The impact of all of the above and other factors has led to the formation of specific plant communities in the urban ecosystem! with a unique species composition. In this case, two opposite processes can be observed. On the one hand, many plant species characteristic of the conditions of the given region disappear, on the other hand, new species appear.

So, in the flora of any city you can find local (aboriginal) wilsh or autochthonous by origin, and types allochthonous(from anoz - chuayaV i.e. entered the area from other parts of the world. Sravlin

recently introduced species began to be called adventitious, or strangers. Introduced species can be both cultivated and weedy. The distribution of adventitious species can be carried out spontaneously or deliberately. The purposeful activity of a person to introduce into a culture in a given natural historical region plants that have not previously grown in it, or their transfer to culture from the local flora is called introduction.

The number of adventitious species in cities is very high. The proportion of adventitious species in urban flora can reach up to 40%, especially in landfills and railways. For example, 370 adventitious species have already been identified in Moscow and the region (Ekopolis-2000..., 2000). Sometimes they can behave so aggressively that they crowd out native species. Most of the local representatives disappear from the urban flora already when the cities are laid. It is difficult for them to acclimatize in the city, as the new habitat conditions are not similar to natural ones. It has been established that of the preserved local species, there are usually few forest species, Tfeobm ^ ^ ^ st ^ slashe species. Wednesday aliens Avdov more people from the southern regions.

The ecological composition of the urban flora is also somewhat different from the zonal one. Naturally, species adapted to a lack of moisture (xerophytes) and soil salinity (halophytes) take root better.

The enrichment of the urban flora is partly due to the savagery of some ornamental plants. Thus, 16 such species were found in parks near Moscow, which turned out to be very resistant to anthropogenic pressures (Frolov, 1989).

Vegetation in the city is unevenly distributed. For large cities, the following regularity is most characteristic. The increase in plant species occurs from the city center to its outskirts. In the centers of cities, "extremely urbanophilic" species predominate. There are very few of them, so the centers of some cities are sometimes called "concrete (asphalt) deserts." Closer to the periphery, the share of "moderately urbanophilic" species increases. The flora of the surroundings is especially rich; "urban-neutral" species are also found here.

The leading place in the landscaping of cities in the temperate zone is occupied by deciduous species, conifers are practically not represented. This is due to the weak resistance of these rocks to the polluted environment of the city. In general, the species composition of urban plantations is very limited. For example, in Moscow, 15 tree species are mainly used for landscaping the city, in St. Petersburg - 18 species. Broad-leaved trees are predominant - linden, including small-leaved, maple, balsam poplar, Pennsylvania ash. smooth elm, from small-leaved - birch drooping.

The share of participation of other types is less than 1%. On the streets of the city you can see such species as rough elm, pedunculate oak, Scotch pine, American maple

Kansky, horse chestnut, poplar of various types (Berlin, Canadian, black, Chinese), large-leaved linden, common spruce, European larch, etc.

Another characteristic feature of the urban flora and its clear difference from the natural one is its great dynamism and inconstancy. The floristic composition and the total number of species can change in a fairly short period of time. The age of the settlement has an impact, for example, the younger the city or microdistrict, the more unstable the flora. It is also necessary to take into account such factors as the expansion of buildings, the demolition of old buildings, the development of industry and transport.

The growing gathering of wild plants has a noticeable effect on the flora of large cities. On the territory of Moscow there is a ban on the collection of any wild plants. Currently, more than 130 species of native plants should be recognized as rare and vulnerable, some of them are on the verge of extinction. 29 species are included in the list of wild plants subject to special protection in Moscow and the Moscow region.

As for herbaceous plants, in addition to cultivated plants (lawn grass mixtures) in the city there are many weeds and garbage (ruderal< растений. Они отличаются достаточной степенью устойчивости по отношению к антропогенным факторам и высокой агрессивностью. Эти растения в большом количестве растут на пустырях, около дорог, по железнодорожным насыпям, на запущенных свалках и т.д. Для нормального функционирования им даже необхо­димы постоянно идущие нарушения.

The living conditions of plants in cities are very similar. The proportion of synanthropic species is constantly increasing. This leads to the fact that the floristic composition of cities in different climatic zones becomes very similar, and in fact, urban vegetation turns into azonal. Thus, 15% of plant species are common to all cities in Europe, and if we compare only the centers of these cities. then this indicator will be much higher - up to 50% (Frolov, 1998).

The total life expectancy of urban plants is significantly less than that of natural ones. So, if in the forests near Moscow the linden lives up to 300-1400 years, then in Moscow parks - up to 125-150 years, and on the streets - only up to 5M 80 years. The growing season also differs.

Features of the urban environment affect the course of the life process, plants, flora, their appearance and the structure of organs. For example, urban trees have reduced photosynthetic activity, so they have a more dense crown, small leaves, and shorter shoots.

City trees are extremely weakened. Therefore, they are soba excellent places for the development of pests and all kinds of diseases. This further exacerbates their weakening, and sometimes causes premature death.

The main pests are insects and mites, such as moths, aphids, sawflies, leaf beetles, psyllids, herbivorous mites, etc. About 290 species of various pests have been recorded in Moscow alone. At the same time, the most dangerous are gypsy moth, larch moth, linden moth, viburnum leaf beetle, etc. Now the number of trees affected by elm sapwood is growing. Also, many green spaces suffer from the typographic bark beetle, which has been actively breeding in recent years.

It is noteworthy that in the conditions of the city the leaves of many plants dry out at the edges, brown spots of various sizes and shapes appear on them, sometimes a white, powdery coating appears. Similar symptoms indicate the development of various diseases (vascular, necrotic-cancerous, rotten, etc.). In Moscow, a wide spread of rot diseases in plants has been revealed, which affects the quality of the green spaces of the city. This is especially noticeable in areas of new development, mass recreation and landfills. Due to the high level of morbidity, the volume of sanitary cuttings carried out in the city exceeds all others for the same period.

Thus, there is a clear difference between the urban flora and the natural one. Urban communities are characterized by much less species diversity, strong anthropogenicity, and a large number of ruderal species. Biodiversity and the gene pool of plants can be preserved to some extent in the territories of forest parks and parks. However, trends of decreasing species diversity in the urban area are still observed. To increase it, first of all, it is necessary to conduct research that will provide more data on the ecology of certain species.

flora refers to the totality of plant species found in a given area.

Geographical elements and floristic areas:

1) Arctic element -(dwarf birch, cloudberry).

2) North or boreal element - in the area of ​​coniferous forests. Note. boreal species - spruce, pine, northern linnaea.

3) Central European element - avg. European (oak, maple, ash, beech, hornbeam and herbaceous species, inherent in broad-leaved forests - hoof, Peter's cross, lungwort, etc.).

4) Atlantic element - gr. in. with ranges to the west. regions of the European part of Russia (lobelia, waxwort).

5)Pontic element - gr. in., South Russian. steppes, but meetings. in Romanian and Hungarian. steppes (spring adonis, chistets, purple mullein, broom).

6)Mediterranean element - gr. c., distribution in dry areas, encirclement. the Mediterranean Sea, and in the east growing in the Crimea and the Caucasus. It is mostly evergreen..trees and handicrafts. - earthlings. tree, boxwood, myrtle.

7) Central Asian element- gr. in with habitats along the mountain ranges of Central Asia, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Altai (walnut, juniper, eremurus, irises)

8) Turan element- gr. in. with an area in the Turan lowland of Central Asia. This is an element of a desert character, typical representatives are sagebrush.

9) Manchurian element - gr. in. with an area in Manchuria (Manchurian walnut, Manchurian aralia, various-leaved hazel).

1) Holarctic kingdom. Occupied all of Europe and Asia (without Hindustan and Indochina), the North. America, China and Japan, i.e. occupy. the entire Arctic, temperate and subtropical latitudes to the Tropic of Cancer. Common features of the Golar flora. kingdoms speak to the mainland, once beings. in place of Europe, Asia and North America.

2) Paleotropic kingdom. Occupied tropical Africa, subtropical South Africa to the Cape Province, Arabia, Hindustan and Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippine Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Melanesia, Northern Australia. The similarity of their floras suggests that once these territories were also in the general massif.

3) Neotropical kingdom. Occupied big part of Mexico, Central America up to 40° south latitude and the Pacific Islands.

4) the Australian kingdom. Occupied Australia and Tasmania. Of the 12 thousand species, 9 thousand are endemic.

5) Cape kingdom. Occupied Cape province of South Africa.

6) Holantarctic kingdom. Occupied the southern tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic islands.

111) Ecotypes of plants in relation to various abiotic factors. Features of their morphological and anatomical structure and habitat (xerophytes, mesophytes, hygrophytes, hydrophytes; sciophytes, heliophytes, etc.)

Plants in relation to water are divided into two groups:

ü aquatic plants- constantly living in water;

ü land plants- land

A. Schimper and E. Warming proposed to divide plants in relation to water into 3 groups:

· hydrophytes - plants of aquatic and excessively humid habitats;

· xerophytes - plants of dry habitats with high drought resistance are divided into:

ü succulents

ü sclerophytes

· mesophytes - plants living in average (sufficient) conditions of moisture.

A little later, a group hygrophytes .

hydrophytes - hydro- water and phyton- plant.

In a narrow sense of the term hydrophytes they name only those plants that live in water in a semi-submerged state (that is, they have underwater and above-water parts).

Xerophytes- terrestrial plants adapted to life with a significant permanent or temporary lack of moisture in the soil and / or in the air. (gr. xeros- dry and phyton- plant)

Sclerophytes- plants with hard shoots, relatively small leaves, sometimes covered with dense pubescence or a waxy layer (Greek. scleros- hard and phyton- plant)

succulents- plants that accumulate water in succulent fleshy stems and leaves. (lat. succulentus- juicy).

Mesophytes- land plants that prefer conditions of moderate moisture (gr. mesos- average, phyton- grow-e)

Hygrophytes- terrestrial plants living in conditions of high environmental humidity (in damp forests, swamps, etc.). Hygrophytes are characterized by delicate stems and leaves, a poorly developed root system. They wilt easily with a lack of water. (gr. hygros- wet and phyton- plant).

In relation to light, there are:

· Heliophytes – light loving plants. leaves are smaller and landmark. so as to reduce the dose of radiation during the daytime; the leaf surface is shiny.

· Sciophytes – shade loving plants. to get the maximum amount of incident radiation. The leaf cells are large, the system of intercellular spaces is well developed, the stomata are large, located only on the underside of the leaf.

· Hemisciophytes – shade tolerant plants

112) Life forms of plants and their classification according to Raunkier.

Classif. K. Raunkner(1905, 1907), based on posit. kidney resume. in relation to the surface soil in unfavorable. conditions (in winter or during a dry period) and the nature of the protective kidney covers.

Raunkier highlights the trace. 5 types of women's f.:

phanerophytes- plants in which buds and terminal shoots, intended for experiencing an unfavorable period, are located high above the ground (trees, shrubs, woody vines, epiphytes).

chamephites- low plants with buds, located. no higher than 20-30 cm above the ground and often hibernating under the snow (shrubs, dwarf shrubs, some perennial grasses = the author: dwarf shrubs, passive chamefites, active chamefites and cushion plants).

hemicryptophytes- herbaceous perennials. rast., the shoots of which at the beginning of an unfavorable period die off to the level of the soil, therefore, during this period, only the lower parts of the plants remain alive, protected by the ground and dead leaves of the plant. It is they who carry the buds intended for the formation of shoots of the next season with leaves and flowers.

cryptophytes- buds are hidden underground (rhizomatous, tuberous, bulbous geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes);

terophytes- annuals - plants that survive the unfavorable season exclusively in the form of seeds.

So, flora and vegetation are two different components of the vegetation cover.

The flora of our Motherland has more than 18,000 species. All this huge variety of plants is distributed over 160 families. The families of Asteraceae, cereals, and legumes are the richest in species, each of which contains several thousand species. There are relatively many species in such families as rosaceae, cruciferous, buttercup, clove, sedge. Representatives of these families can be found everywhere - from the tundra to the desert, from the western to the eastern borders of the country, from the plains to the highlands.

The geographical distribution of individual plant species is very different. Some of them are found only in a limited area, sometimes very small. So, Semenov's fir grows exclusively in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, and the Crimean peony - only in the southern part of the Crimea. However, many species have a wider distribution, they are not limited to any limited area. Finally, there are species that are very widespread and are found in most of the territory of the Soviet Union. An example is the familiar trees - Scotch pine, aspen, birch.

The area of ​​natural distribution of a plant on the earth's surface is called an area. If the range of a particular species is relatively small and this species is found only in one specific area of ​​​​the globe, then this species is called endemic to the corresponding area. So they say about endemic plants, or, in other words, endems, of the Caucasus, Carpathians, Central Asia, etc.

There are many endemics in the flora of our country. Especially a lot of them in the flora of the high belts of mountains.

Among the plants of the domestic flora, the so-called relics are of great interest - ancient species that have survived to our time from geological epochs more or less remote from modern times. The most "old" relics in our country are plants preserved from the Tertiary period (2 - 65 million years ago). These include, for example, the Pontic rhododendron, a large evergreen shrub that grows in the coastal regions of Georgia (in Colchis); an iron tree that forms forests in the mountains of Azerbaijan (in Talysh); Amur velvet - a tree common in our Far East (in Primorye), and others. On the territory of the Soviet Union there are several regions where such plants are found, the most important of them: Western Transcaucasia, or Colchis, the extreme south of Azerbaijan, or Talysh, our Far East. Relics of the Tertiary period are rather heat-loving plants, therefore they have survived in our country only where the climate has remained warm enough for a long time. In other regions of the Soviet Union, plants of this type died in the Quaternary due to the onset of a glacier or a sharp cooling of the climate.

Relic plants, like endems, are of great scientific value. Many of them need protection.

Introduction

The environmental education of schoolchildren, the formation of a responsible attitude towards nature and the rational use of its resources is the most important problem of our time. One of the forms of environmental education can be school sites, where students acquire the basics of environmental knowledge and conduct systematic research work on topical issues of ecology and biology. This work is dedicated to the significant date of our school, it turns 25 years old. The purpose of our work is to determine the current state of the flora on the territory of the secondary school with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district of the Komi Republic. To achieve this goal, specific tasks have been identified:

Most fully identify and determine the species composition of the flora on the territory of the school site.

Conduct a taxonomic, systematic, geographical, ecological and biomorphological analysis of vascular plants growing on the school site.

Assess the current state of the flora on the territory of the school site and offer recommendations for its further landscaping and for long-term monitoring.

The scientific significance of our work lies in the fact that on its basis it is possible to conduct monitoring studies to determine the dynamics of development of various phytocenoses in a given area, as well as to environmentally substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for expanding the list of ornamental woody plants enriched with introduced species in the landscaping of villages and schools. . The results of our research will be included in the environmental passport of the school site and are already being used for biology, geography, environmental talks, lectures, games, quizzes and excursions along ecological paths.

Natural conditions of the study area

The climate of our region is temperate continental, with lower total temperatures during the active growing season and a uniform distribution of precipitation. A general idea of ​​the climate of the region is provided by the data of climatic factors given in Table 1 from long-term observations of the Ust-Vym meteorological station.

The growing season (the period with an average daily temperature above 5 °C) begins in early May and ends in September. Its average duration is 100–120 days, which is compensated by the presence of a long daylight hours. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C in this region is 1200–1400°C (Geographic Atlas…, 1994). According to the amount of precipitation, the study area is classified as excessively humid (Atlas…, 1997).

On average, 500-600 mm of precipitation falls per year, a large number of days with precipitation is typical (204 days per year). The amount of precipitation (522 mm) exceeds their annual evaporation (352 mm). More than 56% of the annual precipitation falls during the growing season, which has a positive effect on plant growth.

Air humidity averages 79% per year. Its lowest indicators fall in the spring and summer months, the highest - in autumn and winter (Isachenko, 1995). The average depth of soil freezing is 98 cm. The average dates of river freeze-up are November 10–15;

According to soil zoning, the study area is included in the Vychegdo-Luzsky region of typical podzolic soils (middle taiga) of the Vychegdo-Mezen geomorphological district. Waterlogged variants develop on peaty-podzolic, gleyed soils to varying degrees, since waterlogging occurs due to a decrease in atmospheric water runoff (Zaboeva, 1973). Soil acidity is strong - pH = 3.6–4.5

Table 1. Data of climatic factors based on long-term observationsUst-Vymsk weather station

Me-sya-tsy

Yu.P. Yudina (1954) the study area belongs to the middle taiga subzone. The study area is included in the Vychegodsko-Sysolsky geobotanical district, the northern boundary of which is the valley of the river. Vychegda. There are few dry meadows, they are very unstable, quickly covered with moss and overgrown with shrubs and forests. Farming from the mainland is partially shifting to the river valleys and to the southern slopes. Meadows in the valley of the lower Vychegda are forb-grass and cereals. The yield of herbs in these meadows is high (3–4 t/ha).

Method of collection and processing of material

Field studies of flora and vegetation on the territory of the school site with. Aikino were performed by us during the summer periods of 2004–2006. To study the flora of this area, the method of specific (elementary) floras (CF), developed by A.I. Tolmachev, was used. (1974). According to this method, the flora was examined throughout the territory of the site. We laid routes throughout the site, during which the species of plants, epiphytic lichens and mosses were identified, obscure species were taken in bouquets, in a herbarium and were determined at school, at home, the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The collected material was identified according to the "Flora of the North-East of the European Part of the USSR" (1974–1977). The names of the species are given according to the summary of S.K. Cherepanov (1995). To characterize the flora of the school site, a general list of vascular plants was compiled, the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this flora were determined, and a separate list of the assortment of ornamental woody plants used in school gardening was given with the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this group. The method of biographical coordinates was used to analyze the flora. The analysis of life forms was carried out according to the system of I.G. Serebryakova (1962). The analysis of species according to biotypes of Raunkier, according to their ecological and coenotic confinement was carried out.

Research results and discussion

The territory of the studied school site (3.7 hectares) is located at the address: with. Aikino, st. Central, d. 100 "A". It is covered with vegetation on an area of ​​3.3 hectares. Unlike natural communities, anthropogenic landscapes are characterized by direct human intervention in the habitats of animals and plants. This leads to the formation of a new natural and economic complex. In our case, this complex is a school site.

When analyzing its flora, we found 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino. Spore vascular plants (pine and horsetails) number 8, angiosperms - 212 species (of which 39 are monocots, 173 are dicots). The set of ten leading families turned out to be almost the same as the flora of the taiga zone.

On the territory of the school site, the first 3 places are occupied by the Aster family( Asteraceae ) – 29 (13.2%), bluegrass( Poaceae ) – 22 (10%) and rosés( Rosaceae ) – 17 species (7.7%), and in the flora of the taiga zone this three includes the sedge family (Cyperaceae ), which in our case takes only 11th place. Increased family roleLamiaceae due to a significant number of weed species from the genus Pikulnik (Galeopsis ) .

The ten leading families include 62% of the total species composition, which is typical for the floras of the middle taiga zone and indicates the boreal nature of the flora of the school site. The birth spectrum starts withCarex ( 7) andSalix (6 types). This is common in boreal floras. One third of the families (bindweeds– Convolvulaceae , cyanotic -Polemoniaceae ) and a large number of births (chastukha -Alisma , adoxa - Adoxa ) have only one species each, which indicates a certain depletion and migratory nature of the boreal floras (Tolmachev, 1954).

Features of the flora and vegetation of the Boreal floristic region, which includes the studied territory, are determined by the boreal latitudinal group of species (Martynenko, 1989). It includes more than 70% of vascular plants. Boreal species are forest-forming species (Siberian spruce -Picea obovata , forest pine -Pinus sylvestris ), shrubs (blackcurrant -Ribs nigrum , wild rose May - Rosa majalis ) and herbs (meadow foxtail -Alopecurus pratensis , fence peas -Vicia sepium ).

The second place in terms of species diversity is occupied by a polyzonal group (19%), which includes species widely distributed in several natural zones (common ragwort -Senecio vulgaris , shepherd's bag -Capsella bursa - pastoris ). Economic activities are carried out on the territory of the school, as a result, an increase in the coenotic role of eurytopic polyzonal species is observed. Southern latitudinal groups - nemoral (1 species: folded mannik -Glyceria notata ) and forest-steppe - make up about 7% of the species. The forest-steppe latitudinal group includes species that are usually distributed in grassy communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of our country, such as narrow-leaved bluegrass ( Poa angustifolia ), Danish Astragalus (Astragalus danicus ) and others.

A very small group (1.4%) is formed by species of the northern latitudinal groups, the distribution area of ​​which lies in the Arctic and Subarctic - arctoalpine (alpine bluegrass -R oa alpina ) and hypoarctic (philico-leaved willow -Salix phylicifolia and ozhica multicolored -Lusula multiflora ). More than half of the longitudinal groups of the flora of the school site have Eurasian areas (aspen -Populus tremula , meadow geranium -Geranium pratense ), the second place (23.6%) in this indicator is occupied by the Holarctic (circumpolar) group (black sedge -Carex Nigra , field violet -Viola arvensis ). A significant proportion (15.4%) of the flora is made up of species with European ranges, many of which play a significant role in the composition of forests (grey alder -Alnus incana , drooping birch -Betula pendula ) and meadow (giant fescue -Festuca gigantea , awnless rump -Bromopsis inermis ) communities.

About 7% of the flora belongs to the pluriregional (almost cosmopolitan) group, which includes mainly polyzonal weeds (field bindweed -Convolvulus arvensis , Veronica field -Veronica arvensis ) plants that are widely distributed throughout the world. The proximity of our republic to Siberia and historical ties with the Siberian flora have determined here a certain number of Asian (Siberian) species (0.9%) - bristly currant (Ribs hispidulum ) and wild rose (Rosa acicularis ). Near the school, in a flowerbed, from year to year, the only representative of America grows by self-sowing - the amaranth is thrown back (Amaranthus retroflexus ), once introduced with other cultivated flower seeds.

More than half of plant species grow in meadow (54.6%) communities, and one third in weed-ruderal habitats. Abandoned areas of fields and meadows draw attention. Weeds are actively growing here - horsetail (Equisetum arvense ), couch grass (Elytrigia repens ), Sosnovsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi ), field sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis ). At one time, dozens of biologists worked on the creation of Sosnovsky's hogweed, combining the best features of several plants. We got an "ideal plant" with a large biomass and energy of seed reproduction, extremely unpretentious.

Now this introduced plant is a problem XXI century. It fills everything around, crowding out other plants. Thus, uncontrolled human impact on nature can lead to detrimental consequences (Orlovskaya et al., 2006). A large number of ruderal species grow in manured areas (dioecious nettle -Urtica dioica , common flaxseed -Linaria vulgaris , curly thistle -Carduus crispus ). More than half of the weeds are adventitious species introduced from the southern regions of our country (Silene noctiflora , Arabis gerardii ).

The forest cenotype (10%) is represented mainly by woody plants - Siberian larch (Larix sibirica ), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia ), goat willow (Salix caprea ) and others. The presence of marsh (3.7%) and coastal-water (1.4%) cenotypes is due to insignificant watering in the ravines where springs flow.

The selection of ecological groups of plant species was carried out on the basis of their relationship to the moisture factor (Poplavskaya, 1948; Goryshkina, 1979). Most of the plant species of the school site belong to mesophytes (76.5%), growing in conditions of sufficient moisture (white gauze -Chenopodium album , sorrel sour -Rumex acetosa ).

The second place in terms of the number of species is occupied by plants of dry habitats that can tolerate a significant lack of moisture - xeromesophytes (medium cinquefoil -Potentilla intermedia , rough cornflower -Centaurea scabiosa ) .

The group of hygrophytes includes 10.4% of plant species (bog Belozor –Parnassi palustris , marsh bedstraw -Galium palustre ) that live in humid environments. According to the life forms of Raunkier, hemicryptophytes (60.5%) prevail in the flora of the school site, which is typical for the forest zone, the second place is occupied by therophytes (18.5%), represented mainly by plant species in the anthropogenic disturbed areas of the school.

In the analyzed flora, 90% of the species are herbs, of which 67.3% are perennials, among which rhizomatous (32.7%) and taproot (15%) plants predominate. In the former, this ensures their stable fixation in the territory and good distribution even with a weakened seed renewal due to intensive vegetative reproductionCirsium setosum , coltsfoot -Tussilago farfara ). A significant proportion of one- and two-year-olds (19.1%) are mainly anthropochoreous species (medium chickweed -Stellaria media , mountaineer bird -Polygonum aviculare ). They take an active part in open groups and in the overgrowth of disturbed areas.

The set of tree life forms on the school plot is not rich - 10%. A large area is occupied by lawns and flower beds (91%), and trees and shrubs - only 0.5 ha. In the course of our research, 33 species of woody plants (of which 12 are introduced) from 22 genera and 9 families were identified. Of the ornamental tree species, the most typical are fluffy birches (Betula pubescens ) and warty (B . R endula ) and many species of willows, as well as from introduced species - balsam poplar (Rohr ulus balsamifera ) and yellow locust (Caragana arborescens ).

The systematic composition of woody plants is variegated. The largest number of species are represented by the Rosaceae families (Rosaceae ) – 10 (30%) and willow (Salicaceae ) – 8 (24%). In the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1998), the elderberry is listed (Sambucus racemosa ), which is very rare in the southern forests of our republic and is used in the landscaping of our village and school. The Komi Republic has 74% of the forested area (Government Report…, 2005), but the species composition of woody plants is poor, represented by only 101 species (Flora of the North-East…, 1974–77), of which only 45 are suitable for landscaping.

In this work, 21 species of woody plants from the local flora, used in landscaping the school site, are identified. The most promising ecological and geographical areas for attracting woody and shrubby plants are: the European part of Russia, North America, East Asia, and the Far East (Skupchenko et al., 2003).

The list is made up of 29 species of woody plants, taking into account fruiting or successful vegetative propagation, seedlings of which can be purchased at the arboretum of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences or the nurseries of the Aikinsky and Chernamsky forestries. List of species of woody plants recommended for landscaping p. aikino

Acer ginnala Maxim .

Berberis amurensis Rurp .

Cotoneaster integerrimus Medic .

Crataegus chlorosarca Maxim .

Crataegus curvicepala Lindl.

Crataegus dahurica Koehne

Crataegus submolis Sarg.

Euonymus europaeus L.

Euonymus verrucosus Scop.

Fraxinus pensyvanica Marsh.

Malus cerasifera Spacy.

Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borckh.

Malus purpurea (Barbier) Rehhd.

Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom.

Philadelphus coronarius L.

Philadelphus coronarius 'Luteus'

Picea pungens Enggelm.

Ribes alpium L.

Salix alba L.

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br.

Sorbus sambucifolia Roem.

Spirea beauverdiana Schneid.

Spirea beauverdiana Schneid. x billiardii Hering.

Spirea chamaedryfolia L.

Spirea trilobata L.

Syringa amurensis Rupr.

Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil.

Syringa wolfii Schneid.

Swida alba "Argenteo -; line-height: 150%"> It should be noted that some woody plants (hawthorn, wild rose, birch, Tatar maple, Siberian larch) have a well-developed dust-retaining property and gas resistance (poplar, bird cherry), so they are used in plantings to reduce environmental pollution.

On the territory of the school site, we identified 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and from 7 families, and according to life forms - 4 fruticose, 11 foliose and 9 scale. Nitrophilic lichens are very abundant among the foliose ones: stellate fiscia (R hyscia stellaris ) and gray-blue (Ph . aipolia ), xanthoria wall (Xanthoria parietina ) and scale: scoliciosporum chlorococcal (Scoliciosporum chlorococcum ).

Bushy forms are noted - grooved ramalina (Ramalina sinensis ), bryoria (Bryoria sp . ), sleeping hard (Usnea hirta ) and evernia plum (Evernia prunastri ) is depressed. Also, 3 types of epiphytic moss were identified - Pilesia multiflora (Pylaisiella polyantha ( Hedw .) Graut - seven.Hypnaceae), leskea polycarpous (Lescea polyocarpa Hedw . - seven. Lescaceae ), orthotrichum is beautiful (Orthotrichum speciosum Ness in Sturm - seven. Orthotrichaceae ), which grow well at the base and on the north side of the trunks of old deciduous trees in settlements.

conclusions

1. In the flora of the school site with. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district, 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families were identified, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino, as well as 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families, and 3 species of mosses.

2. Ecological and biological analysis of the school plot showed the predominance of species of the boreal Eurasian element and the advantage of mesophilic herbaceous rhizomatous perennials of the meadow coenotype.

3. 33 species of woody plants from 22 genera and 9 families used in landscaping the school site have been identified.

4. It is necessary to use an extended list of landscaping assortment of woody plants, proposed by the staff of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the creation of long-term monitoring on the territory of the school site with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district to continue research work.

flora refers to the totality of plant species found in a given area. We can talk about the flora of a particular region, region, country, or some physical-geographical region (for example, the flora of Siberia, the flora of Europe, the flora of the Omsk region, etc.). Often, flora also means a list of plants noted in a given territory.

The floras of different territories differ significantly in the number of their constituent species. This is primarily due to the size of the territory. The larger it is, the larger, as a rule, the number of species. By comparing approximately the same size parts of the land in terms of the number of plant species growing on them, floras are identified poor and flora rich.

The flora of tropical countries is the richest in species; as you move away from the equatorial region, the number of species decreases rapidly. The richest is the flora of Southeast Asia with the archipelago of the Sunda Islands - more than 45 thousand plant species. In second place in terms of wealth is the flora of tropical America (the Amazon basin with Brazil) - about 40 thousand species. The flora of the Arctic is one of the poorest, there are a little over 600 species, the flora of the Sahara desert is even poorer - about 500 species.

The richness of the flora is also determined by the diversity of natural conditions within the territory. The more diverse the environmental conditions, the more opportunities for the existence of various plants, the richer the flora. Therefore, the floras of mountain systems are, as a rule, richer than the plain floras. Thus, the flora of the Caucasus has more than 6,000 species, and on the vast plain of the middle zone of the European part of Russia, only about 2,300 species are found.

The richness of the flora can also be due to historical reasons. Older floras, which are many millions of years old, tend to be particularly rich in species. Plants that died out in other areas due to climate change, glaciation, etc. could be preserved here. Such ancient floras are found, for example, in the Far East and Western Transcaucasia. Young floras formed relatively recently are much poorer in species.

Significant differences in systematic composition are observed between the floras of different territories. In countries with a temperate climate, as a rule, the families of Asteraceae, legumes, Rosaceae, grasses, sedges and cruciferous plants predominate. In arid regions, various representatives of the haze are very common. Tropical floras are rich in representatives of orchids, euphorbia, madder, legumes, and cereals. In the savannahs and steppes, cereals take the first place.

Among the plants that form the flora, one can distinguish groups of species with similar ranges. Such groups of species are called geographical elements flora.

For the flora of Russia, the following geographical elements are most common:

1. arctic elements - species whose ranges are located in the treeless Arctic tundra, for example, dupontia grass ( Dupontia fisheri). Some of these plants penetrate south into the coniferous forest zone, where they are found mainly in swamps. In this case, one speaks of subarctic elements, such as cloudberries ( Rubus chamaemorus) and dwarf birch ( Betula nana). Often, arctic elements also have fragments of ranges in the alpine belt of the mountains of Europe and Siberia. Such types are classified as arcto-alpine elements, such as Rhodiola rosea ( Rhodiola rosea), herbaceous willow ( Salix herbacea) and etc.

2. boreal elements - are components of a vast zone of coniferous forests (taiga), stretching across the whole of Northern Europe and Siberia. Typical examples of boreal species are Siberian spruce ( Picea obovata), Scotch pine ( Pinus sylvestris), Northern Linnaeus ( Linnaea borealis) and etc.

3. Central European (non-moral) elements - species characteristic of the zone of broad-leaved forests of Central Europe and the European part of Russia, for example, common oak ( Quercus robur), European hoof ( Asarum europaeum) and etc.

4. Pontic elements - species whose ranges are associated with the steppe zone of Eurasia, for example, spring adonis ( Adonis vernalis), meadowsweet ordinary ( Filipendula vulgaris), steppe cherry ( Cerasus fruticosa).

5. mediterranean elements - species whose ranges cover the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, for example, small-fruited strawberries ( Arbutus andrachne), boxwood (species of the genus Buxus) and etc.

6. Turan-Central Asian elements - species whose ranges are mainly limited to desert and semi-desert regions of Central and Central Asia, for example, many types of wormwood ( Artemisia), sea ​​buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides) and etc.

7. Manchu elements - species whose ranges include foreign Manchuria and the Russian Far East, for example the Manchurian walnut ( Juglans mandshurica), Amur velvet ( Phellodendron amurense).

In the botanical and geographical analysis of the flora of mountain ranges, the vertical distribution of species is taken into account.

Floras are also analyzed in terms of their ecological composition. At the same time, the shares of participation in the composition of the flora of various ecological groups and life forms of plants are revealed. Ecologically close species are grouped into groups called environmental elements flora, such as alpine, steppe, desert, etc.

The composition of the flora of a particular area may include plants of different origins. In the genetic analysis of the flora, all its elements are divided into autochthonous(species originating in the area) and allochthonous- species that originally appeared outside the territory of the flora and penetrated there as a result of subsequent settlement (migration). The age of one or another element of the flora is also found out, i.e. the approximate time of its occurrence (for autochthonous) or penetration into the territory of a given flora (for allochthonous elements).

The process of flora formation (florogenesis) is complex, and in different cases it proceeds differently. If the climate of any territory changes dramatically, one flora replaces another. Some species of the former flora die, some move to other areas, some adapt to new conditions and remain. At the same time, many plants appear from other regions, well adapted to the changed natural environment. If these alien species form the basis of the new flora, such flora is migratory in nature. typical migratory flora is the flora of the Arctic and most of the plain regions of Eurasia, which were subjected to glaciation in the Quaternary period. Here, the vegetation cover was completely destroyed, and the formation of the flora proceeded exclusively due to the migration of plants from neighboring territories.

Along with this, in tropical and partly in subtropical latitudes, there are territories that have not experienced significant geological and climatic changes for hundreds of millions of years. According to the origin of most of their constituent species, such floras are autochthonous. They are considered ancient floras, since their modern composition was formed a very long time ago and has not changed significantly since then. In a systematic sense, the autochthonous floras are distinguished by great integrity.

Migratory floras, on the other hand, are usually young and systematically heterogeneous. For example, the flora of the Kerguelen Islands, lying solitary in the Southern Hemisphere, includes 25 species belonging to 18 genera and 11 families.

One of the important features of any flora is the presence of endemic and relict plants.

The presence in the flora of a significant number of endemic species indicates its antiquity. This is evidence that this flora developed for a long time in isolation from the rest of the plant world. Especially rich in endemic species of flora of the ancient islands. So, in the Hawaiian Islands, 82% of endemics are indicated, in the flora of New Zealand - 82%, in Madagascar - 66%. Such floras are classified as endemic. Of the mainland floras, the most endemic is that of Australia, in which about 75% of the species are endemic.

The number of endemics determines the originality, originality of the flora. The degree of endemism depends on the degree of isolation of the territory, on the presence of barriers that impede the spread of plants and the exchange of species between adjacent areas, both in the modern era and in the past.

Under relics refers to species that are part of the current flora, but are the remains of floras of past geological epochs. The presence of relics in any flora also indicates its antiquity. At the same time, this is evidence that the climate of the corresponding territory changed relatively little throughout the entire period of the existence of relict plants. The fact that this or that plant belongs to relics is judged, first of all, by paleobotanical data.

There are relics of different ages, preserved from certain periods of geological history. The oldest relics in the flora of the globe date back to the Mesozoic era. Such relics include, for example, ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba), as well as sequoia ( Sequoia sempervirens) and mammoth tree ( Sequoiadendron giganteum). These are the so-called systematic relics, the only representatives of genera, families or even classes that have survived to this day.

The relics of the Tertiary period are more numerous, and their age is much less. In the Tertiary period, characterized by a warm climate, these plants were widely distributed throughout the globe (especially in Eurasia and North America). Later, with the onset of the glacier and the general cooling of the climate, the heat-loving representatives of the tertiary flora died in many areas. They survived only in separate shelters ( refugia), where the climate has changed relatively little.

The main refugia of the Tertiary flora of the Northern Hemisphere are located in the southeast of North America, in Japan and China. On the territory of North America, such tertiary relicts as the tulip tree ( Liriodendron tulipiferum), swamp cypress ( Taxodium), some magnolias ( Magnolia and many other plants. The Japanese-Chinese refugium is very rich in tertiary relics (various types of oak, beech, chestnut, magnolias, etc.).

There are quite a lot of tertiary relics in the refugium in our Far East (Primorye). Among them are Amur velvet, ginseng ( Panah ginseng), aquatic plant brazenia ( Brasenia schreberi), lotus( Nelumbo komarovii) and etc.

In the flora of Siberia, the centers of concentration of tertiary relics are the mountains of Southern Siberia: the Urals, Mountain Shoria, Altai, Sayan Mountains. Limes are preserved here ( Tilia cordata and T. sibirica), European hoof ( Asarum europaeum), male thyroid gland ( Dryopteris filixmas), Brunner Siberian ( Brunnera sibirica), black cohosh ( Actaea spicata), fragrant bedstraw ( Galium odoratum), Parisian biloba ( Circaea lutetiana) and etc.

Relics of the Ice Age, or glacial relics, are even younger. These relatively cold-resistant plants survived the glaciation in areas that were not covered by a glacier, but were located near it. After the glacier receded, they remained in their original place. As an example of such relics, we can name rosemary ( ledum palustre), cranberries ( Oxycoccus), cranberries ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea), which now grow in some places in the swamps of the Central Russian Upland. It should be emphasized that the listed plants have a very wide geographical distribution, but they are glacial relics only on the Central Russian Upland.

Finally, the “youngest” are the post-glacial relics, or relics of the xerothermic period. During this warm and dry post-glacial period, southern plants, especially steppe plants, penetrated far to the north. When the climate cooled again, the plants began to recede en masse to the south. However, in some places they have survived to this day, even far to the north. Such, for example, are some steppe plants found on the territory of the Baltic States, near St. Petersburg, in a number of northern regions of the European part of Russia, in Yakutia and in other regions.

In floristic studies, the method of so-called specific floras, developed by A.I. Tolmachev. specific flora called a set of plants of a small area (on the plains - about 100-500 km 2), which is relatively homogeneous in natural terms. With the general uniformity of the climate, individual plant species are distributed only depending on the edaphic conditions and features of the relief. Under similar conditions, in the same habitats, an almost completely defined set of species is repeated. When studying a specific flora, all the main habitats characteristic of a given area are identified and examined, and almost all species present here are identified.

In the modern era, the impact on the flora of man and his economic activity is very great. From year to year, the size of the territories where the natural vegetation cover is destroyed is increasing. Due to the reduction of areas occupied by natural vegetation, the possibilities for the growth of many wild plant species are sharply reduced, and the range of habitats suitable for their life is narrowing. The composition of the flora is greatly influenced by large areas of plowing, deforestation, grazing, mass tourism, picking flowers, medicinal plants, etc. All these forms of human activity lead to a decrease in the number of individual species up to their complete disappearance. Some plants were on the verge of complete destruction throughout the entire area of ​​their range within Russia and are listed in the Red Book.

At the same time, human activity causes the appearance of new plants in the composition of the flora, which were completely unusual before in this or that area. it alien, or adventive, kinds. They are widely distributed along highways and especially railways, along the outskirts of fields, in settlements and in other disturbed habitats associated with human activities. The seeds of such plants are introduced by chance and sometimes from afar, even from other continents. This happened, for example, with odorous chamomile ( Chamomilla suaveolens), which at one time came to Russia from North America. This plant has now spread very widely in our country, but is found almost exclusively in disturbed habitats. In recent decades, the flora of large cities has been greatly enriched with adventitious plants.

The local flora is also replenished due to the fact that a person specially cultivates useful (food, ornamental) plants from other, often very remote regions of the globe. Most of these plants can only exist in cultivation, but some of them run wild and are introduced into the local flora.