Has 3 hearts 8. People with two hearts are a phenomenon or a new race. Why is the octopus called the "sea aristocrat"
Mixina - rare representative vertebrates that do not have a backbone. The hagfish has a skeleton - in the form of a skull. But there is no spine. These creatures are classified as lower vertebrates. That is, they are no longer worms, but also not fish - the predecessors of fish.
Hagfish settle in subtropical and temperate waters throughout the oceans. In Russia, for example, they can sometimes even be found in the Barents Sea. But greatest variety species seen in West Bank North America.
According to research, over the past 300 million years, hagfish have not changed much. The hagfish's primitive appearance, which has long gone out of fashion among fish, and disgusting eating habits have led people to regard the hagfish as one of the most disgusting sea monsters. But this is all only due to the fact that it is less similar to us than others, to modern creatures.
The body of the hagfish resembles the body of a huge worm, half a meter in length. Goliath mixina sometimes reaches a size of 127 centimeters. Mixina is almost the only creature on Earth that can tie itself into a knot.
Now let's see what the mixin has inside. She has four hearts, two brains and one nostril. But hagfish have the same number of eyes as ours, vertebrates have two. True, they are quite primitive. Mixins can see light with these eyes, but not a specific image.
In some hagfish species, there is only one male per hundred females. Representatives of other species are completely hermaphrodites. So nothing threatens the survival of hagfish, even if "the men are transferred."
The key to high survival is also unpretentiousness in food. Hagfish eats carrion or dying animals. As a rule, it pulls out pieces of meat, makes a hole and thus penetrates into the creature. And eats him up. Divers often see the gnawed skeletons of some dolphins with a thick hagfish inside. Sometimes hagfish eat fish caught in a fishing net, which are almost unable to move.
Mixin is eaten in Japan and Korea.
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Blood Pumping Mechanisms
Before talking about breathing itself, I would like to touch on the topic of blood circulation in the human body. Some people, knowing our anatomy and physiology, are convinced that the heart pumps the blood in the body. This is a deep delusion. If you connect a mechanical heart, an apparatus, to a corpse, it will not pump blood.
Turns out, a person has not one but three hearts . When we worked in Kyiv, I gave several lectures at a military institute that studies the heart. A secret military institute is studying the heart - like this interesting activity. And when I gave them a lecture, they came to the conclusion that it was not clear what they had been doing before.
It's believed that first heart in humans (meaning the mechanism of pumping blood) - these are all our cells that make up the cell mass, which tends to constantly move from a state of contraction to a state of relaxation and vice versa. That is, there is a general pulsation in the body. Moreover, equipment has been developed that is designed to analyze this very pulsation in the legs, in the trunk, etc. When the pulsation in the legs is disturbed, thrombophlebitis is provided to you, thanks to the stagnant process. It should be noted that all existing nutritional supplements are designed specifically to activate the pulsation of each cell. The most a big problem is that under the influence external environment our cellular level every year life becomes more and more passive. We vitally need inner activation . When we met with Muldashev (he came to us, and his deputy was trained in our method), it turned out that they had a problem: they are able to grow eyeballs, various other parts for cyborgs, but they don’t know how to make them work. They can grow, but they can’t make the organ function by itself. The starter is missing. It turns out that the problem lies in the fact that each cell must have a starter - an internal pulsation. One of the most important exercises that many systems use and which leads to a general activation of the body's pulsation is auto-training based on sensations of heaviness-lightness. As well as various complications - when you give the installation that the leg or toe has become cold or hot, and vice versa. At the same time, there is a buildup, which powerfully affects the blood circulation of our organs. Unfortunately, almost no one uses such auto-training (especially postoperatively). And this is the basis of Tibetan, Oriental medicine - mental activation of blood circulation with such a pulsation. So here it is the first heart is our cell mass, which determines the energy of blood circulation.
Second heart – this is the bag in which our internal organs and which is in constant dynamics due to diaphragmatic breathing. At the same time, there is a constant massage of the internal organs. One of the most important exercises of various schools, a kind of test - you lie down, and I stand on your stomach, and you breathe. If you can't breathe, then it's time to die. That's an example special technology development of diaphragmatic breathing martial art. We are not talking about martial arts here, we are ordinary normal people, but certain development we simply need diaphragmatic breathing. In those who have certain problems with the shape of the abdomen, especially in women after childbirth, etc., diaphragmatic breathing is disturbed, and immediately powerful impact on the kidneys, on the genitals, on the venous system of the legs, etc. I will talk about this at another lecture (on the setting and movement of arms, legs, etc., on the use of our muscle mass in the development of direct and reverse biological links). Now I'm talking about breathing. I want to emphasize that our breathing is primarily related to our blood circulation .
third heart This is our heart itself. The heart is a tuning fork that adjusts the diaphragmatic rhythm and creates a certain rhythm of the work of our body, the entire cell mass, the cellular level. This is a very delicate mechanism. By the way, I want to note right away that if someone has dominated by brain functions, brain activity, then he suppresses his heart, which results in one type of heart disease. If the genitourinary system dominates, suppressing the heart, this is another type of pathology. In both cases, the person will diseased heart but the heart itself has nothing to do with it. It does not act on itself - either the head or the genitourinary system acts on it. Accordingly, it is necessary to deal with either the head or the genitourinary system. And we can treat the heart all our lives. So, when a person knows how to breathe correctly, he creates some dynamics in the whole body, fluctuations in cell mass, and such a person has normal blood circulation. I can visually demonstrate how, with a completely relaxed arm, my veins swell. Due to the impact on the internal organs, I will make a counterflow of blood flow through the veins, and they will expand enormously before your eyes. At the same time, my blood vessels are like those of a baby. I do not specifically practice Hatha yoga or other systems, I only use the so-called yoga Everyday life - a certain minimum of exercise that is needed to maintain homeostasis (balance) in the body . Every full-fledged person needs to have a minimum set of knowledge about full breathing. Full-fledged people (full-fledged, like some animals) in our society are only a few percent, from my point of view. And it is very sad that in kindergartens and schools underdeveloped, excuse me, "guts" are being formed.
There is a certain age schedule for the development of our mass, our organs, systems, therefore if some things are not given to the child in time, then pathology is eventually laid . So I once showed my son that you have to sit in the lotus position, and he sits in the lotus position. He doesn't care, even if it's like that. That is, I made a certain bookmark, and his joints received an impetus to normal development in time. If you start developing an adult in this way, it can even be dangerous. Sometimes you can’t even do this, because in a person, let’s say, the joints begin to develop well, but the vessels will not develop at the same time - as a result, you can get ruptures, various injuries and other very sad consequences. If I touched on this conversation, then I will immediately give one important picture related to blood circulation.
It is believed that if people find ways to treat all their diseases, then the very last problem that remains will be associated with microcapillaries, through which arterial blood passes into venous (Fig. 1). This place of transition is the most weakness in the human body. For example, people with diabetes do not die from diabetes but because the microcapillaries are clogged. If a person is dominant Bottom part, then the capillaries suffer mainly in the legs, if dominated top part blood flow, then the eyes suffer, etc., up to the brain.
I'll give you an example. There was a very bright case in Kyiv. In our group, 60 doctors were trained at the first stage. We have been preparing them according to a special program for a whole year. The program was supervised by Lyudmila Nikolaevna Kuchma, wife of the president. So, one of our colleagues, a doctor, a very powerful athlete, could freely do push-ups on his fists, well, 250 times, for example. Such an ace athlete. He came from another city, settled in Kyiv, there was a lot of time, and he worked out pumping. We have such an exercise when at a distance of 5-7 meters we do energy pumping. So he worked for 2-3 hours with someone in a pair of this pumping. And then he already comes and says: "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, I have some kind of tragedy." What? And all around his body capillaries were torn, there was a hemorrhage. "What's the matter? I’m so strong, healthy, the strongest, the very best…” I told him: “And you are the weakest in fact.” How can it be? And the point is that when athletes work hard exercise, they are these capillaries, which I spoke about, due to stress, they turn from elastic into brittle, rigid. And when from within, due to the technology of “breathing with bones”, a friend began to activate blood circulation, the capillaries, especially on the surface, began to burst. The doctor was simply horrified, and he had to drastically reduce classes.
For us, people who exercise intensively, without knowing the bases of drip systems, are, in fact, sorry, freaks. All our sports “stars” are disabled. Why? Illiterate development. Unfortunately, true professionals and specialists do not participate in Olympic Games, do not demonstrate their professionalism. When we examined the Spartak team (Zavarzin's team), it turned out that all of them were semi-disabled by diagnostics. And this is our football elite. Footballers work hard. Eastern wisdom forms a culture of life, a culture of sports, a culture of martial arts, but here they are squeezing something out of a person. Therefore our talking about breathing technology is aimed at joining the culture of human development . Everyone understands perfectly well that in our life breathing occupies one of the most important places. This was the introductory part.
Breathing technologies in the Archangel Michael system
Now I will talk about respiratory systems: Full breath, Breath of bones, Breath of balls, Breath of thought, Breath of space. All of them belong to the system of the Archangel Michael (Fig. 2). 
The Archangel Michael system is presented a seven-pointed star, at the ends of which: the system of Standing a pillar, the system Strong wind, the Five Beasts system, the Drunkard system, the Sleeping God system, the Dragon system, and the Void Presence system. This is the "Star of the Mage" or the basis of the "Dragon" system. T The Bone Breathing technology is related to the Standing Pillar system. Balloon Breathing (inner breathing) technology belongs to the Rapid Wind system, Full Breath technology to the Five Beasts system, Thought Breathing technology to the Drunkard system, and Space Breathing technology to the Sleeping God.
One to help the other
In March 2009, it became known about a unique surgical operation performed at the Heart Institute in São Paulo (Brazil).
A fifty-three-year-old patient, whose heart was already refusing to pump blood, was transplanted into the right side of the chest with a donor heart, leaving his own in the same place. The "new" heart was connected by blood vessels to the "old" one.
It was reported that the operation lasted 12 hours and that the patient's condition was stable. However, doctors expressed concern that the patient had a 50% chance of survival. "The next 72 hours will be decisive," said surgeon Alfredo Fiorelli, who performed the transplant. And he added that in the current situation, a traditional transplant would not be recommended, so the only alternative is to “implant” a second heart and keep the patient in such an artificially created state for about two months. There is hope that the donor heart will still take over the main functions of its own, which will beat slower and slower...
There were many questions, however. If everything goes according to plan, will the “main” heart need to be removed later? And where does such confidence come from that it will beat more and more slowly? Or maybe, over time, it will, on the contrary, begin to work normally?
My heart is rested and...
It turns out that back in 1996 in London, the famous cardiac surgeon Magdy Yakub transplanted a donor heart to a two-year-old girl Hannah Clark, leaving her own in place. At that time, due to cardiomyopathy, it was already twice the usual size, and doctors predicted that in a maximum of a year the heart would not withstand the load. After the operation, the girl had to take medication to suppress the rejection of the donor heart and everything seemed to be going well with Hannah. So 10 years have passed.
However, in 2006, she suddenly began this same rejection reaction. The donor heart had to be urgently removed and tried to connect his own. Surgeons have never done anything like this before. They were advised by the same Magdy Yakub, already retired. And then the surprises began!
Instead of 8 hours, the operation took 4; instead of several months, Hannah spent in the ward intensive care only 5 days. She quickly recovered and soon even began to dream of some kind of sports competition. It turns out that the girl’s own heart has had a good rest over the years, gained strength and “learned” to work normally. The donor "double" became simply superfluous, so the body began to reject it!
Two in one
But it happens that a person is born with two hearts. Back in 1905, the thirty-five-year-old American carpenter A. Durr placed an advertisement in one of the newspapers that he was ready to bequeath his body and his two hearts to someone who would immediately pay him good money. Durr was a big man, which experts confirmed, and one even offered $10,000 for the right to extract one of the two hearts while alive. But the carpenter refused, fearing that he would not have time to enjoy this money if something went wrong.
In Russia, too, they have known about this phenomenon for a long time. In 1911, a reference book on surgery was published in Yekaterinburg, in which there is a diagram with the caption: “The Ognivtsev phenomenon. A man with two hearts." But who is he, this Vladimir Ognivtsev? So, a rural paramedic, whose fate is not even really known.
But in January 2004 Russian newspapers told about a resident of Ingushetia from the village of Inarki, Malgobek district. Until the age of forty-seven, Zyaudin Yandiev did not even think that he had two hearts. And although some doctor told him this as a child, Zyaudin soon forgot about the second heart. He served in the army, worked, visited doctors more than once, but no one noticed an amazing anomaly, out of habit applying a stethoscope to the left side of his chest. And only in 2003, when he ended up in a hospital with blood poisoning, “the cardiologist literally jumped in surprise when, during a cardiogram, one of the electrodes abruptly moved to the right side and froze,” recalls Z. Yandiev. Here he was examined in full!
One is good, but two is better!
Note that in most cases these phenomenal people do not even know for years that they have two hearts. Why? Because they don’t go to doctors - good health. Even if the second heart is not in place. Thus, in July 2004, doctors in Tbilisi examined one year old baby Gogu Diasamidze from Batumi: he has one heart chest, and the second in abdominal cavity. But even in this case, the body has adapted!
There is also a case in Ukraine, when a “tumor” was found in a fifty-year-old man, which actually turned out to be a second heart! This man had never gone to the doctors before - everything was in order with his health.
In general, it seems that the body "does not mind" two hearts! Moreover, a child with a "spare" heart grows more resilient and strong, it is easier to cope with physical activity(and there is something for biologists, geneticists, futurologists to think about).
But, in this case, why didn’t nature take care of duplicating this most important organ in the course of evolution for all of us? After all, we have two lungs, kidneys or eyes! And the heart is one. And the power of this "pump" is not so great. He is able to push blood into all vessels down to the smallest capillaries, of which we have 100-160 billion in the body, but it is difficult for him to deliver venous blood back. But it turns out that numerous “mini-hearts” scattered throughout our body help the heart to push the blood. These are muscles.
According to Nikolai Arinchin, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, we have 1008 such "hearts" (according to the number of skeletal muscles). And if the muscles become decrepit, the heart becomes very hard. Moral: if you want to live - help your heart, train all your muscles!
Genes and chromosomes?
Recently, Elvira Chernikova began to look for her cousin. Her aunt Valentina Dedyukhina once had a son weighing 4.5 kg in Irkutsk - a healthy and strong baby. The gynecologist who delivered the baby said, however, that the child was not viable because he had two hearts and persuaded the woman to write a refusal. After that, both the child and that gynecologist (childless, by the way) disappeared from the hospital - maybe the doctor adopted the baby. And after some time, my sister Dedyukhina also had a son with two hearts. “Now he is an adult,” says Elvira, “his heart works like clockwork, the rhythm is clear and strong. So we decided to look: maybe our cousin will be found somewhere in Irkutsk?
This is what happens? "Family" phenomenon? Maybe some recessive (ancient) gene worked for both sisters? Maybe once all our ancestors had two hearts? It is no coincidence that a human embryo also has two hearts at first, but then they are combined into one (the eyes, by the way, are the opposite: at first the embryo has one eye, then it is divided into two).
Susana Kachel, an anthropologist at Rutgers University, argues that the one-heart, two-lung system began about 300 million years ago, when aquatic radishes first began to crawl onto land (by the way, the octopus still has three hearts). And, perhaps, it is no coincidence that the human embryo at first resembles a fish, an amphibian, and only much later - a mammal, which in the course of evolution replaced each other until they turned into Homo sapiens? And our genetic memory is still no, no, and it will give out two hearts - so to speak, "in the old fashioned way"!
Octopuses are one of the most mysterious sea creatures. Many people wonder how many hearts an octopus has.
Octopuses are one of the most mysterious sea creatures.
No place on Earth contains as many diverse and outlandish creatures as the seas and oceans. Many inhabitants of the seabed are the oldest representatives of the planet, much older than man and all animals. One of these creatures is the octopus - a cephalopod mollusk, the size of which can reach 7-8 m.
Octopuses can be different. So, their size varies from a few centimeters to 8 m. The weight of the largest octopus was more than 200 kg, although usually it does not exceed 15-20 kg.
No place on Earth contains as many diverse and outlandish creatures as the seas and oceans.
The question of its color can be confusing: this mollusk is different colors Moreover, they are able to change their appearance almost instantly. Therefore, a very different description can be applied to an octopus.
They have a soft oval body, similar to a ball, dressed in something resembling a mantle - a skin-muscle bag, which can be smooth or pimply, depending on the type of mollusk. On the body are 8 tentacles that surround the mouth of the octopus.
The mollusk catches its prey thanks to special suction cups located on inside tentacles. There are a lot of these suction cups - several hundred on one "hand".
Tentacles are needed not only to grab prey: they also have visual analyzers that allow you to assess the environment.
Many inhabitants of the seabed are the oldest representatives of the planet, much older than humans and all animals.
The mollusk is the owner of outstanding eyes. They are huge and occupy about 10% of the entire body, the size of the eyeball can reach 40 cm. anatomical structure The eyes of octopuses are similar to human ones, but they still have a slightly different scheme for perceiving the world.
The only solid part of the body of the octopus is its beak, which looks like a bird. It is he who can become a limitation for the mollusk in trying to crawl into any hole, since the rest of his body is so soft that it can penetrate into any gap.
The internal structure of the octopus has always been of interest to people, since many people know the fact that it has several hearts. Therefore, a common question is how many hearts an octopus has. This mollusk has 3 heart muscles.
This peculiarity of them is explained by the fact that they have a very strong blood resistance, which one heart simply could not cope with. Thus, this mollusk is the only representative of the animal world that has as many as 3 hearts.
Octopus Volcano (video)
Features of the cardiac system
One of the 3 hearts of the octopus is the main one - it drives blood throughout the body. It is larger in size than the others and consists of two atria and a small ventricle. This heart bears the main burden of ensuring the vital activity of the body.
Two other cardiac organs can be called additional - they are smaller in size, are located near two gills and are muscular expansions of blood vessels. They help the main organ move blood around the body. Because of the peculiarity of their work, they are also called "gill". They distill venous blood, which is enriched with oxygen in the gills and then enters the atria of the main organ.
Thus, it is possible to distinguish varieties of cardiac organs in octopuses:
- main;
- auxiliary.
However miscellaneous work does not affect the frequency of their beating - the octopus has three hearts that beat in the same rhythm. This cannot but cause admiration - 3 hearts of a huge clam, beating in one step. The beat frequency depends on the temperature of the water: colder water the slower the heart beats. On average, the frequency is reduced to 40 times per minute.
The octopus also has only its own blood, which has an amazing blue color, as well as high intelligence proven by many studies. So 3 hearts distill not just blood, but a blue liquid.
Worth mentioning special weapon octopuses - ink bomb. The mollusk has in its body special body- an ink bag filled with a liquid that the octopus throws out in case of danger. As a result, an ink curtain is formed, allowing you to hide from any enemy that might attack the octopus.
Giant octopus (video)
Attention, only TODAY!
How much do you know about octopuses? Besides that they have eight legs? For example, do you know how many hearts an octopus has? Yes, the question is absolutely correct. After all, the octopus has not one heart, but several! Or what are these beings capable of?
Let's figure it out. And not only in how many hearts an octopus has, but in general, what kind of animal is this, where it can be found.
Huge clam
Octopus (photo below) refers to cephalopods. These creatures live in the sea the globe from the Arctic to the Antarctic. But still, octopuses can not stand fresh water, give them a salinity of at least 30 percent.
Their sizes are also very different: from a few centimeters to 6-7 meters. But still, the “average height” for them is 1.5-2 meters. The largest octopuses live off the coast of Colombia: some weigh 15-20 kg, and the length of their tentacles varies from 2 to 2.5 meters, and sometimes more!
The largest octopus was discovered in Western Canada. weighed 242 kilograms, and the length of its tentacles reached 10 meters! Probably a terrible sight. Now all the stories of sailors about krakens that can sink ships no longer seem like just stupid tales.
The external structure of the octopus
Octopuses have a soft oval body, dressed in a mantle (skin-muscle sac). The mantle is smooth, with pimples or wrinkled (depending on the type of octopus). Inside, under it, there are organs.
The mantle also serves as a reservoir of water. Since the octopus is sea creature It cannot exist without water. In order to get out on land, he needs liquid supplies. This reserve is enough for four hours. However, cases have been recorded when octopuses remained on land for more than a day.
On the head of the octopus are large eyes, like most representatives deep sea creatures with square pupils.
The mouth of the octopus is small, with a pair of strong jaws. Outwardly, it is somewhat reminiscent of a parrot's beak. Therefore, it is called so - "beak". In the mouth is a tongue outgrowth ("odontophora"). On both sides of the body are gills, which are responsible for extracting oxygen from the water.
tentacle arms
Eight arms-tentacles extend from the head, surrounding the mouth. On the inside of each tentacle there are suction cups, with the help of which the octopus is able to hold prey or stick to underwater objects. There can be up to 220 suction cups on one "arm"! Interesting fact is that there are suckers. So octopuses are truly unique: they are able to see with their limbs!
Octopus tentacles are the most commonly attacked by enemies. Therefore, nature endowed octopuses with the ability to tear off their limbs in order to escape. The enemy will only have a trophy. This property in science is called autotomy. The muscles of the tentacle begin to contract so strongly that it leads to a rupture. Literally a day later, the wound begins to heal, and the limb grows back. You say like a lizard. But no. The lizard is able to drop its tail only in certain place, no more, no less. And the octopus can tear off its "arm" wherever it wants.
Internal structure of an octopus
Octopuses have a huge brain, which is protected by a cartilaginous capsule (skull). The brain consists of 64 lobes and even has the rudiments of the cortex. Biologists compare the intelligence of an octopus with the mind domestic cat. Octopuses are capable of emotions and are very smart. They have a good memory and are even able to distinguish between geometric shapes.
Like other creatures, octopuses have a liver, stomach, glands and intestinal tract. So, the esophagus on the way to the stomach penetrates the liver and brain. The esophagus is very thin, therefore, before swallowing food, a pretty octopus crushes it with its “beak”. Then, already in the stomach, it digests food with the help of digestive juice, which is produced by the liver and pancreas. In the stomach, the octopus has a process - the caecum, which is responsible for absorption. useful substances. The octopus liver is a large, brown, oval-shaped organ. It performs several functions at once: it absorbs amino acids, produces enzymes, and stores nutrients.
In the occipital part of the skull are the organs of balance - statocysts. These are bubbles, inside of which there is liquid and calcareous pebbles (statoliths). When the body of the octopus changes position in space, the pebbles move and come into contact with the walls of the bubbles covered with sensitive cells, which greatly irritates the octopus. It is in this way that he can navigate in space even without light.
In a special process of the rectum, the octopus stores a supply of poisonous ink, which serves as an excellent means of protection. Skin(more precisely, the mantle of an octopus) contain specific cells: chromophores and iridiocysts, which are responsible for the ability to change color. The former contain black, red, brown, yellow and orange pigments. The latter allow the octopuses to turn purple, green, blue or metallic.
Octopuses have highly developed muscles and skin in many places have capillaries that serve to pass arteries into veins.
How many hearts does an octopus have
So, we have come to this question of concern to many. It is already clear that these creatures have more than one heart. But then how much? Probably, now everyone will be surprised. After all, an octopus has 3 hearts. As many as three! None of the representatives of mammals, amphibians or birds has such a phenomenon. Yes, there are four-chambered hearts, like in mammals, three-chambered, like in amphibians, or generally single-chambered. But each has one heart!
Then why does an octopus have 3 hearts? Recall that the heart is a muscle that, contracting at a certain speed, pumps blood in a living organism. So, to which the octopus also belongs, they have not very “successful” gills: they create a strong one. Therefore, one heart simply could not cope with it.
How do they work?
So, in an octopus, One is the main thing, which drives blood throughout the body of an octopus. This heart consists of two atria and a small ventricle. And one more heart near each gill (there are two of them in an octopus). These hearts are smaller. They help the main muscle push blood through the gills, from where it, already filled with oxygen, returns to the atrium. big heart. That is why they are called "gills".
No matter how many hearts an octopus has, they all beat the same way. The frequency of their contractions depends on the temperature of the water in which the creature is located. So, the colder the water, the slower the hearts beat. For example, at a temperature of 20-22 degrees, the muscles contract about 40-50 times per minute.
By the way, the heart of an octopus, or rather the heart, is far from the only feature of the mollusk. His blood is also very peculiar. She, imagine blue color! The thing is that it contains the enzyme hemocyanin, which contains copper oxides.