Tendon and periosteal reflexes. Deep (tendon and periosteal) reflexes
Own, or proprioceptive, reflexes include tendon reflexes. A blow to the tendon causes stretching of the muscle and thereby excitation of the proprioceptors located in it. Thus, the tendon reflex, like the stretch reflex, is essentially a muscular reflex. A blow to the muscle itself cannot give the same effect in strength, since it causes stretching of only a limited number of muscle bundles, while a blow to the tendon acts on all muscle fibers. The tendon itself is not a source of a proprioceptive impulse, and during anesthesia of the tendon, the tendon reflex, as well as the stretch reflex, is preserved. To obtain a muscle's own reflex, a very slight stretching of it, measured in hundredths of a millimeter, is required.
In principle, the tendon reflex can be obtained from each muscle, but it is much easier to elicit from the extensor tendons, which have a large number proprioceptors - muscle spindles. Tendon reflexes have a short latent period, which is explained not only in a short reflex arc that transmits an impulse from sensory fibers directly to motor ones, without an intercalary neuron, but also in a thick caliber and, therefore, rapid conduction of the corresponding sensory fibers. A jerky blow to the tendon, causing a rapid stretching of the muscle, gives it a quick and short contraction. This tendon reflex differs from the stretch reflex in the proper sense, which is caused by prolonged passive stretching of the muscle. The tendon reflex is carried out by the phasic function of alpha cells without the participation of the gamma system.
Not all tendon reflexes have acquired clinical significance, but only those that are distinguished by constancy, or rather, greater clarity compared to many others that are in a latent state. As noted earlier, when entering the spinal cord, prioceptive impulses also spread to neighboring, often distant levels of the spinal cord, but the shortest paths usually have clinical significance, the state of which can be judged by the results of the study of the corresponding reflexes. However, under pathological conditions, reflexes with a longer arc may become important. So, for example, in case of violation of the integrity of the effector part of the arc of the reflex of the biceps muscle of the shoulder, a blow to the tendon m. bicipitis can cause forearm extension instead of flexion. Such a paradoxical reflex is explained by the transmission of afferent impulses to the preserved motor pathways of neighboring segments. The paradoxical reflex is especially pronounced with a simultaneous increase in the excitability of the anterior horns due to the loss of inhibitory impulses from the central pathways. In the same way, a blow to the quadriceps tendon can cause flexion of the lower leg rather than extension.
Tendon reflexes may be absent, they may be decreased or increased. Absence or demotion speaks for the most part about the lesion in the area of the reflex arc: in the peripheral nerve - with neuritis, with muscular dystrophies, in the posterior roots - with a traumatic lesion, with sciatica, or spinal meningitis, dorsal tabes, with tuberculosis or a tumor of the vertebra, etc., in the spinal cord - with myelitis, gliosis, hematomyelia in the region of the corresponding reflex segment, with acute or chronic poliomyelitis, some hereditary diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia. The absence of tendon reflexes has in clinical neurology great importance and is often the decisive symptom for a local diagnosis. But here it must be emphasized that the absence of tendon reflexes does not always make it necessary to localize the painful process in the region of the reflex arc. Patellar or Achilles reflexes may sometimes be absent in brain disease - with tumors or dropsy of the head, causing an increase in intracranial pressure. More often this happens when a tumor (or abscess) is localized in the cerebellum. In such cases, the role and influence high blood pressure in the skull on pressure in the spinal canal, as a result of which the outgoing roots are damaged, and, perhaps, a toxic effect on the cells of the anterior horns, where the reflex arcs are closed.
Biceps tendon reflex- flexion and slight pronation of the forearm when hitting the biceps tendon with a hammer. When examining the reflex, the patient's forearm, bent at an obtuse angle, is located on the examiner's left hand. You can also press the biceps tendon with the thumb of your left hand and strike with a hammer on the nail of this finger. Reflex arc: C 5 -C 6 segments.
Triceps tendon reflex- extension of the forearm in response to a blow to the tendon of the triceps muscle. Methods for studying the reflex: the doctor grabs the hand of the subject with his left hand, whose arm is bent at the elbow joint, at a slightly obtuse angle, or supports the subject’s hand by the shoulder above the elbow, while the forearm and hand hang freely; a blow with a hammer is applied to the tendon of the triceps muscle 1-1.5 cm above the olecranon. Reflex arc: C 7 -C 8 segments.
Metacarpal - beam reflex (periosteal)- slight flexion of the arm at the elbow joint and pronation of the hand upon impact against the styloid process radius. When examining the reflex, the hands of the subject are bent at the elbow joints at a slightly obtuse angle and are freely located on his hips, or the doctor holds the hand of the subject with his left hand, and the other strikes with a hammer. Reflex arc: C 5 -C 6 - From 7-With 8 segments.
Mayer's reflex--- with forced passive flexion of the III or IV fingers in the metacarpophalangeal joint, adduction and opposition of the thumb is normally observed. Reflex arc: C 7 -C 8 -di segments.
Reflex Leri- with maximum passive flexion of the fingers and hand, the forearm flexes. Reflex arc: C7-C8-D1 segments.
Shoulder-shoulder reflex- adduction and rotation of the shoulder when the hammer strikes the inner edge of the scapula. Reflex arc: C 4 -C 5 -C 6 segments.
knee jerk- extension of the lower leg when hitting the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle below the cup. Reflex arc: L 3 -L 4 segments.
Ways to study the knee jerk
a) The doctor brings the patient lying on his back left hand under the knee joint of one or both legs and sets the legs so that the shins are bent at an obtuse angle, the heels rest against the bed, with the other hand strikes the tendon with a hammer. You can also throw one leg of the patient over the other or place a rolled pillow under the knee joints.
b) The patient sits, while the shins hang freely or the feet rest on the floor, and the legs are bent at the knee joints at an obtuse angle, or one leg lies on the knee of the other.
To determine the reflexogenic zone, hammer blows are applied to the front surface of the lower leg.
If the knee jerks are poorly evoked due to the patient's inability to relax the muscles or for other reasons, the Jendrassik technique is used - the subject is offered to interlock the fingers and stretch them with force. You can also ask the patient to clench his fists, count aloud or talk to him at the time of the study of the reflex.
Achilles reflex- contraction of the calf muscles and plantar flexion of the foot in response to a hammer blow on the Achilles tendon. Reflex arc: S1-S2 segments.
Methods for studying the Achilles reflex
a) The subject kneels on a chair (or couch) so that his feet hang down, while he holds on to the back of the chair or leans against the wall with his hands, a hammer blow is applied alternately to the right and left Achilles tendon.
b) The patient lies on his stomach, his legs are bent at a right angle in the knee and ankle joints. The examiner holds the feet by the fingers with one hand, and strikes the Achilles tendon with the other.
c) The subject lies on his back, the doctor takes his foot with his left hand and bends the leg at the knee joint with outward rotation, while the lateral edge of the foot should lie on the bed or on the lower leg of the other leg of the subject. In this position, a hammer blow is applied to the Achilles tendon.
Skin reflexes
Abdominal reflexes- contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall in response to rapid dashed irritations of the abdominal skin with a pointed object (hammer handle, match, pin) in the direction from the periphery to middle line abdomen alternately on one side and the other.
Upper abdominal reflex(arc: D 7 - D 8 segments) is caused by irritation applied parallel to the edge of the costal arch; medium (arc: D 9 -D 10 segments) - at the level of the navel; lower (arc D11-D12 segments) - above the pupart ligament.
plantar reflex- plantar flexion of the toes in response to the stroke irritation of the sole. Reflex arc: ls-Si segments.
Cremaster reflex- with stroke stimulation of the handle of the malleus of the inner surface of the thigh, the cremaster muscle contracts and the testicle is raised. Reflex arc: L1-L2 segments.
The listed skin reflexes are best evoked in the position of the patient lying on his back.
When evaluating reflexes, it is necessary to pay attention to their severity and symmetry. It should be remembered about the possibility of individual fluctuations in the severity of reflexes in healthy people, in particular, a symmetrical decrease or revival, and even the absence of reflexes. Asymmetry of reflexes, as a rule, indicates the presence of an organic lesion of the nervous system.
Under conditions of pathology, a decrease or loss of reflexes is associated with a violation of the integrity of the reflex arc. An increase in tendon and periosteal reflexes most often occurs with damage to the pyramidal tract and indicates an increase in the reflex activity of the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord or brain stem. A general revival of reflexes can be observed in neurotic states.
Each movement requires the coordinated action of several muscles: in order to take a pencil in your hand, several muscles must be involved, some of which must contract and others relax. Jointly acting muscles, i.e. contracting or relaxing at the same time are called synergists, in contrast to the opposing antagonist muscles. With any motor reflex of contraction and relaxation, synergists and antagonists are perfectly coordinated with each other.
In response to muscle stretching by an external force, the receptors of muscle spindles that react only to changes in length are excited ( stretch receptors) (Fig. 7.2), which are associated with special type small intrafusal muscle fibers.
From these receptors, excitation is transmitted through a sensitive neuron to the spinal cord, where the end of the axon is divided into several branches. Some branches of the axon form synapses with the motor neurons of the extensor muscles and excite them, which leads to muscle contraction: here is a monosynaptic reflex - its arc is formed by only two neurons. At the same time, the other branches of the afferent axon activate the activity of inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord, which immediately suppress the activity of motor neurons for antagonist muscles, i.e. flexors. Thus, muscle stretching causes excitation of the motor neurons of the synergistic muscles and reciprocally inhibits the motor neurons of the antagonist muscles (Fig. 7.3).
The force with which a muscle resists a change in its length can be defined as muscle tone. It allows you to maintain a certain position of the body (posture). The force of gravity is aimed at stretching the extensor muscles, and their response reflex contraction counteracts this. If the stretching of the extensors increases, for example, when a heavy load falls on the shoulders, then the contraction increases - the muscles do not allow themselves to be stretched and due to this the posture is maintained. When the body deviates forward, backward or to the side, certain muscles are stretched, and a reflex increase in their tone maintains the necessary position of the body.
According to the same principle, reflex regulation of the length of the flexor muscles is carried out. With any bending of the arm or leg, a load rises, which may be the arm or leg itself, but any load is external force seeking to stretch the muscles. The reciprocal contraction is regulated reflexively depending on the size of the load.
tendon reflexes can be induced by lightly striking with a neurological hammer on the tendon of a more or less relaxed muscle. From a blow to the tendon, such a muscle is stretched and immediately reflexively contracts.
Reflex sequence: Stretching a muscle causes it to contract.
The arc of the knee jerk (from the tendon of the quadriceps femoris):
Intramuscular stretch receptor (in the intrafusal muscle spindle);
Sensitive neuron (body - in the spinal ganglion);
Alpha motor neuron (body - in the anterior horns of the spinal cord);
Skeletal muscle (quadriceps femoris).
Thus, in the arc of this reflex (Fig. 7.4) only two neurons participate and, accordingly, there is one synapse; hence the name "monosynaptic stretch reflex". In addition, the circuit of reciprocal inhibition is connected with the arc of the reflex, due to which the contraction of the muscle is accompanied by the relaxation of its antagonist. Monosynaptic tendon reflexes can be obtained on any muscle group, regardless of whether they are flexors or extensors. All tendon reflexes occur when the muscle is stretched (therefore, they are stretch reflexes) and the excitation of intrafusal muscle spindle receptors. Any movement associated with muscle contraction requires the activation of not only alpha, but also gamma motor neurons.
: since as a result of this reflex, stretching (that is, lengthening) of the muscle leads to its contraction (that is, shortening), it is aimed at maintaining the constancy of the length of the muscle. Therefore, this reflex
It is an element of any movements that require the constancy of the length of the muscles, that is, holding the posture;
Makes movements smoother, as it prevents drastic changes muscle lengths.
These two functions are extremely important, which is why myotatic reflexes are the most common reflexes in the spinal cord.
Voltage reflexes
In addition to the length in working muscles, another parameter is reflexively regulated: tension. When a person begins to lift a load, the tension in the muscles increases to such a value that this load can be torn off the floor, but no more: to lift 10 kg, you do not need to strain your muscles, as for lifting 20 kg. In proportion to the increase in tension, impulses from tendon proprioceptors, which are called Golgi receptors (tension receptors). These are unmyelinated endings of the afferent neuron, located between the collagen bundles of tendon fibers connected to the extrafusal muscle fibers. With increasing tension in the muscle, such fibers stretch and squeeze the Golgi receptors. Increasing in frequency impulses are conducted from them along the axon of the afferent neuron to the spinal cord and transmitted to the inhibitory interneuron, which does not allow the motor neuron to be excited more than necessary (Fig. 7.5).
Reflex sequence: muscle tension leads to its relaxation. Arc reflex:
Tension receptor inside the tendon (Golgi tendon organ);
Sensitive neuron;
Intercalary inhibitory neuron;
Alpha motor neuron;
Skeletal muscle.
The physiological meaning of the reflex: thanks to this reflex, muscle tension leads to its relaxation (it is possible to stretch the tendon and cause the activation of the receptor only when the muscle is tense). Therefore, it is aimed at maintaining the constancy of muscle tension, therefore:
It is an element of any movements that require constancy of muscle tension, that is, holding a posture (for example, a vertical position that requires a sufficiently pronounced tension of the extensor muscles);
Prevents sudden muscle tension that can lead to injury.
Muscle length and tension are interdependent. If, for example, the outstretched arm relieves muscle tension, then the irritation of the Golgi receptors will decrease, and gravity will begin to lower the arm. This will lead to muscle stretching, an increase in the excitation of intrafusal receptors and the corresponding activation of motor neurons. As a result, muscle contraction will occur and the arm will return to its previous position.
There are many various types reflexes. Some control muscle contractions, basic body functions, and movement orientation. More complex reflexes program our reactions to danger.
Muscle reflexes would be more correctly called “tendon reflexes”, since it is the vibrations of the tendons that cause them. All reflexes are part of a complex mechanism (autonomic nervous system) in the spinal cord that controls muscle tone, that is, their readiness for action. The actions of the spinal cord, in turn, are controlled by the brain. Thus, spinal cord reflexes can be activated (controlled by the sympathetic nervous system) or slowed down (controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system) according to the "setting" received from above. The same mechanism of the spinal cord is connected to receptors (sense organs) in the skin, which provides a quick reflex response when receiving dangerous stimuli.
Tendon reflexes - muscle contraction in response to its rapid stretching or mechanical irritation of its tendon, for example, when hitting it with a neurological hammer.
The tendon reflex is a short muscle contraction. Gamma motor neurons, muscle spindles, afferent fibers from muscle spindles, and alpha motor neurons are involved in the regulation of tendon reflexes. The latent time of tendon reflexes is very short (about 0.040 seconds), from which it can be concluded that their reflex arc is built simply, according to a two-neuron type with one synapse (monosynaptal reflexes). However, these reflexes are highly dependent on the higher parts of the nervous system and especially the cerebral cortex: damage to the cortical zone of the motor analyzer or pyramidal pathway in the initial stage leads to the extinction of tendon reflexes due to the irradiation of the inhibitory process to the corresponding reflex arcs, and in subsequent stages to hyperreflexia , so characteristic of the pyramidal paralysis syndrome (inhibition concentration, positive induction in the spinal centers).
The defeat of the reflex arc itself entails the loss of the reflex, which is thus possible with damage to the peripheral nerves, and the anterior and posterior roots, and the posterior and anterior horns of the spinal cord.
The detection of prolapsed tendon reflexes is of great importance for the diagnosis of the level of damage, since the arc of each tendon reflex closes within certain segments of the spinal cord.
The absence of tendon reflexes in healthy people is very rare (congenital areflexia), but still this possibility must be considered. The expansion of the reflexogenic zone of tendon and periosteal reflexes for the most part indicates the presence of an organic lesion of the central nervous system, while their unevenness, or anisoreflexia, is always a symptom of such a lesion, unless we are talking about purely local processes (changes in the joints, ligaments, muscles, directly limiting the implementation of the reflex on this side).
Flexion-elbow reflex, or reflex from the tendon of the biceps muscle of the shoulder, is caused by a short, jerky blow of the hammer directly on the tendon of the biceps muscle of the shoulder of the examined or on the nail phalanx thumb the left hand of the researcher, located on the indicated tendon of the researcher. The response is contraction of the biceps muscle of the shoulder and flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint. Reflex arc: n. musculo-cutaneus, Cs-Ce segments of the spinal cord.
The extensor-elbow reflex, or triceps tendon reflex, is caused by a hammer strike on the triceps tendon above the olecranon. The response is the contraction of this muscle and the extension of the forearm in the elbow joint. In this case, the arm of the subject should be bent at a right or slightly obtuse angle. Reflex arc a: n. radialis, segments of the Su-Cg spinal cord.
The patellar reflex is caused by the impact of the hammer on the patellar ligament. The response is the extension of the upper limb in the knee joint as a result of contraction of the square muscle of the thigh. It is more convenient to examine knee reflexes when the patient lies on his back with legs half-bent at the hip joints. The subject brings the left hand under the patient's legs in the region of the popliteal fossa, and relaxation of the quadriceps femoris muscle is achieved, and inflicts right hand hammer blow on the ligament of the patella. Reflex arc: n. fe-moralis, segments L-z-L.4 of the spinal cord.
The Achilles reflex is caused by a hammer blow on the calcaneus (Achilles - approx. biofile.ru) tendon. The response is contraction of the triceps muscle of the leg and plantar flexion of the foot. The study can be carried out by placing the subject on his knees on the couch or on a chair in such a way that the feet hang freely, and the hands rest against the wall or the back of the chair, or in the prone position - in this case, the examiner, grabbing the fingers of both feet of the subject with his left hand and bending his legs at a right angle in the ankle and knee joints, with his right hand strikes the calcaneal tendon with a hammer. Reflex arc: n. tibialis (a branch of n. ischiadici), Si-Sg segments of the spinal cord.
In case of violation of tendon reflexes, they can be increased, unevenly increased, reduced, unevenly reduced and not called at all. Typically, tendon reflexes are examined on the upper limbs (biceps reflex, triceps reflex), but their determination on the lower limbs (knee and Achilles) is more important, since the lumbosacral spinal cord is more often affected with tabes.
Violation of tendon reflexes can be a symptom of the following diseases:
Neuritis Radiculitis Hemorrhage in the spinal cord Increased intracranial pressure Hydrocephalus Diabetes Nephritis Hypothyroidism Tetanus Uremia Also, a violation of tendon reflexes can occur during prolonged hard physical work or after increased sports; after an epileptic seizure.
COORDINATION DYNAMIC– regulation of movements, which ensures that the body is kept in balance in the process of movement (in dynamics): during motor activity and precise execution of motor acts.
The study of musculo-articular feeling. Tasks, methods.
Muscular feeling, musculo-articular reception, proprioception, the ability of humans and animals to perceive and evaluate changes in the relative position of body parts and their movement. On the role of information about the position of a particular part of the body in space and the degree of contraction of each of the muscles in the regulation of movements and cognition environment was first pointed out by I. M. Sechenov, who called muscular feeling "dark muscular feeling." Nerve impulses that occur in muscle-articular (kinesthetic) receptors - proprioreceptors (these include muscle spindles, Golgi bodies, and possibly Pacini) during muscle contraction and stretching, reach the central nervous system through sensitive nerve fibers. The totality of the peripheral and central nervous formations participating in the analysis of this information is called by I. P. Pavlov the motor analyzer. The perfection and subtlety of coordination of motor reactions, including locomotion, carried out by animals and humans, are explained by the accumulation of ever new connections between the neurons of the motor analyzer and other analyzers (visual, auditory, etc.) during the life of the organism. Muscular feeling plays an important role in the development of the body's perceptions, since it serves as the main control of the rest of the senses. Thus, a visual assessment of the distance of an object is developed with the help of the muscular sense when approaching the object.
Study of the vestibular analyzer (Yarocki's test, Romberg's test).
vestibular apparatus(lat. vestibulum- vestibule), an organ that perceives changes in the position of the head and body in space and the direction of body movement in vertebrates and humans; part of the inner ear.
The vestibular apparatus is a complex receptor of the vestibular analyzer. The structural basis of the vestibular apparatus is a complex of accumulations of ciliated cells of the inner ear, endolymph, calcareous formations included in it - otoliths and jelly-like cupules in the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Two types of signals come from the balance receptors: static (associated with body position) and dynamic (associated with acceleration). Both those and other signals occur during mechanical irritation of sensitive hairs by displacement
Due to the different inertia of the endolymph and the cupula, during acceleration, the cupula shifts, and the frictional resistance in thin channels serves as a damper (silencer) of the entire system. The oval sac (utriculus) plays a leading role in the perception of body position and is probably involved in the sensation of rotation. The round pouch (sacculus) complements the oval one and seems to be necessary for the perception of vibrations.
The vestibular apparatus of most untrained animals can be confused for a short time, while the animal loses its orientation in space. Usually, to deceive the vestibular apparatus, it is enough to rotate the animal for some time, after which it will seem to the body that the earth is swaying under it. The vestibular apparatus of people in a state of weightlessness does not fully function and is represented only by a visual analyzer. A similar situation can be simulated if, unexpectedly for a person, his visual field is turned over using the optical device of an invertoscope. In this case, proprioceptive signals and signals from the middle ear will indicate straight position body, and the observed optical field - to the opposite. As a result of such a conflict, partial or complete disorientation is possible. The solution of the conflict consists in the consistent coordination of all mechanisms of the vestibular apparatus based on the visual field.
Romberg test reveals imbalance in the standing position. Maintaining normal coordination of movements occurs due to the joint activity of several departments of the central nervous system. These include the cerebellum, the vestibular apparatus, conductors of deep muscle sensitivity, the cortex of the frontal and temporal regions. The central organ for coordinating movements is the cerebellum. The Romberg test is carried out in four modes with a gradual decrease in the area of support. In all cases, the subject's hands are raised forward, fingers are spread apart and eyes are closed. The mark "very good" is given if in each position the athlete maintains balance for 15 seconds and there is no staggering of the body, trembling of the hands or eyelids (tremor). Tremor is rated as "satisfactory". If the equilibrium is disturbed within 15 seconds, the sample is rated as "unsatisfactory". This test is of practical importance in acrobatics, gymnastics, trampolining, figure skating and other sports where movement coordination is important.
Yarotsky test allows you to determine the sensitivity threshold of the vestibular analyzer. The test is performed in the initial standing position with eyes closed, while the athlete, on command, begins rotational movements of the head at a fast pace. The time of head rotation until the athlete loses balance is recorded. In healthy individuals, the time to maintain balance is on average 28 s, in trained athletes - 90 s or more. The threshold level of sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer mainly depends on heredity, but under the influence of training it can be increased.
Study of the neuromuscular apparatus. Taping Test. Dynamometry.
Study of the autonomic nervous system. Dermography. Orthostatic and clinostatic tests.
Osteochondrosis of the spine (types of causes, clinical course, symptoms, treatment).
Myositis in athletes, myogelosis, myofibrosis.
Overexertion of muscles.
Myogelosis A pathological condition characterized by aggravation of dystrophic changes in the muscle and the appearance of persistent contractures in it with fibrosis, partial degeneration and circulatory disorders. The main manifestations of myogelosis are moderate pain in the muscles and the inability to relax them. When probing, a decrease in elasticity and nodular painful seals in the muscle are determined. Myogelosis refers to a partially reversible process.
Myofibrosis The next stage in the development of the process, characterized by the degeneration of myofibrils. Clinically, the pain becomes more constant. When probing, pain is determined, which increases with stretching of the muscle, and multiple dense cords of an oblong shape. Myofibrosis refers to an irreversible condition.
Neuroses and neurosis-like states in athletes.
Eye diseases in athletes.
Eye diseases in athletes are rare due to strict medical selection when they are admitted to classes. In sports medical practice, one has to deal mainly with two diseases: pathological changes in the retina and conjunctivitis. Pathological changes in the retina - hemorrhages from the vessels of the retina or its detachment - are associated with the peculiarities of exercises in a particular sport. For example, repeated excessive straining (barbell, wrestling), frequent body position upside down (gymnastics, etc.), blows to the head (boxing) can lead to a significant deterioration in vision or even loss of it. A predisposing factor to the appearance of such a dangerous eye disease are retinal changes that occur with severe myopia or occur with overwork or hypertension. Such changes are easily detected by a specialist doctor when examining the fundus during a medical examination, which allows you to take the necessary measures. Another eye disease associated with sports conditions is conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the connective membrane of the eyes. It occurs due to eye irritation - either from chlorine from excessive chlorination of water in pools, or from burnt magnesia powder used to reduce palm friction in gymnasts and weightlifters. Conjunctivitis of a purely infectious origin occurs when swimming in pools with insufficiently purified water. The disease manifests itself first in a feeling of heaviness, pain in the eyes, then a mucous or purulent discharge appears. Conjunctivitis is treated by an ophthalmologist. If conjunctivitis is infectious, then it is forbidden to visit the pool until it is completely cured, since this disease is contagious.
Diseases of the auditory analyzer in athletes.
Structural and functional characteristics of the auditory analyzer
The auditory analyzer is the second most important analyzer in providing adaptive reactions and cognitive activity of a Human. His special role as a person is associated with articulate speech. Auditory perception is the basis of articulate speech. A child who has lost his hearing in early childhood also loses his ability to speak, although his entire articulation apparatus remains intact.
Sounds are an adequate stimulus for the auditory analyzer.
The receptor (peripheral) section of the auditory analyzer, which converts the energy of sound waves into the energy of nervous excitation, is represented by receptor hair cells of the organ of Corti (the organ of Corti) located in the cochlea.
Auditory receptors (phonoreceptors) are mechanoreceptors, are secondary and are represented by inner outer hair cells. Humans have approximately 3,500 inner and 20,000 outer hair cells, which are located on the main membrane inside the middle canal of the inner ear.
Thalassotherapy.
Thalassotherapy(from other Greek thalassa - sea; therapia - treatment) - direction alternative medicine, one of the sections naturopathy, considering the healing properties of the coastal climate, sea water, algae, sea mud and other products of the sea and their use to cure various diseases.
Heliotherapy.
Heliotherapy - (heliotherapia; helio- + therapy; syn. sun therapy) a method of treatment with general or local dosed solar radiation. In a nutshell - this is a treatment by the sun. Heliotherapy - (from the Greek helios - the sun; therapia - medical care, treatment) - suntherapy. HELIOTHERAPY (Greek, helios sun + therapeia treatment) - impact sunbeams on the human body for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes; climatotherapy method. The active factor of heliotherapy is the energy of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun; The spectrum of this radiation is divided into ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared parts. Infra-red rays of the solar spectrum, penetrating into tissues, cause their heating, i.e., they mainly cause a thermal effect, visible (light) rays have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system; UV irradiation is the cause of photochemical and biophysical reactions, as a result of which vitamin D, melanin are formed in the skin, dark pigmentation (sunburn), etc. appears. UV rays have a bactericidal effect. Heliotherapy is indicated for bone fractures with delayed callus formation, sluggishly healing wounds and ulcers, a number of skin diseases (pyoderma, some forms of psoriasis, etc.), hypovitaminosis D and rickets, chronic diseases of the bronchi and lungs, tuberculosis (outside the acute stage) , chronic diseases zhel. -kish. path, diseases of the female genital organs, etc. Staying in the sun and heliotherapy are contraindicated in acute inflammatory processes, tumors, progressive forms of tuberculosis of the lungs and bones, severe atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, blood diseases, hypertension stage II and III, endocrine diseases, organic diseases of c . n. With. , systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria, etc. With obvious contraindications to heliotherapy in conditions of light starvation, as well as young children and the elderly, partial (face, hands) air-solar baths and general irradiation with scattered UV rays of the open sky in the shade of trees are recommended or at the edge of the shade of canopies (the duration of such exposure, or its biodose, is increased several times compared to general sunbathing). Heliotherapy is prescribed in the form of general air-solar baths, partial (local) air-solar baths (face, hands) and half-baths. Sunbathing is taken in aerosolaria, on beaches and other open areas, on balconies or in special climate pavilions. Heliotherapy is not recommended on an empty stomach or immediately after a meal. During heliotherapy procedures, the head and eyes must be protected from direct sunlight.
Immunity.
Immunity(lat. immunitas- liberation, getting rid of something) - insensitivity, the body's resistance to infections and invasions of foreign organisms (including pathogens), as well as to the effects of foreign substances with antigenic properties. Immune reactions also occur against the body's own cells, which are antigenically altered.
Provides homeostasis of the body at the cellular and molecular level of organization. Implemented by the immune system.
The biological meaning of immunity is to ensure the genetic integrity of the organism throughout its individual life [ source unspecified 101 days] . Development immune system led to the possibility of the existence of complexly organized multicellular organisms.
Metabolism (assimilation, dissimilation).
Metabolism(from Greekμεταβολή - "transformation, change"), or metabolism- kit chemical reactions that occur in living body to sustain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental stimuli. Metabolism is usually divided into two stages: during catabolism complex organic substances are degraded to simpler ones; in processes anabolism with the expenditure of energy, substances such as squirrels, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids.
Injuries, types of injuries.
According to the severity of the injury, they are divided into heavy, moderate severity and lungs.
Severe injuries- these are injuries that cause pronounced health disorders and lead to the loss of educational and sports disability for a period of more than 30 days. Victims are hospitalized or treated for a long time by pediatric orthopedic traumatologists in specialized departments or on an outpatient basis.
Moderate injuries- these are injuries with a pronounced change in the body, which led to educational and sports disability for a period of 10 to 30 days. Children with moderate sports injuries should also be treated by pediatric orthopedic traumatologists.
Minor injuries- these are injuries that do not cause significant disturbances in the body and loss of general and sports performance. These include abrasions, abrasions, superficial wounds, minor bruises, sprains of the 1st degree, etc., in which the student needs first medical aid. It is possible to combine the treatment prescribed by the doctor (for up to 10 days) with training and low-intensity exercises.
In addition, allocate sharp and chronic injury.
Acute injury arise as a result of sudden exposure to a traumatic factor.
chronic injury are the result of repeated action of the same traumatic factor on a certain area of the body.
There is another type of injury - microtrauma. These are damages received by tissue cells as a result of a single (or often damaged) exposure, slightly exceeding the limits of the physiological resistance of tissues and causing a violation of their functions and structure (long-term stress on the fragile body of children and adolescents).
fractures- complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone.
Fractures happen closed(without damage to the integrity of the general cover and mucous membranes), open(with damage to the integrity of the general cover), no offset(bone fragments remain in place), offset(fragments are displaced depending on the direction of the acting force and muscle contraction).
characteristic signs. In case of injury, a sharp pain is felt at the fracture site, aggravated by an attempt to move; there is swelling, hemorrhage, a sharp limitation of movements. In fractures with displacement of fragments - shortening of the limb, its unusual position. With open fractures, the general cover is damaged, sometimes bone fragments are visible in the wound.
First aid. The victim must ensure complete rest and immobility of the injured limb. For this, special standard ones are used, and in their absence, improvised tires made from improvised material: plywood, boards, sticks, rulers, skis, umbrellas, which are applied over clothing.
To create complete immobility of the injured limb, it is necessary to fix at least two joints - above and below the fracture site. The splint should be applied so that its middle is at the level of the fracture, and the ends capture adjacent joints on both sides of the fracture.
Before imposing a standard or adapted splint, it is necessary to carefully examine the injured limb. In the case of an open fracture, a sterile bandage is applied to the wound. It is forbidden to reduce protruding sharp fragments into the wound or remove them.
In case of hip fractures, the splint is applied so that it fixes immobility in the hip, knee and ankle joints.
In case of fractures of the lower leg, the knee and ankle joints are fixed with a splint.
In case of a fracture of the shoulder, the tire fixes the immobility of the shoulder and elbow joints, and the arm bent at the elbow joint is suspended on a scarf, bandage, scarf.
In case of a fracture of the forearm, the elbow and wrist joints are fixed.
If there is nothing at hand that would be suitable for an impromptu splint, then the broken upper limb is bandaged to the body, the lower to a healthy limb.
In connection with complete ossification in childhood and adolescence, fractures have their own characteristics. Often, in case of damage, a fracture occurs at the site of attachment of the epiphysis (head of the bone) to the body of the bone and, with a slight displacement, becomes in place. There are also fractures in the area of the body of the bone in the form of a green branch: the bone is broken, but the periosteum remains intact and the processes have not shifted. Such fractures are difficult to diagnose. Therefore, for all injuries of children with suspected dislocation or fracture, it is imperative to apply a splint and send the victim to a medical institution.