Three races of humanity. Mixed races. Basic and mixed race people

The current appearance of mankind is the result of a complex historical development of human groups and can be described by highlighting special biological types- human races. It is assumed that their formation began to occur 30-40 thousand years ago, as a result of the settlement of people in new geographical zones. According to the researchers, their first groups moved from the region of modern Madagascar to South Asia, then Australia, a little later to the Far East, Europe and America. This process gave rise to the original races from which all subsequent diversity of peoples arose. As part of the article, it will be considered which main races are distinguished within the species Homo sapiens(reasonable person), their characteristics and features.

Race Meaning

To summarize the definitions of anthropologists, a race is a historically established set of people who have a common physical type (skin color, structure and hair color, skull shape, etc.), the origin of which is associated with a certain geographical area. At the present time the relation of race to area is not always sufficiently clear, but it definitely took place in the distant past.

The origin of the term "race" is not reliably defined, but there has been much debate in scientific circles over its use. In this regard, initially the term was ambiguous and conditional. There is an opinion that the word represents a modification of the Arabic lexeme ras - head or beginning. There is also every reason to believe that this term may be related to the Italian razza, which means "tribe". Interestingly, in modern meaning this word is first found in the writings of the French traveler and philosopher Francois Bernier. In 1684 he gives one of the first classifications of the major human races.

races

Attempts to put together a picture classifying the human races were made by the ancient Egyptians. They identified four types of people according to their skin color: black, yellow, white, and red. And for a long time this division of mankind persisted. The Frenchman Francois Bernier tried to give a scientific classification of the main types of races in the 17th century. But more complete and constructed systems appeared only in the twentieth century.

It is known that there is no generally accepted classification, and all of them are rather conditional. But in the anthropological literature most often refer to Ya. Roginsky and M. Levin. They identified three large races, which in turn are divided into small ones: Caucasoid (Eurasian), Mongoloid and Negro-Australoid (Equatorial). When constructing this classification, scientists took into account morphological similarities, the geographical distribution of races and the time of their formation.

Race characteristics

The classic racial characteristic is determined by the complex physical features related to appearance man and his anatomy. The color and shape of the eyes, the shape of the nose and lips, the pigmentation of the skin and hair, the shape of the skull are the primary racial features. There are also secondary traits such as physique, height and proportions. human body. But in view of the fact that they are very variable and depend on environmental conditions, they are not used in racial science. Racial traits are not linked one way or the other. biological addiction, so they form numerous combinations. But it is stable traits that make it possible to single out races of a large order (basic), while small races are distinguished on the basis of more variable indicators.

Thus, the main characteristic of a race includes morphological, anatomical and other features that are of a stable hereditary nature and are minimally subject to the influence environment.

Caucasian race

Nearly 45% of the population the globe belong to the European race. The geographical discoveries of America and Australia allowed her to settle around the world. However, its main core is concentrated within Europe, the African Mediterranean and southwestern Asia.

In the Caucasoid group, the following combination of signs is distinguished:

• clearly profiled face;
• pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes from the lightest to darkest shades;
• straight or wavy soft hair;
• medium or thin lips;
• narrow nose, strongly or moderately protruding from the plane of the face;
• poorly formed fold of the upper eyelid;
• developed hairline on the body;
• large hands and feet.

The composition of the Caucasoid race is distinguished by two large branches - northern and southern. The northern branch is represented by Scandinavians, Icelanders, Irish, British, Finns and others. South - Spaniards, Italians, southern French, Portuguese, Iranians, Azerbaijanis and others. All the differences between them are in the pigmentation of the eyes, skin and hair.

Mongoloid race

The formation of the Mongoloid group has not been fully explored. According to some assumptions, the nationality was formed in the central part of Asia, in the Gobi desert, which was distinguished by its harsh sharply continental climate. As a result, representatives of this race of people generally have strong immunity and good adaptation to cardinal changes in climatic conditions.

Signs of the Mongoloid race:

• brown or black eyes with a slanted and narrow slit;
• overhanging upper eyelids;
• moderately extended nose and lips of medium size;
• skin color from yellow to brown;
• straight coarse dark hair;
• strongly protruding cheekbones;
• poorly developed body hair.

The Mongoloid race is divided into two branches: northern Mongoloids (Kalmykia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Tuva) and southern peoples (Japan, residents of the Korean Peninsula, South China). Ethnic Mongols can act as prominent representatives of the Mongoloid group.

The equatorial (or Negro-Australoid) race is a large group of people that makes up 10% of humanity. It includes Negroid and Australoid groups, which mostly live in Oceania, Australia, tropical zone Africa and regions of South, South-East Asia.

Most researchers consider the specific characteristics of a race as a result of the development of a population in a hot and humid climate:

• dark pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes;
• hard curly or Wavy hair;
• the nose is wide, slightly protruding;
• thick lips with a significant mucous part;
• outstanding Bottom part faces.

The race is distinctly divided into two trunks - eastern (Pacific, Australian and Asian groups) and western ( African groups).

Minor races

The main races in which humanity has been successfully imprinted on all the continents of the earth, branching out into a complex mosaic of people - small races (or races of the second order). Anthropologists distinguish from 30 to 50 such groups. The Caucasoid race consists of the following types: White Sea-Baltic, Atlanto-Baltic, Middle Caucasoid, Balkan-Caucasian (Ponto-Zagros) and Indo-Mediterranean.

The Mongoloid group distinguishes: Far Eastern, South Asian, North Asian, Arctic and American types. It is worth noting that the last of them in some classifications tends to be considered as an independent large race. In today's Asia, the Far Eastern (Koreans, Japanese, Chinese) and South Asian (Javanese, Probes, Malays) types are most prevalent.

The equatorial population is divided into six small groups: the African Negroids are represented by the Negro, Central African and Bushman races, the Oceanian Australoids are the Veddoid, Melanesian and Australian (in some classifications it is put forward as the main race).

mixed race

In addition to races of the second order, there are also mixed and transitional races. Presumably they formed from ancient populations within the borders climatic zones, through the contact of representatives of different races or appeared when distant migrations when it was necessary to adapt to new conditions.

Thus, there are Euro-Mongoloid, Euro-Negroid and Euro-Mongol-Negroid sub-races. For example, the Laponoid group has signs of three main races: prognathism, prominent cheekbones, soft hair, and others. The carriers of such characteristics are the Finno-Permian peoples. Or Ural which is represented by Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. She is characterized by the following dark straight hair, moderate skin pigmentation, brown eyes, and medium hairline. Mostly distributed in Western Siberia.

• Until the 20th century, there were no representatives of the Negroid race in Russia. In the USSR, during the cooperation with developing countries, about 70 thousand blacks remained to live.
• Only one Caucasian race is capable of producing lactase throughout its life, which is involved in the absorption of milk. In the other major races, this ability is observed only in infancy.
• Genetic studies have determined that the fair-skinned inhabitants of the northern territories of Europe and Russia have about 47.5% of Mongolian genes and only 52.5% of European ones.
• A large number of people who self-identify as pure African Americans have European ancestry. In turn, Europeans can find Native Americans or Africans in their ancestors.
• The DNA of all the inhabitants of the planet, regardless of external differences (skin color, hair texture), is 99.9% the same, therefore, from the position genetic research the existing concept of "race" loses its meaning.

The population of our planet today exceeds 7 billion people. This figure is increasing every day.

Population of the Earth

Scientists have determined that in just a decade, the number of people on Earth will increase by 1 billion people. However, such dynamics of the demographic picture was not always so high.

A few centuries ago, the number of people increased slowly. People died from bad weather conditions and diseases in early age because the development of science and technology was at a low level.

To date, the largest countries in terms of population are Japan, China and India. The population of these three countries becomes half of the world's population.

The smallest number of people live in countries whose territory covers equatorial forests, tundra and taiga zones, as well as mountain ranges. The bulk of the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere (about 90%).

Races

All mankind is divided into races. Races are organized groups people who are united by common external features - body structure, face shape, skin color, hair structure.

Such external signs formed as a result of adaptation human physiology to the conditions of the external environment. There are three major races: Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid.

The most numerous is the Caucasoid race, it includes about 45% of the world's population. Caucasoids inhabit the territory of Europe, part of Asia, South and North America and Australia.

The second largest is the Mongoloid race. The Mongoloid race includes people living in Asia, as well as the natives of North America - the Indians.

The Negroid race ranks third in terms of numbers. Representatives of this race live in Africa. After the slaveholding period, representatives of the Negroid race remained to live in South and North America.

peoples

Large races are formed by representatives of many peoples. Most of the world's population belongs to the 20 major nations, their number exceeds 50 million people.

Peoples are communities of people who lived in the same territory for long historical periods and are united by cultural heritage.

There are about 1500 peoples in the modern world. The geography of their settlement is the most diverse. Some of them are settled all over the planet, some are around within the limits of the settlement.

Four human races are considered (some scientists insist on three): Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. How does division take place? Each race has hereditary characteristics that are unique to it. These features include the color of the skin, eyes and hair, the shape and size of such parts of the face as the eyes, nose, lips. In addition to external explicit hallmarks of any race of a person, there are also a number of characteristics of creative potential, abilities for a particular work activity, and even features of the structure of the human brain.

Speaking of the four large groups, one cannot but say that they are all divided into small sub-races, which are formed from various nationalities and nationalities. No one has been arguing about the species unity of man for a long time, the best proof of this very unity is our life, in which representatives of different races get married and get married, and in these viable children are born.

The origin of races, or rather their formation, begins thirty to forty thousand years ago, when people begin to populate new geographical areas. A person adapted to live in certain conditions, and the development of certain racial characteristics depended on this. identified these features. At the same time, all human races retained common species features that characterize Homo sapiens. evolutionary development, or rather its level, is the same for representatives of different races. Therefore, all statements about the superiority of any nation over others have no basis. The concepts of "race", "nation", "ethnicity" should not be mixed and confused, since representatives of different races speaking the same language can live on the territory of one state.

Caucasoid race: inhabiting Asia, North Africa. Northern Caucasians are fair-faced, and southerners are dark-skinned. Narrow face, strongly protruding nose, soft hair.

Mongoloid race: the center and eastern part of Asia, Indonesia and the expanses of Siberia. Dark skin with a yellowish tint, straight coarse hair, a wide flat face and a special slit in the eyes.

Negroid race: most of the population of Africa. The skin is dark in color, dark brown eyes, black hair - thick, coarse, curly, large lips, and the nose is wide and flat.

Australian race. Some scientists distinguish it as a branch of the Negroid race. India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (ancient black population). Strongly developed superciliary arches, pigmentation of which is weakened. Some Australoids of the west of Australia, the south of India, in their youth are natural blondes, the reason for this is the once-fixed mutation process.

The characteristics of each human race are hereditary. And their development was primarily due to the necessity and usefulness of a particular trait to a representative of a particular race. So, extensive warms faster and easier cold air before it enters the lungs of the Mongoloid. And for a representative of the Negroid race, dark color was very important skin and the presence of thick curly hair, which formed an air gap that reduced exposure sun rays on the body.

For many years, the white race was considered the highest, since it was beneficial for Europeans and Americans, conquering the peoples of Asia and Africa. They unleashed wars and seized foreign lands, mercilessly exploited, and sometimes simply destroyed entire nations.

Today in America, for example, they look less and less at racial differences, there is a mixture of races, which sooner or later will necessarily lead to the appearance of a hybrid population.

IN modern humanity There are three main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. This large groups people who differ in some physical characteristics, such as facial features, skin color, eyes and hair, hair shape.

Each race is characterized by the unity of origin and formation in a certain territory.

The Caucasian race includes the indigenous population of Europe, South Asia and North Africa. Caucasoids are characterized by a narrow face, a strongly protruding nose, and soft hair. The skin color of northern Caucasians is light, while that of southern Caucasians is predominantly swarthy.

The Mongoloid race includes the indigenous population of Central and East Asia, Indonesia, and Siberia. Mongoloids are distinguished by their large, flat broad face, slit eyes, hard straight hair, swarthy skin color.

In the Negroid race, two branches are distinguished - African and Australian. The Negroid race is characterized by dark skin color, curly hair, dark eyes, a wide and flat nose.

Racial characteristics are hereditary, but at present they are not essential for human life. Apparently, in the distant past, racial traits were useful for their owners: the dark skin of blacks and curly hair, creating an air layer around the head, protected the body from the action of sunlight, the shape of the facial skeleton of the Mongoloids with a more extensive nasal cavity, perhaps, is useful for heating cold air before it enters the lungs. In terms of mental abilities, i.e., abilities for cognition, creative and labor activity in general, all races are the same. Differences in the level of culture are not associated with biological features people of different races, but with the social conditions of the development of society.

The reactionary essence of racism. Initially, some scholars confused the level social development with biological features and tried among modern peoples to find transitional forms that connect man with animals. These mistakes were used by the racists, who began to talk about the alleged inferiority of some races and peoples and the superiority of others in order to justify the merciless exploitation and direct destruction of many peoples as a result of colonization, the seizure of foreign lands and the outbreak of wars. When European and American capitalism tried to conquer the African and Asian peoples, the white race was declared the highest. Later, when the Nazi hordes marched across Europe, destroying the captured population in the death camps, the so-called Aryan race was declared the highest, to which the Nazis ranked the German peoples. Racism is a reactionary ideology and politics aimed at justifying the exploitation of man by man.

The failure of racism is proved by the real science of races - racial science. Racial science studies racial characteristics, the origin, formation and history of human races. The data obtained by racial science indicate that the differences between races are not sufficient to consider races as different biological species of people. Mixing of races - miscegenation - occurred constantly, as a result of which, on the borders of the ranges of representatives of different races, intermediate types smoothing out differences between races.

Will races disappear? One of the important conditions for the formation of races is isolation. In Asia, Africa and Europe, it still exists to some extent today. Meanwhile, newly settled regions such as Northern and South America, can be compared to a cauldron in which all three racial groups are melted down. Although public opinion in many countries does not support interracial marriages, there is little doubt that racial interbreeding is inevitable and will sooner or later lead to the formation of a hybrid human population.

When distinguishing races of the first (large), second (small) and third order (subraces), as well as anthropological types, they are guided by the principle of the taxonomic value of racial features, depending on the time of formation of the racial trunk and the territory on which this feature delimits groups of people. The later the sign was formed, the less it is suitable for distinguishing between large races. Thus, large races are distinguished primarily by the degree of pigmentation and the structural features of the face and head, that is, by the signs of appearance that have separated mankind since ancient times. Races are not suitable for signs that can change by themselves over time. (For example, zygomatic size, skull shape - top view).

Antiquity of origin race determined by the breadth of its geographical distribution. If it manifests itself in many human populations over wide areas of the continent, this indicates an ancient and local formation. Signs that change in a complex way are also an indicator of belonging to a large race.

The famous anthropologist N.N. Cheboksarov in 1951 gave a classification of racial types, which included three large races: equatorial, or Australo-Negroid, Eurasian, or Caucasoid, Asian-American. The major races include a total of 22 minor races, or races of the second order. In 1979, Cheboksarov found it possible to single out the Australoid race separately as a race of the first order.

big races

Equatorial race (Fig. IX. 1). Dark skin color, wavy or curly hair, wide, slightly protruding nose, low or medium nose bridge, transverse nostrils, protruding upper lip, large mouth gap, protruding teeth.

Eurasian race (Fig. IX. 2). Light or dark skin color, straight or wavy hair, abundant beard and mustache growth, narrow and sharply protruding nose, high nose bridge, longitudinal nostrils, straight upper lip, small mouth opening, thin lips. Often there are light eyes and hair. The teeth are set straight. Strong canine fossa. It makes up 2/3 of the world's population.

Asiatic-American race (Fig. IX. 3). Dark skin tone, straight, often coarse hair, weak growth of beard and mustache, average nose width, low or medium nose bridge, slightly (in Asia) and strongly (in America) protruding nose, straight upper lip, average thickness of lips, flattened face, inner crease of the eyelid.

The spread of large races. The Eurasian race (before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries), occupied Europe, North Africa, Western and Central Asia, the Middle East, India - a temperate and Mediterranean climate, often - maritime climate, mild winter.

Distribution of the Asian-American race, - Asia, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, islands Pacific Ocean, Madagascar, North and South America - all climatic and geographical zones.

The territories occupied by the equatorial race are south of the Tropic of Cancer in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia (savannahs, tropical forests, deserts, oceanic islands).

Minor races

Eurasian race

Atlanto-Baltic minor race. The range of the race is Scandinavia, the British Isles, the northern regions of Western and Eastern Europe.

Represented by Norwegians, Swedes, Scots, Icelanders, Danes, Russians, Belarusians, Baltic peoples, Northern French, Germans, Finns. The race is light-skinned, the eyes are most often light, often blond hair. The growth of the beard is average and above average. Body hair is medium to light. The face and head are large (long-average annual); the face is long. The nose is narrow and straight, with a high nose bridge. In the history of the composition of the race, depigmentation has occurred.

White Sea-Baltic minor race. The range is from the Baltic to the White Seas. The most lightly pigmented race, especially the hair. The length of the body is less than that of the Atlanto-Baltic minor race, the face is wider and lower. Shorter nose, often with a concave back. This option is a direct descendant of the ancient population of Central and Northern Europe.

Central European small race. The range is all of Europe, especially the North European Plain from the Atlantic to the Volga. The race is represented by Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Austrians, northern Italians, Ukrainians, Russians. Darker hair color than the White Sea-Baltic race. The head is moderately wide. Average face size. The growth of the beard is average and above average. Nose with a straight back and a high nose bridge, the length varies.

Balkan-Caucasian minor race. The area is the Eurasian mountain belt. Body length is average and above average. The hair is dark, often wavy. The eyes are dark and mixed shades. Strong tertiary hairline. The head is brachycephalic (short). The width of the face is medium to above average. The nose is large, with a convex back. The base of the nose and the tip are lowered.

Indo-Mediterranean minor race. The range is some southern regions of Europe, North Africa, Arabia, a number of southern regions of Eurasia up to India. Represented by Spaniards, Portuguese, southern Italians, Algerians, Libyans, Egyptians, Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans, peoples of Central Asia, Indians. Body length is average and below average. Skin color is dark. Hair is wavy. The eyes are dark. Tertiary hairline is moderate. The nose is straight and narrow, the bridge of the nose is high. The eyeball is wide open. The middle part of the face predominates. The fold of the upper eyelid is poorly developed.

Laponoid minor race. The area is the north of Fennoscandia. The basis of the anthropological type of the Lapps (Saami). In ancient times, it was widely distributed in northern Europe. A mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characters. The skin is light, the hair is dark, straight or broadly wavy, soft. The eyes are dark or mixed shades. The tertiary hairline is weak. The head is large. The face is low. The nose is short and wide. The interorbital distance is wide. The body length is short. The legs are relatively short, the arms are long, the body is wide.

Asian American

Pacific Mongoloids.

Far Eastern minor race. It is part of the population of Korea, China, Japan. Skin color is dark. The eyes are dark. Epicanthus is common. The tertiary hairline is very weak. Height is average or above average. The face is narrow, of medium width, high, flat. High brain skull. The nose is long, with a straight back, slightly-medium protruding.

South Asian minor race. The skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. In comparison with it, the epicanthus is less characteristic: the face is less flattened and lower; lips are thicker; the nose is relatively wider. The skull is small and broad. The forehead is convex. The body length is short. The area is the countries of South and Southeast Asia.

Northern Mongoloids

North Asian minor race. The skin color is lighter than that of the Pacific Mongoloids. The hair is dark and dark blond, straight and coarse. The face is high and broad, very flat. The brain skull is low. There is a very low nose bridge. Part of the epicanthus. The eye section is small: the body length is medium and below average. It is part of many indigenous peoples of Siberia (Evenks, Yakuts, Buryats).

Arctic minor race. Included in the Eskimos, Chukchi, American Indians, Koryakov. The pigmentation is darker than that of the North Asian minor race; the face is more prognathous. The hair is straight and coarse. Epicanthus occurs in 50% of the race. Nose protrudes moderately. Wide lower jaw. The bones and muscles are strongly developed. The body and arms are short. Rib cage rounded.

American race

The range is the vast territory of America. Large nose, sometimes convex. The flattening of the face is moderate. Epicanthus is rare. The face and head are large. Massive body.

Australo-Negroid race

African Negroids

Negro minor race. The range is the savannah and forest zone of Africa. Skin color is dark or very dark. Eye color is dark. The hair is heavily curly and spirally curled. The nose is wide in wings. Low and flat bridge. Lips are thick. Severe alveolar prognathism. Tertiary hairline is medium and weak. The palpebral fissure is wide open; the eyeball protrudes somewhat forward. The interorbital distance is large. Body length is average or above average. The limbs are long, the body is short. The pelvis is small.

Bushman minor race. Settlement area - desert and semi-desert areas South Africa. Yellowish-brown skin color. Hair and eyes are dark. The hair is spirally curled and grows slowly in length. The nose is wide, with a low nasal bridge. The tertiary cover is weak. The section of the eyes is smaller than that of the Negro race, epicanthus is found. The face is small, somewhat flattened. Small lower jaw. Body length below average. Strong Development buttock fat. Wrinkling of the skin. The Bushmen are a remnant of the ancient race of Africa of the ancient Middle Stone Age.

Negril minor race. aborigines rainforest Africa. Pigmentation and shape of hair, like that of the Bushmen. The nose is broader, but protrudes more strongly. The incision of the eyes is significant, the eyeball protrudes strongly. The tertiary hairline is strongly developed. The length of the body is very small, the legs are short, the arms are long. The joints are mobile.

Oceanic Negroids

Australian minor race. Indigenous people Australia. The skin color is dark, but lighter than that of the Negro race. Hair color is brown to black. The shape of the hair - from wide-wavy to narrow-wavy and curl. The eyes are dark. The tertiary hairline is well developed on the face and weakly on the body. Nose very wide, low bridge of nose. The eye section is large; the position of the eyeball is deep. Lips of medium thickness. Jaws protrude forward. Body length is average and above average. The body is short, the limbs are long. The chest is powerful, the muscles are well developed, the neck is short. The skull, unlike the skeleton, is very massive.

Melanesian minor race. The distribution area is New Guinea and the islands of Melanesia. Unlike Australians, curly-haired people have a smaller stature, the tertiary hairline is less developed. Papuans often have a large nose with a convex back and a lowered tip (similar to the Western Asian Caucasoids).

Vedoid minor race. The range of the race is the islands of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India. It is a smaller version of the Australians. Moderately dark skin, wavy hair, medium lip thickness, moderate jaw protrusion. The nose is narrower in the wings, the bridge of the nose is not too low. The tertiary hairline is weak. Body length is average and below average. Often this race is combined with the Australian into one. In antiquity, both options were widespread.

contact races

At the junction of the ranges of large races, contact races are distinguished, which have a special classification. On the territory where Caucasoids and Mongoloids contact, the Ural and South Siberian small races stand out; a mixture of Caucasians and Negroids gave the Ethiopian minor race; Caucasoids and Veddoids - a Dravidian minor race.

Ural small race. The range of the race is the Urals, Trans-Urals, part of Western Siberia. The skin is light. The hair is dark and dark blond, straight and broadly wavy, often soft. Eye color - mixed and dark shades, a little light. The nose is straight or with a concave back, the tip is raised, the bridge of the nose is of medium height. The face is small and relatively wide, low and moderately flattened. Lips of medium thickness. The tertiary hairline is weakened. The Ural race is similar to the Laponoid, but people are larger and have a Mongoloid admixture. The Ural race is represented by Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, some Volga peoples, some peoples of the Altai-Sayan highlands.

South Siberian small race. The range of the race is the steppes of Kazakhstan, the mountainous regions of the Tien Shan, Altai-Sayan. The skin color is dark and light. Hair and eye color, like the Ural race. Nose with a straight or convex back, large, bridge of medium height. The face is rather high and broad. The hair is often straight and coarse. Average height. The variant is more massive than the Ural one. This race includes Kazakhs and Kirghiz.

Ethiopian minor race. Distributed in East Africa. Skin color - with brown tints. Dark hair and eyes. Hair is curly, finely wavy. The tertiary cover is weakened. The nose is straight, with a rather high bridge of nose, not wide. The face is narrow, the lips are of medium thickness. Body length is average and above average; body is narrow. An ancient version of humanity (from the middle and new stone age).

Dravidian (South Indian) minor race. Distribution area - South India at the junction of the southern Caucasians and Veddoids. Brown skin. The hair is straight and wavy, the proportions of the face and its details tend to average values.

Ainu (Kuril) small race. The area is the island of Hokkaido. Skin color is tan. The hair is dark, coarse, wavy. The eyes are light brown. Epicanthus is rare or absent. The tertiary hairline is highly developed. The face is low, broad, slightly flattened. The nose, mouth and ears are large, the lips are full. The arms are long, the legs are relatively short. The physique is massive. The Ainu are sometimes considered a distinct large race; they are also referred to as Caucasoids or Australoids.

Polynesian minor race. The area is the islands of the Pacific Ocean. New Zealand. The skin is swarthy, sometimes light or yellowish. Hair is dark, wavy or straight. The tertiary hairline on the body is weak, on the face is medium. The nose of the media is not protruding, relatively wide. Lips are full. Large sizes body. It remains unclear what great races were included as components of mixing in this variant.

The population that forms the race. Total population populations belonging to equatorial races (without transitional and mixed forms) is about 260.1 million people (calculations were carried out by S.I. Bruk with the participation of N.N. Cheboksarov in 1975-1976). The oceanic (Australoid) branch accounts for 9.5 million people. Among the Negroids, the most numerous are blacks (250.2 million people, 215 million people live in Africa, 35 million people live in America). African pygmies(Negrillians) there are about 200 thousand people, Bushmen - 250 thousand people. The most numerous in South and Southeast Asia are Veddoids - 5 million people, Melanesians and Papuans - 4.26 million people. The Australians number about 50 thousand people, the Ainu - about 20 thousand people.

The total number of populations transitional between the equatorial and Caucasian races is about 356.6 million people (the South Indian group - 220 million people, the Ethiopian group - 45 million people).

The total number of Caucasoid populations, not mixed or very little mixed with other large races, reaches 1803.5 million people. Light Caucasians make up 140 million people, dark Caucasians - 1047.5 million people, the rest are transitional types. In the former USSR, Caucasians numbered 220 million people, in foreign Europe- 478 million, in Africa - 107 million, in America - 303 million, in Australia and Oceania - 16.5 million people. Light Caucasians predominate in the north of Europe and in North America, dark - in the Caucasus, in the countries of the Middle East, in South Asia, in the south of Europe, in Africa, Latin America. Mixed and transitional forms between Caucasoid and Asian Mongoloids number 44.8 million people. Thus, the South Siberian race has 8.5 million people, the Urals - 13.1 million people.

The third main group of races - Mongoloid - is estimated at 712.3 million people. Northern Mongoloids (continental) number 8 million people, the number of Pacific (eastern) Mongoloids reaches 671.1 million people (most in China and Korea). The Arctic (Eskimo) group of types numbers 150 thousand people (transitional between continental and Pacific Mongoloids). American Mongoloids (sometimes distinguished as a separate large race) include approximately 33 million people.

The number of mixed and transitional forms between the Mongoloids and the Equatorial races can be judged from the South Asian contact race, connecting the Eastern Mongoloids with the Australoids, which has 550.4 million people.

The Polynesian Contact Group has about 1 million members. It occupies a middle position between all the great races of mankind.

The number of all Mongoloid-Equatorial populations is estimated at 674.1 million people.