October 31 - International Black Sea Day

The International Day dedicated to the Black Sea was decided to be held in 1996. And it was a joint verdict of the countries along its coast - Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine and Russia. The reason was their concern about the state of a unique vast reservoir, which has changed somewhat over the past three decades in the worst side- through the fault, by the way, of the human factor, which led to water pollution and led to other unpleasant consequences of violation of its ecology and environment.

Scientists of the world are still arguing about the time of the birth of the Black Sea. Someone believes that it appeared six thousand years ago, others add two more to this figure, that is, eight thousand years before today. But at the same time, they agree on the reasons, they say, in the history of the Earth there was ice Age, a thaw came, which overwhelmed the Mediterranean Sea, and, having overflowed the Bosphorus, it formed a new sea - the Black Sea, and at the same time another one, which merged with it in the Tmutarakan region, the Sea of ​​Azov. Be that as it may, the inhabitants of both coasts are very lucky - the zones of the Black and Azov Seas are continuous resorts where citizens of the above-mentioned countries improve their health. Those who suffer from getting stronger physically and mentally come here from different parts of the world. Still - for a liter of water, say, in the Black Sea there are seventeen grams of different useful salts, like bromine, iodine, calcium and others, and in its composition, its water is akin to human blood, and during the Second World War, saving the wounded, it was used as a substitute and, by the way, was used with a favorable outcome.
The length of the Black Sea coastline exceeds 3400 kilometers. Russia accounts for 1.2 thousand (including Crimea), that is, almost one fourth. total area a wonderful reservoir of 422,000 square kilometers, although some adhere to other estimates - 436,400 square kilometers. Width - 580 kilometers. Has the shape of an oval. From two opposite points its distance is 1150 kilometers. The depth ranges from 1240 to 2210 meters. But after 150 or 200 meters from the surface - a dead zone saturated with hydrogen sulfide, in which living organisms simply cannot exist.
An amazing thing is that many seas and oceans have not changed their names from ancient times to our times. But there are several of them near the Black Sea - Black Sea, Schwarmeer, Mavri Thalassa, Kara-Deniz, Pontos Melas. They sound differently, but they are translated into Russian in the same way - the Black Sea.
Why Black, and, let's not say, blue, blue, blue-green?! For the simple reason that it often has such a color. Especially during the period of violent storms, which are most often observed here in the off-season (with late autumn until early spring). And there is a legend that it also bore the name Karadengiz - not hospitable. And they called him de Turks. They really wanted to snatch more of the fertile coastline. But their greed was fiercely resisted by the Circassians, Abkhazians and other local peoples. There is also a rumor that the heroic sword of the magician Ali rests at the bottom of the sea. In its furious efforts to throw it on the shore, the sea turns black. Legends are legends, but in holiday season, including "velvet", the sea is more calm blue-blue, sometimes with a greenish tint, with white lambs on lazy waves rolling ashore.
By the way, more about the legends. One of them says that the Argonauts, in search of the Golden Fleece, swam like races off the coast of the Black Sea. Somewhere in the area from Sochi to Anapa. And in the Bolshoy Utrish area, not far from the resort village of Sukko, to this day there is a rock, to which in the old old times The Thunderer Zeus ordered to chain the hero Prometheus, who gave fire to the human race, with strong chains. And today there are many hunters to find in the Crimea the treasures of the famous king of Pontus Mithridates VI, who subjugated ancient Colchis, Lesser Armenia, Chersonese and other Black Sea territories in ancient times.
The life of our famous compatriots - Pushkin, Lermontov, Aivazovsky and others was closely connected with the Black Sea, especially with its Russian part. Marine painter Ivan Aivazovsky painted over two thousand paintings here. Many of them are exhibited in the gallery named after him in Feodosia.
Russia with the Black Sea coast is very lucky. Most of his - subtropics. Average annual temperature plus 12-14 degrees. Rich vegetation. Majestic Caucasian and Crimean mountains. Solid balneological resort. Yes, in addition, with therapeutic mud volcanoes on Taman, healing mineral springs. In Anapa alone, there are more than two hundred sanatoriums, boarding houses, children's health camps, seventy kilometers of well-maintained, no worse than European beaches, forty of which are sandy with dunes high as in the desert. Every year, the resort for family and children's recreation receives four or more million tourists, which is more than there are Russians in the same Turkey or Cuba in the same period. In general, the Russian Black Sea resort area, including Sochi, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Anapa and our other coastal cities and towns, and now the Crimea, heals more than fifteen million compatriots and guests from near and far abroad.
By establishing the International Black Sea Day, the initiating countries outlined a strategic plan to protect this unique water basin, his further development, as one of the most effective resort areas. Of course, on October 31 in Bulgaria, and in Russia, and in Turkey, and in Romania, and in Georgia, and in Ukraine, real holidays are held in honor of this significant date - concerts, festivals, carnivals, exhibitions and sales of seafood and so on. . At the same time, at symposiums, seminars, scientific and practical conferences the fulfillment of the tasks outlined earlier for the protection of the sea and its environment is analyzed, new plans are outlined in this direction, the delegations of the countries exchange experiences on them. "The Black Sea will live!" - this is the motto of all these events.

See many more interesting things about the Black Sea.

International Black Sea Day is celebrated annually on October 31st. On this day in 1996 in Istanbul (Turkey), representatives of the governments of Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia signed a strategic action plan to save the Black Sea.

The need for such a document arose in connection with the danger of destruction of unique natural complexes water area. At the same time, it was decided to make October 31 the International Day of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is the inland sea of ​​the basin Atlantic Ocean. The Bosphorus connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and mediterranean seas. The Kerch Strait connects with Sea of ​​Azov. From the north it cuts deep into the sea Crimean peninsula. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.

The area is 422 thousand square kilometers (according to other sources - 436.4 thousand square kilometers). The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 kilometers. Greatest depth- 2210 meters, average - 1240 meters.

The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia.

The largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester, as well as the smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori, Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya (in the south), Southern Bug (in the north).

The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae.

The fauna of the Black Sea is noticeably poorer than that of the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea is inhabited by 2.5 thousand species of animals (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates are fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of molluscs, the rest are invertebrates). different types), for comparison, in the Mediterranean - about 9 thousand species.

A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths over 150-200 meters due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide.

The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia.

In addition, the Black Sea retains an important strategic and military significance. The main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet are located in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.

The coast of the Black Sea and the basin of rivers flowing into it are areas with high anthropogenic impact densely populated by humans since ancient times. Ecological state The Black Sea is generally unfavorable. Among the main factors that disturb the balance in the ecological system of the sea are:

- severe pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially runoff from fields containing mineral fertilizers, especially nitrates and phosphates. This entails the rapid growth of phytoplankton ("bloom" of the sea - the intensive development of blue-green algae), a decrease in water transparency and the death of multicellular algae;

— water pollution by oil and oil products (the most polluted area is the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters). This leads to the death of marine animals and air pollution due to the evaporation of oil and oil products from the surface of the water;

— pollution of sea waters with human waste — discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated Wastewater etc.

- mass fishing and prohibited, but used bottom trawling, which destroys bottom biocenoses;

– changes in the composition of flora and fauna water world under the influence of anthropogenic factors (including the displacement of indigenous species by exotic ones that appear as a result of human impact).

In order to protect the environment in the Black Sea area in 1998, the ACCOBAMS agreement (Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantik Area) was adopted, where one of the main issues is the conservation of Black Sea cetaceans.

The main international document regulating the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992 in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention). Also in June 1994, representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and European Union in Sofia (Bulgaria) the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River was signed. As a result, the Black Sea Commission (Istanbul) was created, and International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Vienna). These bodies perform the function of coordinating environmental programs implemented under the conventions.

Every year in celebration international day Black Sea activities are carried out aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to the problems and finding ways to solve the most acute of them. In all cities Black Sea coast, regional centers are held environmental actions, round tables, competitions and other events aimed at the formation public opinion to protect the sea, to promote the education of the ecological culture of the population.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The Black Sea coast is a place of rest for many people. All year round tourists come here from all over the world. The peak of mass recreation falls, of course, on summer period. Sand, sun, water, crabs - all this attracts even sophisticated travelers. However, all this pristine beauty suffers from the same human hands: pollution by oil products, waste and mineral fertilizers, overfishing, changes in flora and fauna. It was for the purpose of its protection and protection that this world holiday was established.

When is celebrated

Solemn events in honor of the International Black Sea Day are held annually on October 31. Russia is one of the countries organizing this holiday. The event was established in 1996 as a result of the signing of the Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea by 6 coastal countries. In 2019, it is celebrated for the 24th time.

Who is celebrating

International Black Sea Day 2019 is celebrated by citizens of 6 states: Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, Georgia, as well as residents of countries that have signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River.

history of the holiday

The topic of protecting the Black Sea has been worrying the coastal countries for a long time. On April 21, 1992, the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution was adopted (Bucharest, Romania). It was ratified on December 12, 1993 by Decree of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 5614-1. 10 days before that, Resolution No. 1254 “On measures to organize the implementation of the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution” was issued. The Convention itself entered into force on 15 January 1994. 3 protocols are attached to it, which contain specific measures of action in this direction.

Based on research, a Strategic Action Plan for the Protection and Recovery of natural resources Black Sea, which was endorsed on October 31, 1996 by the environmental ministers of the coastal countries. It was this date that became the Black Sea Day.

At a depth of more than 150 meters in the Black Sea, there is no life, apart from anaerobic bacteria. This is related to the content in the water. a large number hydrogen sulfide.

The average depth of the Black Sea is 1240 meters, and the deepest mark is 2210 meters.

In the Black Sea, there are 270 species of multicellular algae, about 600 species of algae in the composition of plankton that carry out photosynthesis, and more than 2500 species of animals.

Ukraine has become the only state from the Black Sea countries that have legally approved a plan for the protection of the Black Sea in a special Program designed until 2010.

14 rivers flow into the Black Sea.

The area of ​​the Black Sea is constantly increasing. Once every 100 years, it comes about 25 centimeters on the coast.

It is celebrated annually on October 31st. On this day in 1996 in Istanbul (Turkey), representatives of the governments of Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia signed a strategic action plan to save the Black Sea.

The need for such a document arose due to the danger of destruction of the unique natural complexes of the water area. At the same time, it was decided to make October 31 the International Day of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosphorus connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of ​​Azov. From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.

The area is 422 thousand square kilometers (according to other sources - 436.4 thousand square kilometers). The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 kilometers. The greatest depth is 2210 meters, the average is 1240 meters.

The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. On the northeastern coast of the Black Sea is the Republic of Abkhazia, which is not recognized by most UN member countries.

The largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester, as well as the smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori (Kodor), Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya (on south), Southern Bug (in the north).

The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae.
The fauna of the Black Sea is noticeably poorer than that of the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals (including 500 species of unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest - invertebrates of various species), for comparison, in the Mediterranean - about 9 thousand species .

A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths over 150-200 meters due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide.

The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia.

In addition, the Black Sea retains an important strategic and military significance. The main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet are located in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.

The coast of the Black Sea and the basin of the rivers flowing into it are areas with a high anthropogenic impact, densely populated by humans since ancient times. The ecological state of the Black Sea is generally unfavorable. Among the main factors that disturb the balance in the ecological system of the sea are:

- severe pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially runoff from fields containing mineral fertilizers, especially nitrates and phosphates. This entails the rapid growth of phytoplankton ("bloom" of the sea - the intensive development of blue-green algae), a decrease in water transparency and the death of multicellular algae;

— water pollution by oil and oil products (the most polluted area is the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters). This leads to the death of marine animals and air pollution due to the evaporation of oil and oil products from the surface of the water;

- pollution of sea waters by human waste - discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater, etc.

- mass fishing and prohibited, but used bottom trawling, which destroys bottom biocenoses;

- changes in the composition of the flora and fauna of the aquatic world under the influence of anthropogenic factors (including the displacement of native species by exotic ones that appear as a result of human impact).

In order to protect the environment in the Black Sea area in 1998, the ACCOBAMS agreement (Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantik Area) was adopted, where one of the main issues is the conservation of Black Sea cetaceans.

The main international document regulating the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992 in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention). Also in June 1994, representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and the European Union in Sofia (Bulgaria) signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River. As a result, the Black Sea Commission (Istanbul) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Vienna) were established. These bodies perform the function of coordinating environmental programs implemented under the conventions.

Every year, as part of the celebration of the International Black Sea Day, events are held aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to problems and finding ways to solve the most pressing of them. In all cities of the Black Sea coast, regional centers, environmental events, round tables, competitions and other events are held aimed at shaping public opinion in defense of the sea, promoting the education of the ecological culture of the population.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The one who was born by the sea
He loved forever
White masts in the roadstead,
In the haze of the sea city,
Beacon light over the wave
Southern nights oblivion
The bluest in the world
The Black Sea is mine
The Black Sea is mine!

Words by M. Matusovsky, music by O. Feltsman

International Black Sea Day is celebrated in memory of the day in 1996, when the six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine - signed the Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea.

This Plan was developed after extensive research marine environment, which showed that its viability has deteriorated significantly compared to the previous three decades.

Some facts about the Black Sea.

The greatest depth of the sea is 2210 meters, and the average is about 1240 meters;
- The shape of the Black Sea can be compared to an oval, stretched from west to east, about 1150 kilometers long. From north to south, the sea stretches for 580 kilometers.

It is difficult to find a Russian, or rather, a Soviet person who has not rested on the Black Sea at least once in his life. AT Soviet time our opportunities for recreation were limited, so in the summer everyone rushed together to the Black Sea. Someone loved the hot and abundant Odessa, someone loved the sweet and cheerful Yalta, someone preferred the dry and wormwood Koktebel, and someone even went to the humid tropical heat of Gagra, Sochi and Anapa. But almost everyone went to the sea.

The Black Sea has long inspired poets and artists, writers and musicians. Maximilian Voloshin, Eduard Bagritsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Mikhail Bulgakov, Valentin Kataev, Alexander Grin are names forever associated with the Black Sea. On the shores of this sea, such famous films as "The Amphibian Man", "The Diamond Arm", " Scarlet Sails”,“ Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession ”,“ Assa ”. The most famous film shot on the Black Sea coast is the film by Sergei Eisenstein "Battleship Potemkin".

The Black Sea is inland sea Atlantic Ocean, connected by the Bosporus and Kerch Straits with the Marmara and Azov Seas, respectively. The average is 1300 meters, in some places it can reach 2200 meters. The area of ​​the Black Sea is approximately 420 thousand square meters. km. comes from the Turkic "Kara-Deniz" (literally "Black Sea"). The ancient navigators noticed that sea ​​water changes its color during storms, becoming almost black. In addition, these words can also be translated as "Bad Sea", "Dangerous Sea".

The Black Sea is famous for the fact that life is almost completely absent in it at a depth of more than 200 meters (with the exception of anaerobic bacteria). This is due to the huge amount in the Black Sea. The source of hydrogen sulfide in the water is explained by the fact that about 8 thousand years ago, on the site of the Black Sea, there was a fresh Novoevksinsky lake. After a strong earthquake that connected this lake with the Mediterranean Sea (through), a huge number of freshwater animals and plants died, which caused a supersaturation of the Black Sea waters with hydrogen sulfide. Sometimes the Black Sea is called " sea ​​of ​​the dead depths."

However, in the surface waters of the Black Sea there are a huge number of: bottlenose dolphins and common dolphins, white-bellied seal, a variety of fish (goby, haddock, katran shark, flounder, anchovy, mackerel, hake), crabs, rapana, jellyfish, sponges, mussels - only 2.5 thousand different species.

Historically, the Black Sea has been a densely populated area. Even in ancient times, the Hellenes settled in these parts, the Argonauts swam in these waters in search of the Golden Fleece, on the shores of the Black Sea was the kingdom of the famous king Mithridates. Later, the Romans and Byzantines came to these places, then the Genoese, Turks, Tatars.

Over the past thirty years, there has been a serious danger of destruction of the unique natural resources of the Black Sea, and October 31, 1996 in Istanbul, at the conference of ministers of the Black Sea countries, the Strategic Action Plan for the Protection of the Black Sea was signed. Ministers of environmental protection of six countries participated in the signing of the plan - Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Romania. Since then October 31 has become day of the Black Sea.

On this day, events and actions are held in coastal countries, the purpose of which is to draw public attention to the problems of the Black Sea, such as:

– severe pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially with chemical fertilizers from the fields, which causes abundant “blooming” of the sea;

– pollution of the water surface with oil and oil products;

- industrial fishing in unlimited quantities, which again leads to a change in the natural balance marine life and fauna;

- pollution of the Black Sea waters with human waste - insufficiently treated wastewater.

Among the above-mentioned events, for example, the Adjara regional service for the protection of the environment and natural resources held a seminar, exhibitions and a concert in Batumi; in Sochi, activists of the green movement organized a mass action to clean up the coast from garbage; International Symposium was held in Odessa Environmental problems Black Sea"; in Crimea, museum exhibitions and cultural, theatrical performances are dedicated to the Black Sea Day.

It remains to be hoped that the joint efforts of people living on the shores of the Black Sea will help preserve this gentle and warm sea for future generations, so that our children and grandchildren, like the heroes of Eduard Bagritsky's "Smugglers", could

« ...sing out of breath
In the scary space
"Ay, the Black Sea,
Good sea..!»

On this day in 1996 in Istanbul (Turkey), representatives of the governments of Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia signed a strategic action plan to save the Black Sea. The need for such a document arose due to the danger of destruction of the unique natural complexes of the water area. At the same time, it was decided to make October 31 the International Black Sea Day.

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosporus connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles - with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of ​​Azov. From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.

Area - 422 thousand square meters. km (according to other sources - 436.4 thousand sq. km). The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210 m, the average is 1240 m. The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. On the northeastern coast of the Black Sea is the Republic of Abkhazia, which is not recognized by most UN member countries.

The largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester, as well as the smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori (Kodor), Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya (on south), Southern Bug (in the north).

The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae.

The fauna of the Black Sea is noticeably poorer than that of the Mediterranean. 2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates of various species), for comparison, in the Mediterranean - about 9 thousand species .

A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths above 150-200 m due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide.

The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia.

In addition, the Black Sea retains an important strategic and military significance. The main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet are located in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.

The coast of the Black Sea and the basin of the rivers flowing into it are areas with a high anthropogenic impact, densely populated by humans since ancient times.

The ecological state of the Black Sea is generally unfavorable. Among the main factors that disturb the balance in the ecological system of the sea are:

1. Heavy pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially runoff from fields containing mineral fertilizers, especially nitrates and phosphates. This entails the rapid growth of phytoplankton ("bloom" of the sea - the intensive development of blue-green algae), a decrease in water transparency and the death of multicellular algae.

2. Water pollution by oil and oil products (the most polluted area is the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters). This leads to the death of marine animals and air pollution due to the evaporation of oil and oil products from the surface of the water.

3. Pollution of sea waters with human waste - discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated sewage, etc.

4. Mass fishing and prohibited, but used bottom trawling, which destroys bottom biocenoses.

5. Changes in the composition of the flora and fauna of the aquatic world under the influence of anthropogenic factors (including the displacement of native species by exotic ones that appear as a result of human impact).

In order to protect the environment in the Black Sea area in 1998, the ACCOBAMS agreement ("Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantik Area") was adopted, where one of the main issues is the conservation of Black Sea cetaceans.

The main international document regulating the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992 in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention).

Also in June 1994, the representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and the European Union in Sofia (Bulgaria) signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River. As a result, the Black Sea Commission (Istanbul) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Vienna) were established. These bodies perform the function of coordinating environmental programs implemented under the conventions.

Every year, as part of the celebration of the International Black Sea Day, events are held aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to problems and finding ways to solve the most pressing of them. In all cities of the Black Sea coast, regional centers, environmental actions, round groans, competitions and other events are held aimed at forming public opinion in defense of the sea, promoting the education of the ecological culture of the population.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources