How to dispose of household waste. We recycle waste, but we get ... energy resources. Efficient waste recycling methods. Disposal of radioactive and medical residues
Every gardener or gardener sooner or later involuntarily faces the need to get rid of a variety of garbage that accumulates on personal plot throughout the season. What to do with it, where to store it and how best to do it - questions that are not customary to talk about, but we will discuss them in this article.
Disposal of waste from everyday life, as well as various construction waste, is a real problem for many homeowners. Each of us deals with it differently. But it’s one thing to really decide, and quite another to throw garbage into the nearest ditch, forest or ravine, turning everything around into a real garbage dump filled with plastic bags, pieces of iron, glass jars and other waste.
People don’t even think about what huge damage is being done to nature - yet! After some time, such ravines and forests turn into natural garbage dumps, emitting a huge amount of harmful substances that cause irreparable harm to our already imperfect ecology.
Do not forget: for an illegally organized dump, the law provides for administrative and even criminal. And no one likes the neighborhood with such garbage dumps. But, I think, everyone at least once in their life had to contemplate this unpleasant sight, right? I want to believe that five simple tips from this article will be able to change the situation at least a little.
We do not live in the Stone Age, so today the most reasonable and easiest way to get rid of it is to organize its export. There are many specialized utilities and various commercial enterprises that, for a fee, will take care of the removal of household waste from your dacha and the sites of your neighbors.
In order to order such a service, it is enough to open a newspaper or simply go to the Internet. By signing an agreement, you can clear conscience forget about the existence of the problem of garbage in the country. But if for some reason (expensive, unprofitable, and so on) it is impossible to organize export, you will have to look for other methods - civilized and practical. Let's talk about them in more detail.
In fact, the problem of waste disposal is much broader than we think. The question is not only how exactly to dispose of this or that garbage, but also where and, in fact, how to save it correctly? And in general, is all garbage really such?
Thanks to this method of waste disposal, the remaining garbage will take up much less space, and it will be easier to store it.
Construction garbage successfully used in the construction - for, and so on. Moreover, you can use for this not only pieces of bricks and blocks, stone chips, the remains of drywall, lining, siding and glass, but also various metal waste, for example, trimming corners, channels, pipes.
All the same fragments of brick and broken stone will serve as an excellent - very strong and reliable - foundation for construction.
The easiest and easiest way to store garbage is in specially adapted containers, which, ideally, should be several - for various kinds waste: construction debris, plastic, glass and household waste.The volume of containers can be different - this, first of all, depends on the number of people who live in the house. Regardless of the volume, the container must be stable, durable and airtight. It is also desirable that it be installed on a concrete platform.
Naturally, seeing a garbage container is not very pleasant, so it can be disguised by enclosing it with a hedge of ordinary and other similar plants.
You can find a large assortment of seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants for hedges in our catalog, which combines the offers of various garden online stores. .
Many believe that there are no recycling plants in Russia. But it's not. We have been running businesses like this for a long time. Where do they get raw materials if almost no one sorts the garbage? Now they process mainly industrial waste or centrally collect, for example, cardboard in supermarkets. But all the directors of these factories tell us that they are ready and able to recycle more if the Russians start sorting their garbage at home. 
Every year, only in Moscow, millions are used and thrown away. plastic bags. It turns out that some of them are successfully processed. Recycle correspondents went to the Moscow region to the plant of the Expert Vtor company. After sorting, packages of a certain color are put into a crusher. In it, on V-shaped knives, the film is crushed to particles of uniform size. The next step is agglomeration. The so-called “cooking” takes place in it, as a result, the mass is sintered into separate small balls. 
The Recycle correspondent went to Lobnya near Moscow to see and photograph how electronics and equipment are disposed of at the ZAO Petromax plant of the Finnish concern Kuusakoski recycling in Russia. Here, workers manually separate the metal, wires and plastic. Cardboard packaging is pressed and sent for processing to other enterprises. What the workers did not separate with their hands is sent to the crusher. Then, the iron fraction is demagnetized from the crushed raw material, it goes into black scrap. She is taken out by railway for sale. 
Charity shops "Thank you!" have been working in St. Petersburg for five years. Throughout the city, the project team installed more than 30 containers for collecting unnecessary things. At some point, they decided to launch their own recycling line. Now with the help of a production machine here they get new material- batting. This fiber can be used in construction as a soundproofing material. It is also used in the manufacture of cotton pads, mattresses, blankets, furniture, toys, overalls and other products. 
CJSC Petromax in 2010 actively participated in the state program for car recycling. Then about 1000 cars were disposed of. If we take into account the average weight of a car, which is approximately equal to one ton, then the plant receives from it: approximately 750 kilograms of iron. From the engine - about 10-20 kilograms of aluminum. Copper: wires and what is obtained after crushing from starters and generators, which is 3-5 kilograms. Interior lining (plastic or textile): 70-100 kilograms.
Any living organism in the course of its life leaves waste. In this case, the first place here is for the person. The proof of this is huge dumps. Mountains of garbage not only spoil the view and have bad smell, but are also a source of pollution of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere, including infectious and toxic agents.
At the same time, waste in landfills is often resource base. Therefore, their processing is not only necessary for the preservation of the environment, but also economically. effective measure. And there are many technologies.
Waste sorting
The separation of waste into certain components is rather a preliminary link in processing. Ideally, if it begins at the stage of production and accumulation of waste, that is, among citizens in houses and apartments.
For this, several containers are used. Into each of them is thrown separate view waste: paper, glass, organic food waste, metal, plastic, etc. In Russia, this practice takes root slowly, but residents European countries do not consider it difficult to separate garbage. This is especially true of pedantic Germany. Here even glass is sorted by color. But the Germans faced such a problem as lack of space for a huge number of garbage containers. And not every Russian apartment has space to accommodate containers for miscellaneous waste.
For this reason, waste sorting at waste processing plants is more relevant, which includes several steps: 
- Shaking debris, tearing plastic bags and paper, and separating adhering sand and dust particles.
- The separation of all waste into fractions is carried out in several stages. For this, special gratings with different throughput diameters are used.
- Branch from total mass metal waste capable of magnetization. This procedure is carried out on special magnetic separators.
- Manual sorting of waste moving on a special conveyor. The use of robots allows you to save a person from this monotonous work.
As a result of sorting, secondary raw materials are obtained, and the unselected material is also subjected to further processing: incineration, burial, etc.
How to dispose of garbage correctly and safely
On the modern market, you can find shredders of the most different sizes, capacities and specializations. Learn more about how they work and what to look for when choosing a shredder
How many products does humanity produce daily? How much can be used in the same time? Where will the rest go? How to deal with her? We offer you the answers to these questions.
Universal waste sorting equipment and highly specialized shredding machines rock. Profitable, reliable, affordable
AT modern world time and quality are valued in any work, not excluding waste processing. The packet breaker is one of the reliable devices that save time and give excellent work results.
According to statistics, a huge number of bottles are recycled per year. In pretreatment, the bottles are usually pressed into bales and sent for recycling.
With the help of crushers, large waste can be converted into crushed raw materials for secondary production. Impact crushers are one of the most common means of crushing waste. With the help of such a machine, you can grind wood, crushed stone, plastic, cardboard, film.
For the recycling of recyclable materials, presses of a horizontal or vertical type are used. Horizontal devices require significant space for placement. Vertical are compact and mobile, but less productive
Waste disposal in the cement industry - ways of implementation, methods and necessary procedures. How to benefit from garbage
What subtleties of a legal nature await an entrepreneur during the licensing of waste processing and disposal.
Disposal hazardous waste a necessary stage in the development of industrial regions and megacities. It must be done in accordance with safety requirements and compliance with all rules.
Correct and strict observance of safety rules when disposing of ammonia will allow you to recycle it efficiently and safely for the environment. Ammonia processing is a necessary step in working with gases in production.
Has the evolution of solid waste disposal technologies touched? What methods of waste processing have appeared over the past decades and are they used in Russia
The problem of waste accumulation is one of the most acute problems of mankind. There are many methods for the disposal and disposal of hazardous waste: incineration, burial, recycling, neutralization.
The problem of utilization of rice husks is relevant all over the world. What technologies exist for processing rice husks and how can a secondary product be used
This is one of the oldest and most common waste disposal methods. Now large volumes of garbage are disposed of with the help of special furnaces of waste incinerators.
This processing method has several advantages: 
- a significant reduction in the volume of waste;
- obtaining thermal energy;
- destruction of pathogenic microflora.
However, this recycling process also has one significant disadvantage: the formation and release of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. This has resulted in incinerators having high requirements for gaseous waste treatment, which often deprives enterprises of the required level of income. Yes, and the heat from combustion in Russia is used infrequently.
This is one of the most common methods for the treatment of animal waste, solid 
household and. Its essence lies in the natural decomposition organic matter during the life of bacteria. There are several technologies.
They consist in the fact that periodically overturned heaps of organic waste. The tedding of the piles is carried out with the help of special tedder machines. In the most efficient variant, processing is carried out in special bioreactors with aeration.
However, this method is rarely used in Russia.
In addition, in our country, composting is more often carried out without prior sorting, the resulting compost is dangerous and cannot be used for its intended purpose as a fertilizer for gardens, agricultural enterprises, etc.
But even with preliminary preparation, it is not possible to get rid of heavy metals in MSW. 
Such compost can be used to cover landfills.
Another disadvantage of composting is the need to allocate territories.
High-quality purified compost from organic animal waste (manure and droppings) and plant residues is an excellent source of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are in a form that is digestible for plants. Composting also destroys helminths and pathogenic microorganisms.
The essence of the method is that garbage is distributed in special pits and covered with a layer 
soil of 60-80 cm. Such processing is carried out at landfills, the preparation of which excludes the penetration of pollution into the soil, groundwater. In the most advanced version, landfills are equipped with special ventilation, a gas exhaust system and tanks for collecting biogas, which can be used as fuel for heating.
The disadvantage of the method is that the risk of pollution of the atmosphere, soil and groundwater remains even if the most advanced filter systems are used. Accumulation of biogas for further use is currently rare and mainly in Europe.
Thermal processing of waste
In addition to traditional incineration, this method of waste disposal includes pyrolysis, which is the decomposition of waste under the action of high temperatures without access to oxygen. It is more advanced and technologically advanced than simple combustion.
Plasma processing of garbage
In fact, this is the gasification of waste. Processing takes place at temperatures from 900 to 5000 degrees. As a result, gas is obtained from organic matter, and slag is obtained from inorganic matter.
The first can be used to generate electricity and heat. Slag is absolutely harmless and compact.
At the same time, for waste disposal using plasma processing, it is not necessary to sort and dry waste.
There are even small pyrolysis boilers for home heating.
This problem is becoming more and more serious and threatening every year. environmental situation. Billions of tons are produced annually various waste, the main part of which is household waste.
Types of household waste
Main types household waste are food waste, various packaging made from cardboard and paper, plastic, metal cans and glass. In the past, there was no such variety of packaging, so there was much less waste. The problem is that many materials that end up in waste do not decompose at all, or this process continues for tens or even hundreds of years. In addition, the decomposition process significantly pollutes environment which negatively affects all living things. the best way get rid of it negative impact is the disposal of household waste. This requires organizing waste sorting.How to sort garbage at home?
If your Management Company took care of the problem associated with the removal and disposal of waste and put containers in front of the house for separate collection of glass, food waste, paper, plastic and metal cans, you will have to sort the garbage at home. How to do it? Collect waste separately by type and dispose of it in designated containers. This will make the recycling process much easier. Purchase self-degrading plastic bags for this. 
How to properly dispose of garbage
Waste disposal is legally shifted to the shoulders of the authorities. The most common way is to take waste to landfills (landfills). This is where it usually ends. It is not even worth talking about the dangers of this method. The next way is incineration. The damage from it is also significant. When burning plastic, specially processed packaging cardboard releases so many harmful substances into the air that soon all forest plantations will not be able to cope with them. The most acceptable way is recycling with further use of materials. But how many can you name? settlements where is it organized?The editors of the site call for a responsible attitude to the environment and to pay more attention to the materials from which popular consumer products are made.
Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.Zen
Proper disposal of waste is a huge step towards improving the environment.
There is more than one way to recycle waste.
The main task of each of the methods is to complete the task, preventing the spread of harmful bacteria and microorganisms. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the harmful substances released during the disposal itself.
Consider the options for the destruction of waste and evaluate how effective each of them is.
Waste disposal at landfills
Landfills serve for the collection and processing of waste in a natural way. Many of them practice a very simple and understandable disposal system: as soon as a certain amount of garbage is collected, it is buried. Not only is this method outdated, it is a ticking time bomb, because there are materials that do not decompose for decades.
Those few landfills that have workshops at their disposal work as follows: arriving cars are registered at the checkpoint. The volume of the body is also measured there to determine the cost of disposal; the level of radiation is measured. If it exceeds the allowable limits, the car is not allowed to pass.
From the checkpoint, the car goes to the waste sorting shop. Sorting takes place manually: the machine feeds the garbage onto the conveyor belt, and the workers select bottles, paper, etc. from there. The sorted materials are put into containers without a bottom, from which the garbage immediately enters the cage and under the press. When the process is completed, the remaining waste (not included in any of the categories) is also compressed and taken directly to the landfill. Since long-decomposing materials are sorted out, the remaining garbage can be covered with earth.
Plastic bottles, cardboard and some other waste are bought by enterprises for production. For example, plastic bottles and containers are used to make nets for vegetables, glass bottles and fragments - new products, from cardboard - toilet paper.Materials accepted at landfills:
- Household waste from residential buildings, institutions, enterprises engaged in the trade of industrial and food products.
- Waste from construction organizations that can be equated to municipal solid waste.
- Industrial waste of the 4th hazard class can be accepted if their amount does not exceed one third of the accepted waste.
Waste, the import of which is prohibited to the landfill:
- Construction waste of the 4th hazard class, which contains asbestos, ash, and slag.
- industrial waste 1, 2, 3 hazard classes.
- radioactive waste.
- Polygons are arranged according to strict sanitary standards and only in those areas where the risk of human infection with bacteria through air or water is minimized. The occupied area is designed for approximately 20 years.
Composting
This processing method is familiar to gardeners who use decayed organic materials to fertilize plants.
Waste composting is a disposal method based on the natural decomposition of organic materials.
Today, a method is known for composting even an unsorted stream of household waste.
It is quite possible to get compost from garbage, which could later be used in agriculture. Many factories were built in the USSR, but they stopped functioning due to a large number heavy metals in garbage.
Today, composting technologies in Russia are reduced to the fermentation of unsorted waste in bioreactors.
The resulting product cannot be used in agriculture, so it finds application right there, in landfills - they are covered with waste.
This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastics are first removed from the waste.
Advantages of incineration: 
- less unpleasant odors;
- the number of harmful bacteria, emissions decreases;
- the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
- it is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.
Flaws:
- expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
- construction takes at least 5 years;
- when waste is burned, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
- incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills. This requires special storage.
Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia.
Pyrolysis, its types and advantages
Pyrolysis is the burning of garbage in special chambers that prevent the access of oxygen.. There are two kinds:
- High temperature - combustion temperature in the furnace over 900°C.
- Low temperature - from 450 to 900°C.
When comparing conventional incineration as a waste disposal method and low-temperature pyrolysis, the following advantages of the second method can be distinguished: 
- obtaining pyrolysis oils, which are subsequently used in the production of plastics;
- the release of pyrolysis gas, which is obtained in sufficient quantities to ensure the production of energy carriers;
- the minimum amount of harmful substances is released;
- pyrolysis plants process almost all types of household waste, but the waste must first be sorted.
High-temperature pyrolysis, in turn, has advantages over low-temperature pyrolysis:
- no need to sort waste;
- the mass of the ash residue is much less, and it can be used for industrial and construction purposes;
- at a combustion temperature above 900 ° C, they decompose dangerous substances without getting into the environment;
- the resulting pyrolysis oils do not require purification, as they have a sufficient degree purity.
Each of the waste recycling methods has advantages, but everything depends on the cost of installations: the more efficient and profitable the disposal method, the more expensive its installation and the longer the payback period. Despite these shortcomings, the state is striving to implement projects for efficient and safe waste processing, realizing that these technologies are the future.