MAC is out of trust. A new structure will investigate air accidents. International organizations ha High risk area
1.8 International aviation organizations
(composition of the goal, relevant documents )
International aviation organizations are divided into intergovernmental (MMAO) and non-governmental (MNAO).
MMAOs are created by states on the basis of international treaties that define the goals and objectives of organizations, membership in them, the rights and obligations of their participants, the structure and competence of working bodies, etc. MMAO are recognized as subjects of international law . They have the right to conclude international treaties with states and among themselves and are responsible for compliance with treaties, adopt recommendations and other legal acts.
European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)
ECAC(ESAC - European civil Aviation Conference ) - The European Civil Aviation Conference was established in1954 year.
The members of the ECAC are the states of Europe (44 states, including Ukraine).
Goals and objectives of the ECAC :
- collection and analysis of statistical data on the activities of air transport in Europe and the development of recommendations for its development and coordination, in particular by simplifying administrative formalities in the processing of passengers, baggage, cargo, departure or reception of aircraft in international air transportation and flights;
Systematization and standardization of technical requirements for aviation equipment;
Studying the issues of flight safety and aviation security. Functions - advisory.
supreme body - Plenary Commission in which all states are represented - members of the organization. Once every three years, the Commission holds plenary meetings, at which it approves the work program and budget of the ECAC for a three-year period, elects the president, vice-president and chairmen of the standing committees of the ECAC.
The Plenary Commission also holds annual sessions at which the main activities of the ECAC within the framework of the three-year program are approved, as well as emergency sessions. Decisions of the ECAC, taken by a majority of votes, are binding.
Executive agency - The Coordinating Committee (consisting of the President, Vice President and Chairmen of the Standing Committees) manages the activities of the ECAC between sessions of the Plenary Commission.
Working bodies: standing committees (Economic Committee for Scheduled Air Transport, Economic Committee for Non-Scheduled Air Transport, Technical Committee, Committee for Facilitation), Working Groups and Expert Groups.
The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France).
European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol)
EUROCONTROL( EUROCONTROL - European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation ) - The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation was established in 1960 on the basis of the Convention on cooperation in the field of air navigation and especially in the joint organization of air traffic services (ATS) in the upper airspace of Western Europe.
At the request of individual members of the organization, the creation of ATS services in the lower airspace is also allowed.
According to the 1981 Protocol, which amended this Convention, ATS in the upper airspace of Western Europe is carried out by the relevant authorities of the member states of the organization.
EUROCONTROL includes 39 countries.
Goals of EUROCONTROL - determination of a common policy regarding the structure of the airspace, air navigation facilities, air navigation charges, coordination and harmonization of national ATS programs.
supreme body - General Assembly, consisting of the ministers of transport and defense of the state. Responsible for setting the overall policy of the organization.
During the intersessional period, the Permanent Commission for Ensuring the Safety of Air Navigation operates. This is followed by the Council, consisting of representatives of Member States at the level of general directors of civil aviation enterprises.
The Council sets goals and priorities, resolves conflicts, manages the activities of the Agency.
Executive agency - Air Navigation Safety Agency, headed by the Director General. It includes the directorate for routing, finance, personnel, as well as air traffic management programs in Europe (EATR), etc.
In accordance with the Eurocontrol Convention, ATS services in London, Paris and Brussels, two regional ATS centers - in Maastricht (Netherlands) and Karlsruhe (Germany), air navigation facilities were installed in Shannon (Ireland).
The headquarters is located in Brussels. The statutory goals are to ensure the safety of flights of civil and military aircraft.
European Whip Safety Agency (EASA)
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the European Union (EU) agency for the regulation and enforcement of civil aviation security tasks.
EASA was established on July 15, 2002 and is headquartered in Cologne . The functioning of the organization began in full in 2008, when it completely took over the functions of the liquidated Joint (Joint) Aviation Authorities (JAA). The member countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) became members of the agency.
EASA is responsible for analysis and research in the field of safety, issuance of permits to foreign airlines, advice on the development of European aviation legislation, implementation and monitoring of safety rules (including inspection functions in member countries), issuance of type certificates for aircraft and components, as well as authorization functions in relation to organizations, engaged in the development, production and maintenance of aviation facilities.
Goals EASA is an:
Establishment and maintenance of a high level and uniformity of civil aviation safety procedures and environmental protection in the European region;
Facilitating the free movement of products, personnel and services in the aviation industry;
Promoting the economic efficiency of the implemented guidelines;
Control over the implementation and implementation of ICAO standards;
Bringing EASA's point of view on all relevant issues to the global aviation community.
To achieve these goals, EASA performs the functions of developing guidance documents, certification, and standardization of procedures related to the quality and safety of flights.
From 2013, within the framework of the “Single European Sky” initiative, the agency will be engaged in the certification of functional airspace units, if more than three parties are involved.
Differences from JAA
The headquarters of the JAA was in Amsterdam. The main difference between EASA and JAA is the fact that EASA has the legal powers of a regulatory body throughout the European Union, disseminating its recommendations through the European Commission, the Council of Europe and the European Parliament, while most of the JAA regulations were harmonized codes with no real legal force. In addition, some JAA member countries were outside the EU (eg Turkey), and EASA is a European agency, and other countries adopt its rules and procedures on a voluntary basis.
Jurisdiction
EASA is authorized to issue type certificates and airworthiness approvals for other design aspects of aircraft, engines, propellers and components. EASA cooperates with the National Aviation Authorities (NAA) of the EU member states, however, in order to standardize aviation in the EU and Turkey, it has taken over many of their functions.
In addition, EASA advises the Commission on international harmonization agreements with the rest of the world on behalf of EU member states and negotiates working technical agreements directly with its peers around the world, such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
EASA also establishes a policy for aircraft repair stations (Part 145 Organizations in Europe and the United States, known as Part 571 organizations in Canada) and issues certificates to repair stations outside the EU, allowing foreign repair stations to carry out repairs on EU aircraft.
EASA has developed rules for air transport, pilot licensing and rules for the use of non-European aircraft in the EU.
Security analysis and research
The main task of EASA is ensuring the highest level of safety in civil aviation through the certification of aviation facilities, the approval of aviation organizations, the development and implementation of standardized European rules.
Aviation Security Annual Report
In accordance with Article 15 of Regulation EC 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 20, 2008, EASA annually presents an aviation security report, which is a statistical study of aviation security in Europe and the world. The statistics are grouped by type of air transportation (commercial, private, cargo, passenger, etc.) and aircraft categories (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, etc.).
EASA has access to accident and statistical information collected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In accordance with ICAO Annex 13 on accident investigation, participating countries are required to provide ICAO with information on accidents with aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight of more than 2250 kg. In addition to ICAO data, EASA member countries collect and transmit information on light aircraft accidents.
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
IATA- non-governmental organization , whose members are the leading aviation enterprises of all regions of the world. Established in 1945
Goals of IATA - promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport, encouraging aviation commercial activities and studying related problems.
supreme body - the annual General Meeting, which elects the president and members of the Executive Committee of the Association, considers reports for the past year, and also approves the budget for the next year. The Executive Committee appoints the Director General and creates committees on various issues of IATA activities, subject to approval by the General Assembly.
IATA develops recommendations on the level, construction and rules for the application of tariffs, uniform general conditions of transportation, including passenger service standards, is working on the generalization and dissemination of economic and technical experience in operating airlines, including standardization and unification of transportation documentation and commercial agreements, coordination of schedules, etc. . Decisions on economic and financial issues are in the nature of recommendations.
Within the framework of IATA, there is a Clearing House (in London) for mutual settlements between member airlines and the Control Bureau
(in New York) to monitor compliance with the Charter of the Association, decisions of the general meeting and regional conferences.
The headquarters of IATA is located in Montreal (Canada).
AFKAK- African Civil Aviation Commission, established in 1969, headquartered in Dakar,
ASECNA- Agency for the Safety of Air Navigation in Africa and Madagascar, established in 1960, headquartered in Dakar
LAKAK- Latin American Civil Aviation Commission, established in 1973, headquartered in Lima
KOKESNA- Central American Corporation for the Services of Air Navigation, established in 1960, headquartered in Tegucigalpa
KAKAS- Arab Civil Aviation Council, established in 1967, headquartered in Rabat
IFALPA - The International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in London.
IFALPA Goals: protecting the interests of pilots and increasing their role in the development of a safe and regular system of air communications, cooperation and unity of action of civil aviation pilots.
IFALPA promotes the development of aviation technology, strives to ensure that the introduction of new types of aircraft into operation at the same time provides safe and comfortable working conditions for pilots. The Federation protects the interests of pilots, assists its associations in setting fair and reasonable wages and working hours.
supreme governing body - Conference, supreme executive body - The Bureau. IFALPA actively cooperates with other international aviation organizations.
IFATCA(IFATCA - International federation of Air Traffic controller" s associations) - International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations, established in 1961, headquartered in Amsterdam.
Goals of IFATCA : improving the safety, efficiency and regularity of international air navigation, promoting the safety and regularity of the air traffic control system, maintaining a high level of knowledge and professional training of air traffic controllers.
The highest governing body is the Conference, the highest executive body is the Council.
IAKA - International Air Carriers Association, established in 1971, headquartered in Strasbourg.
Aims of IAKA: development of ways and methods to increase the efficiency of participation in international charter operations, development of air traffic by improving the quality of charter services, strengthening communication and cooperation between international charter companies. The highest governing body is the Assembly, the highest executive body is the Executive Committee. In its activities, IAKA cooperates with ICAO, ECAC, AFKAK, Eurocontrol.
Almost a detective story! And, it seems, with the continuation ... In November 2015, the government of the Russian Federation decided to redistribute the functions of the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) between the Ministry of Transport, the Federal Air Transport Agency and the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
According to this decision, the functions of determining the procedure for certification of international and commercial airports, types of aircraft and a number of other important aviation systems were transferred to the Ministry of Transport. The process of certification and verification of certification requirements should be carried out by specialists from the Federal Air Transport Agency. The Ministry of Industry and Trade received the authority to certify enterprises related to the production of aircraft. And an incomprehensible fuss began.
The pressure on the IAC began when, as part of the development of the Federal Law-253 of July 21, 2014, amendments were made to Art. 8 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation in terms of empowering the Federal Air Transport Agency to issue permits to developers and manufacturers of civil aircraft.
Without logic
Since the initiators of the changes did not imagine how the “innovations” would start working in practice, with the adoption of this law, the previously existing government documents, according to which the MAK performed the functions of an authorized body for certification of developers and manufacturers in the Russian Federation, were not canceled or changed. And the Aviation Register of the IAC continued to work in all directions. The final start to the previously adopted decisions was given in November 2015.
According to aviation experts, the situation unfolding around the IAC has no logic. After all, the entire contractual base with EASA, FAA and ICAO hangs on it. When the functions of the Federal Air Transport Agency are transferred, all of it "flies", not only in Russia, but throughout the aviation space of the former USSR. The IAC is the regulator of the entire post-Soviet space and acts on behalf of all former parts of the Union in the external aviation sector. Even Ukraine, which, in defiance of Russia (by the way, it was under Viktor Yanukovych) introduced its own register system, then, having come to its senses, did not begin to break ties with the IAC. Having started the process of creating a national register, she ran into the impossibility of creating an external contractual and legal base in the global aviation space, which the IAC has.
Drawn certificates
At the end of 2015, the head of the government of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, made the final decision on the actual liquidation of this institution. It should be noted that Mr. Medvedev has long disliked MAK. After the crash of the Yak-42 aircraft in Yaroslavl, it can be said that Medvedev stopped the operation of this type of aircraft. POPPY considers: the equipment was in order, but there are questions about the work of the Federal Air Transport Agency. I remember that then the testing of flight schools began, they caught someone on fictitious diplomas and false certificates. But the matter was hushed up.
In connection with this disaster, Alexander Neradko, head of the Federal Air Transport Agency, supported by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, launched an attack on the MAK. Minister Denis Manturov has his own interest. He repeatedly tried to push through the IAC the issuance of a developer and manufacturer certificate for the Russian Helicopters JSC (VR) he created. And I regularly received an answer: for certification in accordance with AP-21, it is required to prepare the necessary documents (including actual material production). But BP is a bureaucratic superstructure of about 800 people. She is an ordinary shareholder of a number of helicopter assets, each of which has its own production certificates.
and / or the development of aviation technology, does not have on its balance sheet. After several attempts to persuade the leadership of the MAC, Manturov, apparently, began to “draw” certificates from the Ministry of Industry and Trade himself. But it’s just that no one outside of Russia still recognizes them. However, this does not prevent companies from selling them at a reasonable price, receiving fees for "certification".
What will destruction lead to?
The Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSVTS), which, together with BP, came up with its own system of external "military certification" of repair enterprises, was also interested in "overclocking" the MAC. Although it seems that this is a completely illegal act, since in other countries military trade and repair services are regulated in the same way as in the Russian Federation, at the level of special national regulators.
Thus, it turns out that the group of persons interested in the liquidation of the IAC is Denis Manturov (Minister of Industry and Trade), the leadership of the FSMTC and Alexander Neradko (Rosaviatsiya), and headed it on behalf of Dmitry Medvedev Arkady Dvorkovich. This group organized the “collision” with the MAK.
Undoubtedly, in many areas there are questions about the activities of the IAC and its leader, Tatyana Anodina. But this cannot be the reason for the destruction of the whole interstate institution, on which the entire contractual base on aviation issues rests. The destruction of the IAC will entail the collapse of the entire external contractual base, not only for the Russian Federation, but also for the countries of the former USSR.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade switched the arrows
Against the background of the desire of the Russian authorities to integrate the states of the former Soviet Union into a single system, the collapse of the IAC (a ready-made integrator of the aviation space) looks like the absence of any elementary state logic.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade, having faced big problems in matters of reorganization, has already switched the arrows to the Federal Air Transport Agency. And Russia sent out official notification notes that the functions of the IAC are being transferred to the Federal Air Transport Agency. But not a single one received a positive response.
The organizers of the destruction of the MAK did not attach importance to the fact that aviation security issues are not regulated by notification. There is a bilateral principle of recognition of qualifications and other attributes of this direction.
The US and the EU have aligned their positions for eight years, and this is with a completely favorable attitude. No one knows how many Alexander Neradko will join them in the current conditions of Russia's confrontation with the West.
To create a contractual framework with EASA, it is necessary to sign an intergovernmental agreement with the European Commission. But this is a big problem, because if at least one EU state is against it, then Russia will not see such an agreement.
And before it's too late, this process must be urgently stopped. Since the decision to transfer to the federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation the functions previously performed by the IAC, the proper execution of the powers assigned to the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Federal Air Transport Agency in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2015 No. 1283 has not been organized.
In a high risk area
The Russian aviation industry is at high risk of zeroing the export potential for civil aviation products (SSJ, MS-21 programs, Mi-172, Mi-171A1, Ka-32A11BC helicopters, etc.) at least throughout the entire period of work on recognition of the new certification system. Considering that in the modern world there is a high level of competition in the aviation sector, it can be assumed that the reformatting of aviation regulation will be used by external competitors both in the global market and to obtain preferences within Russia in exchange for even partial recognition of the new certification system.
To get out of this situation, it would be useful to cancel earlier decisions and return to the already created system based on the IAC, to change the leadership within the framework of Russian law in this organization. And also to convene the Council on Aviation and the Use of Airspace. Approve a new candidate for the post of chairman. Adopt updated rules of procedure for the work of the Council. But the professional competence of the new leader must be recognized by ICAO and other international aviation structures. Lawyers and "effective managers" will not be accepted there.
The Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) is the executive body of 11 states of the former USSR (Commonwealth of Independent States) for functions and powers delegated by states in the field of civil aviation and the use of airspace.
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the European Union agency for the regulation and enforcement of civil aviation safety tasks.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the central government agency of the United States in the field of civil aviation.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international standards for civil aviation and coordinates its development in order to improve safety and efficiency.
The Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSMTC of Russia) is the federal executive body of Russia, which, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, exercises control and supervision in the field of military-technical cooperation.
International aviation organizations
transport - are divided into intergovernmental (MMAO) and non-governmental (MNAO). MMAOs are created by states on the basis of international treaties that define the goals and objectives of organizations, membership in them, the rights and obligations of their participants, the structure and competence of working bodies, etc. MMAOs are recognized as subjects of international law. They have the right to conclude international treaties with states and among themselves and are responsible for compliance with treaties, adopt recommendations and other legal acts.
Depending on the circle of participants, MMAOs are universal, for example (ICAO), or regional (EKAK, Eurocontrol, AFKAK, ASEKNA, KOKESNA, LAKAK, KAKAS). They have a similar structure: the highest governing body is the Assembly, the Plenary session, etc.; The current activities of the MMAO are provided by the executive bodies. Under the executive bodies in some MMAOs, special committees or commissions subordinate to them are created, which develop organizational, technical, administrative, legal issues of civil aviation activities. The supreme governing bodies of the MMAO during the sessions approve the reports of the executive bodies, hear the reports of committees and experts, adopt resolutions and recommendations.
European Civil Aviation Conference(EKAK) was established in 1954, headquartered in Strasbourg, EKAK members are 22 European states. Admission of new members from among European states - only with the general consent of all members of EKAK. The objectives of the EKAK are: to promote cooperation between European states in the field of air transport for its more efficient and orderly development, to ensure the systematization and standardization of general technical requirements for new aviation equipment, including air navigation equipment and a communication system, to study flight safety issues, to collect statistical data on flight accidents. The highest governing body is the Plenary Conference, the highest executive bodies are the Coordinating Committee and standing committees. EKAK decisions are advisory in nature. EKAK cooperates with more than 20 MMAOs and MNAOs related to air transport - IATA, EARO, Eurocontrol, ICAA and others - and is obliged to submit annual reports to the Consultative Assembly of the European Union.
African Civil Aviation Commission(AFKAK) established in 1969, headquarters in Dakar, members of AFCAK - 41 states; they can be any African states - members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and interested in the activities of the Economy, the UN Commission for Africa (ECA). Goals of AFKAK: development of a common policy of AFKAK member states in the use of civil aviation, discussion and necessary measures for cooperation and coordination of their activities in the field of civil aviation, promotion of more efficient use and improvement of African air transport. AFKAK is also involved in the study of the standardization of airborne equipment and ground facilities, the consideration of tariffs in Africa and other issues. The supreme body of AFCAK is the Plenary session, the highest executive body is the Bureau. AFKAK decisions are advisory in nature. In carrying out its tasks, AFCAC cooperates closely with the OAU and ICAO, and may also cooperate with any other international organization in the field of civil aviation.
Latin American Civil Aviation Commission(LAKAK) established in 1973, headquarters in Lima, members of LAKAK - 19 states. Membership of LACAC can only be from the states of South and Central America, including Panama, Mexico and the states located in the Caribbean. Objectives of LACAC: collection and publication of statistical data on air traffic by points of departure and destination, study of tariff policy in the field of air transport, development of recommendations on compliance with tariffs in the implementation of international air transport in the region, creation of its own legal mechanism for ensuring tariff compliance and imposition of sanctions, Supreme the governing body is the Assembly, the highest executive body is the Executive Committee. LACAC cooperates with ICAO and other international organizations in the field of civil aviation. LAKAK is an advisory body, therefore its decisions and recommendations require the approval of each of its members.
Arab Civil Aviation Council(KAKAS) was established in 1967, headquarters in Rabat, members - 20 states. Any member state of the League of Arab States can be a member of CACAS. Objectives of CACAS: study of international standards and recommendations of ICAO of interest to Arab countries, international agreements in the field of civil aviation, management of scientific research on various aspects of air transport and air navigation, promotion of information dissemination, settlement of disputes, disagreements between CACAS member states, training planning and training of specialists from Arab countries in the maintenance of civil aviation. The activities of CACAS contribute to increasing the efficiency of regular international air transportation performed by the airlines of the Arab States, expanding domestic and international routes, modernizing existing air navigation facilities and using modern equipment for air traffic services in the region. The supreme governing body is the Council, the executive bodies are the Executive Committee and permanent subcommittees. KAKAS cooperates with ICAO, AFKAK, EKAK and other international organizations in the field of civil aviation.
European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation(Eurocontrol) established in 1960, headquartered in Brussels, members - 10 European countries. Membership is open to all European countries subject to the consent of all Eurocontrol members. The goals of Eurocontrol are to ensure air navigation and flight safety, to control and coordinate the movement of civil aviation and air force aircraft in the upper airspace over the territory of Eurocontrol member states, to develop unified flight rules and the activities of air navigation services. The supreme governing body is the Permanent Commission, consisting of representatives of states in the rank of ministers of civil aviation and defense, the highest executive bodies are the Air Traffic Services Agency, the Committee of Governors, the Secretariat. Eurocontrol cooperates with ICAO, IATA and other international organizations in the field of civil aviation.
Agency for the Safety of Air Navigation in Africa and Madagascar(ASECNA) established in 1960, headquarters in Dakar, members of ASECNA - 13 African states. Membership is open to African States subject to the consent of all ASECNA members. ASECNA goals: ensuring the regularity and safety of aircraft flights over the territory of ASECNA member states, management, operation and maintenance of airfields, mediation in the provision of financial and technical assistance. The highest governing body is the Administrative Council, the highest executive bodies are the General Directorate, representative offices. Council decisions are binding on member states. ASECNA cooperates with ICAO in the preparation and implementation of the recommendations of the ICAO Assembly.
Central American Air Navigation Services Organization(COQUESNA) established in 1960, headquartered in Tegucigalpa, members of COQUESNA are 5 Central American states. Objectives of COQESNA: provision of air navigation services for flights over the territory of COQESNA member states and other areas specified in international agreements, provided for in the ICAO regional plan, to airports and air navigation equipment of member states. The highest governing body is the Administrative Council, the highest executive bodies are the Technical Commission, the Secretariat. KOKESNA receives technical assistance from ICAO and the US Agency for International Development, which is interested in this organization, since American airlines own a large number of aircraft served by KOKESNA.
The activities of the MNAO, whose members in most cases are legal entities (transport companies), are devoted to special issues of international air communications. The statutes of the MNAO determine their goals, objectives, membership, rights and obligations of members of the organization, the structure and competence of the working bodies, and the main areas of activity. MNAO in their activities are guided by domestic legislation and international law. MNAO actively cooperate with ICAO and have observer status in ICAO. MNAO, on assignment from ICAO, prepare expert opinions on issues of their specialization.
International Air Transport Association(IATA) was established in 1945, headquarters in Montreal, full and associate members of IATA - 188 airlines from 117 countries. "" - a member of IATA since 1989. Associate members of IATA are domestic airlines, they use an advisory vote in IATA. Since 1980, "partial" membership has been allowed in IATA for those airlines that do not want to participate in the setting of air transport tariffs. Objectives of IATA: to promote the development of safe, regular and economical air transport, to encourage aviation commercial activities and study related problems, to ensure the development of cooperation between airlines involved in air services. IATA generalizes and disseminates experience in the economic and technical operation of airlines, develops standard ones between airlines, organizes the coordination of flight schedules between airlines and their work with agents selling transportation. The supreme body is the General Meeting, the executive body is the Executive Committee (the CEO is appointed by him). The position of President, elected by the General Assembly, is mostly honorary. The main IATA bodies also include transportation conferences, which develop passenger and freight rates and rules for their application, uniform general conditions of transportation, passenger service standards, samples of transportation documentation, etc. For the tariffs developed by IATA to come into force, it is necessary to approval by the governments concerned. IATA works closely with ICAO and other international organizations.
International Civil Airports Association(ICAA) established in 1962, headquarters in Paris, full members - 113 (208 airports from 65 countries); associated - 19; honorary - 4. Sheremetyevo Airport - a member of ICAA. Main tasks: promoting the development of cooperation between civil airports of all countries, the development of common positions of ICAA members, as well as the development of civil airports in the interests of air transport in general, ICAA has a special UN consultative status on the construction and operation of airports. The supreme body is the General Assembly, the governing body is the Administrative Council, the executive bodies are the Executive Committees and the General Secretariat. The Association cooperates with ICAO, aircraft manufacturers and other international organizations.
International Federation of Airline Pilots' Associations(IFALPA) was established in 1948, headquartered in London, IFALPA members are 66 national associations, including Russian pilots of international airlines. The goals of IFALPA are to protect the interests of pilots and increase their role in the development of a safe and regular air communication system, cooperation and unity of action of civil aviation pilots. IFALPA promotes the development of aviation technology, ensures that the operation of new types of aircraft at the same time provides safe and comfortable working conditions for pilots. The Federation protects the interests of pilots by profession, assists its associations in establishing fair and reasonable wages and working hours. The highest governing body is the Conference, the highest executive body is the Bureau. IFALPA actively cooperates with other international aviation organizations.
International Society for Aeronautical Telecommunications(SITA) established in 1949, headquartered in Brussels, members - 206 airlines from 98 countries. Aeroflot has been a member of SITA since 1958. The goals of SITA are: study, creation, acquisition, application and operation in all countries of the means necessary for the transmission and processing of information related to the work of airlines - members of SITA. The highest governing body is the General Assembly, the highest executive body is the Board of Directors, which includes the CEOs of SITA member airlines. From the Board of Directors, the General Assembly appoints the Executive Committee, which manages the day-to-day activities of the company. SITA cooperates with IATA in its activities.
International Federation of Independent Air Transport(FITAP) was established in 1947, headquartered in Paris, full and associate members - 60 airlines from 12 countries. The goals of FITAP are to coordinate the activities of airlines - FITAP members and protect their interests, including private entrepreneurs in the operation of aircraft on international routes, the elimination of restrictions for private non-monopolized airlines and the study of technical, economic and legal issues, commercial activities of civil aviation. The highest governing body is the General Assembly, the highest executive body is the Executive Committee.
International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations(IFATKA) was established in 1961, headquartered in Amsterdam, members are national associations of 32 countries. The goals of IFATCA are: to improve the safety, efficiency and regularity of international air navigation, to promote the safety and regularity of the air traffic control system, to maintain a high level of knowledge and professional training of air traffic controllers. The highest governing body is the Conference, the highest executive body is the Council.
International Air Carriers Association(IAKA) was established in 1971, headquarters in Strasbourg, members - 17 airlines from 9 countries. Aims of IAKA; development of ways and methods to increase the efficiency of participation in international charter operations, development of air traffic by improving the quality of charter services, strengthening communication and cooperation between international charter companies. The highest governing body is the Assembly, the highest executive body is the Executive Committee. In its activities, IAKA cooperates with ICAO, EKAK, AFKAK, Eurocontrol.
International Council of Aircraft Owners and Pilots Associations(IOAPA) was established in 1962, headquarters in Washington, members - national civil aviation organizations of 20 countries. Main tasks: ensuring coordination of views and opinions of associate members of the Council, development of standardization in order to improve regulation and flight management; development of recommendations on the use of planning systems in order to improve flight safety and the efficiency of air transportation. The highest governing body is the Council Administration.
Air Transport Institute(ITA) established in 1944, headquartered in Paris, became an international organization in 1954, 390 members from 63 countries: government agencies, air transport operators, aircraft or aircraft equipment manufacturers, insurance companies, banks, universities, etc. In addition, ITA members may be individuals. Aims of the ITA: study of economic, technical and other problems in the field of international air transport and tourism. The supreme governing body is the General Assembly, the executive bodies are the Administrative Council and the Directorate. In its activities, ITA maintains relations with ICAO, IATA and other international organizations.
European Bureau of Air Research(EARB) was established in 1952, headquartered in Brussels, members are the 20 largest Western European airlines, carrying out about 95% of all air traffic in Europe. The goals of EARB are to study the problems of improving the development of commercial air transport in Europe by analyzing statistical data, coordinating the work of airlines - members of EARB, helping to counteract competition from other airlines when operating airlines on the European continent. EARB publishes quarterly bulletins, reports and classifications of European air traffic, information on their seasonal fluctuations, as well as data on the development of intra-European passenger traffic, reviews of the world state of air transport and a comparative analysis of its development in Europe and the USA. The highest governing body is the Assembly, the highest executive bodies are the General Secretariat and the Preparatory Committee.
Information about membership in M. a. about. belong to the beginning of 1990.
Aviation: Encyclopedia. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Chief editor G.P. Svishchev. 1994 .
For the first time in international terms, the idea of creating an organization for maritime navigation was discussed at conferences in Washington in 1889 and in St. Petersburg in 1912.
After the Second World War, the United Nations began to deal with the problem of establishing a permanent intergovernmental body to coordinate the efforts of states in the field of shipping. On the initiative of this organization, a Conference was convened in 1948 to consider the establishment of an intergovernmental organization for shipping. This conference discussed and approved the Convention on the International Maritime Organization (entered into force in 1958).
Goals International Maritime Organization(IMO) are: a) providing a mechanism for cooperation between governments in the field of governmental regulation and activities related to all kinds of technical issues affecting international merchant shipping; b) promoting the universal acceptance of the highest practicable standards in matters relating to maritime safety and the efficiency of navigation and the prevention and control of marine pollution from ships; c) resolving legal issues arising from the goals provided for in the 1958 Convention; d) encouraging the elimination of discriminatory measures and unnecessary restrictions taken by governments in relation to international merchant shipping; e) ensuring that the organization considers questions relating to shipping that may be referred to it by any body or specialized agency of the United Nations.
The governing and permanent subsidiary bodies of the IMO are the Assembly, the Council (consisting of 32 members), the Maritime Safety Committee, the Legal Committee, the Marine Environment Protection Committee, the Technical Cooperation Committee and the Maritime Facilitation Subcommittee.
The activities of the IMO have 6 main areas: maritime safety, pollution prevention, maritime facilitation, maritime professional education, development and approval of conventions and technical assistance.
During the period of its activity, the IMO has developed and adopted more than 40 conventions and amendments to them, and about the same number of international codes and guidelines. The most important of these conventions are: the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (entered into force in 1980); International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 (entered into force in 1968); Convention on International Rules for Avoiding Collisions at Sea, 1972 (entered into force 1977); International Convention on Safe Containers 1972 (entered into force 1977); 1976 International Maritime Satellite Organization Convention (entered into force 1979); International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels 1977 (not in force); International Convention on Search and Rescue at Sea, 1979 (entered into force 1985); International Convention on Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Accidents Resulting in Oil Pollution, 1969 (entered into force 1975); International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 (entered into force 1975); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (entered into force 1984);
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 (not in force), International Convention on Arrest of Ships 1999 (not in force).
The IMO operates the World Maritime University in Malta, the Maritime Transport Academy in Trieste and the International Institute of Maritime Law in Valletta.
IMO members are 156 states, including Russia. The headquarters is located in London.
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT). Established in 1976. Its goals are to provide the space regulation necessary to improve maritime communications, and thereby contribute to meeting the need for better means of public communication, improving the safety of navigation, safety of life at sea, the efficiency of navigation, and the improvement of fleet management. The organization operates exclusively for peaceful purposes (Article 3 of the INMARSAT Convention).
In its activities, INMARSAT is guided by the following basic principles: a) universality and non-discrimination (representation of satellite communications to all states, their ships, the possibility of any state to become a member of INMARSAT); b) maintenance of peace and international security, implemented in the provision according to which the organization will carry out its activities exclusively for peaceful purposes; c) sovereign equality of states.
The governing and permanent subsidiary bodies of INMARSAT are the Assembly, the Council (24 members), technical, economic and administrative committees.
The INMARSAT system includes a space segment, coast earth stations, ship earth stations and a monitoring system.
INMARSAT may be the owner or tenant of the space segment. The space segments are used by ships of all countries under conditions determined by the Council. In determining such conditions, the Council shall not discriminate on the basis of nationality with respect to ships or aircraft or mobile earth stations on land. Coastal ground stations are built and operated by the Members of the Organization in accordance with the technical requirements of INMARSAT. Land earth stations operating through the INMARSAT space segment shall be located within land territory under the jurisdiction of a party and shall be wholly owned by the party or entities subject to its jurisdiction.
All earth stations must be authorized by the Organization to use the INMARSAT space segment. Any application for such authorization shall be submitted to INMARSAT headquarters by the party to the 1976 INMARSAT Operating Agreement on whose territory the earth station is or will be located. Ship earth stations are satellite communication terminals that are purchased or leased by individual ship owners or operators from firms that manufacture these stations or related ship equipment.
72 states are members of INMARSAT, including Russia. The headquarters is located in London.
In April 1998, the INMARSAT Assembly approved amendments to the INMARSAT Convention, and the Council of this organization approved amendments to the INMARSAT Operating Agreement. Upon entry into force of the amendments, INMARSAT will be known as the International Mobile Satellite Organization. The objectives of the Organization are: a) to guarantee the continued provision of global maritime satellite communications services for distress and safety purposes; b) provision of services without discrimination based on nationality; c) carrying out activities exclusively for peaceful purposes; d) the desire to serve all areas where there is a need for mobile satellite communications, with due attention to rural and remote areas of developing countries; e) acting within a framework consistent with fair competition, in compliance with applicable laws and regulations (art. 3). The main organs of INMARSAT will be the Assembly and the Secretariat. A commercial company "INMARSAT Pel" was created to organize the operation of the INMARSAT system.
Other international organizations also play a positive role in regulating international maritime relations, for example, the Baltic and International Maritime Organization, the International Chamber of Shipping, the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, the Association of Latin American Shipowners,
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The idea of creating a worldwide international organization in the field of civil aviation arose in the early years of the 20th century. simultaneously with the start of the rapid development of air transport. The first intergovernmental organization in this area was the International Commission on Aeronautics (SINA), established in 1909. In 1919, a non-governmental organization, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), was established. In 1925, at the Congress of Private International Law, the International Technical Committee of Lawyers - Experts in Air Law (CITEZHA) was established.
The aims and objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and methods of international air navigation and to promote the planning and development of international air transport in order to: a) ensure the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation; b) encourage the art of constructing and operating aircraft for peaceful purposes; c) encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation; d) meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport; e) prevent economic losses caused by unreasonable competition; f) ensure full respect for the rights of contracting states and fair opportunities for each contracting state to use airlines engaged in international air traffic; g) avoid discrimination against contracting states; i) contribute to the safety of flights in international air navigation; j) provide general assistance to the development of international civil aeronautics in all its aspects.
The supreme body of ICAO is Assembly . It meets in session once every three years. The Assembly considers the reports of the Council and takes appropriate action on them, and decides on any matter referred to it by the Council. Its competence includes approval of the budget and financial report of the Organization.
Advice ICAO is a permanent body responsible to the Assembly. It consists of 33 members elected by the Assembly for a period of three years. In elections, the states that play a leading role in air transport are adequately represented; the States, not otherwise included, which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for servicing international civil aviation; States not otherwise included, whose appointment ensures that all major geographical areas of the world are represented on the Council.
One of the main functions of the Council is the adoption of international standards and recommended practices, formalizing them as annexes to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. Currently, 18 annexes of the convention contain more than 4,000 standards and recommendations. The standards are mandatory for ICAO Member States. The main working bodies of ICAO are the Air Navigation Commission, the Air Transport Committee, the Legal Committee, the Joint Support Committee, the Finance Committee, the Unlawful Interference Committee, the Human Resources Committee and the Technical Cooperation Committee.
ICAO's activities in the legal field are related to the development of draft conventions. The Legal Committee drafted 15 international documents, the first of which was adopted by the ICAO Assembly, and the last 14 by diplomatic conferences.
In particular, the 1948 Geneva Convention concerns the international recognition of rights in respect of aircraft. It is designed to provide recognition on an international basis of ownership and other rights in relation to aircraft, so that when an aircraft crosses a state border, the interests of the holder of such rights would be protected.
The 1952 Rome Convention concerns damage caused by a foreign aircraft to a third party on the surface of the Earth. The convention includes the principle of the exclusive liability of the aircraft operator for damage caused to a third party on the surface, but sets limits on the amount of compensation. It also provides for the mandatory recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The Diplomatic Conference of 1978 supplemented the Rome Convention with the Montreal Protocol, which simplified the convention and established the limits of liability.
ICAO also developed draft protocols for 1955, 1971 and 1975. to the Warsaw Convention of 1929. The Tokyo Convention of 1963 provides that the state of registration of an aircraft is competent to exercise jurisdiction over crimes and acts committed on board this aircraft. Its goal is to ensure that crimes, wherever committed, do not go unpunished. The 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft defines the act of unlawful seizure, and states parties undertake to apply severe penalties to such an offence. The 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation deals mainly with acts other than those relating to the unlawful seizure of aircraft. It defines a wide range of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, and States Parties undertake to apply severe penalties to these crimes. The Convention contains specific provisions on jurisdiction, detention, prosecution and extradition of an alleged offender.
The 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection is intended to help prevent acts of unlawful interference involving the use of plastics by imposing obligations on parties to take appropriate measures to ensure that such explosives are marked to facilitate their detection. The participating States undertake to take the necessary effective measures to prohibit and prevent the manufacture on their territory of unmarked explosives.
ICAO has prepared and approved a number of amendments to the Chicago Convention (eg Articles 83 bis and 3 bis).
More than 180 states, including Russia, are members of ICAO. The headquarters is located in Montreal (Canada).
International Air Transport Association (IATA). Founded in 1945, it is a leading non-governmental organization that unites about 200 airlines from 70 countries (Aeroflot is a member of IATA).
The goals and objectives of the Association are defined in Art. 3 of the Charter and boil down to the following: a) promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport in the interests of the peoples of the world; b) encouraging the commercial activities of airlines; c) support for activities aimed at improving the economic results of their activities; d) development of measures for the development of cooperation between airlines participating in international air services; e) development of cooperation with ICAO and other international organizations.
Governing and permanent working bodies of IATA: General Meeting, Executive Committee, committees (on transportation, financial, technical, legal, on combating hijacking and theft of baggage and cargo).
IATA develops recommendations on the level, construction and rules for applying tariffs for air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo, approves uniform rules for air transportation, regulates in detail the procedure for using benefits and discounts from fares, develops common standards for passenger service, and is working to generalize and disseminate economic and technical experience airline operation. Through its special settlement body (clearing house), IATA carries out financial settlements between member airlines.
Interstate Aviation Committee(MAC) created on the basis of Art. 8 of the Agreement on Civil Aviation and on the Use of Airspace dated December 30, 1991 (Russia is a participant). He, together with interested federal executive authorities, develops aviation rules for standardizing the airworthiness of civil aviation equipment and certification procedures for aircraft and their components, rules for the production of aviation equipment, rules for certification of international and categorized airfields and their equipment, as well as standardizing the impact of aviation on the environment .
The IAC shall enjoy in the territory of each Member State such legal capacity and personality as is necessary for the exercise of its functions.
The headquarters of the MAK is located in Moscow.
Other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also play an active role in the international arena, for example, the International Council of Airport Operators, the International Society for Aeronautical Telecommunications, the International Association of Civil Airports, the Association of African Airlines, the Latin American Civil Aviation Commission.