Romanov period. Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: basic facts

The last more than 300 years of Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which gained a foothold on the Russian throne during the period known as the Time of Troubles. The appearance of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or coup, that is, the forcible removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of the Rurikids in the offspring of Ivan the Terrible. Problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have the supreme rulers changed so often, each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the "natural" dynasties. The descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), then came from among the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), then impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610) became kings .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the kingdom, and finally a new ruling dynasty was established in his person. Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what did they look like by the time they came to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clearly represented already in the middle of the 16th century, when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained the legend of the “departure”. Having become related to the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar family of the Romanovs also borrowed general direction legends: Rurik in the 14th “knee” was derived from the legendary Prussian, and the native of the Prussian was recognized as the ancestor of the Romanovs. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and others known in Russian history childbirth.
The original interpretation of the origin of all clans that have a legend about leaving “from the Prussians” (with a predominant interest in the ruling house of the Romanovs) was given in the 19th century. Petrov P.N., whose work has been reprinted in large numbers already today. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s. ; 318 p.). He considers the ancestors of these families to be Novgorodians who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. and went to the service of the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that in the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was a Prussian street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called "Prussians". “Why should we look for other people's Prussians? ...” - asks Petrov P.N., calling on “to dispel the darkness of fairy-tale fictions, which were still accepted as truth and who wanted to impose a non-Russian origin on the Romanov family at all costs.”

Table 1.

The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII - XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of Petrov P.N. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of Russian nobility. T. 1-2, - St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s.; 318 p.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) is the legendary founder of many noble families of Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of the "Prussians", according to Petrov P. N. Novgorod, a servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), Novgorod mayor, died in monasticism with the name Mitrofan in 1206
3 Aleksa (Christian name Gorislav), in monasticism Varlaam St. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree - Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism was called Gland Kambila Divonovich, moved "from the Prussians" in the 13th century, the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs .;
6 Petrov P.N. considers this Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Aleksandrovich Pushka, the founder of the Pushkin family, is mentioned under 1380. From him the branch was called the Pushkins.
8 Anastasia Romanova - the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar Rurikovich - Fedor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurik dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fedor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, died 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the founder of a new dynasty, was elected to the kingdom in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexei Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Gannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through it - the intersection of the Pushkin and Hannibal families.

Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of ​​​​the Novgorod origin of the "leaving the Prussians", Petrov P.N. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of the Novgorodian Iakinf the Great and is related to the Ratsha family (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav. (See Table 2).
In the annals, he is mentioned under 1146 among other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, the great Kiev prince 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, “a native of the Prussian”, disappears from the scheme, and until the middle of the 12th century. the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla are traced, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
The formation of the reigning from the beginning of the XVII century. genus and the allocation of the ruling branch is presented in the form of a chain of Kobylina - Koshkina - Zakharyina - Yuriev - Romanov (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of a family nickname into a surname. The rise of the clan dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is connected with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - Anastasia. (See Table 4. At that time, it was the only non-titled surname that remained in the forefront of the old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who flooded the sovereign’s Court in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century. (Princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky , Trubetskoy).
The ancestor of the Romanov branch was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Zakharin - Nikita Romanovich (d. 1586), native brother Queen Anastasia. His descendants were already called Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich - Moscow boyar since 1562, active participant Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest stood out especially - Fedor Nikitich (later - Patriarch Filaret, the unspoken co-ruler of the first Russian tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Seven Boyars. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, increased from the persecution they were subjected to by Boris Godunov, who saw in them potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.

Table 2 and 3.

Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov. Rise to power of a new dynasty

In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and the merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. The Provisional Government was created and elections to the Zemsky Sobor were announced, the convocation of which was planned for the beginning of 1613. There was one on the agenda, but extremely sore point- election of a new dynasty. They unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, and there was no unity regarding domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from an old boyar, but untitled family. By himself, he had little chance of winning, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and expected to keep their political positions, strengthened over the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family was also at hand, as mentioned above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. Agitation was actively conducted among the people in favor of Michael, which also played an important role in his approval on the throne. The final decision was made on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council, approved by "the whole earth." The outcome of the case was decided by a note by an unknown ataman, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest in kinship to the former dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, autocracy of a legitimate nature (by birthright) was restored in his face. The possibilities of alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the then formed tradition of electiveness (and hence the replacement) of monarchs, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail for 14 years stood his father, Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Filaret, Patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest state post, the father - the highest church. This is hardly a coincidence. Reflections on the role of the Romanov clan during the Time of Troubles are suggested by some Interesting Facts. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a servant of the Romanovs before being exiled to the monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed tsar, returned Filaret from exile, elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, made him a patriarch. But be that as it may, at the beginning of the XVII century. a new dynasty was established in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.

Tables 4 and 5.

Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history

During the XVIII century. Genealogical ties between the Romanov dynasty and other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves were dissolved in them. These ties were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages, established in Russia since the time of Peter I. (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in the conditions of dynastic crises, so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century, led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, whose representative acted on behalf of the vanished Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after his death in 1730 Mr. Peter II).
During the XVIII century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both along the line of Ivan V - to representatives of the Mecklenburg and Brunswick dynasties (see Table 6), and along the line of Peter I - to members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see Table 6), whose descendants occupied Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was a younger branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the 19th century the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical ties multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to "hide" the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for the Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the 18th - 19th centuries. Political necessity to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of Petrov P.N.

Table 6

Table 7

Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially under the regency of his older sister Sophia (1682-89). active participation he did not take part in governing the country, had no male descendants, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married, based on the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male offspring of the line of Peter I was cut short, the descendants of Ivan V established themselves on the Russian throne: daughter - Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) under the regency of mother Anna Leopoldovna , in the person of which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty actually ended up on the Russian throne. The coup of 1741 returned the throne to the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna transferred the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, who belonged to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty by his father. The Oldenburg dynasty (through the Holstein-Gottorp branch) is connected with the Romanov dynasty in the person of Peter III and his descendants.

Table 8

1 Peter II is the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (by his mother, a representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).

2 Paul I and his descendants, who ruled Russia until 1917, from the point of view of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Paul I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasties on his father, and Anhalt-Zerbt dynasties on his mother).

Table 9

1 Paul I had seven children, of which: Anna - the wife of Prince Wilhelm, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the wife of the prince
George of Oldenburg, since 1816 married to Prince Wilhelm of Württemburg, who later became king; Alexandra - the first marriage with Gustav IV, the Swedish king (until 1796), the second marriage - since 1799 with Archduke Joseph, the Hungarian stole.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839 the wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leitenberg; Olga - since 1846 the wife of Württemberg crown prince, then - King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Maria - since 1874 married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizabeth Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel - since 1889 married to the Greek Queen Alexandra Georgievna.

On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. March 3, 1917 last Russian emperor Nicholas II, in a military trailer near Mogilev, where the Headquarters was located at that time, signed his abdication. This ended the history of monarchical Russia, which on September 1, 1917 was declared a republic. The family of the deposed emperor was arrested and deported to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when there was a threat of the capture of the city by the army of A.V. Kolchak, they were shot by order of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, the minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding all legends and versions, it can be reliably said that this family has not died out. Survived lateral, in relation to the last emperors, branch - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continued). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876-1938) was next in line to the throne after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1922, after the completion civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the Throne, and in 1924 took the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title of Grand Duke Heir Tsesarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the vaults of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. His daughter Maria Vladimirovna became the head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad).

Milevich S.V. - Methodological guide for studying the course of genealogy. Odessa, 2000.

The Romanov dynasty is a Russian boyar family that bore the surname Romanov from the end XVI century. 1613 - the dynasty of Russian tsars, which ruled for more than three hundred years. 1917, March - abdicated.
background
Ivan IV the Terrible, by the murder of his eldest son, John, interrupted the male line of the Rurik dynasty. Fedor, his middle son, was handicapped. mysterious death in Uglich younger son Demetrius (he was found stabbed to death in the courtyard of the tower), and then the death of the last of the Ruriks, Theodore Ioannovich, interrupted their dynasty. Boris Fyodorovich Godunov, the brother of Theodore's wife, came to the kingdom as a member of the Regency Council of 5 boyars. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1598, Boris Godunov was elected tsar.
1604 - the Polish army under the command of False Dmitry 1 (Grigory Otrepyev), set out from Lvov to the Russian borders.
1605 - Boris Godunov dies, and the Throne is transferred to his son Theodore and the queen-widow. An uprising breaks out in Moscow, as a result of which Theodore and his mother were strangled. The new tsar, False Dmitry 1, enters the capital accompanied by the Polish army. However, his reign was short-lived: 1606 - Moscow rebelled, and False Dmitry was killed. Vasily Shuisky becomes king.
The impending crisis brought the state closer to a state of anarchy. After the Bolotnikov uprising and a 2-month siege of Moscow against Russia, the troops of False Dmitry 2 moved from Poland. 1610 - Shuisky's troops were defeated, the tsar was overthrown and tonsured a monk.
The government of the state passed into the hands of the Boyar Duma: the period of the “Seven Boyars” began. After the Duma signed an agreement with Poland, the Polish army was secretly brought into Moscow. The son of King Sigismund III of Poland, Vladislav, became the Russian Tsar. And only in 1612 the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to liberate the capital.
And just at that time, Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov entered the arena of History. In addition to him, the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Karl-Philip and the son of Marina Mniszek and False Dmitry 2 Ivan, representatives of boyar families - Trubetskoy and Romanovs claimed the Throne. However, Mikhail Romanov was still elected. Why?

What suited Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom
Mikhail Romanov was 16 years old, he was the grandchild of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanova, and the son of Metropolitan Filaret. Mikhail's candidacy suited representatives of all classes and political forces: the aristocracy was pleased that the new tsar would be a representative of the ancient Romanov family.
Supporters of the legitimate monarchy were pleased that Mikhail Romanov had a relationship with Ivan IV, and those who suffered from terror and chaos of the "distemper" were pleased that Romanov was not involved in the oprichnina, while the Cossacks were pleased that the father of the new tsar was Metropolitan Philaret.
The age of the young Romanov also played into his hands. People in the 17th century did not live long, dying from diseases. Young age the king could give certain guarantees of stability for a long time. In addition, the boyar groups, despite the age of the sovereign, were determined to make him a puppet in their hands, thinking - "Mikhail Romanov is young, he hasn't reached his mind and he will be familiar with us."
V. Kobrin writes about this as follows: “The Romanovs suited everyone. That's the quality of mediocrity." In fact, for the consolidation of the state, the restoration of public order, not bright personalities were needed, but people who were able to calmly and persistently pursue a conservative policy. “... It was necessary to restore everything, almost rebuild the state - before that its mechanism was broken,” wrote V. Klyuchevsky.
That was Mikhail Romanov. His reign was a time of lively legislative activity of the government, which concerned the most diverse aspects of Russian public life.

The reign of the first of the Romanov dynasty
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was married to the kingdom on July 11, 1613. Accepting the wedding, he promised not to make decisions without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
So it was on initial stage board: for each important issue Romanov addressed Zemsky Sobors. But, gradually, the sole power of the tsar began to strengthen: local governors subordinate to the center began to rule. For example, in 1642, when the assembly voted with an overwhelming majority for the final annexation of Azov, which the Cossacks had conquered from the Tatars, the tsar made the opposite decision.
The most important task during this period was the restoration of the state unity of the Russian lands, some of which, after the "... Time of Troubles ..." remained under the control of Poland and Sweden. 1632 - after King Sigismund III died in Poland, Russia began a war with Poland, as a result - the new king Vladislav renounced his claims to the Moscow throne and recognized Mikhail Fedorovich as the Moscow tsar.

Foreign and domestic policy
The most important innovation in the industry of that era was the emergence of manufactories. Further development handicrafts, an increase in the production of agriculture and crafts, and a deepening of the social division of labor led to the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. In addition, diplomatic and trade relations between Russia and the West were established. major centers Russian trade steel: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Bryansk. With Europe, maritime trade passed through the only port of Arkhangelsk; most of the goods went by dry route. Thus, actively trading with Western European states, Russia was able to achieve an independent foreign policy.
Agriculture also began to rise. Agriculture began to develop on fertile lands south of the Oka, as well as in Siberia. This was facilitated by the fact that the rural population of Russia was divided into two categories: landowning and black-mossed peasants. The latter accounted for 89.6% of the rural population. According to the law, they, sitting on state land, had the right to alienate it: sale, mortgage, inheritance.
As a result of reasonable domestic policy life has improved dramatically ordinary people. So, if during the period of "troubles" the population in the capital itself decreased by more than 3 times - the townspeople fled from their destroyed homes, then after the "restoration" of the economy, according to K. Valishevsky, "... a chicken in Russia cost two kopecks, a dozen eggs - a penny. Arriving in Moscow for Easter, he was an eyewitness to the pious and merciful deeds of the tsar, who visited prisons before matins and distributed colored eggs and sheepskin coats to prisoners.

“Progress has also been made in the field of culture. According to S. Solovyov, "... Moscow amazed with its splendor, beauty, especially in summer, when the greenery of numerous gardens and kitchen gardens joined the beautiful variety of churches." The first Greek-Latin school in Russia was opened in the Chudov Monastery. The only Moscow printing house, destroyed during the Polish occupation, was restored.
Unfortunately, the development of the culture of that era was affected by the fact that Mikhail Fedorovich himself was an exceptionally religious person. Therefore, correctors and compilers of sacred books were considered the greatest scientists of that time, which, of course, greatly hampered progress.
Results
The main reason that Mikhail Fedorovich managed to create a "viable" dynasty of the Romanovs was his carefully weighed, with a large "margin of safety", domestic and foreign policy, as a result of which Russia - albeit not completely - was able to solve the problem of the reunification of Russian lands, were resolved internal contradictions, industry and agriculture developed, the sole power of the sovereign was strengthened, ties with Europe were established, etc.
Meanwhile, indeed, the reign of the first Romanov cannot be counted among the brilliant epochs in the history of the Russian nation, and his personality does not appear in it with special brilliance. And yet, this reign marks a period of rebirth.

On February 21, 1613, the most representative Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, which elected the 16-year-old Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613-1645). On July 11, he was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

Under the young king, his mother was in charge of the affairs of the state Great Elder Martha and her relatives from the Saltykov boyars (1613-1619) , and after returning from Polish captivity Patriarch Filaret, the latter became the de facto ruler of Russia (1619-1633) who held the title great sovereign. In essence, dual power was established in the country: state letters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.

The government faced a number of tasks: to improve the financial situation in the country, to restore the economy, to strengthen the state borders.

Financial tasks were solved by further strengthening the tax burden: the “fifth money” was introduced (a tax that amounted to a fifth of the profit), direct taxes on the collection of grain reserves and money for the upkeep of the army (1614).

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the craft began to rise and the first manufactories were formed. AT 1632. near Tula begins its activity the first in the country ironworks.

The situation in foreign policy was complex and ambiguous. In February 1617 between Russia and Sweden was concluded Stolbovsky peace (1617)(in the village of Stolbovo). At the same time, the Polish prince Vladislav tried to confirm his claims to the Russian throne by military actions. Polish troops met fierce resistance and in 1618 it was signed Truce of Deulin (1618) for 14.5 years. Poland departed Smolensk lands (except Vyazma), including Smolensk, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky lands with 29 cities.

In 1632-1634. there was a Russian-Polish war, which is also known as Smolensk War 1632-1634. , caused by the desire of Russia to return their ancestral lands. was soon signed Polyanovsky peace (1634), under the terms of which the pre-war border was preserved, and the King of Poland Vladislav IV officially renounced claims to the Russian throne. For the successful conduct of hostilities during 1631-1634. military reform was carried out and " Shelves of the new system”, i.e. on the model of Western European armies. Reiter (1), dragoon (1) and soldier (8) regiments were created.

3. Prerequisites and features of the formation of Russian absolutism. The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in Russia, the disintegration of feudalism begins. Manufactory begins to develop (more than 20), market relations are established (due to the widespread development of small-scale production), and merchants begin to play an increasingly important role in the country's economy.

Under Alexei Mikhailovich, nicknamed the Quietest, the prerequisites began to take shape for the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia. The first sign of absolutism was Cathedral Code of 1649., which emphasized the sacredness of royal power and its inviolability. The chapter "Court on the Peasants" contains articles that finally formalized serfdom- the eternal hereditary dependence of the peasants was established, the "lesson summer" for the search for runaway peasants was canceled, a high fine was established for harboring the runaways. Peasants were deprived of the right to legal representation in property disputes.

In the same period, the significance of zemstvo sobors began to decline, the last of which was convened in 1653., and immediately after that created Secret Affairs Order (1654-1676) for political investigation.

AT 1653 started Church reform of Patriarch Nikon byzantine style.

With 1654 to 1667. between Russia and Poland there was a war for the return of the original Russian lands of Russia and for the annexation of the Left-Bank Ukraine. In 1667 between Russia and Poland was signed Andrusovsky peace (1667), along which the Smolensk and Novgorod-Seversky lands, the left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv (the latter until 1669) returned to Russia.

The accession of Ukraine required the unification of church rites, for which Nikon chose the Byzantine ones as a model. In addition, the government wanted to generally unite the churches not only of Russia and Ukraine, but also of the eastern autocephalous churches.

After the annexation of Ukraine, Alexei Mikhailovich instead of the former "sovereign, tsar and Grand Duke of all Russia”, became known as “by the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia autocrat”.

Nikon's reforms gave rise to such a phenomenon as split and the movement of the Old Believers, which at the initial stage took exalted forms, namely, baptism by fire, i.e. self-immolation. The movement especially intensified after the church council of 1666-1667, at which they were anathematized for their heresy. The reflection of popular disagreement with the policy of the official church was found in Solovetsky uprising of 1668-1676.

The autocratic policy of the Moscow Patriarch was contrary to the interests of secular power, to the growing elements of absolutism, and could not but arouse royal discontent. At the cathedral in 1666-1667. Nikon was deposed and taken under escort to the Ferapontov Monastery on Beloozero. Nikon died in 1681.

In Russia, the replacement of the estate-representative monarchy by an absolute monarchy has begun: Zemstvo councils are no longer convened, the authority of the Boyar Duma has fallen, the church has been pushed into the background by secular power, the government’s control over the life of the country is increasing, and the government itself is under the supervision of the repressive apparatus (Order of secret affairs ), the importance of the nobility is enhanced (there is an equation of landed property with patrimony). At the same time, the formation of absolutism takes place under the sign of ever-increasing social oppression over the population - the peasantry and the township.

The policy of the government of Alexei Mikhailovich caused a number of popular indignations, the most significant of which were Salt Riot (1648) and Copper Riot (1662).

The salt riot (this is another name for the Moscow uprising) was initiated by the predatory policy of the government of B.I. Morozov after the tax reform: all indirect taxes were replaced by one direct tax on salt, as a result of which the price of salt increased several times.

The copper riot (or the Moscow uprising of 1662) broke out due to financial crisis: in 1654 the government introduced copper money at the rate of silver, as a result of the mass production of copper money, their depreciation occurred, which led to an increase in speculation and the issuance of counterfeit coins (often by the ruling elite).

Virtual Exhibition

400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty

In 2013, the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty is celebrated. The celebration is timed to coincide with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Moscow throne on June 11, 1613 (in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by decision of the Zemsky Sobor). The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich was the beginning of a new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs.

In the extensive literature, dedicated to history Romanov dynasty and individual reigns, there is no unambiguous interpretation of the role of autocrats - extreme, often polar points of view prevail. However, no matter how one treats the Romanov dynasty and its representatives, objectively assessing our historical path, it should be recognized that it was under the Romanovs that Russia became one of the great powers of the world, its victories and defeats, ups and downs, achievements and political and economic failures, due in large part to the growing mismatch social order time tasks. The House of the Romanovs is not the history of a private family, but actually the history of Russia.

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that has had such a surname since the end of the 16th century; since 1613 - the dynasty of Russian tsars and since 1721 - emperors of all Russia, and later - the kings of Poland, the grand dukes of Lithuania and Finland, the dukes of Oldenburg and Holstein-Gottorp and the grand masters of the Order of Malta. The direct branch of the Romanov family on the All-Russian throne was cut short after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna; from January 5, 1762, the imperial throne passed to the dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovskaya, the son of Anna Petrovna and Duke Karl-Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, according to a dynastic agreement, their son Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp (the future All-Russian Emperor Peter III) was recognized as a member of the Imperial House Romanovs. Thus, according to the genealogical rules, the imperial family (dynasty) is called the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovskaya (Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov dynasty), and the imperial house - the Romanovs.

Start

End of the 16th century brought a severe shock to our Motherland, which became the first step towards the Time of Troubles. With the death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (1598), the Rurik Dynasty came to an end. Even earlier, in 1591, a junior representative of the St. Tsarevich Dimitri. However, his rights to inherit the Throne were very controversial, because. he was born from the fifth married (and in fact from the seventh) marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and was considered illegitimate.

For over 700 years the Ruriks ruled Russia. And now they are gone. It is difficult to describe the impression that the end of the Dynasty made. The Russian people faced an unprecedented case and it was necessary to resolve the issue on which the fate of the state depended. The House of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars was to be inherited by the Family, which had the full legal right to do so. Of the descendants of Rurik, after the death of the Princes of Staritsky, there was no one left who would have such rights. The closest relatives of the Moscow House were the princes Shuisky, but their relationship was the 12th (!) Degree. In addition, in accordance with the norms of Byzantine law adopted at that time in Russia, close property (i.e. kinship through a wife) was preferred to distant blood kinship.

Proceeding from this (husband and wife constitute "one flesh"), the brother of Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, was simultaneously considered His brother. It was Godunov who was then called to the Kingdom with the blessing of Patriarch Job. A decision on this matter was made by the Zemsky Sobor in 1598.

And Tsar Boris took the Throne not by the "right" of election, but by the right of inheritance. The next family in this order of succession were the Romanovs, descendants of the first brother-in-law of Ivan the Terrible - Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev.

Boris Godunov reigned relatively serene until the first rumors about the Pretender appeared in 1603. The appearance of "prince Dimitri" made the people doubt the legitimacy of Godunov's accession. Paradoxical as it may seem, but the phenomenon of imposture testifies to the spontaneous legitimism of the Russian people. In order to take the Throne, it was necessary to have legal rights to it or to impersonate the owner of such. Otherwise, you can "elect", "appoint" and "proclaim" the Tsar as much as you like - this could not receive any support. But "prince Dimitri" - supposedly the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible - could not but find a response in Russian hearts. And so death takes Tsar Boris, his son Theodore is killed, and the triumphant Pretender enters Moscow, accompanied by the Poles.

The sobering did not come immediately. Perhaps the process dragged on even longer if it were not for the reckless behavior of False Dmitry in relation to the Orthodox Church. The impostor dared to crown his wife Marina Mnishek in the Assumption Cathedral, not baptizing her, but confining herself to chrismation. The son of Ivan the Terrible, according to the people's concept, would never have acted in such a way. Less than two weeks after the blasphemous wedding, the Pretender was killed. But the basics Russian Tsardom they hesitated so much that it became impossible to stop the Troubles by the simple liquidation of False Dmitry.

Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in his own way, he sought to benefit the Fatherland. But the throne of this only elected Tsar in the history of Russia could not be durable. "Shouted out" on Red Square by a random crowd, having bound himself with obligations to the boyars, Tsar Vasily never felt like a confident Autocrat. That is why he could not effectively resist either external or internal enemies, and the story of his - ridiculously easy - deposition tells us about the futility of introducing alien traditions and laws. The end of the Troubles was not foreseen.

It was destined to save Russia by the Second Militia, whose leaders were able to learn some lessons from previous mistakes and create a single popular movement. Inspired by the messages of Patriarch Hermogenes, Nizhny Novgorod citizen K. Minin and Prince. D. Pozharsky united the Russian people under the banner of the struggle for the liberation and restoration of the Orthodox Kingdom. Later they were joined by Prince. D. Trubetskoy with the remnants of the 1st Militia. In October 1612, the Cossacks stormed Kitai-Gorod, and soon the Poles, besieged in the Kremlin, capitulated. In the liberated capital, conditions appeared for the organization of state life.

At the beginning of 1613, envoys from "all the earth" gathered in Moscow for the Great Zemsky and Church Council, the main task of which was to determine the Legitimate Heir to the Throne.

When once again a dispute about the candidacy flared up at the Council, a certain Galician nobleman submitted a note substantiating the rights of Mikhail Feodorovich on his relationship with Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (Michael's father, Metropolitan Filaret, was a cousin of Tsar Theodore and would have inherited himself, if not for the monastic tonsure, perfect over him in the reign of Boris Godunov), with reference to the authority of the martyred Patriarch Hermogenes. By his act, he aroused the wrath of the boyars, who sternly asked who dared to bring such a scripture. Then the Cossack ataman spoke and also put a written statement. To the question of the book. Pozharsky, what is it about, the ataman replied: "About the natural (highlighted by me - A.Z.) Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich." "The Tale of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613" cites the speech of the chieftain, in which he definitely pointed out the illegality of the "election" of the Tsar and substantiated the rights to the Throne of the young Mikhail Romanov.

The final decision on the issue of succession to the throne was made on February 21, 1613. A letter sent to all ends of the Russian Land announced that “human-loving God, according to His care, put into the hearts of all the people of the Muscovite state, from young to old and to mere babies, like-mindedness, in order to turn to Vladimir, and to Moscow, and to all the states of the Russian Tsardom by Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov-Yuriev. The approved charter of the Council secured the Throne to the Dynasty "in childbirth and childbirth" and anathematized any violator of the sacred oath of allegiance to the House of Romanov. The accession of the House of Romanov was the victory of order over turmoil, and at the beginning of the 17th century. a new dynasty was established in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.

Last Russian tsar Nicholas II, who was shot with his family in Yekaterinburg in 1918, is still one of the most controversial figures. national history. Despite almost a century that has passed since those tragic events, the attitude towards him in society is sharply polar. On the one hand, Russian Orthodox Church canonized him and his family as saints, on the other - "the owner of the Russian land" (his own definition) public opinion is perceived as an incompetent head of state who could not save not only the country, but even his own family from death.

It should be noted that legally the members of the royal, and then the imperial, family did not have any surnames at all (“Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich”, “Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich”, etc.). In addition, since 1761, the descendants of the son of Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl-Friedrich reigned in Russia, who, in the male line, no longer descended from the Romanovs, but from the Holstein-Gottorps (the younger branch of the Oldenburg dynasty, known since the 12th century). In the genealogical literature, representatives of the dynasty, starting from Peter III, are called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs. Despite this, the names "Romanovs" and "House of Romanovs" were almost universally used for the unofficial designation of the Russian Imperial House, the coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in official legislation.

After 1917, the surname of the Romanovs officially began to be worn (according to the laws of the Provisional Government, and then in exile) by almost all members of the reigning house. The exception is the descendants of Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich. He was one of the Romanovs who recognized Kirill Vladimirovich as emperor in exile. The marriage of Dmitry Pavlovich to Audrey Emery was recognized by Cyril as a morganatic marriage of a member of the reigning house, and his wife and children received the title of princes Romanovsky-Ilyinsky (now two of Dmitry Pavlovich's grandsons, Dmitry and Michael / Mikhail, as well as their wives and daughters, wear it). The rest of the Romanovs also joined the morganatic (in terms of Russian law on succession to the throne) marriages, but did not consider it necessary to change the surname. After the creation of the Association of Princes of the Romanov House in the late 1970s, the Ilinskys became its members on a common basis.

Family tree Romanovs

Genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII-XIV centuries)

EXHIBITION MATERIALS:

The 17th century brought many trials Russian state. In 1598, the Rurik dynasty, which had ruled the country for more than seven hundred years, ended. A period began in the life of Russia, which is called the Time of Troubles or the Time of Troubles, when the very existence of Russian statehood was called into question. Attempts to establish a new dynasty on the throne (from the boyars Godunov, Shuisky) were hampered by endless conspiracies, uprisings, even natural disasters. The matter was also complicated by the intervention of neighboring countries: the Commonwealth and Sweden, which at first sought to get adjacent territories, wishing in the future to deprive Russia of state independence altogether.
Patriotic forces were found in the country, which united in the struggle for the independence of the motherland. Civil uprising, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant Kuzma Minin, with the participation of people from all classes, managed to expel the interventionists from central regions Moscow state and liberate the capital.
The Zemsky Sobor, convened in 1613, after long disputes, approved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov on the throne, marking the beginning of a new dynasty.

ROMANOVS- boyar family, in 1613-1721. royal, from 1721 the imperial dynasty.
The ancestor of the Romanovs is usually considered Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla - the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan I Kalita. According to the genealogical lists, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had five sons, and the Kobylins, Kolychevs, Konovnitsyns, Lodynins, Neplyuevs, Sheremetevs and others originate from him.
Until the 15th century the ancestors of the Romanovs were called Koshkins (from the nickname of the fifth son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Koshka), then Zakharyins (from Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin) and Zakharyins-Yurievs (from Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin-Zakharyin).
The daughter of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1543) Anastasia Romanovna (c. 1530-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. Her brother Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1586) became the ancestor of the Romanovs. This surname was borne by his son, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (c. 1554-1633), who became patriarch (Filaret).
In 1613 on Zemsky Cathedral Filaret's son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645) was elected tsar and became the founder of the Romanov dynasty. Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676, tsar since 1645), Fedor Alekseevich (1661-1682, tsar since 1676), Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696, tsar since 1682) also belonged to the Romanov dynasty d.), Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725, tsar since 1682, emperor since 1721); in 1682-1689, under the juvenile Ivan and Peter, the state was ruled by Princess Sofya Alekseevna (1657-1704). The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia until the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917.

ZAKHARYINS- the Moscow boyar family, descended from Andrei Kobyla (d. in the middle of the 14th century), the boyar of the Grand Duke Semyon Gordoy, and his son, Fyodor Koshka (d. in the 1390s), the boyar of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
The ancestor of the Zakharyins is the grandson of Fyodor Koshka - Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin (? - c. 1461), the boyar of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark. His sons Yakov and Yuri, the boyars of Grand Duke Ivan III, gave rise to two branches of the family - Zakharyin-Yakovly (Yakovlev) and Zakharyin-Yuriev.
Yakov Zakharyevich (? - ca. 1510) from 1485 was the governor of Novgorod, in 1487, together with his brother Yuri, he conducted a search for followers of the Novgorod-Moscow heresy; in 1494, he participated in negotiations on the matchmaking of the daughter of Ivan III, Elena, with the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Alexander Kazimirovich, and participated in campaigns against Lithuania.
Yuri Zakharyevich (? - c. 1503) in 1479 participated in the Novgorod campaign of Ivan III, in 1487 he replaced his brother as governor of Novgorod, confiscated the estates of the Novgorod boyars, and participated in campaigns against Lithuania. Most famous representatives the Zakharyev-Yuryev family: Mikhail Yuryevich (? -1539) - okolnichiy (1520), boyar (1525), voivode, diplomat in charge of relations with Poland and Lithuania; in 1533-1534 he was a member of the boyar group, which actually ruled the Russian state under the young tsar Ivan IV, retired after his relative I.V. fled to Lithuania. Lyatsky-Zakharyin. Roman Yuryevich (? -1543) - the founder of the Romanov family. Vasily Mikhailovich (? -15b7) - okolnichiy, then (1549) boyar, was a member of the Near Duma of Ivan IV, one of the initiators of the oprichnina policy.