Tiger beam. Reserve "tigrovaya balka" Tigrovaya balka
The Tigrovaya Balka Reserve is located in Tajikistan, at the confluence of the Vakhsh and Pyandzha rivers. The territory of the reserve with an area of about 50 thousand hectares extends from the Pyanj River in the south and the Kashkakum deserts to the Khoja-Kozian ridge. Received the status of a reserve in 1938.
Tugai forests of Tigrovaya Balka occupy a significant area untouched by man. In the reserve, rare and especially valuable species of animals, characteristic of the tugai, are preserved - the Bukhara deer. This species is considered endangered, so the state is trying its best to ensure its safety. In 1954, the last recorded sighting of the Turanian tiger, which is now an extinct species, was on the territory of the reserve.
Throughout the territory of Tajikistan, tugai are narrow strips or small spots forest thickets along river banks. The reserve is characterized by real massifs of the Tugai jungle, which are of considerable size. Their safety is explained by the favorable location of the reserve. Close groundwater on the floodplain terrace, continuously fed and refreshed by river water, as well as periodic floods in the recent past, provide the vegetation of the reserve with moisture for all year round. originality environmental conditions It also lies in the fact that a long summer drought causes a very large dryness of the air. These contrasting ratios of soil and atmospheric moisture characterize the conditions for the existence of tugai vegetation.
Here they live in primeval natural conditions such animals as red deer hangul, desert antelope goitered gazelle, leopard, reed cat, hyena, black and golden Tajik pheasant, desert partridge-chil, snake-eagle, wild boar, badger, porcupine. Of the reptiles valuable for science and medicine, the Central Asian cobra, gyurza, efa and a large detachment of others non-venomous snakes. In rivers and lakes there are such fish as trout, marinka, catfish, snakehead, carp, grass carp, and in the lower reaches of the Vakhsh river, the oldest relic fish- scaphiringus.
Tugai Tigrovaya Balka are floodplain forests and for their normal development they need annual flooding as a result of floods on rivers. Due to the regulation of the flow of the Vakhsh and Pyanj rivers, natural floods became impossible many years ago, and in connection with this, artificial flooding is carried out, not always sufficient, which threatens the preservation of the reserve.
The state reserve "Tigrovaya Balka" was organized in 1938 and is located in the south-west of the Republic of Tajikistan, in the floodplains of the rivers Vakhsh and Panj. The area is 47,409 ha, including 14,500 ha of forest cover, 10,700 ha of meadows, and 4,030 ha of water bodies.
Protected lands lie on the floodplain and first floodplain terraces. From the east and south, the sands of the Karakum approach them. The height of the terrain does not exceed 325-330 m above sea level. m. Alluvial deposits are represented by sands, often silty. In the depressions there are lakes, usually with transparent low- and medium-mineralized water. The largest are Glubokoe, Dedovo, Khalkokul.
In closed lake depressions, sometimes heavy loams and clays are found under the sand. The soils of the Vakhsh floodplain terrace are of the alluvial-meadow type. Due to the close occurrence of groundwater (from 80 cm to 3 m), intensive evaporation occurs and the process of soil salinization is underway. Floods lead to their temporary desalination. Due to the good flow of groundwater and the light mechanical composition, there are no processes of waterlogging and gleying of soils.
The climate is continental subtropical belt South Turan desert region. characterized by long summers, dry air, and warm winter,
Most of "Tigrovaya Balka" occupied by tugai vegetation. Tugai natural complex of the reserve with grass cover of ephemers and ephemeroids; bluegrass, bonfire, desert sedge, poppy, parnolistnik, bulbous plants and others, as well as thickets of giant cereals, sugar cane, etc.; dense thickets of tamarix and sucker are typical.
In the flooded, relatively small part of the floodplain, communities of small cattail, sugar cane, and erianthus dominate. There are no trees in this part of the floodplain, since the humidity regime is unfavorable for them ( most of floodplain is flooded once every 2-3 years). So-called savannoid meadows of erianthus, smooth licorice, ground reed grass, tugai poplars and sucker develop here. For the most high areas, which are flooded 1 time in 10-15 years, turanga with tamariks and karabarak dominate. Complex sandy desert represented by hilly sands, alternating with plump solonchaks and takyrs. It is characterized by white saxaul with cherkez and plan (sedge swollen).
tiger beam represents a rich vegetation cover, where such plants as the shore, pigtail, cattail, saltwort, etc. are plentiful.
On the protected area 28 species of mammals were noted, including the eared hedgehog, the bats, nutria (acclimatized), Turkestan rat, lesser shrew, red-tailed gerbil, tolai hare, jackal, wolf, striped hyena, spotted cat, wild boar, reed cat, gazelle, etc.
143 species of birds have been registered, including Great Grebe, Nighthorn, Spoonbill, Greylag Goose, Whooper Swan, White-fronted Goose, Rufous Ochrystal, Black Stork, Gray Duck, Red-headed Pochard, Black Vulture, Vulture, Marsh Harrier, Tuvik, Desert Partridge, Avdotka, Tajik pheasant, bustard, black-bellied grouse, little owl, raven, white-bearded and red warbler, desert bullfinch, etc. In the reserve "Tigrovaya Balka" few reptiles: gray monitor lizard, cobra, skink gecko, sand efa, arrow-snake, snakes, oriental boa constrictor, etc. Carp, Bukhara roach, Aral and Turkestan barbels, Syrdarya bystrianka, Turkestan minnow, catfish, etc. are found in reservoirs.
Direction scientific research reserve- study of tugai vegetation; development of methods for the protection and increase in the number of Bukhara deer, goitered gazelle, Tajik pheasant, as well as birds wintering in water bodies.
“Live you forever, reserve,
in its original beauty
live for the people you
never stop being
necessary"
G.N. Sapozhnikov
Reserve " Tigrovaya Balka» www.tigrovajabalka.tj
“Many will probably be surprised to hear that there are jungles in Tajikistan. The word "jungle" comes from the Indian word "jangal". This is the name given in India to dense impassable bamboo and other tree and shrub thickets with giant grasses and lianas along the banks and deltas of rivers. Very similar to the jungle thickets in the floodplains Central Asia- "tugai".
Indeed, when you make your way through the dense thickets, through the reeds standing as a wall, a chaotic interweaving of trees, shrubs, lianas and grasses, you involuntarily recall vivid descriptions impassable wilds rainforest India or Amazon.
Previously, tugai were widespread in the floodplains of the Kafirnigan, Vakhsh, Kyzylsu, Pyanj rivers in Southwestern Tajikistan. At present, most of the territory occupied in the past by tugai vegetation has been developed for cotton plantations. Tugais have been preserved only in the lower reaches of the Vakhsh River in the protected tract "Tigrovaya Balka" and in a narrow strip along the Amu-Darya River, along the Tajik-Afghan border.
The reserve is located at the mouth of the Vakhsh River, covering an area of more than 50 thousand hectares. In the north, the border passes directly (formerly with collective farm lands) with the lands of private owners; in the south, there is a natural border along the Pyanj River. In the west, part of the land of the Shaartuz region, in the east, part of the land of the Kumsangir region and the land of the State Land Reserve.
"Tigrovaya Balka" is the first nature reserve organized in Tajikistan. The reserve was established on November 4, 1938, according to the Decree of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Tajik SSR in order to preserve natural complex, characteristic of southern deserts and floodplains of the rivers of Central Asia, the protection of rare animals and the conduct of comprehensive scientific research.
The reserve "Tigrovaya Balka" is the last on the planet, the largest reserve of unique communities of tugai flora and fauna. The unique objects preserved in the reserve include such animal species as the Bukhara deer, goitered gazelle, striped hyenas, as well as jungle cat, Persian otter included in the International Red Book. In addition, badgers, wild boars, porcupines, tolai hares, urial, steppe cats, foxes, jackals, wolves live on the territory of the reserve. Of the birds in the reserve, a unique subspecies of the Tajik black-and-gold pheasant is protected. AT winter period a lot of waterfowl and near-water game stop at the reservoirs of the reserve, including white and black storks, cormorants, geese, swans, mallard ducks, coots. Some part of mallard ducks - coots remain for nesting. Of the reptiles, the reserve is characterized by gyurza, efa, cobra, monitor lizard, etc.
The flora of the reserve is represented by more than 400 species of plants, among which there are many valuable for National economy medicinal, fodder, decorative, technical, melliferous species. Over 20 species of plants (tulip, sugarcane, erianthus, jigda, etc.) are almost never found outside the reserve at present.
All the species living there are not independent "units" that could be preserved in zoos and botanical gardens, but an equilibrium community that has developed over millennia, a kind of homeostat, the violation of which will lead to the irreversible degeneration and extinction of many species, as it was, for example , with Turanian tiger.
Fauna.
The most valuable species of ungulates of the reserve is the Bukhara deer, or hangul. Its number in last years decreased slightly, according to the records of the late 80s, it is about 150-200 heads. The main deer population is kept in the south of the protected area in the vicinity of the Blue Backwater, Khalka-Kul Lake and Pioneer Lakes.
The optimal number of deer per 1000 ha in the Tigrovaya Balka tugai can be 35-40 heads. This figure exceeds the average optimal density of deer (25-30 heads) in many farms of the CIS and far abroad, which is explained, first of all, by the small need of the Bukhara deer for branch feed in winter. Actually, the concept of "winter" for the extreme south of Tajikistan is rather relative. Almost until the end of December, there is green fodder here - the result of the autumn-winter vegetation of plants. In early February, the spring vegetation of ephemers begins. Thus, the Bukhara deer needs branch food only for one month, and then in the most harsh winters. The latter factor, as is known, primarily limits the density of deer in the European part of the CIS and far abroad.
The fish fauna of the reserve "Tigrovaya Balka" and the river. Vakhsh within its borders is relatively not rich and is represented mainly by cyprinids. There are carp, Turkestan barbel, Aral barbel, Bukhara roach, bald asp, Aral asp, Samarkand homel, ostraluchka, catfish and occasionally spiked.
The dominant species is carp, whose weight sometimes reaches 8 kg. Common in lakes and catfish. According to A.N. Svetovidov (1952), a catfish weighing about 100 kg was caught in Lake Tukhloye.
In the lakes of the Vakhsh floodplain, there also lives an extremely curious representative of the fish kingdom - a small mosquito - a fighter of larvae of malarial mosquitoes. It was brought to the lower reaches of the Vakhsh in 1938. The fish has multiplied and is now numerous in all lakes.
It is also necessary to mention the large Amu Darya false shovelnose - ancient fish Central Asia. It belongs to the sturgeon family and is the closest relative of the shovelnose found in the river. Mississippi in North America and in r. Yangtze in China.
The herpetofauna of the reserve is quite diverse. Snakes are relatively common, among which three species - the Central Asian cobra (Naja oxiana Eichw), vipers (Vipera ebetina L.) and sand efa (Echis carinata Schneid) - are deadly to humans. Cobra and gyurza live in tugai and the desert, efa - only in the sands.
One of the most exotic desert inhabitants of "Tigrovaya Balka" is the "land crocodile" - gray monitor lizard (Varanus griseus Daudin). Its length reaches 1.2-1.5 m. Monitor lizards usually live in empty burrows of mammals. They feed mainly on insects, rodents, snakes, sometimes they even eat scorpions and phalanxes.
Diversity species composition The first place of all vertebrates belongs to birds. In winter, oxbow lakes accumulate in significant quantities (up to 10-15 thousand) different kinds waterfowl. Sometimes swans are also seen during the winter. A curious inhabitant of the "beam" in winter - white heron(Egretta alba alba L.). In some winters, herons are kept here by the hundreds. Flocks of common teals (Anas crecca crecca L.), red-nosed pochards (Aythya rufina Pall.), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos), gray ducks (Anas stepera stepera L.) and others are numerous. Coots (Fulica atra atra L.).
But the real beauty and pride of "Tigrovaya Balka" is the Tajik, or black and gold pheasant. In connection with the development of tugai thickets for agricultural land, the range of pheasants in Tajikistan has also decreased. At present, the reserve is almost the only place in the republic where the number of these birds is relatively large.
34 species of mammals lived in the tugai of Tigrovaya Balka, currently there are only 33 of them. The lord of the jungle, the Turanian tiger (Felis tigris virgata Matschie), has disappeared. Traces of it have been noted in last time March 23, 1953
Among other predators in the reserve there are steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris Dwigubski), jackal (Canis aureus aureus L.), Karagan fox ( Vulpes vulpes karagan Erxleben), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena L.) and very rarely reed cat, or house cat (Felis (Chaus) chaus Güldenstaedt), etc. But the most typical inhabitants of tugai thickets are jackal and reed cat.
Unfortunately, the number of predators in the reserve due to anthropogenic impacts very low. reed cats, for example, there are only 20-25 individuals.
Of the rodents in Tigrovaya Balka, one of the exotic fauna is found - the porcupine (Hystrix leucura satunini Muller).
Currently, coypu (Myocastor coypus Mollina) is found in the lakes of the reserve. Coypu was first brought here in the autumn of 1949.
In the desert and along its outskirts, you can meet a slender antelope - goitered gazelle, and in the thick of the jungle, wild boars lay their paths-tunnels. In the Khodzha-Kozian mountains there are wild mouflon sheep.
Reserve "Tigrovaya Balka" - a unique corner of nature, the only one for everything the globe. This is a living memory of the dense, impenetrable thickets of trees and shrubs - tugai that existed relatively recently on vast areas. The great scientific and educational value of the reserve is invaluable. On the other hand, the preserved corner of the tugai makes it possible to assess the current scale of human influence on nature, on the evolution of the landscapes of our planet.
Ia (Strict Nature Reserve)
extinct species
In 1954, the last recorded sighting was on the territory of the reserve. Turanian tiger.
international conventions
To the reserve tiger beam spread international conventions on wetlands.
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Literature
- Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan / V.E. Sokolova, E.E. Syroechkovsky. - Moscow "Thought", 1990. - 399 p. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-244-00273-2.
Notes
Links
- Bulletin "Ecology and Human Rights" Issue 344, April 15, 2001
- Chris Magin 2005
- - official site
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An excerpt characterizing Tigrovaya Balka
“Now where are you going?” asked the coachman."Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Really in a club or guests? All people seemed so pathetic, so poor in comparison with the feeling of tenderness and love that he experienced; in comparison with that softened, grateful look with which she last looked at him through tears.
“Home,” said Pierre, despite ten degrees of frost, opening a bearskin coat on his wide, joyfully breathing chest.
It was cold and clear. Above the dirty, half-dark streets, above the black roofs stood a dark, starry sky. Pierre, only looking at the sky, did not feel the insulting baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was. At the entrance to the Arbat Square, a huge expanse of starry dark sky opened up to Pierre's eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded, sprinkled on all sides with stars, but differing from all in proximity to the earth, white light, and a long tail raised upwards, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that, as they said, foreshadowed all sorts of horrors and the end of the world . But in Pierre, this bright star with a long radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite, Pierre joyfully, with eyes wet with tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, having flown immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line with inexpressible speed, suddenly, like an arrow stuck into the ground, slammed here into one place chosen by it, in the black sky, and stopped, vigorously lifting her tail up, shining and playing with her white light among countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his blossoming towards a new life, softened and encouraged soul.
From the end of 1811, reinforced armament and concentration of forces began. Western Europe, and in 1812 these forces - millions of people (including those who transported and fed the army) moved from the West to the East, to the borders of Russia, to which, in the same way, since 1811, the forces of Russia have been concentrating. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and the war began, that is, an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place. Millions of people have committed against each other such countless atrocities, deceptions, betrayals, thefts, forgeries and the issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and which, in this period of time, people those who committed them were not looked upon as crimes.
What produced this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for it? Historians say with naive certainty that the causes of this event were the insult inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, Napoleon's lust for power, Alexander's firmness, diplomats' mistakes, etc.
Consequently, it was only necessary for Metternich, Rumyantsev or Talleyrand, between the exit and the reception, to try hard and write a more ingenious piece of paper or write to Alexander to Napoleon: Monsieur mon frere, je consens a rendre le duche au duc d "Oldenbourg, [My lord brother, I agree return the duchy to the Duke of Oldenburg.] - and there would be no war.