The longest sailing ship. The largest sailing ships in the world

15.06.2017 11152

“Prussia” is a five-masted sailing ship with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with direct sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Layesh. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the Prussia sailboat was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, the width is 16.3 meters, the displacement is 11,150 tons, the volume of the ship is 5,081 RT (registered tons), the sail area is 6,806 square meters, the years of operation are from 1902 to 1910.

France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. "France II" was laid down at the shipyards "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" in the French city of Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, the width is 17 meters, the displacement is 10,710 tons, the volume of the vessel is 5,633 RT, the volume of sails is 6,350 square meters.

“R.C.Rickmers” is a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant ship. The length of the sailboat is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5548 registered tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.

Schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailing ship in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of ​​its construction. The length of the sailboat is 144 meters, the width is 15 meters, the displacement is 10,860 tons, the volume of the vessel is 5,218 RT, the sail area is 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the Thomas W. Lawson schooner was 5.218 (brt), which is 137 (brt) was at that time more than the five-masted barque "Prussia", which was put into operation a few months before the schooner "Thomas. W. Lawson.”

The Royal Clipper is a five-masted, four-star cruising sailboat that was built in the image and likeness of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The layout of the sailboat was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailboat itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailboat in the world can carry 227 passengers. The Royal Clipper can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, the width is 16.5 meters, the displacement is 5,061 tons, the volume of the ship is 4,425 tons, the sail area is 5,202 square meters.

“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship, which was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Layesh”. The route of the sailboat passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailboat is 132.1 meters, the width is 15.1 meters, the displacement is 8,580 tons, the volume of the vessel is 4,026 tons, the sail area is 4,700 square meters.

Copenhagen "Kobenhavn" - the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard "Ramage and Ferguson" by order of the Danish East Asiatic Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, the width is 15 meters, the displacement is 7,900 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,901 RT, the sail area is 4,644 square meters.

Frans I is one of the largest five-masted barges. The sailing ship was built in 1890. It was the first French sailing cargo ship and the second in the world during this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.

The Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-deck schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time it was the height of perfection of wooden shipbuilding. Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, the width is 15 meters, the displacement is 8,000 tons, the volume of the ship is 3,731 tons, the sail area is 3,700 square meters.

The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. Clipper "Great Republic" was not equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world, English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the grotto "Great Republic" reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.

The Viking is a four-masted steel barque built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The length of the Viking is 118 meters, the width is 13.9 meters, the displacement is 6,300 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2,959 rt, the sail area is 3,690 square meters.

“Sedov” is a four-masted barque that was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to "Kommodore Johnsen". And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, the Sedov is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 RT, sail area - 4,192 square meters.

The Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. The Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 square meters.

The Kruzenshtern is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing ship. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. During the descent, the bark was named Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The ship's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, the width is 14.4 meters, the displacement is 5,805 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,064 tons, the sail area is 3,900 square meters. The ship made numerous transatlantic and round-the-world expeditions. The travel club of Mikhail Kozhukhov provides a unique opportunity not only to visit Krusenstern, but to go on a trip to.

Pamir is a multi-masted sailing vessel. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P”, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailboats was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz. Bark "Pamir" is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, the width is 14 meters, the displacement is 3,910 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,020 RT, the sail area is 3,800 square meters.

Juan Sebastian de Elcano is a Spanish Navy training ship. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing armament, “Elcano” refers to topsail (marseille) schooners, on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique, on the remaining three masts - only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the shipyard "Echevarieta and Larinaga" in Cadiz, and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), ​​the first sailor to circumnavigate the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, the width is 13 meters, the displacement is 3,670 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2,464 RT, the sail area is 3,153 square meters.

Esmeralda is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the middle of the 20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, the width is 13 meters, the displacement is 3,673 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2,400 RT, the sail area is 2,935 square meters.

“Mir” is a three-masted training ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a vessel with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of the Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to Rosmorport. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, the draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 square meters, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.

Nadezhda is a three-masted training ship. A ship with full sailing equipment, in the register is listed as a frigate. Currently, it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 square meters.

Training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships "Lwow" ("Lions") was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 RT, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.

“Pallada” is a three-masted training ship (a ship with full sailing equipment, in the register it is listed as a bark, in the press it is sometimes called a frigate), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.

“Khersonesos” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full direct sailing armament), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University. Admiral F.F. Ushakov (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, the width is 14 meters, the displacement is 2,987 tons, the total sail area is 2,770 square meters.

The Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. It was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and has become one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first exit to the sea was made in 1962. Passed more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, the width is 13.8 meters, the displacement is 3,765 tons, the total sail area is 3,652 square meters.

Amerigo Vespucci is an Italian training sailing vessel. The three-deck sailboat “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of a linear sailing steamer of the 50s-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, the width is 15.56 meters, the displacement is 4,146 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,545 RT, the total sail area is 2,580 square meters.

“Stadsraad Lemkul” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, a barque, built in 1914. Assigned to the port of Bergen. It is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, the width is 12.6 meters, the displacement is 1,516 tons, the volume of the vessel is 1,701 RT, the total sail area is 2,026 square meters.

“Yacht Eos” is a three-masted Bermuda-rigged schooner. The schooner is one of the largest private sailing yachts in the world. It is owned by billionaire media mogul Barry Diller, husband of fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg. The length of the yacht is 92.92 meters, width - 13.47 meters, displacement - 1,500 tons, total sail area - 3,600 square meters.

And I would love to write letters to you,

In this topic, I suggest you take a brief excursion into the history of early navigation, in the days of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world

Historical outline navigation development

• Egypt

The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the paintings decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the home of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.

In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the assumption that a ship equipped with a sail, made of papyrus reed, could sail not only on the Nile, but also on the high seas. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m mast and a single straight sail, was steered by a steering oar.

Before the use of the wind, floating craft either moved by oars or were pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. Vessels made it possible to transport heavy and bulky goods, which was much more productive than transporting animals by teams on land. Bulk goods were also transported mainly by water.

A large naval expedition of the ruler of Egypt Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is historically attested. BC e. This expedition, which historians also consider trading, proceeded through the Red Sea in ancient country Punt on the east coast of Africa (this is roughly modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily laden with various goods and slaves.

• Phoenicia

In close navigation, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships that had oars and a straight rake sail. Vessels intended for long-distance navigation and warships looked much more impressive. Phoenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for building a fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.

In addition to improving sea vessels, the Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word "galley", which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where there were also large shipyards.

Historical materials also speak of the voyage of the Phoenicians in a southerly direction across the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., that is, almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.

• Greece

The Greeks already in the IX century. BC e. they learned from the Phoenicians to build ships that were remarkable for that time and early began the colonization of the surrounding territories. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. the area of ​​​​their penetration covered the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.

Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of ​​​​the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to explore the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships were lost. about their form and internal structure can be judged by indirect signs - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects that have been preserved where the ship lay. And yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the hull, painstaking analysis and imagination cannot be dispensed with.

The vessel was kept on course by means of a steering oar, which had at least two advantages over the later rudder: it made it possible to turn a stationary vessel and to easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. Merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space to accommodate cargo.

The ship was a Greek war galley circa 5th century BC. BC e., the so-called birema. With rows of oars arranged in two tiers along the sides, she naturally had greater speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes became widespread - warships with three "floors" of rowers. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek masters to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not "long ships", they had a deck, internal quarters for soldiers and a particularly powerful ram, bound with copper sheets, located in front at the water level, which broke through the sides of enemy ships during naval battles. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC e.

Although the Greeks were able, well-trained sailors, sea travel was a dangerous business at that time. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
The galleys of ancient Greece plowed almost the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyages are shown on the map.

At the first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that one cannot hope for victory without having a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, in a short time they built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of warfare, which they used on land - an individual battle of a warrior against a warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. On these bridges, which pierced the deck of the enemy ship with a sharp hook, depriving him of the possibility of maneuvering, the Roman legionnaires broke into the enemy deck and started the battle in their usual manner.

Trading sailboat.

The Roman fleet, like the contemporary Greek fleet, consisted of two main types of ships: "round" merchant and slender battle galleys.

Certain improvements can be noted in the sailing armament. On the main mast (mainmast) a large square straight sail is retained, which is sometimes supplemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increase total area sails increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional mover, the oars, not shown in the figure, remain the main one.
The value of the sail, however, undoubtedly increased, especially on long voyages, which were made as far as India. This was helped by the discovery Greek navigator Gippala: The August southwest and January northeast monsoons contributed to the maximum use of sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted about a year. Previously, the path by oars along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.

During trading voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be given to Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, whose importance as a transit point increased as Rome’s trade with India grew and Far East.

• Famous sailing and rowing ships

Ship of William the Conqueror

For more than half a millennium, the knights of the high seas, the Vikings, kept Europe in fear. They owe their mobility and omnipresence to dracars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art.
On these ships, the Vikings made distant sea voyages. They discovered Iceland, the southern coast of Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America. The snake heads of the stems of their ships were seen by the inhabitants of the Baltic, the Mediterranean and Byzantium. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled in the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main mover of the drakar was a raked sail, with an area of ​​70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coats of arms of leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray rose with the sail. The high mast was supported by the stays going from it to the sides and to the ends of the vessel. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian ship is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic merits. The basis for the reconstruction of this ship was the drawing of the famous carpet from Bae, which tells about the landing in 1066 of William the Conqueror in England.

"Vasa" Swedish warship

At the beginning of the XVII century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav I Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He delivered Sweden from Danish rule, carried out a reformation, subordinating the previously all-powerful church to the state.
Walked thirty years' war 1618-1648 Sweden, which claimed to be one of the dominant countries in Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
The main rival of Sweden in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both banks of the Sound and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on eastern shores sea ​​and, after long wars, captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving Russian state access to the Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete domination of Sweden in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four big ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best ship craftsmen, artists, sculptors, and wood carvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the chief builder.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier, located just under the windows of the royal palace.

Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Doe")

The ship was built in the 60s of the 16th century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made the second circumnavigation of the world after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it the "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe made of pure gold in the bow of the ship.
The length of the galleon is 18.3 m, the width is 5.8 m, the draft is 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.

King's ship Henry VIII"Henry Grace e Dew"

Warship, built in June 1514 in Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship was very richly decorated. The front two masts carried three straight sails, the other two had latin sails, and on the bowsprit there was a blind and bowen blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 guns, 43 of them are of large caliber. The crew of 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakki class.
In August 1553, the ship entered the parking lot in Volvich and burned down from a sudden fire.

J.Cook's ship "Endeavour"

Built in England in 1762 to carry coal. It was originally called the Earl of Pembroke. During the preparation of J.Cook's expedition, it was converted and named "Endeavor". Sailing armament corresponded to a typical 18th century barque. Sailing area: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 guns and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711, J. Cook made his first round-the-world voyage on the Endeavour.

English barque "Mayflower"

A three-masted barque, built in 1615. On September 6, 1615, she left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and 67 days later landed on the American coast in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947, the Society of Settlers began the reconstruction of the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored Mayflower barque crossed the Atlantic Ocean and anchored forever in the port of Provincetown.

English karakka "Mary Rose"

The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three solid decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, the ship, as part of the English squadron, was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After lifting the bramsails, the ship began to roll, then lay on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 escaped. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the ship due to overloading with artillery.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After restoration, it was decided to create a maritime museum on it.

The fully rigged ship was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 The laying of the keel of a ship at Dock No. 2 at River Hull. May 26, 1787 Bought by the British Navy through the Meyers, Sharpe and Brian Bank for £2,600. Transferred to the shipyard in Durford for retrofitting. 8 June 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty"
August 16, 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh is appointed captain of HMS Bounty by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 Start of voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to go around Cape Horn was unsuccessful, a course was taken for the Cape of Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repair and replenishment of food stocks in the port of False Bay. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. October 26, 1788 The ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on a ship led by Fletcher Christian. January 23, 1790 Bounty was burned on the island of Pitcairn (Pitcairn Island).

American frigate "Constitution"

The ship was built in Boston at the shipyard of Edmond Hartt in 1797 and was intended to protect against pirates of American shipping lanes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. The hull of the frigate is made of very hard white oak, which withstood the impact of large nuclei. The length between the stems is 62.2 m, the width is 13.6 m, the side height is 6.85 m. Designed for 44 guns, the ship often had up to 55 trunks on its two decks, twenty-eight of them 24-pound and ten 12-pound. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been put on eternal parking at one of the piers in Boston.

Ship "Eagle"

The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka, not far from Kolomna, to protect merchant shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The building was completed in 1669. This is the first warship of Russia. It was a type of marine two-deck three-masted ship with a length of 25 meters, a width of 6.5 and a draft of 1.5 meters, armed with 22 guns and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Eagle, as part of a small flotilla, first moved to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by the rebellious peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship did not succeed in playing any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to believe that for many years, it stood idle in the Kutum canal, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, fell into complete disrepair.

"GRANDPA OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"

In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 was attracted by a boat belonging to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on the Izmailovsky Pond and Pereyaslavsky Lake, took his first steps in studying the basics of maritime affairs. On Pereyaslavsky Lake, he soon created a whole "flotilla" of such ships. Since then, the thought of the sea and sea trips has not left Peter for a minute. What is this boat? In the 17th century the length of ships, even the smallest ones, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the boat is 20 feet (of course, with the accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to withstand the dimensions), or rather -6 m 5 cm. The weight of the boat is about 1500 kg.

Sailing and rowing frigate "Apostol Peter"

The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without the presence of a fleet he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak seaside fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at the shipyard, 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don, in April 1696, a 36-gun sailing and rowing frigate"Apostle Peter".
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the "skillful master of galley structures" Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second such 36-gun ship "Apostle Paul".
The length of the frigate is 34.4 m, the width is 7.6 m. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides in the upper part of the hull collapsed inward, which made boarding difficult. The quarterdeck was open, on the cut forecastle there were platforms to accommodate the boarding team. The ship had three masts with topmasts and a bowsprit with a vertical jib. Focal and mainsail were lower sails and topsails. There was only mizzen on the mizzen mast. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov Fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostol Peter" is unknown, although Peter I instructed "to keep it forever as an example for superiority."

Frigate "Peter and Pavel"

In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, in the spring of 1697, Peter 1 sent a "great embassy" to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. Together with the embassy, ​​more than 100 people were sent to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The group of volunteers under the name of Peter Mikhailov included the tsar himself. For about five months, Peter worked hard, he learned everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Pavel" from its laying down and almost to the end of the work.
The construction was supervised by the shipbuilder of the East India Company Garrit Klas Pohl. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 guns could be placed on one closed and open deck. Upon completion of work at the shipyard, the master issued a certificate to Peter I, which noted that he "... was a diligent and reasonable carpenter ... and not only ship architecture and drawing plans ... he studied thoroughly, but also comprehended these subjects to the extent that we ourselves understand."
The knowledge of ship science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive effect on construction Russian fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

"Fortress" - the first Russian warship that entered the Black Sea and visited Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the "Fortress" under the command of Captain Pamburg delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma councilor Em. Ukrainians. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the appearance of the entire Russian squadron near Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This campaign of the "Fortress" is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans for the Crimean coast. During the stay in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign specialists visited the Fortress and gave a high appraisal of Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following year, 1700, the ship "Fortress" with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Frigate "Standard"

The Northern War already in the initial period convinced Peter I that it was impossible to achieve the conquest of the coast of the Baltic Sea with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to start building the fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam shipbuilder Vybe Gerens laid down the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width 7.3 m, average draft 2.7 m. Crew 120 people. On a closed deck, forecastle and poop, the ship carried 28 guns: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1 (12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was free. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the double-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four cards - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name "Standard", and on September 8 (19) of the same year, a new standard was raised on its main-bram-topmast. The ship under the command of Captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) crossed Lake Ladoga at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he accepted Active participation in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruys, under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet near the island of Kotlin. Timbered in St. Petersburg in 1711. The Shtandart frigate was part of the Russian fleet for more than 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.

Training frigate "Hope"

Shortly after accession to the Russian throne, Catherine II said: "We have an excess of ships and people, but there is neither a fleet nor sailors." At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of the training of cadets of the naval corps.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: "For the training of midshipmen and ... cadets, keep a three-masted yacht at the hull, which will be built and equipped with all the needs." There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, since the decision is categorical resolution of Catherine II: "Be on it!".
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous shipbuilder Lambe Yames. The main dimensions of the ship: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without hull boards 6.71 m, depth 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 tons, main sail area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, including 17 sailors. The frigate could take on board 25 cadets. He sailed in the area of ​​the Gulf of Finland. However, due to the insufficient exposure of the building timber, the life of the ship was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was "dismantled due to dilapidation."
In the history of the Russian fleet, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first domestic training ship of a special construction.

Battleship "Glory to Catherine"

Zeichmeister General (Commander of Artillery) Black Sea Fleet I.A. On May 26 (June 6), 1779, Hannibal laid down the first two 66-gun ships of the line at the Kherson shipyard. The head of them was "Glory to Catherine". Presumably the project of a new battleship developed by the ship's master A. S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasiev. The length of the vessel along the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without sheathing is 13.5 m, the depth of the hold is 5.8 m. that they can be used with the same benefit in action. The construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn atmosphere, the ship was launched.
The military service of the "Glory of Catherine" fell on the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Renamed in 1788 by General-Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin in the "Transfiguration of the Lord", the ship participated in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious naval battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F. Ushakov.
The well-deserved fame gained in fierce sea battles puts this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.

Sloop "Vostok"

The ship was launched from the slipway of the Okhta shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width is about 10 m, draft is 4.8 m, displacement is 900 tons, speed is up to 10 knots. The armament consisted of 28 guns. The crew of 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the Vostok sloop under the command of Captain II rank F.F. Bellingshausen, head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition, and the Mirny sloop under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) of the following reached the coast of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820, again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached the southernmost point: 69 ° 53 "south latitude and 92 ° 19" western longitude. On July 24 (August 5), 1821, having completed the most difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of a huge sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was carried out. In memory of this significant voyage in Russia, a medal was knocked out.
In 1828, the sloop "Vostok" was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. In our time, the names of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" are two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations. According to the established tradition, the name "Vostok" passed to the largest research vessel.

Clipper ship Cutty Sark

Cutty Sark was created during the golden age of the sailing fleet - the era of clippers. A thousand years of experience in the construction and operation of sailing ships, many scientific and technological achievements accumulated by the middle of the 19th century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clippers - the highest and last stage of sailing shipbuilding. Everything in the design of the clipper was subject to speed: a sharp, very elongated bow, streamlined contours, huge sails, a solid hull.
On the transatlantic lines, steamships had already begun to win convincing victories over sailboats, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes, half the globe long, clippers still reigned supreme - the epitome of grace, light, swift, and the best of them was Cutty Sark.

Ships rest at the berths,
look into the water with sleepy haws,
attraction of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, like people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the moorings of our Good, quiet Harbor ...

Picking up wallpaper for your desktop, I came across several photos of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and intrigued me. Yes, and forced to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.

Bark "Kruzenshtern"

The company Laiesch und K, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges, which had steel hulls and spars and excellent driving performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of these was the four-masted barque Padua built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he carried saltpeter and phosphates from Chile to Germany and wheat from Australia, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days, with an average voyage of 88 days. Since the beginning of the war, the bark was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred to the Soviet Union as an indemnity.

In January 1946, the Soviet flag was hoisted on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The condition of the vessel was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and until 1955 the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks without going to sea. In June 1955, he was first taken to the raid for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 - 1961 the ship was overhauled. Two diesel engines of 588 kW each and all the necessary equipment were installed on it.

From 1961 to 1966 Kruzenshtern is a research ship of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited with expeditions Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports. Since 1966 - a training sailing ship with a home port - Riga, since 1981. - Tallinn, and since 1991 - Kaliningrad.

Kruzenshtern is the winner of the 1992 and 1994 Boston-Liverpool races, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the vessel, it was considered dangerous to develop a high speed.

In 1993, the barque passed again overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship Sedov is larger than it).

Now, on the sailing and motor barque Kruzenshtern, under the guidance of qualified mentors, they receive the first maritime knowledge and skills of cadets nautical schools. Every year, about 800 young men who have chosen a maritime specialty practice here.

PERFORMANCE DATA

Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Board height, m ​​- 8.5
Freeboard height, m ​​- 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Empty displacement, t - 3760
Displacement in full load, t - 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots - 9.4
Speed ​​under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. with. – 1600
Sail area, m2 - 3655
Navigation area - unlimited
Crew size - 70
Number of places for cadets - 203

Bark "Sedov"

The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Carl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter, Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargoes between the ports of Europe and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Carl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. The new shipowner equipped the vessel with cabins for 70 cadets and began to use it both as a cargo and training ship. The barque was given a new name - "Kommondor Jensen".

After the defeat of fascist Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the division of the military and auxiliary German fleets was carried out between the allies. The Soviet Union, in compensation for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the Commodore Jensen ship, renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).

On January 11, 1946, the Sedov sailboat was handed over to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this quality in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training vessel, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. In the course of these studies, the crew and the team of scientists, by joint efforts, erased many "blank spots" from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training the personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became Sedov's home port. In the early 70s, the barque was going through difficult times and almost died. In anticipation of a long overdue repair, the ship stood in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for the decision of its fate. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of ​​updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the defense of the veteran. At different times, each of them lived the same life with the Sedov, sharing the difficulties and romance of sailing together. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where, over the course of six years of reconstruction, the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one, with a capacity of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places for 164 students were equipped. The ship was put back into service in 1981.
The Sedov made its first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.

In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its native port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the German crews of the sailing ship, including one of its first owners, on board.

In 1984, the Sedov made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The flight, which began in the Baltic, passed around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.

During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed on the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.

In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and since then has become a frequent participant in them, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventurers for training.

In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
"Sedov" - a four-masted barque, is the largest sailing ship in the world of traditional construction and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. UPS "Sedov" is listed in the "Guinness Book of Records" as the largest of the sailing ships that have survived to this day.

Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year built: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4-masted barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sailing area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind energy: 8.000 HP
Engine brand: Vartsila
Engine power: 2.800 HP
Speed ​​under sail: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons
Sailing area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164

At the end of the 80s, ships of the same type were built in Poland: "Gift of Youth" for the city of Gdynia, "Druzhba" for the city of Odessa, "Mir" for the city of Leningrad, "Khersones" for the city of Sevastopol, "Pallada" and "Nadezhda" for the city of Vladivostok.

Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)

Training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of the five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - flag Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the "Mir" and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy. adm. S.O. Makarov (at that time the Leningrad Higher Engineering Maritime School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the owner of the ship.

From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training ship, intended for the passage of swimming practice for cadets of the navigation faculty and taking part in sailing ship races.

At different times, from 70 to 140 cadets not only of the State Maritime Academy, but also of other maritime educational institutions of the former Soviet Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.

"Mir" actively participates in the races of sailing ships. A significant event was the participation of "Mir" in the international grand regatta "Columbus-92", dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

"Mir" took part in the transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only class "A" ship that won the main prize of this race twice in a row (2003 and 2004).

The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of the maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of ​​​​international cooperation between port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.

According to the prevailing last years Practice "Mir" operates in the area of ​​the Baltic and North Seas from April to October, visiting from 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions practice on the ship.

Main technical characteristics:

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp
mast height: fore and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people

Training sailing vessel "Nadezhda" (training frigate)

"Nadezhda" is a training three-masted ship belonging to the Maritime State University. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. The flag of the Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.

This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sailing armament of the "ship" type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two motors driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for navigation in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.

The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that have left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, an island. In the history of the fleet, there are few ships with such a rich history, ships that have served their Fatherland so regularly, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.

On account of the sailboat - dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who pass their sixth "floating" semester on the high seas. During long trips, cadets not only perform all ship work, participate in all-hands work, stand watch on the bridge, but also study. There are several basic subjects studied on the voyage. According to the captain of the frigate, it is important for the cadets to develop an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the "round the world" with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea mass was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths with their subsequent analysis. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailboat.

Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Tactical and technical characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 109.4 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,984 tons
Engine power - 2x450 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Sailing area - 2768 sq.m
Crew - 50 people
Number of places for trainees - 143

Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)

"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship belonging to the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).

Named after the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 made a voyage from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full armament of the "frigate" type. Two motors driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The controllable pitch screw can be moved to the so-called "vane position" to reduce drag when sailing.

The frigate "Pallada" set the official speed record of 18.7 knots for class "A" sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook, and also filmed on video, but not officially issued.

Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 tons
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sailing area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144

Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)

"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a ship with full sailing equipment) belonging to the Kerch State Marine Technological University (port of registry - Kerch).

Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard named after Lenin in 1989. The first name is "Alexander Grin", but at the end of the construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Russia, it was named "Chersonesos".

From 1991 to 2006, on a lease basis, it was operated by the Inmaris travel company as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, the operation has been discontinued, the vessel is laid up in the port of Kerch. Since 2006, the ship has not gone to sea.

Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Marine Technological University. Although there is a dispute between the Federal Agency for Fishery and the Ministry of Transport of Russia for the right to own the vessel. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived at the Sevastopol branch of Zvezdochka for repairs. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 tons
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total capacity of 1140 hp. s. (2 x 570)

Two-masted motor-sailing schooner "Nadezhda"

There is a legend that the schooner, later known as "Nadezhda" is the "Sterna" ("Stern") yacht Felix von Luckner (Felix Graf von Luckner) - national hero Germany during the First World War.

"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the shipyard of Gebrouders as a steel sail logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine manufactured by Deutsche Werke (Deutsche Werke) with a capacity of 70 hp. with.

On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke from Hamburg, who converted her into a universal cargo ship and renamed her "Edelgard" ("Edelgard").

On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name "Seeteufel" ("Seeteufel" - German "Sea Devil"). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939, the schooner circumnavigated the world along the route.
The crew of the ship consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a round-the-world trip, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of fascist Germany.

In 1943, he acquired a schooner for the institute he was creating marine research famous sea diver Hans Haas. The schooner was to become an expedition ship and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was at that time.

On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Order of Lenin Academy. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named "Nadezhda" and, together with another schooner "Study", was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad Naval Base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.

On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and donated to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name "Leningrad" and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner was overhauled and re-equipped at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, a poop and a new wheelhouse appeared, significantly changing the silhouette of the schooner.
On the schooner, cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's and Youth Sports School, and students of oceanography practiced. The schooner repeatedly participated in the filming of Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.

From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city holidays of the Scarlet Sails graduates. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the former name "Hope" was returned to the schooner. Due to financial difficulties and poor technical condition since 2005, the schooner was practically not operated.

In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the hull of the schooner, replanned the lower rooms, changed the architecture of the hull above the main deck, replaced the standing and running rigging, sewed new sails, moved the main engine, installed two new diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.

Since 2014 - the Fund for Support, Reconstruction and Revival of Historic Ships and Classic Yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.

In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is "the repatriation of the Seeteufel schooner to Germany."

Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Board height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from the waterline
Number of sails - 9
Sailing area - 340 (460) m²

Sailing training vessel "Young Baltiets"

The training sailing vessel "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltiysky Zavod im. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.

The first independent exit from the berth of the plant in May 1989. The crew of the ship is 52 people, including 32 trainees, cabin boys aged 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailboat visited German ports: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to come to participate in sailing holidays held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race at the first stage in group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailboats like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad, they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which the guys practice school age. Over the years, "Young Baltiets" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.

Tactical and technical characteristics:
Length - 48.4 m
Width - 8.4 m
Height - 36.0 m
Displacement - 441t / 132t
Sailing area - 500 sq.m
The power of the main mover is 408 hp.
Travel speed under the main propulsion unit - 9.5 knots
Speed ​​under sail - 10.5 knots
Crew - 20 people
Interns - 32 people

The current copy of the historical frigate Shtandart.

Shtandart is a copy of the Shtandart frigate from the time of Peter I, built by a non-state non-profit organization"Standart" project.

In 1994, Vladimir Martus, with an initiative group, took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovsky Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Shtandart.

The crew of the "Standard" is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the Shtandart set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Great Embassy - to those cities and countries that Peter I visited while studying ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the Shtandart frigate made twelve voyages across Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, Shtandart passed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the waters of the Neva to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. Shtandart takes an active part in international marine regattas, festivals, filming.

But in June 2009, the Shtandart was presented to the inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, the registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. On June 18, 2009, in order to restore the vessel on the classification register, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before going on a voyage.

shipowner, non-profit partnership"Project" Shtandart ", considering the requirements presented in principle unfeasible, taking into account the historical design of the vessel, decided to terminate the operation of the vessel in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues are resolved Russian legislation according to historical and traditional courts.

Since 2009, Shtandart has been carrying out educational and training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, has a certificate from the Dutch Register of Historical and Sailing Vessels Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to conduct a survey of the vessel as a sport sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But consideration of documents is not completed. Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.

The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.

The current copy of the historic battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's foresight")

Historical copy of the Russian battleship "Goto Predestination" of the times of Peter the Great, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteiskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.

In early 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on the creation of the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship were not preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.

On June 15, 2011, the foundation board of the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk Shipyard. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to Alexander Tikhomirov, designer of the superstructure, the same materials were used for its construction, from which the original ship was built: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.

On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the ship from Pavlovsk, with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers, went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day, the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. of the future ship In mid-September, the installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was transferred to Admiralteyskaya Square.

In January 2014, the arrangement of the coastal parking for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. July 2, 2014 the ship went on its first voyage for sea trials.

July 27, 2014, on the day of the Navy, the ship "Goto Predestination" was inaugurated near the Admiralteyskaya Square in the city of Voronezh. The Andreevsky flag was raised on the ship. After that, the ship went on its first voyage, in which the workers of the Pavlovsk Shipyard, who built the ship, took part. During the departure, a volley was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier at Admiralteyskaya Square. About 40 people worked on the ship in total. It took a little more than 3 years to create the ship from the moment of laying, while the original was built in the time of Peter the Great a little less than 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing existing copies of historical ships, there was another copy. A copy of the frigate "Holy Spirit".

A working copy of the historical Frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP firm were recreated in 1992 at the Avangard shipyard.

According to historical fact, during the years of the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates "Courier" and "Holy Spirit" in August 1702 were dragged along the "Sovereign" road 170 miles long through the Karelian forests and swamps. The movement of ships and troops overland from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.

The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype, carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike the ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.

The main technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
length according to design waterline - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m

In 1992 "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden boats in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian fleet and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the Andreevsky flag.

In 1993, the flagship of the Russian historical fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.

In 1994, the frigate takes part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia "Blue Onego-94".

But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit" on its way to the festival in the city of Amsterdam during strong storm sank in the North Sea off the coast of Holland.

Also, at the moment, the shipyard of the historical shipbuilding "Poltava" is engaged in the reconstruction of the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched in the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
The construction of the original battleship of the 4th rank "Poltava" began in 1709 and ended in 1712, the construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosey Sklyaev supervised the construction.

A full-size replica of the ship "Poltava" was conceived in 2013, launching is planned for 2016.

In the summer of 2013, the midsection frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions, it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was completed and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid, the first frames were installed. The set of the ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the spars of the ship are made of pine, and the lining is planned to be made of larch. 54 cannons that will be installed on the ship "Poltava" are cast at the factory from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.

The shipyard already employs more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the Shtandart frigate or at the Poltava shipyard.

On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on excursions and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was being built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily tours, workshops and events on weekends.

As soon as humanity rose above the level of stone clubs and began to explore the world around it, it immediately realized what prospects the sea routes of communication promise. Yes, even the rivers, along the waters of which it was possible to move quickly and relatively safely, played a grandiose role in the development of all modern civilizations.

The value of sailboats for humans

We do not know and, most likely, we will never know where and how the first sailing ship appeared. But only one thing is indisputable - the person who invented it, in his influence on the future of civilization, is comparable to the inventor of the wheel. The latter, by the way, is also unknown to us, but the memory of him is eternal. By the way, it is called a ship driven by the force of the wind.

It was sailboats that provided the opportunity for the development of civilization. The first of the ancient sailors who perfectly mastered the art of "catching the wind" were the Greeks and, possibly, the Sumerians. Subsequently, the palm was taken by the Phoenicians, as well as the Vikings, who, according to modern research, sailed on their longships to the coast of North America long before Columbus. So a sailing ship is the type of transport on which a person first crossed the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, it was on such ships that Magellan first made a round-the-world “tour”.

The first "sailboats"

The first ships capable of sailing were most likely galleys. It all started with the simplest rowing boats of Ancient Egypt, and ended ... it is believed that the last ships of this type were used even after the invention of the steam engine, so they served humanity for a very long time.

Galleys were vessels designed to operate exclusively in shallow coastal waters, and among the Egyptians they were often flat-bottomed. Of course, such ships did not have outstanding seaworthiness. Their sail was the most primitive, straight, allowed to walk under the wind only when the latter was passing. So the types of galleys described below do not provide for. After all, it is impossible to consider them full-fledged sailboats.

Sailing vessel classification

Subsequently, the shipbuilders of the world mastered ever more sophisticated technologies that allowed them to build ships with ever better seaworthiness. The simplest classification of ships should be given on the pages of this article so that there is no confusion in the future:

• Ship (frigate). Yes, yes, not every sailing ship could be called that. Only those ships that had three masts were called that way. The sails are exceptionally straight, but on the mizzen, in addition, there was also a “oblique” rigging, which made it possible to walk on tacks. What other types of sailing ships were there?
• Bark was also called a ship with three masts, but the first two had only straight sails, and the third had exclusively slanting ones.
• A brig is almost the same as a frigate, only a two-masted sailing vessel. The mizzen also has a slanting sail, but the rest of the rigging is only straight.
• A schooner was any ship with two or more masts. But at the same time, at least two of them had to carry slanting sails.
• One and a half masted ships. They have a grotto and a mizzen, as it were, “merged” into one structure.
• Single masted ships. As you might guess, they had only one mast. As a rule, the sails were the simplest, straight.

It so happened that the most common type in the history of world navigation was a sailing two-masted vessel. Such ships were much simpler than a frigate or schooner in construction, and with a good arrangement of sailing equipment, they were distinguished by better mobility and speed.

Galleons and the seafaring revolution

The first sailing ship designed specifically for long ocean crossings is the galleon. It is believed that the first ship of this class was the Mary Rose carrack built in 1512, which belonged to the British. However, the Portuguese are sure that it is they who have the honor of creating galleons, since they were the first to build caravels.

But all these ships did not appear out of nowhere, since the possibility of their construction arose only when shipbuilding had already absorbed many technical achievements and discoveries of those years. For example, the galleon is the first multi-deck sailing ship. In order for the huge structure, made entirely of wood with minimal use of scarce iron, to simply not fall apart, shipbuilders had to have a very high degree of professional skill.

Discoveries in the field of building a ship hull

It is believed that the classical scheme of building ships, when the hull is first made, and then it is sheathed, was invented by the Byzantines around the end of the first millennium AD. Prior to this, the craftsmen assembled the ships, initially making the hull, and only then the frame was “introduced” into its design. However, it was difficult to achieve high precision, and therefore ships with high seaworthiness were obtained quite rarely.

The limit of perfection of those years was a small two-masted sailing vessel, on which it was already possible to make short sea crossings, but still its specialty was coastal shipping.

The Byzantine scheme was most quickly switched to in the south of Europe, where such ships were built already from the 14th century, the British began to do this somewhere from 1500, and in Northern Europe ships with the simplest clinker sheathing were constructed in some places in the 16th century. Initially, the names of ships made according to Byzantine technology always contained the root “karvel”, which meant the construction of a frame with its subsequent “smooth” boarding. From here - a caravel, a relatively small sailing vessel with excellent seaworthiness.

Benefits of the new method

Shipbuilders gained a lot of advantages when they finally switched to frame assembly of ships. The most important thing is that from the first days of construction, the frame made it possible to visually assess the appearance of the future ship, its contours and displacement, and immediately identify possible disadvantages designs. In addition, the new technology made it possible to multiply the size of the ships through the use of a strong and “springy” frame, which evened out even very heavy loads.

In addition, much smaller boards could be used for cladding, which made it possible to drastically reduce the cost of construction and stop cutting down centuries-old oak forests. For example, a small two-masted sailing ship built according to this technique could be “cut down” from relatively cheap pine and birch, and its seaworthiness did not deteriorate.

About qualification of workers

Finally, it was possible to use the labor of much less skilled workers: only a few people were directly responsible for the design, and the carpenters only dealt with the sheathing. In the early types, each of them had to be practically a virtuoso in his field. The increased manufacturability of the building also made it possible to make much more huge sea ships.

Each of these large, multi-deck sailing vessels was superior in combat power to more than a dozen of the early clumsy vessels, which, by and large, were only suitable for coastal navigation.

Gunpowder artillery and sailboats

Already in the 14-15 centuries, gunpowder artillery began to actively spread in the maritime business, but its long time placed exclusively in deck settings, which were originally intended for archers. This led to a strong "decentralization", made the ship very unstable even with relatively weak waves.

Soon the guns began to be placed along the longitudinal axis of the gun, but still on the upper deck. However, it was extremely difficult to conduct aimed fire from cannons, since round holes cut in the sides were used for this purpose. In peacetime, they were plugged with wooden plugs.

Real ports for guns appeared only by the beginning of the 16th century. This innovation gave way to the creation of large and well-armed. Such a large multi-deck sailing vessel was perfect for both naval battles and expansion into the lands of the future Latin America.

Giants of the Middle Ages

But the first mention of the classic galleon is found in historical documents dated 1535. Its advantages were quickly appreciated by the Spaniards and the British. Unlike other ships of those years, this one was much lower, with “correct” hull contours, which provided minimal hydrodynamic resistance on the move. The masts of a sailing vessel of this type carried mixed sailing equipment, which, with the due skill of the captain and crew, made it possible to tack in a wind close to the headwind.

Their displacement, even today, was decent - up to 2000 tons! At the same time, the cost of galleons even became lower due to the use of cheaper types of wood. The problem was delivered only by the masts of a sailing ship, for which only selected pines were required.

Design features

Spars were also made from pines, oak was used for the power elements of the hull. Unlike the karakk, the bow superstructure did not hang forward. The cut stern had a high and narrow superstructure, which had a positive effect on the ship's stability during rough seas. Traditionally, galleons were distinguished by rich carvings and other options for decorating the hull.

The largest sailing vessel of this type had seven (!) decks. During the construction of such giants, the work of mathematicians was in great demand (remember the Great Embassy of Peter the Great to Holland). It was not in vain that they ate their bread: the calculations made it possible to create a very large ship, but strong, capable of withstanding both the storm and the boarding, accompanied by ship collisions, to survive.

Sailing rig features

The number of masts on the galleons varied from three to five, the front ones carried straight sails, and the rear ones slanted. The largest Spanish galleons could have two mizzen at once, which provided good speed performance even with a headwind and the need for a tack. As low as the skills of the carpenters involved in the construction of such ships could be, their sailors had to be trained as well, since they had to manage with several hundred kilometers of equipment.

By the way, the relatively short length of the first galleons made them a kind of "relatives" of the galleys, which we talked about at the very beginning of the article. If the ship fell into the zone of absolute calm, it could move on the oar. Of course, in a storm, using this option was suicide.