Themis is the Greek goddess of justice. Who is Themis

The universally recognized legal symbol, adopted throughout the world, can be considered the goddess of justice - Themis.

This Beautiful lady came to us from the Greek Olympus, where she, as a wife and closest associate, helped Zeus decide the fate of people and resolve disputes. Out of respect for the lady, especially the Goddess, we will not talk about her age. And what do some couple of millennia mean for modern methods rejuvenation? And Themis of the 21st century is an elegant, very sexy lady with a model figure, reminiscent of modern movie stars on the red carpet.

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But in her hands is not an Oscar or the Palme d'Or, but scales and a sword. And on the eyes - a bandage.

Scales- an ancient symbol of measure and justice. On the scales of justice, Themis weighs good and evil, guilt and innocence. The scales should be in the left hand of the goddess - from the side of the heart, because it is this side of the body that is considered more receptive. Sword in the hand of Themis is a symbol of retribution. Classical Themis holds the sword with the tip up, which indicates the "will of heaven", higher justice, as well as constant readiness its application. The sword of the goddess is double-edged, because the law not only punishes, but also warns. The hand holding it is the right one: this is the side of action, a symbol of strength, "just cause".

Bandage on the eyes goddess symbolizes impartiality. Themis does not look at individuals, their property and social distinction, but only listens to the facts, listening to both sides. "Justice for all!" (lat. Justitia omnibus) - this is the motto of Themis, which, by the way, has become the official motto Federal District Colombia in the USA. Justice should not see and take into account the differences between people, it is blind in the sense that it repays only according to the law.

Among modern images, Themis with a lowered sword is more common. The sword, pointing down, symbolizes the victory of the warrior over the enemy. But in reality, the lowered sword of the statues and figurines is just a composition of the figure, giving it stability. Or maybe this is an incentive for a sincere confession - "the sword does not cut a guilty head"?

Often there is also Themis - left-handed, in which the scales are in right hand, and the sword is on the left. Perhaps also a composition. But there is also such an interpretation of this phenomenon:

Blind Themis doesn't care what and how they put it into her hands. What and how they invested in her, then she blindly kept it. And this is an accurate reflection of the meaning of justice as ordered.

But sometimes there are Themis, which differ from the traditional not only in left-handedness or the position of the sword.

At Themis, decorating Supreme Court Russian Federation, widely open eyes, in the hands of scales and a shield.

The image of Themis without a bandage can be justified from a historical point of view - initially, the attributes of the goddess of justice were limited only to scales and a cornucopia, the bandage and sword were absent. Without a blindfold, the ancient Roman goddess of justice Justitia is depicted. But today, the lack of a bandage at the symbol of justice is associated with the lack of independence and impartiality of the court. And the shield firmly held by the hand of the Goddess is perceived as the willingness of justice to protect - not citizens, but itself, from all external encroachments.

This massive sculpture is installed in front of the Federal Courthouse in the US city of Newark (New Jersey)

An unusual sculpture "Themis of the bureaucracy" can be seen in the Danish city of Ringkøbing, as well as in Copenhagen near the sculpture "The Little Mermaid". The three-meter statue depicts a snickering Themis sitting on the shoulders of an emaciated African man. The sign on the pedestal reads: "I sit on his back and do a lot to help this poor fellow, but I will not get off his back."

The idea of ​​satirical sculpture is inherently global. As conceived by the sculptor Themis, these are rich industrial countries that mercilessly exploit the underdeveloped states of Africa and Asia. Despite such globalization, such a statue with a snickering Themis can be safely installed in any city in the world ...

The original application of the image of the Goddess of Justice was found at a monument manufacturing company from the city of Khmelnitsky:

“Single granite monument - Themis.

On the back wall The monument in the form of an arch depicts the full-length goddess of justice Themis, holding scales with two bowls and a long sword in her hands. Here she acts as an image of blind fate, unaware of what lies in the scales.

And, in order not to end on a sad ritual note, a little humor:

The male version of Themis.

Themis on lawyer's day

Giuseppe Maria Crespi (Bologna, 1665-1747), justice.

You can see more original Themis in ours.

Themis- everyone knows how Goddess of Justice . Everyone knows this statue, depicting a strict woman dressed in a robe, with her eyes tied, holding a sword and scales in her hands, which has become a symbol of legal judicial action almost all over the world. In ancient Greek culture Themis was more often represented sitting, sometimes with a torch signifying the truth. Who is this woman? What do the objects in her hands mean?
Themis- the daughter of the heavenly god Uranus and the goddess of the earth Gaia, following after Metis, the Greek goddess of wisdom, the wife of Zeus and the mother of many children. It was with Themis that the Thunderer did justice. The goddess, also famous for her involvement in the unleashing of the Trojan War, invariably was the support and support for her husband and gave birth to him three beautiful daughters associated with justice: Dike (justice), Eunomia (law and order), Eiren (peace).
According to the myth Themis received as a gift from Gaia the Delphic oracle (one of the main soothsayers at the temple of Apollo in Delphi, which Apollo himself created where the battle and victory over the terrible serpent Python took place). There she made her predictions, and then gave it to her sister Phoebe, who, in turn, gave it to her grandson Apollo. Themis is a soothsayer, clearly recognizing untruth and truth, and legitimizing this ability. The ancient Greeks of Olympia greatly revered the Goddess of the legal order, placing altars to her, Zeus and Gaia nearby.
According to the legends and stories of Aeschylus and Homer, the mother of Prometheus - Themis was the main and most significant adviser to Zeus, convening the council of the gods and revealing to them the will of the ruler of Olympus. She taught people moral standards and traditions. Zeus always performed justice together with the impartial Themis, standing on the right, and her daughter Dike, the goddess of justice, who informed her father about the bias of judges and deviations from the truth. The wife never resisted and did not go against her husband, announcing his decisions and giving good ones, helpful tips. Therefore, today we call Themis, who was responsible for the principles of the legal system, the "goddess of justice", the courthouse - the "temple of Themis", and the officials in the court - the "priests of Themis".
The main signs of the Goddess, which are the oldest symbols of justice, are the scales on which she measures innocence and guilt (the future of the human was in the power of the bowl that outweighed), a double-edged sword, both punishing and warning, a mantle - the ritual clothing of justice and a bandage - a symbol of impartiality.
Themis has the scales in her left hand, and the sword in her right, with the end up, which symbolizes the will of heaven. The lowered sword symbolizes the end of the struggle, the victory and the return to peace. Dressing in a robe provides a transition to that spiritual state that corresponds to the judicial action. Bandage on the eyes Themis says that she does not look at those who are under the answer, at their gender, nationality, financial and social status. It accepts exclusively the truth and facts, listens to both sides and repays according to the law and justice.
Among the Greeks, instead of a sword, the hand of the majestic Themis held a cornucopia, symbolizing the reward for good, necessary and good deeds done in life. And there was no bandage on the eyes. It was the Romans who covered the beauty's eyes with a bandage and gave her a punishing sword. The sword in the right hand of Themis is a symbol of the rightness of decisions.
Since the Romans did not share the principles of legality and justice, which were synthesized and personified in the guise of the goddess of justice and justice - Justice, Justice is a more perfect Roman counterpart of Themis. The prototypes of Justice and Themis have long been mixed up, but Justice is more similar to today's idea of ​​a slender graceful lady dressed in a mantle, with scales, a sword and a bandage over her eyes.
Themis was often represented and is still represented in courts, on buildings and emblems. So called the modern award for lawyers and an asteroid.

Everyone is familiar with such a concept as the goddess of justice. She is represented as a woman holding a sword and scales, and her eyes are covered with a bandage. All these attributes have a certain symbolism. Themis is a generally accepted symbol of law and order. She is depicted on many elements that are related to the judicial system.

Goddess of Justice and Justice

The ancient goddess of justice was the wife of Zeus, who gave her the right to decide difficult questions. He loves her just like his second wife Hera. Themis and Zeus had three children, so the story goes. "Moir" and "Horus", among which was a daughter named Dike, who symbolizes justice. As mythology describes, Zeus did not do justice without his wife and daughter.

The wife of the Olympian God always gave him good advice and did not want to rebel against him. She is always to the right of the ruler and is his main adviser. The blind goddess of justice is one of the most important in myths. She is one of the first to start the fight to uphold law and order. Then she had followers who somehow contributed to history.

Goddess of Justice Themis

The goddess Themis is known to everyone who somehow believes in the Gods and connects everything that happens in our lives with their influence. She is the central image, which is described in many sources of ancient myths, plays a big role in Everyday life each person. It is associated with all events and situations. It is endowed with such attributes that explain its “goals” and “opportunities”:

• sword - symbolizing retribution for deeds, punishment;
• scales - determining the measure of punishment;
• a blindfold is a sign of an objective decision.

With the help of scales, the goddess weighs all the pros and cons, after which she determines what the punishment will be. She is a symbol of the entire judicial system, which works on the principle of justice. Everyone bad thing should be punished. The goddess of justice is known throughout the world and flaunts on many buildings. judicial system. Now a law award is even named in her honor.

Goddess of Justice Nemesis

Nemesis is the goddess of retribution and punishment. It symbolizes the law and. Everyone who does not follow the established order is punished by Nemesis and Themis. Both of these goddesses are endowed with the right to punish, but Themis can still decide what the punishment will be and whether it will be at all, because justice does not always end with punishment. Sometimes a person can be found not guilty. Nemesis is depicted with the following elements:

• scales - moderation;
• sword or whip - control over disobedience and punishment;
• wings or a chariot with griffins - the speed of punishment and its inevitability.

In ancient Greek myths, a woman is represented with wings. She is the daughter of Oceanus, and is sometimes a nymph, although she is more described as a goddess of vengeance. Nemesis was given the duty to control sinful souls. If the benefits were unfairly distributed among them, punishment followed. Nemesis is perceived by many as a cruel Goddess, but this is where her justice lies.

Goddess Justice

The goddess of justice Justitia was a symbol of truth in Rome. The people characterize her as a woman who has the right to judge. So, the goddess of justice in Greek mythology was called Themis, responsible for the legal order. Justice was dealt with by Dike. As a result, the Roman people united the rights of the two goddesses into one, from where Justitia appeared. Jupiter or Saturn is considered her father. The Romans portray the goddess with a blindfold. She has a sword in her right hand and scales in her left. With the help of such attributes, a woman weighed the guilt and innocence of people.

Goddess Astrea

The goddess of justice Astrea is the child of Zeus and Themis. In mythological sources, she is presented as a woman who descended from heaven to establish order in the human world. She exercised control and punished those who violated the order. All this happened in the golden age, and after its end, Astrea returned back to heaven, because people have deteriorated, and their morals left much to be desired. Some sources say that Astrea is the goddess Dike, symbolizing justice and truth. Astrea is depicted with scales and a crown of stars.

Goddess Dike

Dike is the goddess of justice, who was the child of Themis and Zeus. When her father served as supreme judge, she was there, as was her mother, who was in charge of law enforcement. The Greek people understood that the observance of the law and justice are different concepts, therefore Dike represented the interests of justice, and Themis represented the law. Her duties and rights were different from those of her mother. The Goddess embodies personal morality and responsibility for pleasing decisions.

Dike is also the keeper of the keys to the gates through which day and night pass. She administers justice in the cycle of souls who are "entangled" in the present tense. If a person was a criminal, the goddess followed him and punished him with the cruelty inherent in crime. She is depicted as a woman who strangles and beats injustice, which were represented in the image of Corinth.

Goddess Adrastea

Adrasteia in Greek mythology is depicted as a goddess punishing evil. She brought retribution where it was right from the point of view of justice. All her punishments were inevitable - if a person committed a sin, he must be punished. She also determined further fate shower in the cycle. Her image in some sources is an analogue of Nemesis and a prototype of Dike.

In mythology, the images are very intertwined and it is not so easy to determine who the goddess of justice is - each of them brings justice and retribution for violating the order and laws of life. Themis is the most important and central image - she determines the measure of punishment with complete impartiality, and also rewards the guilty person according to their merits in full.

According to ancient mythology her Greece, Themis - the goddess of justice (the Romans called her Justice). The Greeks used sit for her different names: Themis, Temida. Themis was a Titanide, her parents were Ura n and Gaia, for Zeus she became the second wife (the first wife is the goddess of wisdom Metis).

The value of the attributes of Themis

The usual image of the goddess is a blindfold, she holds scales and a sword in her hands. A blindfold is usually used to symbolize open-mindedness. Themis does not look at the world with her eyes physically, but sees the very essence of events. The judge should not see the people participating in the litigation, does not see their property and social differences. He takes into account only the facts and listens to the opposing sides. The goddess was awarded with scales and a sword by the Romans, the image was borrowed from the Greeks, the deity began to be called Justice.

Justice in the religion of the Romans

In the Roman Empire, during the reign of Tiberius, a cult of this heavenly inhabitant developed. She had a special priest. The cornucopia was replaced by the sword by the Romans. Spiritual strength and retribution were symbolized by him; in the hand of the goddess, he also means a symbol of retribution, punishment for a criminal act. The raised point at the blade shows what the will of heaven was, the readiness to constantly use it. Both sides of the sword are depicted as sharp, which shows that the law has not only a punitive, but also a warning function. Scales depict a symbol of measure and a fair decision; good and evil deeds that people perform in earthly life are weighed on them. The fate of a person after death was subject to which of the bowls of the device would be more difficult.

The allegorical meaning of Themis refers to justice and law. The priests of the goddess are the servants of the law, the judges. Her priests are lawyers in general.

Themis in the family of the Olympic gods

In marriage to Zeus, she became the mother of a large the number of children - Or: Eunomia (goodness), Dike (justice) and Eirens (peace). Children of Themisthere were moiras: Cloto (Spinner), Lachesis (fate), Atropos (inevitable).

One of Or, Dike, was revered as the goddess of justice. She infshaped her father, Zeus, about the unjust deeds that are happening on Earth. The period of her stay among people was considered as a happy "golden age". When it came iron age, the goddess left the planet Earth, now called Virgo, she enters the constellation of the Zodiac.

According to Aeschylus, Themis is considered the parent of Prometheus, she is like Gaia, the goddess of the earth. She was a soothsayer and revealed a secret to her son: if Zeus marries Thetis, a son will be born who is destined to remove Zeus from power. This divination upset the marriage of Zeus and Thetis. Themis was given the Delphic oracle from Gaia, she predicted fate, then passed it on to her sister Phoebe. Her grandson Apollo, in turn, also received this gift.

According to Ovid, Themis warned Atlas that the son of the Thunderer would steal apples from the Hesperides (daughters of Atlas).

Themis' role in the hierarchy of the gods

Themis was considered an assistant to Zeus in unleashing a war with the Trojans. According to the poems of Homer, she proclaims the will supreme god on Olympus and transmits his orders, gathers the celestials for advice and leads their feasts.

As an adviser to the main deity of Olympus, she sits next to his throne. The efforts of Themis lead to the observance of the external order in the structure of Olympus, and in the earthly life of people. The name of the goddess is used to denote general concepts legal norms that govern order in society.

As we have already said, all the Greek gods of Olympus are forms of correspondence natural phenomena and social institutions. They are much more real than you and me. In ancient times, people could communicate with the gods. With unjust legal proceedings, Themis can punish a negligent judge, or, much worse, complain to Zeus. There won't be much. Tartar is worse than hell.

The fact that within the framework of the project "Symbol of Law" in Yekaterinburg, the image of the goddess of Law - Pravoslava was developed. According to project coordinator Gennady Cheurin, the scales in the hands of the Goddess Prava should consist of three bowls, equidistant and equal in size. They symbolize the basis of law: legal (legal) structures, the primary elements of which are permission, prohibition and positive obligation. The authors of the new image consider it necessary to distinguish between the goddess of Law Pravoslavu and other well-known goddesses: the ancient Greek Themis (the goddess of justice) and Dios (the goddess of justice), the ancient Roman goddess of justice Justitia and the ancient Egyptian goddess Maat, as well as the concepts of Law and Justice. Justice, according to the authors, is part of the Law.

A figure representing justice! the auctioneer announced. - Bronze. All right. Five rubles. Who is bigger? Six and a half on the right, at the end - seven. Eight rubles in the front row straight. The second time eight rubles straight. Third time. Right in the front row.

A girl immediately rushed to the citizen from the first row with a receipt for receiving money. (“Twelve Chairs”, I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

So, who is this figure - Themis or Justice, which was bought by a citizen from the first row? And what is the difference between all these images?

Here is how we can present Themis in accordance with modern descriptions from dictionaries.

Themis (Themis, Themis) (gr. themis (themidos), Θέμις, Thomis) - goddess ancient Greek mythology. Titanide, daughter of Uranus and Gaia.

According to one version, Themis was the second legal wife of Zeus. So, according to Hesiod, Themis is the second wife of Zeus after the goddess Metis (mind), personifying the idea of ​​​​order. Having ceased to be the wife of Zeus, Themis, together with Dike, remained his assistant and adviser.

According to another version, Themis was the beloved of Zeus and an approximate adviser to the supreme Olympic god, sitting near his throne. According to Homer, she acts as Zeus's herald on Olympus, calls the gods to meetings, presides over feasts and meetings of celestials (according to other sources, and people), resolves their disputes, and when Hera returns to Olympus, she meets the goddess with a cup.

From Zeus, Themis was the mother of Horus (goddesses of the seasons) and Moira (goddesses of fate Cloto, Lachesis, Atropos).

According to one version of Aeschylus, Themis is also the mother of Prometheus (Aeschyl. Prom. 18), while she clearly approaches the earth Gaia and is thought of by one deity under different names.

As the guardian of the order established in the world, Themis is credited with the ability to predict the future; in Delphi, before the establishment of the cult of Phoebus Apollo there, she owned an oracle inherited from Mother Earth and a tripod, from which she gave predictions to inquirers. From her mother Gaia, she received the Delphic oracle, which she passed on to her sister Phoebe, who gave this oracle to Apollo, her grandson. Possessing the gift of divination, Themis revealed to Prometheus the secret that the marriage of Zeus to Thetis would lead to the birth of a son who would overthrow Zeus. In Olympia, near the altar of Gaia with her oracle and the altar of Zeus was the altar of Themis.

It is believed that thanks to the cares of Themis, external order is maintained both in the life of the gods on Olympus and among people on earth. Under her protection are all those who seek hospitality, the oppressed, the victims of injustice.

Themis is called the goddess of law, truth, order (law and order, legal order, law and order), justice and justice. In this guise, she appears as the organizer and guardian of the moral foundations and the entire order of life, as well as the goddess of predictions.

Themis originally - the personification of customary law, norms of behavior, later - the goddess of justice, presiding over meetings of gods and people, later - the personification of justice in modern world(The very name of the goddess is also used to denote the abstract concept of legal norms (θέμιστες) that regulate human life).

Allegorically, Themis in a figurative sense means justice, law

Themis, as a goddess, had attributes and servants corresponding to her status.

Servants (priests) of Themis - servants of the law, judges. The priests of Themis are also sometimes called lawyers.

The mantle of Themis is a solemn ritual attire designed to perform a certain ceremony in it, an action, in this case, justice. Changing clothes is designed to provide a spiritual transition to the state corresponding to the ritual.

Scales of Themis - an ancient symbol of measure and justice. The severity and fairness of justice also presuppose an accurate weighing on the scales of justice of Themis of deeds, good and evil, guilt and innocence.

The bandage on the eyes of the goddess Themis symbolizes impartiality. The judge does not look at specific individuals - the plaintiff or the defendant - on their property and social difference, but only heeds the facts and the truth. Justice does not see the difference between people, it is blind in the sense that it repays only according to the right.

Themis sword is a symbol of spiritual power, retribution; in the hands of Themis, he is a symbol of retribution. The sword is held with the tip up, which indicates the "will of heaven", the highest justice, as well as the constant readiness to use it. The sword of the goddess is double-edged, because the law not only punishes, but also warns. The hand holding it is the right one: this is the side of the action of the "just cause". Strictly speaking, before the goddess, as a rule, leaned on him, which showed that justice relies on strength.

The statue of Themis is still considered a symbol of justice, the personification of justice, justice itself.

But at present there is a significant difference in how Themis should look like.

As indicated in various modern sources, Themis was portrayed:

• with cornucopia and scales,
• with a blindfold and scales in hand,
• with a blindfold, with a sword (sometimes with a cornucopia) and scales in his hands
• blindfolded, with scales in one hand and a sword in the other
• with a bandage over his eyes, with a cornucopia and scales in his hands.
• always with a bandage over his eyes, with a cornucopia and scales in his hands.

It is interesting that the image of Themis depicted in the paintings of medieval artists does not correspond to these descriptions. Themis is captured by them, for example, as follows.

The brush of the French painter and draftsman Prudon Pierre Paul (Prudon Pierre Paul, 1758-1823) owns the painting “and Nemesis” (

The Italian artist, writer, historian and architect, the founder of historical and artistic writing, Giorgio Vasari (Giorgio Vasari, July 30, 1511 - June 27, 1574) painted the image in his characteristic manner.

The Italian Baroque artist Giordano Luca personifies with a female figure (Themis, Giordano Luca (1632-1705)).

As you know, the goddess Justitia (lat. Iustitia; Justitia Augusta) is the goddess of justice in ancient Roman mythology, corresponding to the goddess Dika in ancient Greek mythology. As noted in the articles about the goddess Justice, she was an allegorical personification of moral forces in the legal system.

The cult of the Goddess Justice has existed in Rome since the time of Tiberius, who dedicated a statue to her in Rome. Judging by one inscription, Justice had a special priest.

Currently, justice (lat. justitia - justice, legality, from jus - law), a term denoting - 1) justice; 2) the system of judicial institutions, the judicial department, their activities. Depending on the type and scope of legal proceedings, civil, administrative, criminal, electoral, constitutional, military, international justice are distinguished.

According to the compilers of dictionaries, the Goddess Justice - depicts justice as the owner of three symbols: a sword, symbolizing the coercive power of the court; scales in each hand, weighing human affairs; blindfolded - a symbol of impartial decision-making.

Since the Middle Ages, the Goddess Justice is said to have been depicted with a bandage over her eyes and, sometimes, bare breasts.

What did the Medieval artists see Justice - Justice?

So, after all, what are our symbols?

Sources:

• Modern encyclopedia. 2000.
• Large encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000.
• Collier Encyclopedia. - open society. 2000.
• Shcheglov G., Archer V. Mythological Dictionary, 2006
• Pigulevskaya I.S. Dictionary of Greek Mythology, 2010
• Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907.
• Big soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• Concise Dictionary mythology and antiquities. M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, edition of A. S. Suvorin, 1894.
• Ehrenberg V., Die Rechtsidee im frühen Griechentum, Lpz., 1921; Harrison J. E., Themis, A study of the social origins of greek religion. Camb., 1927.
  A. L.
• Myths of the peoples of the world
• myths Ancient Greece. Dictionary reference. Edwart, 2009.
• I.A. Lisovy, K.A. Reviako. The ancient world in terms, names and titles: Dictionary-reference book on the history and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome / Nauch. ed. A.I. Nemirovsky. - 3rd ed. - Minsk: Belarus, 2001
• Modern reference dictionary: Antique world. Comp. M.I.Umnov. M.: Olimp, AST, 2000
• Ancient world. Encyclopedic dictionary in 2 volumes. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf. V. D. Smooth. 1998.
• Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907.
• Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910.
• Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865.
• Complete dictionary foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907.
• New dictionary foreign words. - by EdwART, 2009.
• Big Dictionary foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007.
• Dictionary foreign words L. P. Krysina.- M: Russian language, 1998.

Comments 38

You are very right, ugliness is present, and this is not correct.

It seems to me that the symbol of justice is too "state", significant, its image should be worked out not by some designer "LLC", but by an organ like the Heraldic Council.

An offer was born. Probably every person sometimes has dissatisfaction with some circumstance on a national scale and his own understanding of the way to correct shortcomings. Perhaps you will open a special section for accepting such proposals? For example, during the year, proposals are collected, discussed, voted on by visitors, studied by experts, members of the site's Councils, and at the end of the 3rd quarter, send a list of proposals to the state. structures. Even if 1 idea is implemented in 5 years, it's not in vain. Of course, it is now fashionable to put forward various petitions and vote for them, but this platform could be qualitatively different. Provide an opportunity both to explain one's thoughts (without limiting the volume), and to discuss by visitors, to isolate a reasonable grain, to make adjustments based on the results of the discussion, etc. Only the structure, the form of the section needs to be conveniently thought out.

Sorry if the offer is inappropriate.

We have a problem with symbols! Each in his own way. Perhaps, after all, to perceive Themis, but only to "coordinate" the main features of her image? For example, if the sword, then raised, the threat of punishment after all. And not lowered, as after the accomplishment of justice. And will we still pass off ignorance of history as a "director's" find?

And about the "positive obligation" personally, I can’t say anything yet, it’s too new ...

Previously, I did not know about replacing the cornucopia with a sword, did not think about it. But, it seems to me, the original image with a horn is closer to the truth. Punishment, punishment - the completion of human justice for committed misconduct. Divine (the same image of the Goddess) - rewards, rewards for the deeds of everyone without exception. Indeed, the meaning is deeper.

It is unlikely that the proposed changes to the symbol of justice will take root. Two bowls - intuitively understandable to everyone. And which of the people who do not have legal education, will be able to say what a positive obligation is?

One thing is sad that do not draw, we will get a guilty verdict.

Hello Gennady.

Yes, the article, in general, is understandable, there are no questions.

The symbol of justice is in some part a symbol of the state, its official bodies that separate the right from the guilty. Symbolism government agencies should not be determined by any individual entities. The image of the state is extremely important even in small things, and a unified policy in such things is obligatory.

On the topic of the article. I look at the scales of the Goddess and without any explanation I understand that there is a weighing of good deeds and bad, good and evil. But proven - not proven, provided for by law - not provided, casuistry and chicanery - all this is from the Evil One. By this logic, you can wind a lot of bowls. Two bowls, in my opinion, is more correct.

As for the horn, I just noticed that the meaning was originally different, deeper. But for human judges, the sword will be more correct, they only determine the punishment, they do not reward.

I hope I didn’t offend you in any way, I simply expressed my opinion as a person who is not familiar with all the intricacies of legal proceedings.

With best regards, Vladimir.

It's a long day, comrades-in-arms.

Glad you are interested in our topic.

Ready to answer clarifying questions.

Sorry, Gennady, if I offended, but had no intention.

The question was caused only by a misunderstanding of the connection between my proposal and your comment. Thanks clarification.

With best regards, Vladimir.

"........what is the connection with your successful or not successful experience of creating a group? ..."

Vladimir, excuse me, but for what reason did you react SO HARD to my post? If your post, QUESTION (... what is the connection ...?), then I will answer

For this TOPIC, the "standard" approach is not just counterproductive... It is UNACCEPTABLE.

Rktrograds this topic THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS "actively slow down"

Alas, it is precisely because of the requirement "........ Of course, censorship, moderation of topics and statements are necessary ......" THIS AUTHOR'S topic has not had any movement for more than TWENTY years.

And on the scale of the Society, THREE Hundred and Fifty years.

Now it is recognized internationally.

Sincerely yours, Cheurin Gennady Semyonovich

Introducing the PRIMARY message

How can we agree with each other?

I talked about it:

A German carbine was immortalized on the monument to a Russian soldier in Moscow:

http://top.rbc.ru/society/12/05/2014/923229.shtml#xtor=AL-)