation as a physical factor influencing microorganisms can provide environmental disinfection in a very high degree, for example up to 99.9%.

Forensics: Scientists have developed technology to detect the smallest doses of explosives. The device for detecting traces of explosives uses the thinnest thread (it is two thousand times thinner than a human hair), which glows under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, but any contact with explosives: trinitrotoluene or other explosives used in bombs stops its glow. The device detects the presence of explosives in the air, in water, on tissue and on the skin of suspects in a crime. Use of invisible UV inks to protect bank cards and banknotes from forgery. Images, design elements that are invisible in ordinary light, or make the entire map glow in UV rays are applied to the card.

Sources of UV radiation: emitted by all solid bodies, in which t > 1000 C, as well as luminous mercury vapor; stars (including the Sun); laser installations; discharge lamps with quartz tubes (quartz lamps), mercury; mercury rectifiers

Protection against UV radiation: The use of sun screens: - chemical ( chemical substances and topping creams) - physical (various barriers that reflect, absorb or scatter rays). Special clothing (for example, made from poplin). To protect the eyes in production conditions, light filters (glasses, helmets) made of dark green glass are used. Full protection against UV radiation of all wavelengths is provided by flint glass (glass containing lead oxide) with a thickness of 2 mm.

Thank you for your attention!

The energy of the Sun is electromagnetic waves, which are divided into several parts of the spectrum:

• x-rays - with the shortest wavelength (below 2 nm);
• the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is from 2 to 400 nm;
• the visible part of the light that is captured by the eye of humans and animals (400-750 nm);
• warm oxidizing (over 750 nm).

Each part finds its use and has great importance in the life of the planet and all its biomass. We will consider what rays are in the range from 2 to 400 nm, where they are used and what role they play in people's lives.

History of the discovery of UV radiation

The first mentions refer to XIII century in the descriptions of a philosopher from India. He wrote about the invisible violet light that he discovered. However, the technical capabilities of that time were clearly not enough to confirm this experimentally and study it in detail.

It was possible five centuries later, a physicist from Germany, Ritter. It was he who conducted experiments on silver chloride on its decay under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. The scientist saw that this process was faster not in that region of the world, which had already been discovered by that time and was called infrared, but in the opposite one. It turned out that this is a new area, still not explored.

Thus, in 1842, ultraviolet radiation was discovered, the properties and application of which subsequently underwent a thorough analysis and study by various scientists. A great contribution to this was made by such people as: Alexander Becquerel, Warsawer, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin and others.

general characteristics

What is the application of which today is so widespread in various branches of human activity? First, it should be noted that this light appears only at very high temperatures from 1500 to 2000 0 C. It is in this range that UV reaches its peak activity in terms of exposure.

By physical nature, this is an electromagnetic wave, the length of which varies over a fairly wide range - from 10 (sometimes from 2) to 400 nm. The entire range of this radiation is conditionally divided into two areas:

1. near spectrum. It reaches the Earth through the atmosphere and the ozone layer from the Sun. Wavelength - 380-200 nm.
2. Far (vacuum). It is actively absorbed by ozone, air oxygen, atmospheric components. It is possible to explore only with special vacuum devices, for which it got its name. Wavelength - 200-2 nm.

There is a classification of species that have ultraviolet radiation. Properties and application finds each of them.

1. Near.
2. Further.
3. Extreme.
4. Average.
5. Vacuum.
6. Long wavelength black light (UV-A).
7. Shortwave germicidal (UV-C).
8. Medium wave UV-B.

Each species has its own wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, but they are all within the general limits already indicated earlier.

UV-A, or the so-called black light, is interesting. The fact is that this spectrum has a wavelength of 400-315 nm. This is on the border with visible light, which the human eye is able to capture. Therefore, such radiation, passing through certain objects or tissues, is capable of moving into the region of visible violet light, and people distinguish it as black, dark blue or dark purple.

The spectra produced by ultraviolet radiation sources can be of three types:

• ruled;
• continuous;
• molecular (band).

The first are characteristic of atoms, ions, gases. The second group is for recombination, bremsstrahlung radiation. Sources of the third type are most often encountered in the study of rarefied molecular gases.

Sources of ultraviolet radiation

The main sources of UV rays fall into three broad categories:

• natural or natural;
• artificial, man-made;
• laser.

The first group includes the only type of concentrator and emitter - the Sun. It is the celestial body that gives the most powerful charge of this type of waves, which are able to pass through and reach the surface of the Earth. However, not in its entirety. Scientists put forward the theory that life on Earth originated only when the ozone screen began to protect it from excessive penetration of harmful UV radiation in high concentrations.

It was during this period that protein molecules, nucleic acids and ATP became able to exist. Until today, the ozone layer enters into close interaction with the bulk of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, neutralizing them and preventing them from passing through. Therefore, protection from ultraviolet radiation of the entire planet is exclusively his merit.

What determines the concentration of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the Earth? There are several main factors:

• ozone holes;
• height above sea level;
• solstice height;
• atmospheric dispersion;
• the degree of reflection of rays from earth's natural surfaces;
• cloud vapor state.

The range of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the Earth from the Sun ranges from 200 to 400 nm.

The following sources are artificial. These include all those devices, devices, technical means, which were designed by man to obtain the desired spectrum of light with given wavelength parameters. This was done in order to obtain ultraviolet radiation, the use of which can be extremely useful in various fields of activity. Artificial sources include:

1. Erythema lamps that have the ability to activate the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This prevents and cures rickets.
2. Devices for solariums, in which people get not only a beautiful natural tan, but are also treated for diseases that occur when there is a lack of open sunlight (the so-called winter depression).
3. Attractant lamps that allow you to fight insects indoors safely for humans.
4. Mercury-quartz devices.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminous devices.
7. Xenon lamps.
8. gas discharge devices.
9. High temperature plasma.
10. Synchrotron radiation in accelerators.

Another type of source is lasers. Their work is based on the generation of various gases - both inert and not. Sources can be:

• nitrogen;
• argon;
• neon;
• xenon;
• organic scintillators;
• crystals.

More recently, about 4 years ago, a free electron laser was invented. The length of ultraviolet radiation in it is equal to that observed in vacuum conditions. UV laser suppliers are used in biotechnology, microbiological research, mass spectrometry and so on.

Biological effects on organisms

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on living beings is twofold. On the one hand, with its deficiency, diseases can occur. This became clear only at the beginning of the last century. Artificial irradiation with special UV-A in the required norms is capable of:

• activate the immune system;
• cause the formation of important vasodilating compounds (histamine, for example);
• strengthen the musculoskeletal system;
• improve lung function, increase the intensity of gas exchange;
• affect the speed and quality of metabolism;
• increase the tone of the body by activating the production of hormones;
• increase the permeability of the walls of blood vessels on the skin.

If UV-A enters the human body in sufficient quantities, then it does not develop diseases such as winter depression or light starvation, and the risk of developing rickets is also significantly reduced.

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the body is of the following types:

• bactericidal;
• anti-inflammatory;
• regenerating;
• painkiller.

These properties largely explain the widespread use of UV in medical institutions any type.

However, in addition to these benefits, there are negative sides. There are a number of diseases and ailments that can be acquired if you do not get enough or, on the contrary, take the considered waves in excess.

1. Skin cancer. This is the most dangerous exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Melanoma can form with excessive influence of waves from any source - both natural and man-made. This is especially true for lovers of tanning in the solarium. In everything, measure and caution are necessary.
2. Destructive effect on the retina of the eyeballs. In other words, a cataract, pterygium, or sheath burn may develop. The harmful excessive effects of UV on the eyes have been proven by scientists for a long time and confirmed by experimental data. Therefore, when working with such sources, you should observe. On the street, you can protect yourself with the help of dark glasses. However, in this case, you should be wary of fakes, because if the glasses are not equipped with UV-repellent filters, then the destructive effect will be even stronger.
3. Burns on the skin. In the summer, they can be earned if long time uncontrollably expose yourself to UV. In winter, you can get them because of the peculiarity of the snow to reflect these waves almost completely. Therefore, irradiation occurs both from the side of the Sun and from the side of snow.
4. Aging. If people are exposed to UV for a long time, then they begin to show signs of skin aging very early: lethargy, wrinkles, sagging. This is due to the fact that the protective barrier functions of the integument are weakened and violated.
5. Impact with consequences over time. Contained in manifestations negative impacts not in young age but closer to old age.

All of these results are consequences of misdosing UV, ie. they occur when the use of ultraviolet radiation is carried out irrationally, incorrectly, and without observing safety measures.

Ultraviolet radiation: application

The main areas of use are based on the properties of the substance. This is also true for spectral wave radiation. So, the main characteristics of UV, on which its application is based, are:

• high level chemical activity;
• bactericidal effect on organisms;
• the ability to cause the luminescence of various substances different shades, visible to the eye human (luminescence).

This allows wide use of ultraviolet radiation. Application is possible in:

• spectrometric analyses;
• astronomical research;
• medicine;
• sterilization;
• disinfection of drinking water;
• photolithography;
• analytical study of minerals;
• UV filters;
• for catching insects;
• to get rid of bacteria and viruses.

Each of these areas uses a specific type of UV with its own spectrum and wavelength. Recently, this type of radiation has been actively used in physical and chemical research (determination electronic configuration atoms, crystal structure of molecules and various compounds, work with ions, analysis of physical transformations on various space objects).

There is another feature of the effect of UV on substances. Some polymer materials able to decompose under the influence of an intense constant source of these waves. For example, such as:

• polyethylene of any pressure;
• polypropylene;
• polymethyl methacrylate or organic glass.

What is the impact? Products made from these materials lose color, crack, fade, and eventually collapse. Therefore, they are called sensitive polymers. This feature of carbon chain degradation under solar illumination conditions is actively used in nanotechnologies, X-ray lithography, transplantology, and other fields. This is done mainly to smooth out the surface roughness of the products.

Spectrometry is a major field of analytical chemistry that specializes in identifying compounds and their composition by their ability to absorb UV light of a specific wavelength. It turns out that the spectra are unique for each substance, so they can be classified according to the results of spectrometry.

Also, the use of ultraviolet germicidal radiation is carried out to attract and destroy insects. The action is based on the ability of the insect's eye to capture short-wave spectra invisible to humans. Therefore, animals fly to the source, where they are destroyed.

Use in solariums - special installations of vertical and horizontal type, in which the human body is exposed to UV-A. This is done to activate the production of melanin in the skin, giving it a darker color, smoothness. In addition, inflammation is dried and harmful bacteria on the surface of the integument are destroyed. Special attention should be given to the protection of eyes, sensitive areas.

medical field

The use of ultraviolet radiation in medicine is also based on its ability to destroy living organisms invisible to the eye - bacteria and viruses, and on the features that occur in the body during competent lighting with artificial or natural radiation.

The main indications for UV treatment can be summarized in several points:

1. All types of inflammatory processes, wounds open type, suppuration and open seams.
2. With injuries of tissues, bones.
3. For burns, frostbite and skin diseases.
4. With respiratory ailments, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma.
5. With the emergence and development of various types of infectious diseases.
6. With ailments accompanied by severe pain, neuralgia.
7. Diseases of the throat and nasal cavity.
8. Rickets and trophic
9. Dental diseases.
10. Regulation of blood pressure, normalization of the heart.
11. The development of cancerous tumors.
12. Atherosclerosis, kidney failure and some other conditions.

All these diseases can have very serious consequences for the body. Therefore, treatment and prevention using UV is a real medical discovery that saves thousands and millions of human lives, preserving and restoring their health.

Another option for using UV from a medical and biological point of view is the disinfection of premises, the sterilization of work surfaces and tools. The action is based on the ability of UV to inhibit the development and replication of DNA molecules, which leads to their extinction. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses are killed.

The main problem when using such radiation for sterilization and disinfection of a room is the area of ​​illumination. After all, organisms are destroyed only with the direct impact of direct waves. Everything that remains outside continues to exist.

Analytical work with minerals

The ability to induce luminescence in substances allows the use of UV for analysis quality composition minerals and valuable rocks. In this regard, precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones are very interesting. What kind of shades they do not give when irradiated with cathode waves! Malakhov, the famous geologist, wrote about this very interestingly. His work tells about observations of the glow of the color palette, which minerals can give in different sources irradiation.

So, for example, topaz, which has a beautiful saturated blue color in the visible spectrum, glows bright green when irradiated, and emerald - red. Pearls cannot give any particular color at all and shimmers with many colors. The resulting spectacle is simply fantastic.

If the composition of the rock under study includes uranium impurities, then the illumination will show green color. Melite impurities give a blue, and morganite - a lilac or pale purple hue.

Use in filters

For use in filters, ultraviolet germicidal radiation is also used. The types of such structures can be different:

• hard;
• gaseous;
• liquid.

Such devices are mainly used in the chemical industry, in particular, in chromatography. With their help, you can qualitative analysis composition of the substance and identify it by belonging to a particular class of organic compounds.

Drinking water treatment

Disinfection by ultraviolet radiation of drinking water is one of the most modern and high-quality methods of its purification from biological impurities. The advantages of this method are:

• reliability;
• efficiency;
• the absence of foreign products in the water;
• security;
• profitability;
• preservation of the organoleptic properties of water.

That is why today this method of disinfection keeps pace with traditional chlorination. The action is based on the same features - the destruction of the DNA of harmful living organisms in the composition of water. Use UV with a wavelength of about 260 nm.

In addition to direct action on pests, ultraviolet light is also used to destroy residues. chemical compounds, which are used to soften, purify water: such as, for example, chlorine or chloramine.

black light lamp

Such devices are equipped with special emitters capable of producing waves of great length, close to visible. However, they still remain indistinguishable to the human eye. Such lamps are used as devices that read secret signs from UV: for example, in passports, documents, banknotes, and so on. That is, such marks can be distinguished only under the action of a certain spectrum. Thus, the principle of operation of currency detectors, devices for checking the naturalness of banknotes is built.

Restoration and determination of the authenticity of the painting

And in this area finds application UV. Each artist used white, containing in each epochal period of time different heavy metals. Thanks to irradiation, it is possible to obtain so-called underpaintings, which provide information about the authenticity of the painting, as well as about the specific technique, manner of painting of each artist.

In addition, the lacquer film on the surface of products belongs to sensitive polymers. Therefore, it is capable of aging under the influence of light. This allows you to determine the age of compositions and masterpieces of the artistic world.

Light therapy is actively used in medical practice for treatment various diseases. It includes the use of visible light, laser, infrared spectrum as well as ultraviolet rays (UVI). The most commonly prescribed UFO-physiotherapy.

It is used for the treatment of ENT pathologies, diseases musculoskeletal system, with immunodeficiencies, bronchial asthma and other diseases. Ultraviolet irradiation is also used for bacteriostatic effect in infectious diseases, for indoor air treatment.

General concept of ultraviolet irradiation, types of devices, mechanism of action, indications

Ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) is a physiotherapeutic procedure based on the effect of ultraviolet rays on tissues and organs. The effect on the body may differ when using different wavelengths.

UV rays have different wavelengths:

• Long wavelength (DUV) (400–320 nm).
• Medium wave (SUV) (320–280 nm).
• Shortwave (CUV) (280–180 nm).

For physiotherapy, special devices are used. They generate ultraviolet rays of different lengths.

UV-devices for physiotherapy:

• Integral. Generate the entire spectrum of UV radiation.
• Selective. They produce one type of ultraviolet radiation: short-wave, a combination of short-wave and medium-wave spectra.

In physiotherapy, ultraviolet irradiation is prescribed for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The mechanism of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is as follows: activated metabolic processes improves the transmission of impulses along the nerve fibers. When UV rays hit the skin, the patient develops erythema. It looks like redness of the skin. The invisible period of erythema formation is 3-12 hours. The resulting erythematous formation remains on the skin for several more days, it has clear boundaries.

The long-wave spectrum does not cause very pronounced erythema. Medium-wave rays are able to reduce the number of free radicals, stimulate the synthesis ATP molecules. Short UV rays very quickly provoke an erythematous rash.

Small doses of medium and long UV waves are not capable of causing erythema. They are needed for a general effect on the body.

Benefits of small doses of UVR:

• Enhances the formation of red blood cells and other blood cells.
• Increases the function of the adrenal glands, the sympathetic system.
• Reduces the formation of fat cells.
• Improves the performance of the naming system.
• Stimulates immune responses.
• Normalizes blood glucose levels.
• Reduces the amount of blood cholesterol.
• Regulates the excretion and absorption of phosphorus and calcium.
• Improves heart and lung function.

Local radiation helps to stimulate immune responses in the area where the rays hit, increases blood flow and lymph outflow.

Radiation doses that do not cause redness have the following properties: increase regenerative function, enhance tissue nutrition, stimulate the appearance of melanin in the skin, increase immunity, stimulate the formation of vitamin D. Higher doses that cause erythema (often CUF) are able to kill bacterial agents, reduce the intensity of pain, reduce inflammation on the mucous membranes and skin.

Indications for physiotherapy

Contraindications to radiation are:

• tumor process.
• Hyperthermia.
• Infectious diseases.
• Hyperproduction of hormones thyroid gland.
• Lupus erythematosus.
• Hepatic and renal dysfunction.

The method of conducting ultraviolet irradiation

Before treatment, the physiotherapist must decide on the type of rays. A prerequisite is the calculation of radiation exposure to the patient. The load is measured in biodoses. The calculation of the number of biodoses is carried out according to the Gorbachev-Dalfeld method. It is based on the speed of formation of reddening of the skin. One biodose is capable of causing minimal redness from a distance of 50 cm. This dosage is erythematous.

Erythemal doses are divided into:

• small (one or two biodoses);
• medium (three to four biodoses);
• high (five to eight biodoses).

If the radiation dose is more than eight biodoses, then it is called hypererythemic. Irradiation is divided into general and local. The general may be intended for one person or a group of patients. Such radiation is produced by integral devices or sources of long waves.

Children need to be irradiated with general UV very carefully. For a child and a student, an incomplete biodose is used. Start with the smallest dosage.

With the general exposure of newborns and very weak babies to UV rays, initial stage 1/10–1/8 of the biodose is affected. Schoolchildren and preschoolers use 1/4 of the biodose. Over time, the load is increased to 1 1/2-1 3/4 biodoses. This dosage remains for the entire stage of therapy. Sessions are held every other day. 10 sessions are enough for treatment.

During the procedure, the patient must be undressed, put on the couch. The device is placed at a distance of 50 cm from the surface of the patient's body. The lamp should be covered with a cloth or blanket along with the patient. This ensures that the maximum dose of radiation is obtained. If you do not cover with a blanket, then part of the rays emanating from the source is scattered. The effectiveness of therapy in this case will be low.

Local exposure to UV radiation is carried out by devices mixed type, as well as emitting short waves UV spectrum. During local physiotherapy, it is possible to influence reflexogenic zones, irradiate with fractions, fields, near the injury site.

Local irradiation often causes reddening of the skin, which has a healing effect. In order to properly stimulate the formation of erythema, after its appearance, the following sessions begin after its blanching. The intervals between physiotherapy are 1-3 days. The dosage in subsequent sessions is increased by a third or more.

For intact skin, 5-6 physiotherapy procedures are enough. If on skin there are purulent lesions, bedsores, then it is necessary to irradiate up to 12 sessions. For mucous membranes, course therapy is 10-12 sessions.

For children, local use of UVR is permitted from birth. It is limited in area. In a newborn child, the impact area is 50 cm2 or more, for schoolchildren it is not more than 300 cm2. The dosage for erythemotherapy is 0.5-1 biodose.

In acute respiratory diseases, the nasopharyngeal mucosa is treated with UV. For this, special tubes are used. The session lasts 1 minute (adults), half a minute (children). Course therapy is 7 days.

The chest is irradiated in the fields. The duration of the procedure is 3-5 minutes. The fields are processed separately on different days. Sessions take place every day. The multiplicity of field irradiation per course is 2-3 times, oilcloth or perforated fabric is used to isolate it.

With a runny nose in the acute period, ultraviolet exposure is carried out on the legs from the side of the sole. The source is installed at a distance of 10 cm. The course of treatment is up to 4 days. Irradiation is also done with a tube in the nose and throat. The first session lasts 30 seconds. In the future, therapy is extended to 3 minutes. Course therapy is 6 sessions.

With otitis media, ultraviolet exposure is carried out on the site of the ear canal. The session lasts 3 minutes. The therapy includes 6 physiotherapy procedures. In patients with pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, irradiation is performed along the anterior upper part chest. The number of procedures per course is up to 6.

With tracheitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, irradiation can be done rear wall pharynx (throat) with the help of tubes. During the session, the patient should say the sound "a". The duration of the physiotherapy is 1-5 minutes. Treatment is carried out every 2 days. Course therapy is 6 sessions.

Pustular skin lesions are treated by UVI after treatment of the wound surface. The source of ultraviolet light is set at a distance of 10 cm. The duration of the session is 2-3 minutes. Treatment continues for 3 days.

Furuncles and abscesses are irradiated after opening the formation. The treatment is carried out at a distance of 10 cm to the surface of the body. The duration of one physiotherapy is 3 minutes. Course therapy 10 sessions.

UV treatment at home

Ultraviolet irradiation is permissible to carry out at home. To do this, you can purchase a UFO device at any medical equipment store. For the implementation of UV-physiotherapy at home, the apparatus "Sun" (OUFb-04) was developed. It is intended for local action on mucous membranes and skin.

For general irradiation, you can purchase a mercury-quartz lamp "Sun". It will replace part of the missing ultraviolet light in winter, disinfect the air. There are also home irradiators for shoes, water.

The device "Sun" for local use is equipped with a tube for the nose, throat, treatment of other parts of the body. The device is small. Before purchasing, you should make sure that the device is in good condition, that there are certificates and quality assurance. To clarify the rules for using the device, you must read the instructions, or contact your doctor.

Conclusion

Ultraviolet radiation is often used in medicine for therapy various diseases. In addition to treatment, UV devices can be used for disinfection of premises. They are used in hospitals and at home. At correct application lamp exposure does not cause harm, and the effectiveness of treatment is quite high.

Oxygen, sunlight and water contained in the Earth's atmosphere are the main conditions conducive to the continuation of life on the planet. Researchers have long proven that the intensity and spectrum of solar radiation in the vacuum that exists in space remains unchanged.

On Earth, the intensity of its impact, which we call ultraviolet radiation, depends on many factors. These include: time of year geographical location terrain above sea level, the thickness of the ozone layer, cloudiness, as well as the level of concentration of industrial and natural impurities in the air masses.

Ultra-violet rays

Sunlight reaches us in two ranges. The human eye can only distinguish one of them. Ultraviolet rays are in the spectrum invisible to humans. What are they? It is nothing but electromagnetic waves. The length of ultraviolet radiation is in the range from 7 to 14 nm. Such waves carry huge flows of thermal energy to our planet, which is why they are often called thermal waves.

By ultraviolet radiation it is customary to understand an extensive spectrum consisting of electromagnetic waves with a range conditionally divided into far and near rays. The first of them are considered vacuum. They are completely absorbed by the upper atmosphere. Under the conditions of the Earth, their generation is possible only in the conditions of vacuum chambers.

As for near ultraviolet rays, they are divided into three subgroups, classified by range into:

Long, ranging from 400 to 315 nanometers;

Medium - from 315 to 280 nanometers;

Short - from 280 to 100 nanometers.

Measuring instruments

How does a person determine ultraviolet radiation? To date, there are many special devices designed not only for professional, but also for domestic use. They measure the intensity and frequency, as well as the magnitude of the received dose of UV rays. The results allow us to assess their possible harm to the body.

UV Sources

The main "supplier" of UV rays on our planet is, of course, the Sun. However, to date, artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation have been invented by man, which are special lamp devices. Among them:

Mercury-quartz lamp high pressure, capable of operating in the general range from 100 to 400 nm;

Fluorescent vital lamp generating wavelengths from 280 to 380 nm, the maximum peak of its radiation is between 310 and 320 nm;

Ozone-free and ozone germicidal lamps that produce ultraviolet rays, 80% of which are 185 nm long.

The benefits of UV rays

Similar to the natural ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun, the light produced by special devices affects the cells of plants and living organisms, changing their chemical structure. Today, researchers know only a few varieties of bacteria that can exist without these rays. The rest of the organisms, once in conditions where there is no ultraviolet radiation, will certainly die.

UV rays can have a significant impact on ongoing metabolic processes. They increase the synthesis of serotonin and melatonin, which has a positive effect on the work of the central nervous system, as well as the endocrine system. Under the influence of ultraviolet light, the production of vitamin D is activated. And this is the main component that promotes the absorption of calcium and prevents the development of osteoporosis and rickets.

Harm of UV rays

Harsh ultraviolet radiation, detrimental to living organisms, does not let the ozone layers in the stratosphere reach the Earth. However, rays in the middle range, reaching the surface of our planet, can cause:

Ultraviolet erythema - severe burn skin;

Cataract - clouding of the lens of the eye, which leads to blindness;

Melanoma is skin cancer.

In addition, ultraviolet rays can have a mutagenic effect, cause malfunctions in the immune forces, which causes oncological pathologies.

Skin lesion

Ultraviolet rays sometimes cause:

1. Acute skin lesions. High doses contribute to their occurrence solar radiation, containing rays of the middle range. They act on the skin for a short time, causing erythema and acute photodermatosis.
2. Delayed skin injury. It occurs after prolonged exposure to long-wave UV rays. These are chronic photodermatitis, solar geroderma, photoaging of the skin, the occurrence of neoplasms, ultraviolet mutagenesis, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma skin. This list also includes herpes.

Both acute and delayed damage is sometimes caused by excessive exposure to artificial sunbathing, as well as visits to those tanning salons that use non-certified equipment or where UV lamps are not calibrated.

Skin protection

The human body, with a limited amount of any sunbathing, is able to cope with ultraviolet radiation on its own. The fact is that over 20% of such rays can delay a healthy epidermis. To date, protection from ultraviolet radiation, in order to avoid the occurrence of malignant tumors, will require:

Limiting the time spent in the sun, which is especially important during the summer midday hours;

Wearing light, but at the same time closed clothing;

Selection of effective sunscreens.

Using the bactericidal properties of ultraviolet light

UV rays can kill fungus, as well as other microbes that are on objects, wall surfaces, floors, ceilings and in the air. In medicine, these bactericidal properties of ultraviolet radiation are widely used, and their use is appropriate. Special lamps that produce UV rays ensure the sterility of surgical and manipulation rooms. However, ultraviolet bactericidal radiation is used by doctors not only to combat various nosocomial infections, but also as one of the methods for eliminating many diseases.

Phototherapy

The use of ultraviolet radiation in medicine is one of the methods of getting rid of various diseases. In the process of such treatment, a dosed effect of UV rays on the patient's body is produced. At the same time, the use of ultraviolet radiation in medicine for these purposes becomes possible due to the use of special phototherapy lamps.

A similar procedure is carried out to eliminate diseases of the skin, joints, respiratory organs, peripheral nervous system, and female genital organs. Ultraviolet light is prescribed to accelerate the healing process of wounds and to prevent rickets.

Especially effective is the use of ultraviolet radiation in the treatment of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, some types of dermatitis, prurigo, porphyria, pruritis. It is worth noting that this procedure does not require anesthesia and does not cause discomfort to the patient.

The use of a lamp that produces ultraviolet light makes it possible to obtain good result in the treatment of patients who have undergone severe purulent operations. In this case, patients also help bactericidal property these waves.

The use of UV rays in cosmetology

Infrared waves are actively used in the field of maintaining human beauty and health. Thus, the use of ultraviolet germicidal radiation is necessary to ensure the sterility of various rooms and devices. For example, it can be the prevention of infection of manicure tools.

The use of ultraviolet radiation in cosmetology is, of course, a solarium. In it, with the help of special lamps, customers can get a tan. It perfectly protects the skin from possible subsequent sunburns. That is why cosmetologists recommend having several sessions in the solarium before traveling to hot countries or to the sea.

Necessary in cosmetology and special UV lamps. Thanks to them, there is a rapid polymerization of a special gel used for manicure.

Determination of electronic structures of objects

Ultraviolet radiation also finds its application in physical research. With its help, the spectra of reflection, absorption and emission in the UV region are determined. This makes it possible to refine the electronic structure of ions, atoms, molecules, and solids.

The UV spectra of stars, the Sun and other planets carry information about the physical processes that occur in the hot regions of the studied space objects.

Water purification

Where else are UV rays used? Ultraviolet bactericidal radiation finds its application for the disinfection of drinking water. And if earlier chlorine was used for this purpose, today it has already been studied quite well. Negative influence on the body. So, vapors of this substance can cause poisoning. The ingestion of chlorine itself provokes the occurrence of oncological diseases. That is why ultraviolet lamps are increasingly being used to disinfect water in private homes.

UV rays are also used in swimming pools. Ultraviolet emitters to eliminate bacteria are used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. These areas also need clean water.

Air disinfection

Where else does a person use UV rays? The use of ultraviolet radiation for air disinfection is also becoming more common in recent years. Recirculators and emitters are installed in crowded places, such as supermarkets, airports and train stations. The use of UV radiation, which affects microorganisms, makes it possible to disinfect their habitat to the highest degree, up to 99.9%.

domestic use

Quartz lamps that produce UV rays have been disinfecting and purifying the air in clinics and hospitals for many years. However, in recent years, ultraviolet radiation has been increasingly used in everyday life. It is highly effective in eliminating organic contaminants such as fungus and mold, viruses, yeasts and bacteria. These micro-organisms spread particularly rapidly in rooms where people, for various reasons, tightly close windows and doors for a long time.

The use of a bactericidal irradiator in domestic conditions becomes advisable with a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bhousing and a large family with small children and pets. A UV lamp will allow rooms to be disinfected periodically, minimizing the risk of the onset and further transmission of diseases.

Similar devices are also used by tuberculosis patients. After all, such patients do not always receive treatment in a hospital. While at home, they need to disinfect their home, including using ultraviolet radiation.

Application in forensics

Scientists have developed a technology that allows detecting the minimum doses of explosives. For this, a device is used in which ultraviolet radiation is produced. Such a device is capable of detecting the presence of hazardous elements in the air and in water, on fabric, and also on the skin of a suspect in a crime.

Ultraviolet and infrared radiation also finds its application in macro photography of objects with invisible and barely visible traces of a committed offense. This allows forensic scientists to study documents and traces of a shot, texts that have undergone changes as a result of their flooding with blood, ink, etc.

Other uses of UV rays

Ultraviolet radiation is used:

In show business to create lighting effects and lighting;

In currency detectors;

In printing;

In animal husbandry and agriculture;

For catching insects;

In restoration;

For chromatographic analysis.

The sun is a powerful source of heat and light. Without it, there can be no life on the planet. The sun emits rays that are not visible to the naked eye. We will find out what properties ultraviolet radiation has, its effect on the body and possible harm.

The solar spectrum has infrared, visible and ultraviolet parts. UV has both positive and negative effects on humans. It is used in various areas of life. Wide application noted in medicine, ultraviolet radiation tends to change the biological structure of cells, affecting the body.

Sources of exposure

Main source ultraviolet rays - the sun. They are also obtained using special light bulbs:

1. Mercury-quartz high pressure.
2. Vital luminescent.
3. Ozone and quartz bactericidal.

Currently, only a few types of bacteria are known to mankind that can exist without ultraviolet radiation. For other living cells, its absence will lead to death.

What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the human body?

positive action

Today, UV is widely used in medicine. It has a calming, analgesic, anti-rachitic and anti-spastic effect. The positive effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body:

• the intake of vitamin D, it is needed for the absorption of calcium;
• improved metabolism, as enzymes are activated;
• reduction of nervous tension;
• increased production of endorphins;
• vasodilatation and normalization of blood circulation;
• acceleration of regeneration.

Ultraviolet for humans is also useful in that it affects the immunobiological activity, helps to activate the protective functions of the body against various infections. At a certain concentration, radiation causes the production of antibodies that affect pathogens.

Negative influence

The harm of an ultraviolet lamp on the human body often exceeds it. beneficial features. If its use in medicinal purposes performed incorrectly, safety measures were not observed, an overdose is possible, characterized by the following symptoms:

1. Weakness.
2. Apathy.
3. Decreased appetite.
4. Memory problems.
5. Heart palpitations.

Prolonged exposure to the sun is harmful to the skin, eyes and immunity. The consequences of excessive sunburn, such as burns, dermatological and allergic rashes, disappear after a few days. Ultraviolet radiation slowly accumulates in the body and causes dangerous diseases.

Skin exposure to UV can cause erythema. The vessels dilate, which is characterized by hyperemia and edema. The histamine and vitamin D that accumulate in the body enter the bloodstream, which contributes to changes in the body.

The stage of development of erythema depends on:

• range of UV rays;
• radiation doses;
• individual sensitivity.

Excessive irradiation causes a burn on the skin with the formation of a bubble and subsequent convergence of the epithelium.

But the harm of ultraviolet radiation is not limited to burns, its irrational use can provoke pathological changes in the body.

The effect of UV on the skin

Most girls strive for a beautiful tanned body. However, the skin acquires a dark color under the influence of melanin, so the body is protected from further radiation. But it will not protect against the more serious effects of radiation:

1. Photosensitivity - high sensitivity to ultraviolet light. Its minimal action can provoke burning, itching or burning. This is mainly due to the use medicines, cosmetics or certain foods.
2. Aging - UV rays penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin, destroy collagen fibers, elasticity is lost and wrinkles appear.
3. Melanoma is a skin cancer that develops as a result of frequent and prolonged exposure to the sun. An excessive dose of ultraviolet radiation causes the development of malignant neoplasms on the body.
4. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is a cancerous growth on the body that requires surgical removal of the affected areas. Often this disease occurs in people whose work involves a long stay in the sun.

Any skin dermatitis caused by UV rays can cause skin cancer.

The effect of UV on the eyes

Ultraviolet light can also adversely affect the eyes. As a result of its influence, the following diseases may develop:

• Photophthalmia and electrophthalmia. It is characterized by redness and swelling of the eyes, lacrimation, photophobia. Appears in those who are often in the bright sun in snowy weather without sunglasses or in welders who do not follow safety rules.
• Cataract is clouding of the lens. This disease mainly appears in old age. It develops as a result of sun rays on the eye, which accumulates throughout life.
• Pterygium is an overgrowth of the conjunctiva of the eye.

Some types of cancers on the eyes and eyelids are also possible.

How does UV affect the immune system?

How does radiation affect the immune system? In a certain dose, UV rays increase the protective functions of the body, but their excessive action weakens the immune system.

Radiation radiation changes the protective cells, and they lose their ability to fight various viruses, cancer cells.

Skin protection

To protect yourself from the sun's rays, you must follow certain rules:

1. You need to be in the open sun moderately, a small tan has a photoprotective effect.
2. It is necessary to enrich the diet with antioxidants and vitamins C and E.
3. You should always use sunscreen. In this case, you need to choose a tool with high level protection.
4. The use of ultraviolet for medicinal purposes is allowed only under the supervision of a specialist.
5. Those who work with UV sources are advised to protect themselves with a mask. This is necessary when using a germicidal lamp, which is dangerous to the eyes.
6. Fans of an even tan should not visit the solarium too often.

To protect yourself from radiation, you can also use special clothing.

Contraindications

UV exposure is contraindicated for the following people:

• those who have too light and sensitive skin;
• with an active form of tuberculosis;
• children;
• in acute inflammatory or oncological diseases;
• albinos;
• during II and III stages of hypertension;
• at in large numbers moles;
• those who suffer from systemic or gynecological ailments;
• long-term use of certain drugs;
• with hereditary predisposition to skin cancer.

Infrared radiation

Another part of the solar spectrum is infrared radiation, which has a thermal effect. It is used in the modern sauna.

is a small wooden room with built-in infrared emitters. Under the influence of their waves, the human body warms up.

The air in the infrared sauna does not rise above 60 degrees. However, the rays warm the body up to 4 cm, when in a traditional bath heat penetrates only 5 mm.

This is because infrared waves are the same length as heat waves coming from a person. The body accepts them as its own and does not resist penetration. The temperature of the human body rises to 38.5 degrees. Thanks to this, viruses and dangerous microorganisms die. Infrared sauna has a healing, rejuvenating, and preventive effect. It is indicated for all ages.

Before visiting such a sauna, you must consult with a specialist, as well as follow the safety precautions for being in a room with infrared emitters.

Video: ultraviolet.

UV in medicine

In medicine, there is a term "ultraviolet starvation". This happens when the body does not get enough sunlight. To avoid any pathologies from this, artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation are used. They help fight winter vitamin D deficiency and boost immunity.

Also, such radiation is used in the treatment of joints, allergic and dermatological diseases.

In addition, UV has the following medicinal properties:

1. Normalizes the work of the thyroid gland.
2. Improves the function of the respiratory and endocrine systems.
3. Increases hemoglobin.
4. Disinfects the room and medical instruments.
5. Reduces sugar levels.
6. Helps in the treatment of purulent wounds.

It must be borne in mind that an ultraviolet lamp is not always a benefit, it is possible and great harm.

In order for UV radiation to have a beneficial effect on the body, you should use it correctly, follow safety precautions and do not exceed the time spent in the sun. An excessive excess of the radiation dose is dangerous for human health and life.