Examples of different types of compound sentences. What is a complex sentence

Turns out, simple sentences not so simple, and complex not so complex, if you know well what it is. Why is it impossible to use only simple sentences or combine all of them into complex ones? What are allied and non-union proposals? How to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, and an allied one from a non-union one? You will learn about all this in the lesson and will be able to answer questions asked. If you complete all the exercises and tasks, you will feel more confident.

Subject: Compound sentence

Lesson: The main types of complex sentences

A complex sentence is different from a simple sentence grammar basics. A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex one has two or more. But two simple sentences are not the same as a complex one consisting of the same simple ones. Between simple sentences in complex there is a semantic and intonational connection. There is more information in a complex sentence than in two simple ones.

2. Reference and information Internet portal "Russian language" | Dictionaries... ().

Literature

Russian language: Textbook for 9 cells. educational institutions / S. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Cheshko. M.: Education, 2011.

Russian language. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvov, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Drofa, 2011.

Unified state exam in RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Demo version control measuring materials of a single state exam 2013 in the Russian language, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS.

Demonstration version of control measuring materials for the state (final) certification in 2013 (in new form) in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE of students who have mastered the main general educational programs of the main general education, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS".

The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is involved in its study. It is no secret that people communicate with each other with these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and writing. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. An assignment consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

Compound sentence: definition and types

The sentence - as the main structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or just a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. It can be a factual statement, a question, or a call to action. The sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonation complete.

Offers are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built according to the number of predicative bases. For example:

1. It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
2. In the morning snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell out (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).

The types of a complex sentence are distinguished depending on how the constituents are combined. They can be compound, compound or non-union. Let's analyze these types of complex sentences with examples.

Compound sentence

Used to connect parts of a compound sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: no question is asked from one to the other.

Examples

The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a compound sentence, its parts are connected by a coordinating union "but" and with the help of intonation. Grammatical bases: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); the second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).

The night was falling and the stars were getting brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: the night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject), became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected with the help of a coordinating union and, as well as intonation.

Conjunctions in a compound sentence

Since coordinating unions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Offers with connecting unions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). As a rule, these unions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they have circumstances indicating the time. For example:

The cloud grew as large as the sky, and a few minutes later it began to pour. The connecting union is also strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).

2. Offers with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are opposed to one another. For example:

This year we were not at sea, but the parents were pleased with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such sentences, the particle can take over the function of the adversative union.

For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, while Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Proposals with separating unions (either, or, so-and-so, etc.) Show that one of the following is possible listed events or phenomena. For example:

Either the magpie chirps, or the grasshoppers chirp.

Punctuation marks in compound sentences

The punctuation rule in a compound sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:

The leaves on the trees barely hold on, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them in a carpet. The grammatical foundations of a complex sentence are as follows: the leaves (subject) are held (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).

At this rule there is one caveat: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance) - a comma is not needed. For example:

In the summer, people need movement and do not need the blues. The circumstance at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second, the basis of which is the blues (subject) is not needed (predicate).

The ground was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried frost. Here, both parts have a common addition - the earth. The grammatical bases are as follows: the first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish compound sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to highlight the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:

1. It was a sunny winter day, and in places red rowan berries could be seen in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove it: two grammatical bases are traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were seen (predicate).
2. The red rowan berries were visible in the forest and shone in bright clusters in the sun. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's take a look at the grammar. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - could be seen, shone; comma is not required.

Complex sentence: definition and structure

Another complex sentence with an allied connection is a complex one. Such proposals are unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and secondary members of the main sentence, they include a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected with each other subordinating unions. Structurally subordinate clauses possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main. Let's look at examples:

We'll go for a walk when the torrential rain stops. This proposal is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); the grammatical basis of the subordinate clause is the rain (subject) will stop coming. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence has a main part and a subordinate part. The basis of the main one is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could speak (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

We were surprised when the results of the exam were announced to us, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause "breaks" the main clause. Grammatical bases: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate part.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?

Unions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, sometimes their role is played by the so-called allied words - pronouns homonymous to them. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to connect parts of a sentence to each other, they are not members of a sentence.

Another thing is allied words.

Their role is played by relative pronouns, respectively, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which subordinating conjunctions can be distinguished from allied words:

1. Most often, the union in the sentence can be omitted without losing the meaning. Mom said it's time to go to bed. Let's change the sentence by omitting the union: Mom said: "It's time to go to bed."
2. Union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory gets better. is replaced only by another allied word, or by a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. union word which can be replaced by an addition years from the main sentence Remember the years: those years we spent in Naples).

Subordinate clause

Relative clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, depending on which part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to one word, to a phrase, or to the entire main sentence.

To understand what type of attachment is in specific case- it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is put.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - there are such subordinate clauses.

In addition, a lexically subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemantic). For example: It's wonderful when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both the condition and the time.

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences are distinguished with subordination and several subordinate clauses: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and consistent subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.

• With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main one. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that there are princes and princesses, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main one - to tell.
• Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination takes place if the subordinate clauses respond to various questions. For example: When we go camping, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).
• Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he will see the beauty of the soul who does not look at appearance, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence: we ask a question to the first who?, to the second - what?

Punctuation in a complex sentence

The parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinate relationship may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating unions and, or. For example:

I said that today is a beautiful day and that the sun has long since risen. Here are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the basics day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). No comma is required between them.

Unionless proposal

In the Russian language, there are such sentences where the connection between the parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. In this difficult unionless proposal two parts with grammatical foundations: in the first - the rain (subject) has passed (predicate); the second one has fallen (predicate) leaves (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and species-temporal characteristics of verbs-predicates and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).

Types of unionless proposals

Union-free proposals are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.

The first ones are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is a comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound ones, it’s just that the union is omitted from homogeneous homogeneous ones. For example:

Autumn began, the sky was covered with lead clouds. Compare: Autumn began, and the sky was covered with lead clouds.

Unionless with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:

I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, advancing magical holidays It's time to get your skis and skates out. In the presence of an union-free connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.

Punctuation in a non-union sentence

The non-union connection suggests that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:

When one of the parts is complicated by any constructions, we use a semicolon. For example:

Singing a song, Marat walked through the puddles; children were running nearby, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated and the second part is a separate definition.

It is easy to make a sentence with an allied connection: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often, the types of a complex sentence are concentrated in one syntactic construction, that is, there is both an allied and an allied connection between different parts. These are complex sentences various types connections.

Let's look at examples.

Although he was still dozing, there was a flurry of activity around the household: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinating connection, the second is a coordinating one, the third is an allied one.

I know simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection of the first and second parts is unionless, then - subordinating.

As a rule, such proposals are two blocks that are connected coordinating conjunctions or completely non-union. Each block may contain several simple sentences with a subordinating or coordinating connection.

Difficult sentence- this is such a sentence, which has in its composition at least two predicative parts, combined into one whole in meaning and intonation. The sun is rising. and shadows fall, the wild rose opens its petals, and the heads of plants tremble, and sprouts push their way towards the sun.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

• intonation: The stars gradually disappeared, the reddish stripe in the east became wider, the white foam of the waves was covered with a gentle pink tint.
• coordinating conjunctions: The March sun shone brightly, and hot rays fell on the table through the window panes.
• subordinating unions: I have always believed that freedom is stronger than the fear of death. .

Allied complex sentences according to the nature of unions are divided into compound (SSP) and complex subordinate (SPP).

Compound sentences

A complex sentence, the parts of which are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions, is called compound(SSP). The red crescent has already gone over the hill, and the clouds that guarded him lay like dark spots near the stars.

Between parts of the BSC there may be different semantic relations :

• temporary(sequence or simultaneity of events): Summer comes and life changes;
• adversative: Twilight lay down, but there were no lights anywhere;
• separating(alternation, mutual exclusion): Get over it, or it'll be bad. Either the rustle of an ear, the trembling of the breeze, or a warm hand strokes the hair;
• causal: There were no tickets at the box office, and we had to cancel the trip;
• connecting: It was a cold clear day outside, her heart was also light.

Parts of compound sentences with adjoining relations cannot be called equal. The second (attached) part of the sentence is an additional message that complements the thought expressed in the first part. Attaching meaning is conveyed with the help of conjunctions yes and, also, moreover, (and) moreover, (and) at the same time. The water was warm but not spoiled and besides there was a lot .

Complex sentences

Complex sentence(SPP) is a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are connected by a subordinating relationship using subordinating conjunctions or allied words. This is good, when life leaves room for dreams .

In a complex sentence, one part is main , and the other adnexal: Through the window I saw like a big gray bird perched on a maple branch in the garden. I saw what? like a bird sat down.

The subordinate clause can explain the entire main sentence as a whole or one of its members. When the artist opened the portrait, I involuntarily laughed with joy. I laughed when? when the artist opened the portrait.

In a complex sentence, there may be not one, but several subordinate clauses connected by a subordinate relationship with the main clause.

By the nature of the relationship of subordinate clauses with the main one, they distinguish three types complex sentences with several adjectives:

1. SPP with uniform subordination. She knew, that the girls look at with apprehension closed door rooms, how they feel connected. She knew what? what girls look and feel...

1. SPP with heterogeneous subordination. When we got up it was impossible to understand, what time is it now . Couldn't understand when? when we got up. Couldn't understand what? what time is it now.

1. SPP with sequential submission. Should have seen like a birch flared up in the sun, when its rays made their way, gliding and variegated, through a frequent grid of thin branches ... See what? how the birch flared up when? when its rays were breaking through.

Types of subordinate clauses

Attention! the type of the subordinate clause cannot be determined only by the nature of the union or allied word, since the same union can attach subordinate clauses different types. For example, union when can attach clauses of time, conditions, attributive and explanatory; union Bye- adjectives of time and conditions; union what- explanatory and definitive.

Complex sentences
with adverbial adverbials

Adverbial clauses refer to predicate verbs or adverbs in the main clause. They specify the purpose, time, place, reason, etc. actions are divided into the following types:

Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, make speech more expressive and informative. Most often complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific papers, texts of official business style.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence, which consists of two or more grammatical bases, is an intonation-shaped semantic unity, expressing certain value. Depending on the ratio of parts, complex sentences are distinguished with a coordinating subordinating and non-union connection.

Compound sentences with coordinating link

Compound sentences - allied sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating link. Parts of compound sentences are combined into one whole with the help of coordinating, adversative or divisive conjunctions. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed.

Compound sentences with subordinating link

Complex sentences - allied proposals, consisting of unequal parts, which are connected by a subordinating relationship. In complex sentences, the main part and the dependent (subordinate) part are distinguished. Parts of the NGN are interconnected with the help of unions and allied words. In a letter, between parts of a complex sentence, a comma is placed before the union (union word).

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store that his friend was talking about.

Usually, a question can be posed from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to supper. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Compound sentences with non-union connection

Unionless complex sentences are sentences, parts of which are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of unions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with an allied connection between parts: The music began to play, the guests began to dance. It will be cold in the morning - we won't go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connection

Mixed complex sentences may include several sentences connected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. In writing in mixed complex sentences, punctuation is observed, which is characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences.

Examples: Vitya decided: if the teacher asks to answer the question, he will have to admit that he did not prepare for the lesson. On the right was a painting depicting blooming garden, and on the left was a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: rose strong wind and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences as part of a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother had accidentally scattered; at this time, papa came out, and the bird hastily flew away.

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Parts, characterized by structural and semantic unity. Simple sentences as part of a complex one are interconnected with the help of intonation.

A complex sentence is a syntactic unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.

The study of a complex sentence began in the second half of the 20th century - in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.I. Cheremisina and other researchers.

A complex sentence is characterized by:

1) in structural aspect– polypredicativity and set structural elements to link predicative parts;

3) in communicative aspect- the unity of the communicative task and intonation completeness.

The main types of complex sentences

Compound sentences, depending on what connection the parts are connected with, are divided into two main types: allied and non-union.

The parts of a complex sentence are interconnected using three means of communication: intonation, conjunctions or allied words.

1. And yet he was sad, he somehow especially dryly answered her, turned away, walked away. In this sentence, the parts are connected to each other with the help of intonation, no other means of communication are used.

2. I want you to hear how my living voice yearns. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and conjunctions TO and HOW.

3. The hope that someday a passionless time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair judgment of history will surely justify the old warrior who sullenly rides in a carriage past the roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and the allied word WHICH.

There are three main types of complex sentences: compound, complex and unionless. In unionless complex sentences, the connection between simple sentences is carried out solely through intonation.

For example: The morning is magnificent: the air is cool; the sun is not high yet.

In allied sentences, allied words and conjunctions perform this function. All allied sentences are divided into compound and complex.

In compound sentences, simple sentences are equal in rights and are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, then ... then, or, but, a). and intonation.

For example: And the steering wheel fidgets, and the skin creaks, and the canvases are taken into the reefs.

The parts of a compound sentence are equal to each other: there is neither a subordinate clause nor a main clause. In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected using subordinating conjunctions ( since, what, if, how, though) and allied words ( whose, where, which). In such sentences, the subordinate part depends on the main part.

For example: I was born in Russia. I love her so much that you can’t say everything in words (S. Ostrovoy).

complex sentence with different types connections

A complex sentence with different types of connection is a syntactic construction in which there are sentences with mixed types of connection.

For example: Grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, something will come true that so far is only a dream. Or : The night came, the lights were lit in the houses.

There are four types of complex sentences with different types of connection:

1) with subordinating and writing;