air law civil aviation

All international organizations civil aviation can be divided into two groups.

The first group includes organizations within which various states are represented by their governments, ministries, aviation departments, etc. These are intergovernmental organizations in the field of civil aviation.

The second group includes international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil aviation. This is a fairly advanced form. international cooperation. The subjects of legal relations are airlines, airports and other aviation associations.

The first includes organizations that are engaged in the provision of regional international air navigation, aimed at providing, planning and organizing international air traffic in a specific region. So, to improve air traffic control (ATC) in Western Europe in 1960, Eurocontrol was created - the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. In the same 1960, the Agency for the Safety of Air Navigation in Africa and Madagascar, ASECNA, was formed. With the same goals, since 1961, the Central American Organization for the Services of Air Navigation - KOKESNA began to function.

ASECNA has the following main objectives:

• - ensuring the regularity and safety of flights over the territories of the Member States (except France);
• - provision of flight, technical and transportation information;
• - air traffic control;
• - flight control, etc.

supreme body ASECNA is the Administrative Council, which makes binding decisions. The executive functions are carried out by the management, the accounting bureau and the general director. The headquarters of ASEKNA is located in Dakar.

KOKESNA was established for the direct service of air traffic control. KOKESNA provides services to both legal and individuals under specially concluded contracts or under international agreements. The supreme body of KOKESNA is the Administrative Council.

The second subgroup of intergovernmental international organizations includes organizations focused on solving the economic and legal problems of regional air transport.

This is primarily the European Civil Aviation Conference EKAK, which was established in 1954. EKAK adopted recommendations to simplify the procedures for registering passengers, cargo, and baggage. According to Article 1 of the Charter of EKAK, the main tasks of this organization are the consideration and resolution of problems related to the activities of air transport.

The legal basis for the activities of the African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCC) is the Charter and Rules of Procedure adopted at a special Conference of representatives of 32 African States on January 18, 1969. In accordance with the AFCAC Charter, this organization undertakes to contribute to the development of a common policy of member states in the field of civil aviation, to promote a more efficient use of African air transport. AFKAK was created to carry out advisory functions. The objectives of its activities are:

• - preparation of regional plans for air navigation services;
• - promoting the integration of Member States' air transport policies;
• - implementation of research on the use of air navigation facilities;
• - promoting the application of standards and recommendations in the region, etc.

The Commission includes:

The plenary session is the supreme body of AFCAK;

In 1991, such an international intergovernmental organization as the Interstate aviation committee(POPPY). The IAC was established on the basis of the intergovernmental Agreement on Civil Aviation and on the Use of Airspace (Agreement), concluded by 12 new independent states, and in accordance with the established rules and procedures, is included in the ICAO register.

The formation of the Interstate Aviation Committee made it possible not only to prevent the destruction of the air transport market and aviation production in the CIS, to protect the political and economic interests of the region, but also to offer the governments of the Commonwealth states new approaches to implementing joint projects developers, manufacturers and operators of aviation equipment.

The main activities of the Interstate Aviation Committee are:

• - preservation of uniform aviation rules and procedures in the field of civil aviation and the use of airspace in the Commonwealth region and their harmonization with the aviation rules of other world systems;
• - maintaining a unified certification system for aviation equipment and its production;
• - preservation of a professionally independent body for the investigation of aviation accidents, recognized by similar structures in the world (provides an objective investigation of aviation accidents not only on the territory of the Commonwealth states, but also abroad);
• - preservation of the market of air transport services for the CIS through interstate agreements and agreed regulations;
• - development of constructive cooperation with ICAO, IATA and other international aviation organizations.

The IAC operates on the basis of and in full compliance with international law and the national laws of the member states of the Agreement, having powers delegated from them in accordance with presidential decrees, government decrees and other legislative acts.

The headquarters of the Interstate Aviation Committee is located in Moscow, where its activities are ensured in accordance with the law ratified by the Federal Assembly Russian Federation, and the Air Code.

Among non-governmental aviation organizations that currently exist (there are about 200 of them), the undisputed leader is International Association air transport (IATA), the foundations of which were laid on August 28, 1919 in The Hague by a number of private airlines with the aim of "establishing uniformity in the operation of air lines of international importance." This position was formulated in the founding documents of the International Air Transport Association in 1919. The year of formation of IATA, which is the actual successor of this association, is considered to be 1945.

The main objectives of IATA are:

• - promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport in the interests of the peoples of the world;
• - encouragement of aviation commercial activities, study of related problems;
• - ensuring the development of cooperation between air transport enterprises;
• - direct cooperation with ICAO and other international aviation organizations.

IATA develops recommendations on the construction and rules for the application of tariffs, establishes uniform standards for passenger service, transportation of goods, baggage, and is working on the standardization and unification of transportation documentation

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO from the English ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international standards for civil aviation and coordinates its development in order to improve safety and efficiency.

The goals and objectives of ICAO are defined by Article 44 of the Chicago Convention of 1944

They are:

• - ensuring the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world;
• - encouragement of the art of designing and operating aircraft;
• - creation and development of air routes, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;
• - meeting the needs of the peoples of the world in safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport;
• - prevention of economic losses caused by unreasonable competition;
• - promotion of flight safety.

The undisputed leader of the first group is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). If the activities of ICAO as a specialized organization of the UN are worldwide in nature, then the activities of other intergovernmental organizations extend, as a rule, to individual regions.

2. Rules for air navigation services (pans)

3. Additional ICAO regional rules (supps)

4. Technical publications

5. Air navigation plans

1.5 Other international treaties

1.6 International air transport agreements

1.7 Tokyo, Montreal, Hague conventions (jurisdiction, authority of the commander of the aircraft)

1.7.1. Tokyo Convention 1963

1.7.2 1970 Hague Convention

1.7. 3. Montreal Convention 1971

Powers of the pilot-in-command

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over offenses in the following cases:

1.8 International aviation organizations

European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol)

1.9 Warsaw Convention 1929 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air

1.10 Powers and duties of the commander of the aircraft in relation to safety and reliability

1. Aircraft commander:

Responsibility for compliance with the rules of the air

Powers of the pilot-in-command

Risk-related substance use

1.11 Responsibility of operators and pilots in relation to people and goods on the ground in case of injury and damage due to the operation of aircraft

1.12. Commercial practice and binding rules (leasing).

Topic 2 Airworthiness Sun (based on Annex 8)

2.1 Airworthiness of the aircraft

2.1.1 Application of Appendix 8 "Airworthiness Sun"

2.2 Aircraft airworthiness standards

2.3 Establishing the airworthiness of aircraft in Ukraine (VKU-2011)

Topic 3 State and registration marks (based on Annex 7)

3.1 General requirements

3.2 National, common and registration marks to be used

3.3 Location of national, common and registration marks

3.4 Dimensions of national, common and registration marks

3.5 Types of symbols used for national, common and registration marks

3.6 Register of national, common and registration marks

3.7 Registration certificate

Topic 4 Personnel Licensing (based on Appendix 1)

4.1 Definitions

4.2 General rules concerning licenses

4.4 Commercial pilot license

4.5 Airline Airline Pilot License

4.6 Instrument rating

4.7 Pilot-instructor rating for aeroplanes, helicopters and aircraft with lift assist

Topic 5 Rules of the Air (based on Annex 2)

5.1 Definition of key terms

5.3 General rules

5.4 Visual flight rules

5.5 Instrument flight rules

5.6 Signals

5.6.1 Distress signals

5.6 2 Urgency signals

Visual signals used to warn an aircraft that is flying in or en route to a restricted flight zone, restricted area, or danger zone.

5.7 Interception of civil aircraft

5.7.1 Signals used in case of interception.

Intercepting aircraft signals and intercepted aircraft responses

Signals given by the intercepted sun and responses of the intercepting sun.

Principles respected by States

Actions of intercepted aircraft

Radio communication during interception

5.8 Tables of cruising levels.

Topic 6 Procedures for Air Navigation - Operation of Aircraft

6.1 General principles

6.1.1 General information

6.1.2 Control point accuracy

1) Surveillance radar

2) Distance measuring equipment (dme)

3) Marker beacon operating at a frequency of 75 MHz

4) Tolerance to fix above navaid

6.1.3 Building headlands

6.2 Departure procedures

6.2.1 General criteria

6.2.3 Departures in any direction

6.2.4 Released departure information

6.3 Approach procedures

6.3.1 Instrument approach procedure

6.3.2 Aircraft categories

6.3.3 Obstacle clearance/height (OA/H)

6.3.4 Factors affecting operating minima

For non-precision approaches, operators can establish two types of rules.

6.3.5 Descent gradient

6.3.6 Arrival leg

6.3.7 Initial approach segment

6.3.8 Types of maneuvers

6.3.9 Intermediate approach segment

6.3.10 Final approach segment

6.3.11 Determination of decision altitude or height (da/ph)

3.11.1) aircraft dimensions;

6.3.12 Non-standard schemes

6.3.13 Precise area protection

6.3.14 missed approach segment

6.4 Simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways

6.4.1 Types of transactions

1) Type 1 and 2 Simultaneous parallel instrument approaches

2) Type 3 Simultaneous instrument departures

3) Type 4 Separate parallel approaches/departures

4) Semi-mixed and mixed operations

6.4.2 Equipment requirements

1) For independent parallel approaches:

6.4.3 Radar guidance to localizer heading ils or final approach track

6.5 Visual maneuvering area (circling)

6.5.1 General

6.5.2 Visual maneuvering along prescribed track

6.6 Holding procedures

6.6.1 Waiting criteria

6.6.2 Special Login Rules for Waiting Using vor/dme

6.6.3 Waiting

6.6.4 Obstacle clearance

6.7 Rules for setting the altimeter

6.7.1 General

6.7.2 Basic requirements for setting altimeters

6.7.3 Rules for operators and pilots

6.8 Rules for the operation of WORL transponders

6.8.1 General

6.8.2 Using the mode with

6.8.3 Using s mode

6.8.4 Actions in case of emergency, loss of communication and unlawful interference

6.8.5 Response to transponder failure when an operational transponder is mandatory

6.9 Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) equipment operation

6.9.1 General

6.9.2 Use of ACAS readings

1) Respond immediately, following the instructions of ra, if this does not pose a threat to the safety of the flight of the aircraft;

3) Do not maneuver in a direction opposite to that indicated in ra;

6.9.3 Guidelines for training pilots to use ACAS

Topic 7 Security (based on Appendix 9)

7.1 Basic concepts

7.2 Aircraft arrivals and departures

7.3 Arrival and departure of persons and their baggage and cargo

Topic 8 Emergency services (based on Appendix 12)

8.1 Basic concepts and definitions

8.2 Organization of search and rescue

8.3 State cooperation

8.4 Procedure for conducting search and rescue operations

The procedure for the pilot-in-command who received a distress message

8.5 Signals used in search and rescue operations

1. Signal exchange with ground vessels

1.1 The following maneuvers performed by an aircraft indicate that it wishes to direct a surface craft towards an aircraft or surface craft in distress:

1.2 The following aircraft maneuvers mean that the assistance of the surface vessel for which the signal is intended will no longer be required:

2. Code of visual signals "ground - air"

2.1 Ground-to-air visual code for use by survivors

2.2 Surface-to-air visual signal code for use by search parties on the ground

3. Air-ground signals

3.1 The following aircraft signals indicate that ground signals have been understood:

Topic 9 Security (based on Annex 17)

9.1 Summary of Appendix 17

9.2 Legal and related aspects

9.3 Aircraft safety

9.4 Disruptive or unruly passengers

9.5 Crisis management and response to acts of unlawful interference

Topic 10 Aircraft Accident Investigation (based on Annex 13)

10.1 Definition of basic terms

10.2 General

10.3 Notice

10.4 Investigation

10.5 Initial actions of officials in the event of an accident

10.6 Final report

Topic 11. Jar - fcl.

11.1 Main benefits.

11.2 Atr(a) Comprehensive course

11.3 Cpl(a)/ir Comprehensive course

Topic 12 National legislation

12.2 Important information about certificates and qualification certificates of pilots

12.2.1 Commercial pilot's license (litak / helicopter)

12.2.2 Transport pilot's license (litak/helicopter).

12.2.3 Qualification certificate on the right to use the bugatodvigunnyh ps

Questions for self-control

additional literature

1.8 International aviation organizations

(composition of the goal, relevant documents )

International aviation organizations are divided into intergovernmental (MMAO) and non-governmental (MNAO).

MMAOs are created by states on the basis of international treaties that define the goals and objectives of organizations, membership in them, the rights and obligations of their participants, the structure and competence of working bodies, etc. MMAO are recognized as subjects of international law . They have the right to conclude international treaties with states and among themselves and are responsible for compliance with treaties, adopt recommendations and other legal acts.

European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)

ECAC(ESAC - European civil Aviation Conference ) - The European Civil Aviation Conference was established in1954 year.

The members of the ECAC are the states of Europe (44 states, including Ukraine).

Goals and objectives of the ECAC :

- collection and analysis of statistical data on the activities of air transport in Europe and the development of recommendations for its development and coordination, in particular by simplifying administrative formalities when registering passengers, baggage, cargo, departure or reception of aircraft in international air transportation and flights;

Systematization and standardization of technical requirements for aviation equipment;

Studying the issues of flight safety and aviation security. Functions - advisory.

supreme body - Plenary Commission in which all states are represented - members of the organization. Once every three years, the Commission holds plenary meetings, at which it approves the work program and budget of the ECAC for a three-year period, elects the president, vice-president and chairmen of the standing committees of the ECAC.

The Plenary Commission also holds annual sessions at which the main activities of the ECAC within the framework of the three-year program are approved, as well as emergency sessions. Decisions of the ECAC, taken by a majority of votes, are binding.

Executive agency - The Coordinating Committee (consisting of the President, Vice President and Chairmen of the Standing Committees) manages the activities of the ECAC between sessions of the Plenary Commission.

Working bodies: standing committees (Economic Committee for Scheduled Air Transport, Economic Committee for Non-Scheduled Air Transport, Technical Committee, Committee for Facilitation), Working Groups and Expert Groups.

The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France).

European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol)

EUROCONTROL( EUROCONTROL - European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation ) - The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation was established in 1960 on the basis of the Convention on cooperation in the field of air navigation and especially in the joint organization of air traffic services (ATS) in the upper airspace of Western Europe.

At the request of individual members of the organization, the creation of ATS services in the lower airspace is also allowed.

According to the 1981 Protocol, which amended this Convention, ATS in the upper airspace of Western Europe is carried out by the relevant authorities of the member states of the organization.

EUROCONTROL includes 39 states.

Goals of EUROCONTROL - determination of a common policy regarding the structure of the airspace, air navigation facilities, air navigation charges, coordination and harmonization of national ATS programs.

supreme body - General Assembly, consisting of the ministers of transport and defense of the state. Responsible for setting the overall policy of the organization.

During the intersessional period, the Permanent Commission for Ensuring the Safety of Air Navigation operates. This is followed by the Council, consisting of representatives of Member States at the level of general directors of civil aviation enterprises.

The Council sets goals and priorities, resolves conflicts, manages the activities of the Agency.

Executive agency - Air Navigation Safety Agency, led by CEO. It includes the directorate for routing, finance, personnel, as well as air traffic management programs in Europe (EATR), etc.

In accordance with the Eurocontrol Convention, ATS services in London, Paris and Brussels, two regional ATS centers - in Maastricht (Netherlands) and Karlsruhe (Germany), air navigation facilities were installed in Shannon (Ireland).

The headquarters is located in Brussels. The statutory goals are to ensure the safety of flights of civil and military aircraft.

European Whiplash Safety Agency (EASA)

European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the European Union (EU) agency for the regulation and enforcement of civil aviation security tasks.

EASA was established on July 15, 2002 and is headquartered in Cologne . The functioning of the organization began in full in 2008, when it completely took over the functions of the liquidated Joint (Joint) Aviation Authorities (JAA). The member countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) became members of the agency.

EASA is responsible for analysis and research in the field of safety, issuance of permits to foreign airlines, advice on the development of European aviation legislation, implementation and monitoring of safety rules (including inspection functions in member countries), issuance of type certificates for aircraft and components, as well as authorization functions in relation to organizations, engaged in the development, production and maintenance of aviation facilities.

Goals EASA is:

Establish and maintain a high level and uniformity of civil aviation safety procedures and protection environment in the European region;

Facilitating the free movement of products, personnel and services in the aviation industry;

Promoting the economic efficiency of the implemented guidelines;

Control over the implementation and implementation of ICAO standards;

Bringing EASA's point of view on all relevant issues to the global aviation community.

To achieve these goals, EASA performs the functions of developing guidance documents, certification, and standardization of procedures related to the quality and safety of flights.

From 2013, within the framework of the “Single European Sky” initiative, the agency will be engaged in the certification of functional airspace units, if more than three parties are involved.

Differences from JAA

The headquarters of the JAA was in Amsterdam. The main difference between EASA and JAA is the fact that EASA has the legal powers of a regulatory body throughout the European Union, disseminating its recommendations through the European Commission, the Council of Europe and the European Parliament, while most of the JAA regulations were harmonized codes with no real legal force. In addition, some JAA member countries were outside the EU (eg Turkey), and EASA is a European agency, and other countries adopt its rules and procedures on a voluntary basis.

Jurisdiction

EASA is authorized to issue type certificates and airworthiness approvals for other design aspects of aircraft, engines, propellers and components. EASA cooperates with the National Aviation Authorities (NAA) of the EU member states, however, in order to standardize aviation in the EU and Turkey, it has taken over many of their functions.

In addition, EASA advises the Commission on international harmonization agreements with the rest of the world on behalf of the EU member states and negotiates working technical agreements directly with its peers around the world, such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

EASA also establishes a policy for aircraft repair stations (Part 145 Organizations in Europe and the United States, known as Part 571 organizations in Canada) and issues certificates to repair stations outside the EU, allowing foreign repair stations to carry out repairs on EU aircraft.

EASA has developed rules for air transport, pilot licensing and rules for the use of non-European aircraft in the EU.

Security analysis and research

The main task of EASA is ensuring the highest level of safety in civil aviation through the certification of aviation facilities, the approval of aviation organizations, the development and implementation of standardized European rules.

Aviation Security Annual Report

Pursuant to Article 15 of Regulation EC 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 20, 2008, EASA annually presents an aviation security report, which is a statistical study of aviation security in Europe and the world. The statistics are grouped by type of air transportation (commercial, private, cargo, passenger, etc.) and aircraft categories (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, etc.).

EASA has access to accident and statistical information collected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In accordance with ICAO Annex 13 on accident investigation, participating countries are required to provide ICAO with information on accidents with aircraft with a maximum take-off weight of more than 2250 kg. In addition to ICAO data, EASA member countries collect and transmit information on light aircraft accidents.

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

IATA- non-governmental organization , whose members are the leading aviation enterprises of all regions of the world. Established in 1945

Goals of IATA - promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport, encouraging aviation commercial activities and studying related problems.

supreme body - the annual General Meeting, which elects the president and members of the Executive Committee of the Association, considers reports for the past year, and also approves the budget for next year. The Executive Committee appoints the Director General and creates committees on various issues of IATA activities, subject to approval by the General Assembly.

IATA develops recommendations on the level, construction and rules for the application of tariffs, uniform general conditions of transportation, including passenger service standards, is working to generalize and disseminate economic and technical experience in operating airlines, including standardization and unification of transportation documentation and commercial agreements, coordination of schedules, etc. . Decisions on economic and financial issues are in the nature of recommendations.

Within the framework of IATA, there is a Clearing House (in London) for mutual settlements between member airlines and the Control Bureau

(in New York) to monitor compliance with the Charter of the Association, decisions of the general meeting and regional conferences.

The headquarters of IATA is located in Montreal (Canada).

AFKAK- African Civil Aviation Commission, established in 1969, headquartered in Dakar,

ASECNA- Agency for the Safety of Air Navigation in Africa and Madagascar, established in 1960, headquartered in Dakar

LAKAK- Latin American Civil Aviation Commission, established in 1973, headquartered in Lima

KOKESNA- Central American Corporation for the Services of Air Navigation, established in 1960, headquartered in Tegucigalpa

KAKAS- Arab Civil Aviation Council, established in 1967, headquartered in Rabat

IFALPA - The International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in London.

IFALPA Goals: protecting the interests of pilots and increasing their role in the development of a safe and regular system of air communications, cooperation and unity of action of civil aviation pilots.

IFALPA promotes the development of aviation technology, strives to ensure that the introduction of new types of aircraft into operation at the same time provides safe and comfortable working conditions for pilots. The Federation protects the interests of pilots, assists its associations in setting fair and reasonable wages and working hours.

supreme governing body - Conference, supreme executive body - The Bureau. IFALPA actively cooperates with other international aviation organizations.

IFATCA(IFATCA - International federation of Air Traffic controller" s associations) - International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations, established in 1961, headquartered in Amsterdam.

Goals of IFATCA : improving the safety, efficiency and regularity of international air navigation, promoting the safety and regularity of the air traffic control system, maintaining a high level of knowledge and professional training of air traffic controllers.

The highest governing body is the Conference, the highest executive body is the Council.

IAKA - International Air Carriers Association, established in 1971, headquartered in Strasbourg.

Aims of IAKA: development of ways and methods to increase the efficiency of participation in international charter operations, development of air traffic by improving the quality of charter services, strengthening communication and cooperation between international charter companies. The highest governing body is the Assembly, the highest executive body is the Executive Committee. In its activities, IAKA cooperates with ICAO, ECAC, AFKAK, Eurocontrol.

For the first time in international terms, the idea of ​​creating an organization for maritime navigation was discussed at conferences in Washington in 1889 and in St. Petersburg in 1912.

After the Second World War, the United Nations began to deal with the problem of establishing a permanent intergovernmental body to coordinate the efforts of states in the field of shipping. On the initiative of this organization, a Conference was convened in 1948 to consider the establishment of an intergovernmental organization for shipping. This conference discussed and approved the Convention on the International Maritime Organization (entered into force in 1958).

Goals International Maritime Organization(IMO) are: a) providing a mechanism for cooperation between governments in the field of governmental regulation and activities related to all kinds of technical issues affecting international merchant shipping; b) promoting the universal acceptance of the highest practicable standards in matters relating to maritime safety and the efficiency of navigation and the prevention and control of marine pollution from ships; c) resolving legal issues arising from the goals provided for in the 1958 Convention; d) encouraging the elimination of discriminatory measures and unnecessary restrictions taken by governments in relation to international merchant shipping; e) ensuring that the organization considers questions relating to shipping that may be referred to it by any body or specialized agency of the United Nations.

The governing and permanent subsidiary bodies of the IMO are the Assembly, the Council (consisting of 32 members), the Maritime Safety Committee, the Legal Committee, the Committee for the Protection marine environment, the Committee on Technical Cooperation and the Sub-Committee on Maritime Facilitation.

The activities of the IMO have 6 main areas: maritime safety, pollution prevention, maritime facilitation, maritime professional education, development and approval of conventions and technical assistance.

During the period of its activity, the IMO has developed and adopted more than 40 conventions and amendments to them, and about the same number of international codes and guidelines. The most important of these conventions are: international convention for protection human life at sea 1974 (entered into force in 1980); International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 (entered into force in 1968); Convention on International Rules for Avoiding Collisions at Sea, 1972 (entered into force 1977); International Convention on Safe Containers 1972 (entered into force 1977); Convention on international organization maritime satellite communications 1976 (entered into force in 1979); International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels 1977 (not in force); International Convention on Search and Rescue at Sea, 1979 (entered into force 1985); International Convention on Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Accidents Resulting in Oil Pollution, 1969 (entered into force 1975); International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 (entered into force 1975); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (entered into force 1984);

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 (not in force), International Convention on Arrest of Ships 1999 (not in force).

The IMO operates the World Maritime University in Malta, the Maritime Transport Academy in Trieste and the International Institute of Maritime Law in Valletta.

IMO members are 156 states, including Russia. The headquarters is located in London.

International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT). Established in 1976. Its goals are to provide the space regulation needed to improve maritime communications, and thus contributing to the satisfaction of the need for better means public communication, improving the safety of navigation, the protection of human life at sea, the efficiency of navigation, as well as the improvement of fleet management. The organization operates exclusively for peaceful purposes (Article 3 of the INMARSAT Convention).

In its activities, INMARSAT is guided by the following basic principles: a) universality and non-discrimination (representation of satellite communications to all states, their ships, the possibility of any state to become a member of INMARSAT); b) maintenance of peace and international security, implemented in the provision according to which the organization will carry out its activities exclusively for peaceful purposes; c) sovereign equality of states.

The governing and permanent subsidiary bodies of INMARSAT are the Assembly, the Council (24 members), technical, economic and administrative committees.

The INMARSAT system includes a space segment, coast earth stations, ship earth stations and a monitoring system.

INMARSAT may be the owner or tenant of the space segment. The space segments are used by ships of all countries under conditions determined by the Council. In determining such conditions, the Council shall not discriminate on the basis nationality in relation to ships or aircraft or mobile earth stations on land. Coastal ground stations are built and operated by the Members of the Organization in accordance with the technical requirements of INMARSAT. Land earth stations operating through the INMARSAT space segment shall be located within land territory under the jurisdiction of a party and shall be wholly owned by the party or entities subject to its jurisdiction.

For use the INMARSAT space segment, all earth stations must be authorized by the Organization. Any application for such authorization shall be submitted to INMARSAT headquarters by the party to the 1976 INMARSAT Operating Agreement on whose territory the earth station is or will be located. Ship earth stations are satellite communication terminals that are purchased or leased by individual ship owners or operators from firms that manufacture these stations or related ship equipment.

72 states are members of INMARSAT, including Russia. The headquarters is located in London.

In April 1998, the INMARSAT Assembly approved amendments to the INMARSAT Convention, and the Council of this organization approved amendments to the INMARSAT Operating Agreement. Upon entry into force of the amendments, INMARSAT will be known as the International Mobile Satellite Organization. The objectives of the Organization are: a) to guarantee the continued provision of global maritime satellite communications services for distress and safety purposes; b) provision of services without discrimination based on nationality; c) carrying out activities exclusively for peaceful purposes; d) the desire to serve all areas where there is a need for mobile satellite communications, with due attention to rural and remote areas of developing countries; e) acting within a framework consistent with fair competition, in compliance with applicable laws and regulations (art. 3). The main organs of INMARSAT will be the Assembly and the Secretariat. A commercial company "INMARSAT Pel" was created to organize the operation of the INMARSAT system.

Other international organizations also play a positive role in regulating international maritime relations, for example, the Baltic and International Maritime Organization, the International Chamber of Shipping, the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, the Association of Latin American Shipowners,

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The idea of ​​creating a worldwide international organization in the field of civil aviation arose in the early years of the 20th century. at the same time as the start rapid development air transport. The first intergovernmental organization in this area was the International Commission on Aeronautics (SINA), established in 1909. In 1919, a non-governmental organization, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), was established. In 1925, at the Congress of Private International Law, the International Technical Committee of Lawyers - Experts in Air Law (CITEZHA) was established.

The aims and objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and methods of international air navigation and to promote the planning and development of international air transport in order to: a) ensure the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation; b) encourage the art of constructing and operating aircraft for peaceful purposes; c) encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation; d) meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport; e) prevent economic losses caused by unreasonable competition; f) ensure full respect for the rights of contracting states and fair opportunities for each contracting state to use airlines engaged in international air traffic; g) avoid discrimination against contracting states; i) contribute to the safety of flights in international air navigation; j) provide general assistance to the development of international civil aeronautics in all its aspects.

The supreme body of ICAO is Assembly . It meets in session once every three years. The Assembly considers the reports of the Council and takes appropriate action on them, and decides on any matter referred to it by the Council. Its competence includes approval of the budget and financial report of the Organization.

Advice ICAO is a permanent body responsible to the Assembly. It consists of 33 members elected by the Assembly for a period of three years. In elections, the states that play a leading role in air transport are adequately represented; the States, not otherwise included, which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for servicing international civil aviation; States not otherwise included, whose appointment ensures that all major geographical areas of the world are represented on the Council.

One of the main functions of the Council is the adoption of international standards and recommended practices, formalizing them as annexes to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. Currently, 18 annexes of the convention contain more than 4,000 standards and recommendations. The standards are mandatory for ICAO Member States. Main workers ICAO bodies are the Air Navigation Commission, the Air Transport Committee, the Legal Committee, the Joint Support Committee, the Finance Committee, the Unlawful Interference Committee, the Human Resources Committee and the Technical Cooperation Committee.

ICAO's activities in the legal field are related to the development of draft conventions. The Legal Committee drafted 15 international documents, the first of which was adopted by the ICAO Assembly, and the last 14 by diplomatic conferences.

In particular, Geneva Convention 1948 concerns the international recognition of rights in relation to aircraft. It is designed to be accepted by international basis property rights and other rights in relation to aircraft, so that when an aircraft crosses the state border, the interests of the holder of such rights would be protected.

The 1952 Rome Convention concerns damage caused by a foreign aircraft to a third party on the surface of the Earth. The convention includes the principle of the exclusive liability of the aircraft operator for damage caused to a third party on the surface, but sets limits on the amount of compensation. It also provides for the mandatory recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The Diplomatic Conference of 1978 supplemented the Rome Convention with the Montreal Protocol, which simplified the convention and established the limits of liability.

ICAO also developed draft protocols for 1955, 1971 and 1975. to the Warsaw Convention of 1929. The Tokyo Convention of 1963 provides that the state of registration of an aircraft is competent to exercise jurisdiction over crimes and acts committed on board this aircraft. Its goal is to ensure that crimes, wherever committed, do not go unpunished. The 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft defines the act of unlawful seizure, and states parties undertake to apply severe penalties to such an offence. The 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation deals mainly with acts other than those relating to the unlawful seizure of aircraft. It defines a wide range of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, and States Parties undertake to apply severe penalties to these crimes. The Convention contains specific provisions on jurisdiction, detention, prosecution and extradition of an alleged offender.

The 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection is intended to help prevent acts of unlawful interference involving the use of plastics by imposing obligations on parties to take appropriate measures to ensure that such explosives are marked to facilitate their detection. The participating States undertake to take the necessary effective measures to prohibit and prevent the manufacture on their territory of unmarked explosives.

ICAO has prepared and approved a number of amendments to the Chicago Convention (eg Articles 83 bis and 3 bis).

More than 180 states, including Russia, are members of ICAO. The headquarters is located in Montreal (Canada).

International Air Transport Association (IATA). Founded in 1945, it is a leading non-governmental organization that unites about 200 airlines from 70 countries (Aeroflot is a member of IATA).

The goals and objectives of the Association are defined in Art. 3 of the Charter and boil down to the following: a) promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport in the interests of the peoples of the world; b) encouraging the commercial activities of airlines; c) support for activities aimed at improving the economic results of their activities; d) development of measures for the development of cooperation between airlines participating in international air services; e) development of cooperation with ICAO and other international organizations.

Governing and permanent working bodies of IATA: General Meeting, Executive Committee, committees (on transportation, financial, technical, legal, on combating hijacking and theft of baggage and cargo).

IATA develops recommendations on the level, construction and rules for applying tariffs for air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo, approves uniform rules for air transportation, regulates in detail the procedure for using benefits and discounts from fares, develops common standards for passenger service, and is working to generalize and disseminate economic and technical experience airline operation. Through its special settlement body (clearing house), IATA carries out financial settlements between member airlines.

Interstate Aviation Committee(MAC) created on the basis of Art. 8 of the Agreement on Civil Aviation and on the Use of Airspace dated December 30, 1991 (Russia is a participant). He, together with interested federal executive authorities, develops aviation rules for standardizing the airworthiness of civil aviation equipment and certification procedures for aircraft and their components, rules for the production of aviation equipment, rules for certification of international and categorized airfields and their equipment, as well as standardizing the impact of aviation on the environment .

The IAC shall enjoy in the territory of each Member State such legal capacity and personality as is necessary for the exercise of its functions.

The headquarters of the MAK is located in Moscow.

Other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also play an active role in the international arena, for example, the International Council of Airport Operators, International Society Aviation Telecommunications, International Civil Airports Association, African Airlines Association, Latin American Civil Aviation Commission.

The Investigative Committee will compare the data of the “black boxes” of the A321 that landed on the field with the video of eyewitnesses ...other documents "relevant to establishing the truth". TASS source in Interstate aviation committee(IAC) said that the department had deciphered the recording from the flight recorders of the liner ... the investigation of the emergency got acquainted with the decryption, he noted. Interim report committee the results of the investigation will be prepared within 30 days, added... IAC showed A321 recorders after emergency landing on a field in the suburbs ... in a normal state, the records on them have been preserved, noted in the IAC. Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) published on its website photos of the flight recorders from the passenger ... it will not be restored. On August 18, specialists with the permission of the Investigative committee began dismantling the interior and passenger seats. As a result of the incident,... The IAC reported on the progress of decoding the "black boxes" of the A321 that landed in the field ... "the record is clear, good." Experts consider it premature to talk about the end of decryption. Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) copied data from the flight recorders of an Airbus A321 passenger aircraft ... IAC published an interim report on the An-24 crash in Buryatia ... recommended checking the braking systems of all An-24s and An-26s. Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) came to the conclusion that the June accident of the An-24 aircraft ... . This is stated in the interim report (.pdf), posted on the website committee. “... on the descent, the left engine failed, the crew performed actions for feathering ... How was the SSJ100 flight before the accident. Reconstruction of RBC according to IAC Only 14% of Russians are ready to fly a Russian-made aircraft. On May 5, Aeroflot's SSJ100 made an emergency landing at Sheremetyevo and caught fire. 41 people died. RBC reconstructed the events based on the MAK report. According to the survey of Sberbank "Ivanov Consumer Index", conducted after the SSJ100 disaster, which operated the flight Moscow - Murmansk, ... IAC responded to the accusations of the Central Bank against the ex-co-owners of Transaero ... that its chairman, Tatyana Anodina, sold all the shares legally. Chairman Interstate aviation committee(IAC) Tatyana Anodina knows nothing about the manipulation of the company's shares ... their further transfer to Aeroflot by decision of the government commission, said in committee. In early 2016, it was public knowledge that the company's fortunes were... IAC announced 10 attempts to change the trajectory of a burned-out SSJ in 18 seconds ... tried to get the desired flight path. This follows from the preliminary report Interstate aviation committee(POPPY). “To create a roll of about 20 degrees, the pilot performed more ... IAC will conduct an internal investigation due to publications about the death of SSJ100 ... , emphasized in the IAC Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) will conduct an internal investigation into the facts of publication of materials in the media. This is stated in the message. committee. In publications... IAC asks the media to send audio and video confirmation of Kofman's published statements. AT committee emphasized that he is not a member of the technical commission, which ...

Society, Mar 20, 03:54

The number of victims of air crashes in Russia has increased by two and a half times ... catastrophe, 128 people died, follows from a report published on the website Interstate aviation committee(POPPY). At the same time, in 2017, 39 air accidents were recorded ... those who died due to air crashes. “According to preliminary estimates, in 2018 aviation accidents for all types of work, due to the human factor, amount to 75 ... The government approved the draft agreement on the creation of an analogue of the IAC in the EAEU ... draft agreement establishing an International Bureau of Investigation aviation accidents and serious incidents - analogue Interstate aviation committee(MAC) in the EAEU countries. A document submitted by the Ministry of Transport ... CIS (except Georgia). Russia in 2015 withdrew from jurisdiction committee functions of certification of aircraft, engines and airfields - they were distributed among the Federal Air Transport Agency ... The deadline for signing an agreement on the creation of an analogue of the IAC for EAEU countries ... union (EAEU), may sign a document on the creation of an analogue before September Interstate aviation committee(IAC), which will investigate accidents on the territory of the countries of the union, said ... it will have to replace the IAC. As the Kommersant newspaper reported, the work of the International aviation committee raises questions from "many" States and the International Civil Aviation Organization. « Saratov Airlines» MAK was accused of slander because of the words about the murder ... department Saratov Airlines announced slander from Interstate aviation committee(POPPY). In this regard, the company sent an appeal to the prosecutor's office ... on February in the Moscow region. The victims of the disaster were 71 people. According to Interstate aviation committee, the cause of the disaster was the icing of the full pressure receivers, which distorted the readings ... IAC joined the investigation of the Tu-154 crash ... Specialists Interstate aviation committee(IAC) flew to Sochi to take part in the investigation of the Tu-154 crash of the Ministry of Defense over the Black Sea Expert Interstate aviation committee(MAK) will join the commission to investigate the crash of the Tu-154 of the Ministry of Defense over the Black Sea. RBC was told about this by a press secretary committee ... The Interstate Aviation Committee will deal with the plane crash in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ... Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) formed a commission to investigate the crash of the A-22L aircraft in ... RBC Tyumen reported, the A-22LS aircraft operated by Siberian Base LLC aviation forest protection", crashed on August 16, 85 kilometers from ...

Society, 23 Mar 2016, 10:41

Experts began laying out fragments of the crashed Boeing in Rostov ... March. It is reported by Interfax with reference to official representative Interstate aviation committee(POPPY). “The layout has begun, the fragments of the aircraft are in a different state. Basically... and seven crew members. They all died. After the plane crash Committee(SK) called the main versions of what happened the error of the pilots, bad weather and...

Society, 21 Mar 2016, 21:56

IAC copied information from the voice recorder of the crashed Boeing ... Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) completed work on copying information from the cockpit voice recorder ... of the aircraft and crew. Earlier, Deputy Head of the IAC Sergei Zaiko said that committee managed to get information from the Boeing parametric recorder. Sound recorder like... The authorities will consider the possibility of depriving the IAC of the certification function ... get the functions and certification powers that were previously granted Interstate aviation committee. The discussion of this issue is contained in the agenda of the meeting of the Russian government in ... the transfer of the functions of the IAC to the federal executive authorities responsible for aviation security, in early November, the public chamber addressed the government. How...

Aviation committee. Recall that the last time Interstate the aviation committee published news about the results of the investigation of the plane crash in ... with a pick of the IAC and the Federal Air Transport Agency went to high level, that's why Interstate aviation committee We need to make our position clear," he said. According to O. Panteleev...

Echo of the Kazan disaster: why the IAC had claims against the Boeing 737 ... 2013. RBC recalled the circumstances of this accident Friday morning Interstate aviation Committee explained the reason for the withdrawal of Russian certificates for Boeing 737 aircraft ... elevator control systems, according to the IAC. Myself committee Jun 29, 2015, 10:49 IAC completes investigation into crash of Eurocopter helicopter in Nizhny Novgorod region Interstate aviation Committee(IAC) completed the investigation into the crash of the helicopter Eurocopter AS-350B3 RA-04032 ... in November last year in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The report is published on the website committee.Aircraft owned by NanoStroyInvest LLC, which leased the helicopter ...