A form of the passive participle. What are short participles and how they are formed: examples of words

29.09.2019

The aspect meaning of participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both kinds, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, in passive participles of the past tense, aspect oppositions are irregular.

As already noted, the aspect category has a significant impact on the process of participle formation, "allowing" or "prohibiting" the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from the verbs SV : cook - welded, read - read . NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.

The category of participle time is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporary oppositions is observed only in real participles, since in the passive form the past tense is rarely formed from NSV verbs, which was noted above.

The category of voice in participles has some features: for passive forms, only a passive voice is possible, real participles can have the meanings of both active and passive voice: Writer,who wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, finished(passive voice). Real participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is of little use.

§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.

Real participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, often obsolete and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from the past participles CB, on the contrary, are quite frequent: Quiet lake in the early morning, everything is covered with seedsblooming trees and grasses (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full way cutting off adjective endings and adding endings characteristic of short adjectives: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .

Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:

The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The whole south side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);

They do not decline, although they did in Old Russian;

They vary by numbers, and in the singular by gender;

Correlate with the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive form of the verbs CB;

Short participles do not express the meaning of time; the temporal characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " to be":was built, will be built, present with zero binding: built. It is the absence of the category of time that gives some linguists reason to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;

Short participles usually act in a sentence as a predicate: Literature has emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Sch.). Less often, in combination with dependent words, they play the role of a separate definition: Chased by spring rays, snow has already fled from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams to flooded meadows (P.).

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

object attribute designation
and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from verbs have it. imperfect form. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:

-om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
-im- for verbs of II conjugation
-nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It "has" a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly difficult. Features Let's look at these verb forms in more detail.

Peculiarities

Linguists have not yet decided what place in morphology to give participles. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a form of the verb, which expresses not only the action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is quite independent and refer it to parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply indispensable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word "which". For example:

A singing person is a person who sings.

A sick child is a child who is sick.

The work done is the work that has been done.

Having various dependent words with it, the sacrament is part of participle turnover decorating our speech.

For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.

Full form

One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. More than adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.

The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question "what". They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.

It is impossible to form short ones from it.

Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.

Short and full perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different purposes. The full form, answering the question "what", is a definition. This is its main similarity with the adjective.

Therefore, the participle, which is part of the turnover, is usually called a separate definition.

Don't forget about punctuation marks. If it includes only full forms, stands after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.

The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.

If the turn comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not put in any case: Job done on time was approved.

short form

As we managed to find out, short and full participles are in many ways similar, but they play different roles in sentences.

This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the full one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -th and part of the suffix, adding -a).

Consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle "paid" is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form plays the role of the main member of the sentence.

The main feature is that short and full participles can change by gender. Written - written, laid - laid, lost - lost.

It's not that hard to tell them apart. The right question to the sacrament will help to easily distinguish short form from full.

Since the sacrament special form verb, containing the features of both the verb and the adjective, then one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.

Theme: Communion

Lesson: Short Participles

Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.

Homework

Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

Exercise. Read the text of a joke letter that was written by one fairytale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.

We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.

Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.

Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.

Didactic materials. Section "Communion"

3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().

Spelling of participles. Exercises.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.