| Schedule for the academic year | Air transport

Fundamentals of life safety
5th grade

Lesson 16
Air transport

Modern aircraft are reliable and almost always safe to fly. However, there are no completely safe mechanisms, machines. An airplane is a very complex machine, and the weather during the flight is not always quiet and sunny. Unfortunately, an average of 3,000 people die in air crashes around the world every year.

In flight, the aircraft is always autonomous, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on Earth: technicians, signalmen, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect it is, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong winds, poor visibility, snow and rain affect flight safety, sometimes creating situations that require a lot of skill, perseverance, and sometimes courage from the crew and ground services to overcome.

The passenger must also comply with the rules on the implementation of which the safety of the flight depends.

How to behave in the cabin:

Before takeoff and landing, take your seat and do not walk around the cabin;
on the shelf located above the chairs, place only non-bulky things (coat, raincoat, jacket);
carefully listen to the information of the stewardess about the rules of conduct and safety equipment on board the vessel;
during the flight, study the rules for the use of safety equipment;
make sure that during takeoff and landing, the seat belt is tightly pulled at the hips;
in dangerous situations, remain calm and follow all instructions of the crew.

In catastrophic situations on airplanes, two dangerous types of passenger behavior are usually manifested - panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, is more common. You should take this into account and never stop fighting for your life.

Let's take a look at some of the dangerous situations that are possible during the flight, and together we will think about how to get out of them.

In the event of an accident on an airplane, the margin of time for action is very small, so fear, panic will only increase the danger, reduce this time. It is necessary to act wisely: your salvation depends on it.

If an accident occurs when taking off, landing or at high altitude, pilots will try to abort the flight and land the aircraft, however, an emergency landing in this case will not be soft.

During an emergency landing you need to take a safe position: the body is bent, the head is tilted as low as possible, hands cover the head, legs rest against the back of the front seat. Remove bulky, heavy and other dangerous items that can cause injury. Try to put on your outerwear.

After an emergency landing it is necessary not to panic, to follow all the commands of the aircraft crew, to help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can only leave the plane through the emergency exits. After leaving the plane, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, since it may explode. Actions must be clear, conscious, fast, because health and life depend on it.

When the aircraft is depressurized during the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or overhead.

In case of an airplane fire all crew commands must be followed. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the plane as soon as possible, and for this you need to head to the nearest emergency exit. You should make your way to the exit on all fours, crouching as low as possible, since there is less smoke below (not so much fire as smoke is dangerous). Cover your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (wet if possible). Do not take hand luggage with you, show determination and discipline.

During an emergency landing on the water you need to wear a life jacket, but inflate it only slightly so that it does not interfere with the exit.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. If you have ever flown on airplanes, tell us about your impressions.
2. Tell us about the safety rules for air transport.
3. Recall and tell about any film or book that shows (describes) an emergency situation in air transport.

TASK 25. During the flight, the plane experienced a malfunction, as a result of which an emergency landing was planned. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Do not panic, listen to the information of the crew.
2. Group before landing, cover your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Get dressed.
4. Go to the crew to clarify the situation.
5. Fasten your seat belt.
6. Prepare your belongings for evacuation.

A. After careful briefing of passengers, and if conditions so require, the covers from the emergency exit hatches must be removed and stored in the kitchen or in the lavatories. During a forced landing on water, exits should not be opened, which may be below the water level after the aircraft has landed.

B. In the event of a fire on an aircraft, emergency exits may only be opened at strictly specified times.

B. The need to clear the cabin of smoke in some cases determines which exits should be opened.

D. If it is impossible to open the emergency exit, you should knock out the window with an emergency ax.

Actions of the crew before leaving the aircraft

If it is dark in the cockpit, the emergency lighting should be turned on before landing.

As soon as the plane stops, you need to open the appropriate exits and start evacuating passengers from the plane.

radio transmitter

Due to the fact that during a forced landing the rear of the aircraft suffers less damage than the front, it is in the tail of the aircraft that the emergency radio transmitter "Jibson Girl" or other portable radio station is placed, which can be used by people who do not have any radio training.

If the aircraft radio was not damaged during landing, then you can use it to establish communication.

The takeoff/landing TC members are at their service stations: service station, station 1 - emergency exits in front of the aircraft B/pr No. 1/1L + B/pr No. 2/1R; Wing emergency exits (2L/2R, 3L/3R); duty station, station 2 - emergency exits in the tail section of the aircraft B/P No. 3/4L + B/P No. 4/4R.

Depending on the emergency situation, evacuation can be:

Unprepared (unscheduled evacuation) - without pre-flight briefing of passengers, on the ground: when preparing the aircraft for departure, when placing passengers, when starting engines.

Partially prepared (unscheduled evacuation):

After briefing the passenger assistants at the emergency exits to the wings;

After the pre-flight briefing of passengers on the location of emergency exits and on the placement and rules for using emergency equipment:

After closing the entrance doors; after starting the engines; taxiing, takeoff and landing.

Prepared (planned evacuation) - if there is sufficient time to prepare passengers and cabins for emergency landing and evacuation: in flight.

In some cases, passengers must leave the aircraft as a precaution (for example: a real threat of an explosive device, an irritating smell, smoke in the passenger cabin, etc.)

In such cases, a controlled exit of the aircraft is carried out, and the minimum number of inflatable ladders is used. The PIC informs passengers about the current situation and decides on the use of certain exits. Passengers need to be additionally informed whether they can take hand luggage with them and whether they need to take off their shoes.

In the event of a fire on the ground: in the process of accommodating passengers; in the parking lot - cabin crew members are obliged to immediately begin the evacuation of passengers through the emergency exits or entry ladders closest to them.

The command to start the evacuation must be given by the PIC. The entire command to evacuate, including possible restrictions, must be repeated at least once. If the command is not sounded, and the need for evacuation, the SBKE has the right to issue a command to start the evacuation. If, under all the above circumstances, even a command was not sounded, each flight attendant has the right to issue a command for evacuation. The beginning of the action is a complete stop of the aircraft.

It must be taken into account that only emergency lighting will work during the evacuation. In such cases, there is a real threat of panic. It is necessary to be able to prevent panic and instill confidence in passengers.

Lanterns after evacuation can be used to give emergency signals by:

Circular rotation

Repeated sending of alternating flashes in the form of a SOS signal = 3 short flashes, 3 long flashes, 3 short flashes (…- - - ...)

acoustic whistle- the radius of hearing of the whistle significantly exceeds the radius of hearing of the human voice.

Megaphone- to notify passengers inside and outside the aircraft, as well as to issue commands in the event of a failure of the loudspeaker device.

Emergency beacon- designed for use in the international satellite system for search and rescue of emergency automatic objects COSPAS-SARSAT "Cospas-Sarsat"

First aid kit "FIRST AID KIT", First aid kit "Emergency Medical Kit"- to provide first aid to the victims.

"30 second tune" is a standard procedure that includes a mental repetition of the flight attendant's actions during the evacuation of passengers, which must be strictly carried out by cabin crew members. Conducted by flight attendants before each takeoff and landing in order to prepare for a possible emergency.

To conduct a "30 second mood" you need to answer the following questions:

Aircraft type?

Which output am I responsible for?

Takeoff/landing over land/water?

My safe posture?

Commands used during evacuation?

Before opening the door

After opening the door (exit is safe)

To block the exit.

Composition of passengers? (assistant passengers)

What needs to be done before opening the door?

How does my door open?

Door position ("automatic" / "manual");

Opening the door;

Handle for manual filling of the ladder.

Where and how will I direct passengers when the exit is blocked?

What additional emergency equipment is needed to carry out an evacuation? (lantern, megaphone).

What are my responsibilities after the evacuation?

Additional questions(depends on a situation)

When will I open my outlet? What are the main escape routes in the event of a water landing?

What is the state of the sea (e.g. cold water, risk of hypothermia).

Drain release handle (water)

Lifeline

Where is he located?

When should I fix it?

Who is fixing it?

Prepared (Planned) emergency landing (land / water) - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS for the preparation of passengers and cabins.

The duties of flight attendants and the steps to be taken in preparation for an emergency landing on land or water are set out in "INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING THE PASSENGER CABIN FOR EMERGENCY LANDING". It consists of the following items:

After the command of the FAC - “Brigadier to the cockpit! PURSER TO THE COCKPIT»

SBKE immediately go to the cockpit and get the exact information from the PIC:

N - Nature (nature of the accident) nature of the accident, type of landing

I - Intentions (intentions)

T - Time (time before landing) time to carry out preparations for landing

S - Special instructions (special instructions) about the risk of landing and the need to transfer passengers

Flight attendants:

They stop serving, fix the equipment and gather in the front buffet kitchen.

Having received information from the FAC, senior flight attendant gathers flight attendants for a briefing and informs them of the information received from the PIC. After that, the flight attendants begin to conduct preparations for an emergency landing and evacuation.

Senior flight attendant CE:

Appeals to passengers by notification system:

“Dear passengers, please pay attention! The senior flight attendant is talking to you. I urge you to be calm and ask you to do the following: (reads the standard text "Emergency landing" (land / water) (Appendix 1);

Selects physically strong, lonely, non-panic-assistant passengers to help cabin crew members (land - 18 people; water - 16 people)

Assistant passengers.

When choosing assistant passengers, preference should be given to airline employees, firefighters, rescuers, physically strong men, with the following duties:

Assistance to children, sick and wounded;

Assistance in bringing emergency equipment into operation

position and during the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft;

Protection of places dangerous for exiting the aircraft.

Familiarize passengers with the location of emergency doors, the procedure for opening them, and the rules for evacuating the aircraft.

The passenger-assistant must repeat all the above actions.

The briefing (Appendix 2; Appendix 3), preliminary preparation of passengers and verification of the security measures they have taken must be fully completed by the time the aircraft is forced to land.

Assistance passengers should be transferred to emergency exits, as well as to disabled passengers requiring assistance.

It is better to face difficulties in transferring passengers during emergency preparations than later with inactivity of passengers and loss of time during evacuation.

Lighting of passenger compartments - 100%.

(Full lighting will provide an opportunity to carefully prepare and monitor the behavior of passengers. Flight attendants in the cabins make sure that passengers listen carefully, stopping all questions and movements in the cabins)

In case of limited time , when it is not possible to gather flight attendants to explain the situation, the information is both a briefing for flight attendants and a signal to start preparing the passenger cabin for an emergency landing.

Preparation of work areas:

Senior flight attendant EC №1/1L - frees the evacuation routes in front of the aircraft from hand luggage, from curtains (tear and remove), removes all loose items (newspapers, magazines in bags, places in the toilet rooms).

Flight Attendant #2 /1R - fixes BKO and de-energizes household electrical equipment in the front buffet - kitchen; locks the toilet room in front of the aircraft: prepares passengers and cabins for an emergency landing (from the 1st to the 12th row);

Flight Attendant #3/4L - fixes BKO and de-energizes household electrical equipment in the tail buffet - kitchen. Prepares passengers and cabins for an emergency landing (from the 14th to the 28th rows). Locks the restrooms in the tail section of the aircraft.

Flight Attendant #4/4R - frees the evacuation routes in the tail section of the aircraft from hand luggage, from curtains (tear and remove), removes all loose items (newspapers, magazines in bags, in toilet rooms)

Passenger preparation.

1. Senior flight attendant/foreman No. 1/1L successively names the necessary preparatory measures according to the texts of emergency information in accordance with "INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE PASSENGER CABIN FOR EMERGENCY LANDING".

2. The flight attendants demonstrate and check the fulfillment by the passengers of the instructions given by the senior flight attendant, transmit a signal of readiness for the implementation of the next paragraph of the instruction.

The instruction includes the following requirements:

- seat backs must be in an upright position, otherwise, the passenger sitting in the back will not have enough space for preparation and is more at risk of injury when the aircraft lands;

- collars should be unbuttoned, ties removed;

- passengers must be dressed according to climatic conditions. In the event of a forced landing on water, it is recommended to wear as much clothing as possible;

- piercing and cutting objects must be removed and put away in hand luggage. It is forbidden to place these items in the pocket of the seat in front;

-hand luggage must be removed on luggage racks or in additional rooms (toilet rooms). All hand luggage remains on board the aircraft during the evacuation;

- remove shoes and put in hand luggage or under a chair (according to circumstances);

Passengers should sit as tightly as possible in the seat, fasten your belts strictly at the level of the hips and tighten them tightly. Distribute blankets, pillows, outerwear to passengers.

Passengers should pay special attention to the "Safety Instructions", which shows the location and use of emergency exits, vests, and the adoption of a safe posture.

- flight attendants show the exits, which are named in the information by the senior flight attendant;

- show emergency lighting location;

-when landing on land explain the equipment of emergency exits (ladders, ropes) and how to use them;

When landing on water, inform passengers about the availability of life jackets and the rules for their use. Before landing on the water, you must put on a life jacket and tie or fasten it. Adults inflate their life jackets just before; how to leave the aircraft (in the opening) or after leaving the aircraft if they leave it through the emergency wing exits. An inflated vest prior to landing will prevent the passenger from assuming a safe posture, interfere with evacuation from the aircraft, or be damaged (especially when leaving the aircraft through emergency wing exits). The use of children's life jackets must be explained to passengers individually. .

Need explain passengers what they should do on command of the PIC "Group, group!", "Brace, brace".

The command will sound just before landing, after which it is necessary to take a safe posture.

This command is given until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.

Explain and show passengers how to assume an emergency landing position. If the signal is given to take a safe position for an emergency landing, and there is no time to demonstrate it, give the command “Cover your head with your hands (hands on top of each other); Lower your head to your knees; Use soft clothing to protect your head and torso from impacts." Flight attendants explain the safe position for children, pregnant women and overweight passengers individually. Invite passengers with children to sit the child on their knees: Use the “loop belt” for fixation; an adult with one hand holds the child in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe belt or behind the head (depending on the position of the child relative to the direction of flight); You should protect the child's face with soft things.

Baby in the arms of an adult: an adult passenger must: Fasten and tighten seat belts; Place your feet firmly on the floor; Put the child on his back in the lap of an adult; Lean over the child; With one hand, support the child's head and press it to yourself; With the other hand, simultaneously fix the knees of the child and your head. Passengers should be warned that several impacts can be expected during landing and should remain in a safe position in their seats with their seat belts fastened until commands are received from the crew.

At the end of the briefing with passengers, check that passengers know:

How to unfasten your seat belt

How to group

When to group

How long to group

Where are the nearest exits

How to get to them

Carefully observe the behavior of passengers, identify those prone to panic and calm them (if necessary, you can take action).

Each flight attendant must once again check the readiness of his area for an emergency landing. Prevent passengers from attempting to open emergency doors without a command.

The lighting in the cabins must be suitable for the conditions outside in which the aircraft is landing.

Dress:

It is necessary to fully wear uniform, including a hat, for better recognition of you by passengers

Remove metal badges, ID, so as not to get injured.

Make sure the emergency equipment you need to evacuate from your area is available.

The flight attendants must report to the senior flight attendant about the completion of training. The chief flight attendant reports to the PIC that the cabin is ready for an emergency landing.

Take your seat in the chair, fasten and tighten the waist and shoulder straps; wait for the signal (command) to take the emergency landing position.

Flight attendants seated in rear facing seats should take the following position: Sit upright; Press your back and head against the back of the chair; Hold onto the seat with your hands; Place your feet firmly on the floor.

Assume an emergency landing position and remain in it until the aircraft comes to a complete stop, mentally conduct a thirty-second mental attitude to the actions during the evacuation.

The start of the evacuation should be explained as follows:

At the command of the flight attendants, you need to unfasten your seat belts, leave your seat; stand one after another and, observing the sequence, head to the emergency door, if the exit can be used, evacuate.

The actions of the EC members after a complete stop of the aircraft, during the evacuation during a planned emergency landing on land/water, are similar to an unplanned emergency landing on land/water.

UNPLANNED EMERGENCY LAND LANDING - EMERGENCY SCHEDULE, ACTION BY AC MEMBERS.

Actions of EC members.

After a complete stop of the aircraft and the team:

"PASSENGER EVACUATION" / "PASSENGER EVACUATION"

Unfasten seat belt

Approach the emergency exits

Senior Flight Attendant EC #1 / 1L- front entrance door - 1L

Flight Attendant #2/1R front service door - 1R

Flight attendant #3/4L: rear entrance door - 4L

Flight Attendant #4/4R: service door - 4R

Assess the situation outside (if the use of this exit was not prohibited by the PIC): look out the window, make sure that there is no fire or any obstacles to evacuation.

If there is no danger:

Make sure the door is in the "Automatic" / "ARMED" position.

Open the door;

Turn the door handle in the direction of the arrow as far as it will go in the "OPEN" direction

Push the door out and lock it in the "open" position

If the ladder does not inflate automatically

Hold the auxiliary handle with one hand - with the other hand, pull the red handle with the inscription "PULL" located on the right side of the threshold of the gangway.

Make sure the output is usable.

Evacuate passengers immediately.

36. How to leave the plane after an emergency landing through the exit with the airstairs extended and inflated:

a) without stopping, jump onto the ladder and slide down;

b) without stopping, sit on the edge of the ladder and slide down;

c) stop in front of the ladder, sit on it and slide down. |

37. In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft:

a) put your hands on your stomach, bend and tuck your legs;

b) put on a life jacket, rest your hands on the back of the front seat, and squeeze your head between your knees;

c) bend, tilt your head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, rest your feet against the back of the front seat.

38. You are on an airplane. The flight attendant reported a fire on board and an upcoming forced landing. Your actions after an emergency landing, provided that the aircraft cabin is smoky, fire is visible in some places, the passage to the emergency exit is not blocked:

a) immediately put on an oxygen mask, protect your body from burns and wait for rescuers;

b) protect yourself from burns by covering open areas of the body, bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours, covering your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or clothing items soaked in liquid; once overboard, quickly move away from the aircraft;

c) ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle of mineral water, make your way along the backs of the seats to the exit, dousing yourself with water on the go, once overboard, stand near the aircraft in case your help is needed.

39. The plane made an emergency landing on the water. You need:

a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit to board the life raft;

b) take a life jacket and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down into the life raft, put on warm clothes and a life jacket;

c) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.

40. In case of leakage in the aircraft cabin, it is necessary:

a) fasten your seat belt and, covering your head with your hands, lean forward;

b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten the seat belt and prepare for a rapid descent;

c) fasten your seat belt, help neighbors to fasten their seat belts, put on an oxygen mask.

Actions of passengers in case of an accident on water transport

Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, and also through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members.

Abandonment of the ship in case of an accident or shipwreck is carried out only on the instructions of the captain. He gives such an order in the following cases:

There are clear signs of the impending death of the vessel (dangerous list, entry into the water of the deck, stern, bow);

The vessel remains afloat, but the spread of water over the vessel leads to its flooding, and the crew does not have sufficient means to deal with water;

There is cargo shifting or icing of the ship, which will eventually lead to its capsizing, and the crew does not have the means to deal with cargo shifting or icing;

A fire is spreading throughout the ship, and the crew does not have the means to localize and eliminate it;

Under the influence of wind, waves or currents, the ship drifts on reefs, where it can be broken or capsized; at the same time, the ship does not move or is deprived of the ability to be controlled and cannot counteract the force of nature, etc.

On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue are reduced to the fastest possible exit to the boat deck and the precise execution of the commands of the crew organizing rescue operations. When a boat alarm is announced, all collective rescue equipment is brought into working position, and the crew prepares to leave the ship (Scheme 62).

All participants in the swim must wear spare clothing at their disposal - cotton and wool underwear, sweaters, waterproof, better waterproof outerwear, if available, a wetsuit and, of course, a life jacket. It is better to wear layered clothing. Two thin sweaters are preferable to one. It is advisable to wrap the neck with a scarf, in extreme cases, with a towel or a sleeve of a torn sweater, a torn leg, since it is more susceptible to hypothermia in water than other parts of the body. One or two tight-fitting woolen caps should be put on the head, a hood should be put on and tightened, mittens or gloves should be put on the hands. You should strive to protect places that are particularly prone to heat loss - the chest below the armpits, the groin area, neck, head. It is better to wear shoes that are spacious, with two or three woolen socks, but in such a way as not to restrict the movement of the toes.

Each participant in the navigation must be able to handle an individual means of rescue. It is best to learn this in advance. It must be remembered that an incorrectly worn life jacket can not only not help, but even accelerate the death of a person on the water.

The first, according to the old maritime rule, to the collective means of salvation are children, women, wounded, weakened people. They need to organize insurance, for which one adult man can go down to the life-saving device.

The captain is the last to leave the ship, after personally making sure that all members of the crew, passengers, as well as items of emergency equipment are in the survival craft.

Before boarding inflatable rescue equipment (rafts, boats), it is necessary to tightly wrap the metal parts of the shoes with cloth - horseshoes, buckles, protruding nails that can damage the rubber lining. When boarding inflatable rafts and boats, it is advisable to avoid jumping. If it is impossible to do without a jump, you should try to fall on inflatable elements - onboard balloons, inflatable beams, cans and racks. In this case, it is desirable to contact the skin with the largest possible area of ​​the body in order to reduce the impact load on the inflatable structure. If a person lands on their feet, they can break through the bottom of a lifeboat or raft.

The people who were the first in the life-saving equipment should insure it from damage - push off the vessel with oars or hands, drive away objects floating on the surface of the water that pose a threat, and also help their comrades.

Leaving a sinking ship can be carried out on lifeboats and inflatable rafts, by going on board an approaching rescue ship, evacuating aboard a rescue helicopter and jumping into the water.

Features of leaving the ship by jumping into the water(Scheme 63). Before leaving the vessel, crew members must remind passengers of the rules for jumping into the water and further behavior on the water. For a jump into the water, such places are chosen to be carried away from the vessel by the current. If possible, it is better to go down to the water along the ladder. The life jacket must be protected from damage.

When jumping into the water, tuck your chin to your chest, but do not tilt your head forward so as not to hit your face on the water, tighten the back of your head. Press the clothes with one hand, close the nostrils and mouth with the other. Jump with your feet down, press your feet against each other, bend your legs slightly and strain. Take a deep breath before jumping. Once in the water, dive with open eyes, avoiding getting hit by a ship, boat or raft. After recovering your breath, turn to face the oncoming wave, then look around for danger from nearby ships.

In the absence of rescue equipment, while in the water, give signals by whistling or raising your hand. Move as little as possible to keep warm. The loss of heat in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements, even in warm water, must be reduced to just keeping afloat. In a lifejacket, to keep warm, group up, wrap your arms around your chest from the sides and lift your hips higher so that the water washes less of the groin area (Fig. 26). This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50% (Table 5). If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for a floating object with your eyes and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest lying on your back.

Table 5

Terms of human survival in water depending on its temperature

Temperature	Time to come (without overalls and equipment)		Way of finding	Predictable survival time, h, at temperature
	losses consciousness	probable of death
10	15-30 min	15 min - 1.5 h	Swimming without life jacket	Up to 1.5
11-12	30-60 min	1-2 h	Swimming in life jacket	2
			Staying still in a life jacket	Around 3
			Being in a life jacket (in a grouped position)
19-21	3-7 h	8-10 h	Being in the water groups in life jackets, closely clinging to each other
		Safely life

While on a lifeboat take your seasickness pills. To save heat, stay close to other victims, do physical exercises. Let's drink only to the sick and wounded. If there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay close to other boats near the place of the ship's sinking.

Keep your feet as dry as possible. Lift and move them regularly to relieve puffiness. Never drink sea water. Keep fluid in the body by reducing useless movements. Moisten clothing during the day to reduce perspiration, and moisten the outer shell of the raft with water to reduce the temperature inside the raft. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, dividing them into numerous small doses with the largest in the evening. Eat only emergency food. Save the smoke bombs until there is a real possibility that your signal will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself, entrust this to one person.

Check your knowledge by comparing your answers to the tests with the answers given at the end of the textbook.

41. On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue come down to a quick exit to the boat deck and precise execution of the ship's crew commands. Specify the correct actions of passengers when declaring a boat alarm:

a) put on as many clothes as possible, take documents and a life jacket, quickly go to the boat deck, prepare to board life-saving appliances;

b) put on a life jacket, go to the boat deck, get into the lifeboat and wait for it to be launched;

c) go down to your cabin, put on a life jacket and wait for the ship's emergency team to arrive.

a) so as not to injure yourself;

b) so as not to injure another passenger;

c) so as not to damage the rubber lining of the survival craft.

43. From the given answers, choose the one that, in your opinion, reflects the correct actions of the passenger when leaving the sinking ship by jumping into the water:

a) cover your face with both hands, jump into the water with your feet pressed against each other, quickly sail away from the ship;

b) inhale and hold your breath, cover your mouth with your hand, jump into the water with your legs slightly bent, splash down, sail away from the ship;

c) inspect the splashdown site, inhale and hold your breath, hold your mouth and nose with your hand, pull down the life jacket with your other hand, jump into the water with your feet down, slightly bending them, splash down, quickly sail away from the vessel.

44. Which places of the human body are especially prone to heat loss when in water:

a) chest below the armpits, groin area, neck and head;

b) arms and legs;

c) fingers and toes, feet, scalp.

45. While in a life-saving craft, drink water per day no more than:

a) 200-300 ml;

b) 500-600 ml;

c) 800-1000 ml.

4.7. Hydrodynamic accidents and their consequences. Protection and actions of the population

Hydrodynamic accidents - accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities, which may result in catastrophic flooding.

Hydrodynamically dangerous objects called structures or natural formations that create a difference in water levels before (upstream) and after (downstream) them (Fig. 27). These include hydraulic structures of the pressure front: dams, dams, dams, water intakes and water intake structures, pressure basins and surge tanks, hydroelectric facilities, small hydroelectric power plants and structures.

In case of accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities in the downstream, as a result of a rapid fall of water from the upstream (see Fig. 27), a breakthrough wave is formed. Its striking effect is manifested in the form of a direct collapse on people and structures of a mass of water moving at high speed, and the fragments of buildings and structures and other objects moved by it.

In case of catastrophic flooding, the threat to life and health of people, in addition to the impact of a breakthrough wave, is being in cold water, neuropsychic overstrain, as well as flooding (destruction) of systems that ensure the vital activity of the population.

The consequences of accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities can be difficult to predict. Being located, as a rule, within the boundaries of large settlements or upstream of them and being objects of increased risk, if they are destroyed, they can lead to catastrophic flooding of vast territories, a significant number of cities and villages, economic facilities, mass deaths of people, a long cessation of navigation, agricultural and fishery industries.

In areas of catastrophic flooding, destruction (washout) of water supply systems, sewerage, drain communications, garbage collection sites and other waste is possible. As a result of pollution of the flood zone, the risk of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases increases. This is also facilitated by the accumulation of the population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in the material and living conditions of life.

In order to protect the population during catastrophic flooding, to prevent or minimize the extent of its damage, a set of organizational, engineering, technical and special measures is being carried out.

Briefing for flight attendants

Security Council informs all flight attendants about the current situation.

If there is enough time, the briefing can be held at the front of the aircraft.

To prepare the passenger cabin for an emergency landing, it is necessary

full lighting.

Information for passengers

The captain of the ship informs the passengers about the situation that has arisen on board. If this is requested by the Security Council, it may use the established passenger information texts.

Preparation of work areas.

Remove all loose items, including newspapers and magazines (put in a bag).

Close and lock toilets, remove video monitors, remove baby cradles.

Fix kitchen equipment (containers, trolleys, etc.).

Turn off all electrical equipment, pull out the fuses.

Lock all compartments and wardrobes.

Open and fasten curtains, tear them down if possible.

Clear the escape routes from any items (hand luggage, etc.).

Doors and ladders

Door selectors must be in the “ARMED” position

Helper Passengers

When choosing assistant passengers, preference is given to crew members of any airlines that follow passengers, as well as other airline employees.

Assistance passengers must sit in seats at emergency exits, in vacant seats of flight attendants, as well as next to passengers who need additional assistance (disabled, unaccompanied children).

When transferring assistant passengers, it is necessary to convince other passengers to give up their seats to them.

Passenger preparation information

The Security Council reads the stages of preparation for an emergency landing according to the instructions in accordance with the text of the emergency information. If there is little time for preparation, then the Security Council selects only those items that are necessary in this particular emergency.

The flight attendants themselves carry out and check the fulfillment by the passengers of the instructions of the Security Council, successively transmitting a signal about the completion of each stage of preparation:

Put the backs of the chairs in a vertical position, remove the folding tables,

steps and individual video monitors to: clear escape routes,

take a safety posture, avoid injury when landing.

Remove ties, unbutton collars to avoid breathing difficulties.

Outerwear. Wear in accordance with external conditions.

Punching and cutting objects, glasses, dentures must be removed and placed in hand luggage. If time is short, then these items can be placed between the seats of the chairs. The placement of these items in the pockets of the front seats is prohibited.

Hand luggage must be placed under the seats in front of you.

Light items are placed on the luggage racks (as an exception, there may be

restrooms used). In case of evacuation hand luggage

must be left on board the aircraft. Remove shoes, place them on a shelf or under the seat in front, so as not to damage the inflatable ladders and rafts.

Demonstrate emergency exits.

Emergency lighting.

Flight attendants must demonstrate a light path (if any) and

illuminated exit boards.

Emergency landing.

The use of stairways and wing exits should be explained.

Water landing.

Life jackets must be put on before landing on the water. The vests are inflated: just before leaving the aircraft through the door or after leaving the aircraft through the escape hatch (prematurely inflated vest will interfere with the adoption of a safe posture, evacuation and may be damaged during evacuation).

Life jackets for small children must be inflated by the accompanying person immediately after the aircraft stops. The infant life cot is inflated before leaving the aircraft.

Safe Posture.

Passengers need to explain the meaning of the command SAFETY POSITION and that it may sound shortly before landing. It is necessary to demonstrate to passengers a safe posture: while the security officer explains how to take a safe posture, flight attendants, sitting on the back of the first row seat in their zone, demonstrate it. In first and business class cabins, a safe posture is demonstrated by flight attendants standing in the aisles. The safe position for the baby is individually explained to the accompanying person.

Warn passengers to expect several strong

jolts, and they should remain in their seats with their seat belts fastened until the aircraft comes to a halt.

Explain the start of the evacuation: at the command of the flight attendants, you need to unfasten the seat belts and

quickly run to the nearest exit.

Seatbelt.

After demonstrating the harness and training in its use,

require passengers to fasten their seat belts tightly at hip level

(A prematurely fastened seat belt will make it difficult for the passenger to prepare.)

Safety instructions for passengers.

Assistant passengers.

The briefing of the passenger-assistant includes: opening the exits; help downstairs at the ladder; providing assistance on the wing of the aircraft and on the ground; assistance to disabled passengers; collection of passengers at a safe distance; assistance to passengers who need it (the elderly, the sick, children).

Last readiness check

Flight attendants must make sure that the cabins and kitchens are fully prepared for an emergency landing.

Uniform

Wear a full set of uniforms to distinguish yourself as a member of the crew. Remove metal emblems and name badges. Flight attendants remove their shoes at the time of informing passengers during training, or at the time of the last readiness check.

Passenger cabin lighting

Upon completion of the preparation, the lighting of the salons must correspond to the external

conditions at the time of landing.

Removable emergency equipment

Make sure emergency equipment is available. All equipment is in place until it is needed after landing.

End of preparation

The flight attendants must report to the SB, SB - to the commander of the ship.

Flight attendant seat

Take your seat and have a 30 second mood.

Carrying out evacuation

Evacuation does not always follow preparations for an emergency landing.

If an evacuation becomes necessary, flight attendants must

start it after the command "PASSENGER EVACUATION" in accordance with the "Instruction

for the evacuation"