The T-80 turned out to be a complete disaster. T-80 turned out to be a complete disaster TTX tank t 80 with a gas turbine engine

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It just so happened that almost all MBTs (main battle tanks) in the world have a diesel engine. There are only two exceptions: T-80U and Abrams. What considerations were guided by Soviet specialists when creating the famous "eighties", and what are the prospects for this machine at the present time?

How it all began?

For the first time, the domestic T-80U saw the light of day in 1976, and in 1980 the Americans made their Abrams. Until now, only Russia and the United States are armed with tanks with a gas turbine power plant. Ukraine is not taken into account, because only the T-80UD, the diesel version of the famous "eighties", is in service there.

And it all started in 1932, when a design bureau was organized in the USSR, which belonged to the Kirov Plant. It was in its bowels that the idea of ​​​​creating a fundamentally new tank equipped with a gas turbine power plant was born. It was from this decision that it depended what type of fuel for the T-80U tank would be used in the future: conventional diesel or kerosene.

The famous designer Zh. Ya. Kotin, who worked on the layout of the formidable ISs, at one time thought about creating even more powerful and better armed vehicles. Why did he turn his attention to the gas turbine engine? The fact is that he planned to create a tank weighing in the range of 55-60 tons, for the normal mobility of which a motor with a capacity of at least 1000 hp was required. with. In those years, such diesel engines could only be dreamed of. That is why the idea arose of introducing aviation and shipbuilding technologies (that is, gas turbine engines) into tank building.

Already in 1955, work began, two promising samples were created. But then it turned out that the engineers of the Kirov plant, who had previously created only engines for ships, did not fully understand the technological task. The work was curtailed, and then completely stopped, since N. S. Khrushchev completely "ruined" all the development of heavy tanks. So at that time, the T-80U tank, whose engine is unique in its own way, was not destined to appear at that time.

However, indiscriminately blaming Nikita Sergeyevich in this case is not worth it: at the same time, promising diesel engines were demonstrated, against which the frankly raw gas turbine engine looked very unpromising. But what can I say, if this engine was able to “register” on production tanks only by the 80s of the last century, and even today, many military men do not have the most rosy attitude towards such power plants. It should be noted that there are quite objective reasons for this.

Continuation of work

Everything changed after the creation of the world's first MBT, which was the T-64. Soon, the designers realized that an even more advanced tank could be made on its basis ... But the difficulty lay in the stringent requirements put forward by the country's leadership: it must be as unified as possible with existing vehicles, not exceed their dimensions, but at the same time be able to be used as a means for "jerk to the English Channel".

And then everyone again remembered the gas turbine engine, since the native power plant of the T-64 even then decisively did not meet the requirements of the time. It was then that Ustinov decided to create the T-80U. The main fuel and engine of the new tank were supposed to contribute to its highest possible speed characteristics.

Difficulties encountered

The huge problem was that the new power plant with air purifiers had to somehow fit into the standard MTO T-64A. Moreover, the commission demanded a block system: in other words, it was necessary to make the engine so that when overhaul you could take it out and replace it with a new one. Without spending, of course, a lot of time on it. And if everything was relatively simple with a relatively compact gas turbine engine, then the air cleaning system gave the engineers a lot of headaches.

But this system is extremely important even for a diesel tank, not to mention its gas turbine counterpart on the T-80U. Whatever fuel is used, the blades of the turbine plant will instantly stick to slag and fall apart if the air entering the combustion chamber is not properly cleaned of impurities that pollute it.

It should be remembered that all engine designers strive to ensure that the air entering the cylinders or the working chamber of the turbine is 100% free of dust. And it is not difficult to understand them, since the dust literally devours the insides of the motor. In fact, it acts like a fine emery.

Prototypes

In 1963, the notorious Morozov created a prototype T-64T, on which a gas turbine engine with a very modest power of 700 hp was installed. with. Already in 1964, designers from Tagil, who worked under the direction of L. N. Kartsev, created a much more promising engine that could already produce 800 “horses”.

But the designers, both in Kharkov and in Nizhny Tagil, faced a whole range of complex technical problems, due to which the first domestic tanks with gas turbine engines could appear only in the 80s. In the end, only the T-80U received a really good engine. The type of fuel used to power it also set this engine apart from earlier prototypes, as the tank could use all types of conventional diesel fuel.

It was not by chance that we described the dust aspects above, since it was the problem of high-quality air purification that became the most difficult. The engineers had a lot of experience in developing turbines for helicopters ... but the engines of the helicopters worked in a constant mode, and the issue of dust pollution of the air at the height of their work did not arise at all. In general, the work was continued (oddly enough) only at the suggestion of Khrushchev, who was raving about rocket tanks.

The most "viable" project was the "Dragon". For him, an engine of increased power was vital.

Experimental facilities

In general, there was nothing surprising in this, since increased mobility, compactness and a lowered silhouette were important for such machines. In 1966, the designers decided to go the other way and presented to the public an experimental project, the heart of which was two GTD-350s at once, giving out, as you can easily understand, 700 hp. with. The power plant was created in NPO them. V. Ya. Klimov, where by that time there were enough experienced specialists involved in the development of turbines for aircraft and ships. It was they who, by and large, created the T-80U, the engine of which for its time was a truly unique development.

But it soon became clear that even one gas turbine engine is a complicated and rather capricious thing, and even their pairing has absolutely no advantages at all over the usual monoblock circuit. And therefore, by 1968, an official decree was issued by the government and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR on the resumption of work on a single version. By the mid-70s, a tank was ready, which later became known to the whole world under the designation T-80U.

Main characteristics

The layout (as in the case of the T-64 and T-72) is classic, with a rear MTO, the crew is three people. Unlike previous models, here the driver was given three triplexes at once, which significantly improved visibility. Even so incredible domestic tanks luxury, like heating the workplace, was provided here.

Fortunately, there was plenty of heat from the hot turbine. So the T-80U with a gas turbine engine is quite justifiably a favorite of tankers, since the working conditions of the crew in it are much more comfortable when compared to the T-64/72.

The body is made by welding, the tower is cast, the angle of inclination of the sheets is 68 degrees. As in the T-64, combined armor was used here, made up of armor steel and ceramics. Thanks to rational tilt angles and thickness, the T-80U tank provides increased chances of crew survival in the most difficult combat conditions.

There is also a developed system for protecting the crew from weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The layout of the combat compartment is almost completely similar to that of the T-64B.

Engine room features

The designers still had to arrange the gas turbine engine in the MTO longitudinally, which automatically resulted in a slight increase in the dimensions of the machine compared to the T-64. The gas turbine engine was made in the form of a monoblock weighing 1050 kg. Its feature was the presence of a special gearbox that allows you to remove the maximum possible from the motor, as well as two gearboxes at once.

For power, four tanks were used at once in the MTO, the total volume of which is 1140 liters. It should be noted that the T-80U with a gas turbine engine, the fuel for which is stored in such volumes, is a rather "gluttonous" tank, which consumes 1.5-2 times more fuel than the T-72. And therefore the sizes of the tanks are appropriate.

GTD-1000T was created using a three-shaft scheme, has one turbine and two independent compressor units. The pride of engineers is the adjustable nozzle assembly, which allows you to smoothly control the turbine speed and significantly increases its operational life of the T-80U. What fuel is recommended to use in this case to extend the durability of the power unit? The developers themselves say that high-quality aviation kerosene is the most optimal for this purpose.

Since there is simply no power connection between the compressors and the turbine, the tank can confidently move on the ground even with very poor bearing capacity, and the engine will not stall even when the car stops abruptly. And what does the T-80U "eat"? The fuel for his engine can be different ...

Turbine plant

The main advantage of the domestic gas turbine engine is its fuel omnivorousness. It can work on any type of diesel fuel, low-octane gasoline intended for cars. But! T-80U, the fuel for which should only have a tolerable fluidity, is still very sensitive to "unlicensed" fuel. Refueling with non-recommended fuels is possible only in a combat situation, as it entails a significant reduction in the life of the engine and turbine blades.

The engine is started by spinning the compressors, for which two autonomous electric motors are responsible. The acoustic visibility of the T-80U tank is significantly lower than its diesel counterparts, both due to the characteristics of the turbine itself and due to a specially located exhaust system. In addition, the car is unique in that both the engine and the engine itself are used during braking, due to which heavy tank stops almost instantly.

How is it done? The fact is that when you press the brake pedal once, the turbine blades begin to rotate in the opposite direction. This process gives a huge load on the material of the blades and the entire turbine, and therefore it is controlled by electronics. Because of this, if you need to brake hard, you should immediately fully depress the gas pedal. At the same time, hydraulic brakes are immediately activated.

Thanks to the automatic control system, the wear of the blades was reduced by at least 10%, and with competent work brake pedal and gear shifting, the driver can reduce by 5-7%. By the way, what is the main type of fuel for this tank? T-80U ideal conditions should refuel, but high-quality diesel fuel will do.

Air purification systems

A cyclone air purifier was used to ensure 97% removal of dust and other foreign matter from the intake air. By the way, for Abrams (due to normal two-stage cleaning), this figure is close to 100%. It is for this reason that fuel for the T-80U tank is a sore subject, since it is consumed much more when compared with its American competitor.

The remaining 3% of dust settles on the turbine blades in the form of caked slag. To remove it, the designers provided automatic program vibration cleaning. It should be noted that special equipment for underwater driving can be connected to the air intakes. It allows you to overcome rivers up to five meters deep.

The transmission of the tank is standard - mechanical, planetary type. Includes two boxes, two gearboxes, two hydraulic drives. There are four speeds forward and one reverse. The track rollers are rubberized. The tracks also have an internal one. Because of this, the T-80U tank has a very expensive undercarriage.

The tension is carried out by means of worm-type mechanisms. The suspension is combined, it includes both torsion bars and hydraulic shock absorbers on three rollers.

Weapon characteristics

The main gun is a 2A46M-1 cannon with a caliber of 125 mm. Exactly the same guns were placed on the T-64/72 tanks, as well as on the notorious Sprut self-propelled anti-tank gun.

Armament (as on the T-64) was fully stabilized in two planes. Experienced tankers say that the range of a direct shot at a visually observed target can reach 2100 m. Standard ammunition: high-explosive fragmentation, sub-caliber and cumulative shells. And the automatic loader can simultaneously hold up to 28 shots, several more can be located in the fighting compartment.

Auxiliary armament was a 12.7-mm Utes machine gun, but the Ukrainians have long been putting any similar weapons, focusing on the requirements of the customer. A huge disadvantage of the machine gun mount is the fact that only the tank commander can shoot from it, and for this he in any case has to leave the armored space of the vehicle. Since the initial ballistics of the 12.7 mm bullet is very similar to that of the projectile, the most important purpose of the machine gun is also to zero the gun without spending the main ammunition.

ammo rack

The mechanized ammo rack was placed by the designers around the entire perimeter of the habitable volume of the tank. Since a large part of the entire MTO of the T-80 tank is occupied by fuel tanks, the designers, in order to preserve the volume, were forced to place only the shells themselves horizontally, while the propellant charges stand vertically in the drum. This is a very noticeable difference between the "eighties" and the T-64/72 tanks, in which shells with expelling charges are located horizontally, at the level of the rollers.

The principle of operation of the main gun and loader

When an appropriate command is received, the drum begins to rotate, simultaneously bringing the selected type of projectile to the loading plane. After that, the mechanism is stopped, the projectile and expelling charge are sent into the gun with the help of a rammer fixed at one point. After the shot, the sleeve is automatically captured by a special mechanism and placed in the vacated cell of the drum.

The loading "carousel" provides a rate of fire of at least six to eight rounds per minute. If the automatic loader fails, you can load the gun manually, but the tankers themselves consider such a development of events unrealistic (too complicated, dreary and long). The tank uses the TPD-2-49 model sight, which is stabilized in the vertical plane regardless of the gun, allowing you to determine the distance and aim at the target at ranges of 1000-4000 m.

Some modifications

In 1978, the T-80U tank with a gas turbine engine was somewhat modernized. The main innovation was the appearance of the 9K112-1 Cobra missile system, which was fired with 9M112 missiles. The missile could hit an armored target at a distance of up to 4 kilometers, and the probability of this was from 0.8 to 1, depending on the characteristics of the terrain and the speed of the target.

Since the rocket completely repeats the dimensions of a standard 125-millimeter projectile, it can be located in any tray of the loading mechanism. This ammunition is “sharpened” exclusively against armored vehicles, the warhead is only cumulative. Like a conventional shot, structurally, the rocket consists of two parts, the combination of which occurs during the standard operation of the loading mechanism. It is induced in semi-automatic mode: the gunner must firmly hold the capture frame on the attacked target for the first few seconds.

Guidance is either optical or by a directional radio signal. To maximize the probability of hitting the target, the gunner can choose one of three missile flight modes, focusing on the combat situation and surrounding area. As practice has shown, this is useful when attacking armored vehicles protected active systems counteraction.

The T-80 is a Soviet main battle tank. He became the world's first serial tank with a single gas turbine power plant. It was and still is in service with a number of countries.

The history of the creation of the T-80

In 1969, on the basis of an experimental Kharkov gas turbine T-64T, a new gas turbine tank was built - "Object 219 sp1". After the shortcomings were eliminated, the tank was renamed "Object 219 sp 2", and the new model was already significantly different from the 64 - the tank's undercarriage was seriously changed, as the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle changed. Also, the shape of the tower has undergone changes. New tank received the name T-80 and was soon put into service.

Tactical and technical characteristics (TTX)

general information

• Classification - main battle tank;
• Combat weight - 42 tons;
• The layout scheme is classic;
• Crew - 3 people;
• Years of operation - since 1976;
• The number of issued - more than 10 thousand pieces.

Dimensions

• Case length - 6982 mm;
• Length with gun forward - 9654 mm;
• Hull width - 3525 mm;
• Height - 2193 mm;
• Clearance - 450 mm.

Booking

• Type of armor - rolled and cast steel and combined, anti-cannon;
• Dynamic protection - Contact-1, Contact-5.

Armament

• The caliber and brand of the gun is 125 mm 2A46-1;
• Type of gun - smoothbore gun;
• Barrel length - 48 calibers;
• Gun ammunition - 38;
• HV angles: -5…+14°;
• Firing range - 3.7-5 km;
• Sights - optical sight-rangefinder TPD-2-49, periscope night TPN-3-49;
• Machine guns - 1 × 12.7 mm NSVT, 1 × 7.62 mm PKT.

Mobility

• Engine type and brand - GTD-1000T air-cooled gas turbine;
• Engine power - 1000 hp;
• Highway speed - 65 km / h;
• Cross-country speed - 50 km / h;
• Power reserve on the highway - 350 km;
• Power reserve over rough terrain - 250 km;
• Suspension type - individual torsion bar;
• Specific ground pressure - 0.84 kg / cm²;
• Climbability - 32 degrees;
• Overcoming wall - 1 m;
• Crossable moat - 2.85 m;
• Crossable ford - 1.2 m.

T-80 modifications

• T-80A, developed in the mid-1970s;
• T-80U - modification with various technical improvements;
• T-80UK - commander's version of the tank with additional radios, navigation system and sensors;
• T-80UE - a modification designed in 1995 for the Greek tender;
• T-80UM1 "Bars", a relatively new modification (1997). It was distinguished by an improved engine, air conditioning system, a new gun and installed complexes and systems;
• T-80B, put into service in 1978;
• T-80UD, "Birch", with an anti-aircraft machine gun and a diesel engine;

There were also a number of Ukrainian upgrades of this tank.

Use in combat

• On October 4, 1993, it was the T-80UD tanks that fired at the building of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation during the White House shooting;
• In 1994-1996, the T-80 took part in the First Chechen war, for example, during the assault on Grozny;
• In early 2015, several T-80BVs were used by government forces in the armed conflict in Yemen. One T-80 was destroyed and another captured by the rebels;
• In 2015, in eastern Ukraine, in the zone of armed conflict, many unmarked T-80s were registered in the territory of the rebels.

tank memory

Today, the T-80 can be seen in many museums around the world:

• In the village of Arkhangelsk, in the Museum of Technology of Vadim Zadorozhny;
• in Bryansk, memorial complex"Partisan glade";
• In Verkhnyaya Pyshma, in the Museum of Military Equipment " Battle glory Ural";
• In the Armored Museum in Kubinka;
• Petersburg, in the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps;
• In the museum of the history of T-34;
• In the Ukrainian Museum of the Great Patriotic War.

Also, the T-80 is installed on a pedestal in many cities of Russia: in Kazan, in Moscow and the Moscow region, in Kostroma, in St. Petersburg and in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

The forties and fifties of the last century was a real " finest hour» for turbine power plants. The turbine engine won an easy victory over the piston engine in the aircraft industry and tank builders also began to produce the first drawings of tanks with similar power plants. And this is not surprising: this engine has much more high performance, compared to traditional diesel or gasoline engine; having the same weight, a gas turbine engine is much more powerful, and this increases the speed of the tank and allows you to install more powerful weapons on it.

The Soviet Union is the first country in the world to establish serial production tank, which was a gas turbine engine (GTE). Although I must say that it took several decades. Drawings of tanks with gas turbine engines began to appear in the late 40s, and the T 80 battle tank was put into service in 1976. But the task was not easy. The first turbines were imperfect and ill-suited for use as tank engines.

In Kharkov, in 1963, a modification of the T-64 tank was created, on which a gas turbine engine was installed, but this tank did not go into series. Despite all the advantages of gas turbine engines, there were problems that could not be solved in the 60s. The main difficulty in using a gas turbine power plant was to clean the air from dust. If the aircraft turbine encounters this problem only during landing and takeoff, then the tank engine operates in completely different conditions and the tank column often travels in a continuous cloud of dust. Also, gas turbine engines had higher fuel consumption than traditional engines. In the 50-70s of the last century, numerous drawings of tanks with gas turbine engines were created, but most of them remained at the project stage.

In 1969, the development of a new tank began at the Kirov Plant, on which a gas turbine engine was installed. The tank was developed on the basis of the T-64, but after the first tests it became clear that the drawings of the tank required significant changes. First of all, this applied to the chassis of the car. It took seven years to develop all the changes, and in 1976 the main tank T 80 was adopted. This tank was in service with the USSR army for more than 20 years, now it is the main battle tank of the Russian armed forces. This machine went through many conflicts and wars, was involved during the CTO in Chechnya.

Battle tank T-80. Description

Like any other Soviet tank, the main tank T 80 had a classic layout, inside it housed a crew of three. The mass of the vehicle was 42 tons, the frontal parts of the tank were made of multilayer armor. This made it possible to increase the security of the tank without increasing the thickness of the armor and adding excess weight. The tank engine had a special air purification system from dust, which made it possible to retain 97% of dust particles. The use of the GPA has significantly improved specifications new tank, the speed and maneuverability of the vehicle has seriously increased. One of the positive features of machines with gas turbine engines is their "illegibility" in terms of fuel; gasoline, aviation kerosene, diesel and other types of fuel can be used to refuel the T-80. Fuel consumption is relatively small. well thought out internal organization tank and conditions for the crew - driving a tank is very easy and convenient.

The tank is armed with 125mm smoothbore gun(firing range up to 5 km), the ammunition load includes 40 shells (later modifications have 38 and 45 shells), both sub-caliber and cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation. Later modifications of the vehicle were able to fire Cobra and Reflex missiles (firing range 4 and 5 km). The armament also includes an anti-aircraft machine gun and a PKT (7.62 mm).

The Soviet main tank T 80 had the following modifications: T-80U, T-80B (T-80BV), T-80UD and T-80U-M1 Bars, although the latter is a completely Russian tank created in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Below is a table describing all the main characteristics of the T-80 and its modifications.

TTX of the main modifications of the T-80 tank

Modifications T-80U and T-80UD are the most advanced versions of this tank. T-80U was created in 1985 in Leningrad, and T-80UD - in 1987 in Kharkov. And the T-80U-M1 "Bars" was already created in Russia, after the collapse of the USSR. These vehicles received the most advanced fire control system, their protection was improved (by increasing the thickness of the armor and installing dynamic protection). At the same time, the weight of the car increased slightly. The T-80UD is distinguished by a more powerful engine (diesel 1000 hp), a new turret with improved armor and an improved fire control system. Ammunition was increased.

All modifications of the T-80 tank use an automatic engine control system, which significantly reduces fuel consumption. The visibility for the crew has been improved.

T-80U-M1 "Bars"

I would like to separately talk about the latest modification of this very interesting car- about the famous Russian "flying" tank T-80U-M1 "Bars", which was created in the early 90s in Russia.

The creators of the Russian "Bars" aimed to improve the protection of the tank, increase its maneuverability and provide it with a lighter and more advanced weapon system. The aiming systems and visibility of the crew members have also been significantly improved. The tank weighs 47 tons. The layout is classic. tank can fire guided missiles, firing range up to 5 km. Ammunition consists of different types of projectiles.

The Russian "Bars" is equipped with the same reliable and proven 125-mm 2A46M cannon (firing range up to 5 km), ammunition - 45 rounds. The rigidity of the barrel was increased and this improved the accuracy of fire. The fire control system installed on the tank takes into account many characteristics: the range to the target, its speed, the speed of the tank itself, wind strength, charge temperature. All this significantly improves the accuracy of shooting and allows you to send the projectile right on target. The control system allows the tank commander to shoot as well. The T-80U-M1 provides excellent visibility for all crew members. The tank can be equipped with a night sight or a thermal imager. The thickness of the armor has been increased, with a slight increase in the mass of the tank.

Tank protection also corresponds to the best world analogues. It consists:

• combined multi-layer armor of the upper front of the hull and turret;
• built-in dynamic protection (VDZ);
• complex of active protection "Arena";
• KOEP "Shtora-1".

The installation of an active protection complex increases the survivability of the tank several times, even without increasing the thickness of the armor and maintaining the weight of the tank. Especially when participating in local conflicts when the main means of destruction are hand grenade launchers. The experience of using "Bars" during the CTO in Chechnya confirmed this. We can safely say that the T-80U-M1 is one of the most protected tanks modern Russia. Built-in protection provides better protection against projectiles.

This tank has an engine with a maximum power of 1250 hp. His power density 27.2 hp / t, which is a record. No wonder the Bars is called the "flying tank", it is distinguished by excellent speed and maneuverability. Below is a description of the T-80U-M1 tank. The engine management system can significantly reduce fuel consumption.

The T-80U-M1 automatic loader contains 28 rounds of ammunition and this ensures a fast rate of fire.
Below is a table describing the parameters of the tank.

At the same time, the Russian "Bars" is easy to operate, the arrangement of the fighting compartment is extremely well thought out and convenient. For this tank, Russian specialists have developed a unique air conditioning system, which makes driving easy and convenient. It can be said that the Russian tank T-80U-M1 is the best of all modifications of this machine.

Video about the T-80 tank

T-80U-M1 "Bars"

The T-80 tank is in service with Russia and a dozen other countries. The tank took part in many wars and conflicts, including in Chechnya and the Caucasus. How many more years this tank will be in service in Russia, no one can say.

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