Horned viper - description, where it lives, features. Persian horned viper - a rare snake with a "twist Horned viper"
Appearance
horned viper (Cerastes cerastes ) – poisonous snake 60-80 cm long, with a thick body and a sharply narrowed short tail. Above her eyes, one sharp vertical scale sticks out, the length of these scales can be very different. The scales on the sides of the body are smaller than the dorsal, strongly keeled and directed obliquely downwards, forming a kind of saw running along each side. The color of the horned viper is sandy yellow with dark brown spots along the back and on both sides of the body.
Distribution and lifestyle
This snake inhabits the entire Sahara desert and adjacent foothills and dry savannas, as well as the Arabian Peninsula. During the day, it buries itself in the sand or hides in rodent burrows, and at nightfall it goes hunting for small rodents and birds. Juveniles feed on grasshoppers and lizards.
Features of movement and behavior
moving horned viper“Laterally”, throwing the back half of the body forward and sideways and pulling the front part towards it. At the same time, not a single trace remains on the sand, but separate oblique strips at an angle of 40-60 ° to the direction of movement, since when “throwing” forward, the snake does not touch the ground with the middle of the body, relying only on the front and rear ends of the body. In the process of movement, the snake periodically changes the “working side” of the body, moving forward either with the left or with the right side. Thus, a uniform load on the muscles of the body is achieved with an asymmetric method of movement. Small keeled scales, sawtooth located on the sides of the body, bring a double benefit to the snake. First of all, they serve as the main burrowing mechanism when the snake is buried in the sand. The viper spreads the ribs to the sides, flattens the body and with a quick transverse vibration pushes the sand apart, “drowning” in it literally before our eyes. Keeled scales act like miniature plows. For 10-20 seconds, the horned viper disappears in the thickness of the sand. There remains only a trace of its immersion, bordered by two sandy rollers, but this trace soon disappears under a light breeze. Burrowing, the snake often sticks its head out of the sand just enough so that its eyes are flush with the surface. At the same time, a thin layer of sand remains on the upper side of the head, masking it. In addition, keeled scales are used by the viper to make a kind of frightening sound. Curled up into a half ring, the snake rubs one side of the body against the other, the sawtooth scales scrape against each other, making a loud continuous rustling. This sound is most similar to the hissing of water spilled on a hot stove. A disturbed viper can continuously "hiss" in this way for 1-2 minutes. This "hissing" is used by the snake to scare away enemies, similar to the vocal hissing of most snakes or the dry chirping of a rattle in rattlesnakes.
reproduction
horned viper- an egg-laying snake, it has from 10 to 20 eggs in a clutch. From the clutch of eggs incubated at 28-29 °, the cubs are hatched after 48 days.
Horned viper and symbolism
horned viper was well known to the ancient Egyptians. It was this type of snake that served as the basis for the Egyptian hieroglyph "phi". Probably, the choice of a snake for this hieroglyph is explained by onomatopoeic similarity. Snake charmers in Egypt both before and now willingly use in their performances, in addition to cobras, also horned vipers. The "horns" of vipers are undoubtedly the most spectacular attribute of their appearance, however, the supraorbital scales are sometimes very weakly expressed. Therefore, some spellcasters, not content with the natural size of the "horns", glue the sharp tips of porcupine needles over their eyes to their "artists" in order to ensure their success with a gullible public.
The North American Indians of the Huron tribe had a legend about huge snake named Oniont. This snake had a horn that could pierce a stone. Anyone who was lucky enough to find even the slightest piece of this horn could cure any disease with its help.
Horned snakes often appear in Celtic art. Most often they are depicted with two ram's horns, and not with one. The Gundrestrup cauldron is engraved with Cernunnos (Lord of the Animals) holding a snake with ram's horns by the neck. The horned serpent was a very important element in Celtic beliefs. Sometimes he was depicted not only with ram's horns, but also with a ram's head.
Several Babylonian paintings show a serpent-dragon with the body and head of a serpent, lion's front and bird's hind legs, and a horn located in the center of the nose. This dragon-serpent was called "mushussu" (ferocious snake). The Babylonians singled out three more types of horned snakes, calling them “Musmahkhu”, “Usumgallu” and “Basmu”.
One who has learned to work with the energy of the chakras.
magical properties: cures any disease.
Lamia
In ancient texts, lamia is mentioned as a type of creature similar to sirens. These creatures prefer dry places and live in ruined cities, caves, and remote wilderness areas. The lamia had the body and head of a woman and Bottom part snakes. They combed their hair with a golden comb and loved to eat the meat of children. Lamia was swift, powerful and lured the victim into her nets with the help of spells.
In ancient Greek myths, several creatures were called lamia. In one legend, this name was given to a mortal maiden who gave birth to Zeus several children. In another legend, this is a creature with the face of a gorgon that ate children. Another legend tells how Hermes turned a snake with crimson, gold, green and blue spots into a beautiful girl. The happiness of this girl was destroyed by the philosopher Apollonius, she screamed and disappeared.
Catholic Bishop Martin of Braga wrote that lamias lived in rivers and forests and were devils. Johann Weir devoted an entire book to these creatures, De Lamiis Liber (On the Life of Lamia), published in 1577.
By the beginning of the 17th century, the lamia had changed its appearance and became a scaly four-legged creature. It had hooves on its hind legs and claws on its front legs. She had a woman's face and breasts and a man's penis.
Psychological characteristics: one who intentionally lures victims and gains complete control over them.
Nagas
Indian naked are perhaps the most amazing magical snakes. They were demigods by nature, children of the goddess Kadru, and usually appeared in the form of a half-snake-half-man (cobra). However, they could take on a human form, and females did this much more often than males. Nagas were both water and earth spirits.
Apparently, there were several types of nagas, and each of them has its own characteristic external features and coloring. Nagas who live in ruins, places with an oppressive atmosphere, or underground are covered in black scales with crimson stripes. Their faces are similar to human ones, they have the same colors of skin, eyes and hair. However, this type of naga is hostile towards humans. They can enchant anyone who meets their eyes; they can spit venom, and their bite is also poisonous. Don't expect help from these nagas.
Other earth nagas are wise, friendly, and guard sacred sites or treasures, as well as controlling their black counterparts. These cobra people can also spit venom, although they only do so in self-defense. They have golden eyes and green-gold scales with silvery triangles along their backs.
Naga dwellings, which prefer to dwell in various bodies of water, are located deep under the clear, fresh water of ponds, lakes or rivers. They usually do not interfere in the affairs of people, although a sincere request can help enlist their help. They are curious about everything that happens to people. Water nagas are the most colorful of all species. The color of their scales ranges from emerald green to turquoise, and the pattern that is often seen on them can be from deep Brown in combination with pale jade to dark gray with olive. The shade of their eyes can vary from pale green to bright amber. Even though their bite and saliva are poisonous, these nagas prefer to use magical spells.
Nagas could cause or prevent rain, they had great power and wealth, as well as power over all water, including over rivers and seas. Myths claim that the nagas gained their semi-divine status when the gods and demons churned the seas to make soma, the divine drink. While the gods and demons were fighting for soma, a few drops of this drink fell to the ground. The Nagas drank them greedily, but it wasn't enough to give them the power they needed for the gods.
It is believed that nagas live in a country that is either under water or underground. The capital of their state and the main place of residence is in the underground kingdom of Bhagavati (“rich in treasures”), which is probably located deep under the Himalaya mountain system. According to the legends, they live there in beautiful houses, decorated with precious stones and metals. The streets of their cities are paved with a mosaic of emeralds, rubies, sapphires and other bright gems. Nagas also keep books of great mystical knowledge. In the throat or forehead of each naga sparkles gem of immeasurable value that gives them their supernatural powers.
The female nagas are called nagini. These snake women are very beautiful and wise. There are many stories about how they fell in love and married mortal princes. According to Cambodian legend, this country was formed through the union of a nagini and a prince. In the ancient city of Angkor, images of nagas are everywhere - in sculpture and home decoration. Pairs of nagas guarded the entrances to temples, palaces and tombs, and their seven-headed statues bowed over all who entered.
On the lands adjacent to the palace, as early as the 13th century, a golden tower towered. At the top of it was a special room where the king was believed to spend every night. The people of Cambodia believed that there lived a nine-headed nagini who ruled the country with the help of the king. If the nagini does not come, the king will die, and if he spends at least one night outside the tower, misfortune will fall upon the country.
In India, to this day, nagini is worshiped - this is Naga Kanya, the goddess of the three kingdoms. She is the keeper of underwater treasures and spiritual achievements. She has top part the body is female, and the lower one is a water snake. Above her head rises a dome in the shape of a five-headed cobra, symbolizing Kanya's spiritual powers. She has wings on her back above her shoulder blades, and a precious stone sparkles in her forehead. Naga Kanya holds a clam shell in her hands, symbolizing her desire to shed blessings on those who seek her wisdom.
Although most nagas can combine both good and bad qualities, some of them have done great things and achieved enlightenment. Naga Sesha led such a righteous life that the god Brahma granted him immortality. It is believed that now Sesha supports the universe, and on the rings of his curled tail the god Vishnu sleeps in the shadow of his seven heads.
When the Buddha was born, the nagas sprinkled him with fragrant Naga Kanya water. After the Buddha attained enlightenment, he spent several weeks in a state of meditation. His great piety attracted Naga Muchalinda (sometimes referred to as Musilinda), a multi-headed cobra. Muchalinda surrounded the Buddha with the rings of his body and sheltered him from the storms with his huge hood so that the Buddha could meditate calmly and nothing disturbed him.
After the death of the Buddha, one of the tombs built to honor his memory ended up in the country of the Nagas.
At least one type of naga is not benevolent towards humans. The Naga-Sannia demon causes nightmares related to snakes.
Some tribes living in India consider themselves descendants of the Nagas and pay respect to their ancestors by leaving sacrifices on the banks of certain ponds and rivers. In Indian mythology, snakes are associated with the element of Water and the seas. It is also believed that people they like can be bestowed with the ability to become invisible when they enter any water.
In addition, nagas protected doors and thresholds, and guarded treasures, both physical and spiritual. Doors, thresholds and physical and spiritual treasures are considered dangerous things for unprepared people. Nagas open these places and allow only those they deem worthy and ready to enter.
Psychological characteristics: positive- one who sincerely seeks to acquire spiritual treasure. Negative- a person who can make others do anything with the help of spells, but at the same time he has a bad habit of spewing poisonous gossip and rumors.
Magic properties: acquisition of spiritual wealth; a hidden treasure of spiritual quest, revealed only to sincere people. If you run into trouble or difficult problems, ask the Nagas to help you figure out exactly where you've gone astray. spiritual path. Helpful nagas can sometimes help you find hidden treasures, win contests and lotteries, or get unexpected money, but their help can only be won with sincerity.
(Cerastes cerastes)- venomous snake horned viper families vipers. Has 2 subspecies. Another name is "desert horned viper".
Description
The total length reaches 60-80 cm. The head is wide. One sharp vertical scale sticks out above the eyes. The length of these scales is very different. The body is thick, the tail is sharply narrowed, short. The scales on the sides of the body are smaller than the dorsal ones, strongly keeled and directed obliquely down, forming a kind of saw that runs along each side. The coloration is sandy-yellow with dark brown spots along the back and on both sides of the body.
Lifestyle
Likes deserts, dry savannahs, foothills. During the day, it burrows into the sand or hides in rodent burrows; after dark, it goes hunting.
It moves in a “lateral move”, throwing the back half of the body forward and to the side and pulling the front half towards it. At the same time, the only trace remains on the sand, and separate oblique strips at an angle of 40-60 ° to the direction of movement, since when “throwing” forward, the snake does not touch the ground with the middle of the body, relying only on the front and rear ends of the body. In the process of movement, periodically changes the “working side” of the body, moving forward either with the left or with the right side. Thus, a uniform load on the muscles of the body is achieved with an asymmetric method of movement.
Small keeled scales, which are sawtooth located on the sides of the body, serve as the main mechanism for burrowing the snake in the sand. The viper spreads the ribs to the sides, flattening the body and with a quick transverse vibration pushes the sand apart, “drowning” in it literally before our eyes. Kilevati scales act like miniature plows. In 10-20 seconds it disappears in the thickness of the sand. There remains only a trace of her dive, bordered by 2 sandy rollers, this trace soon disappears under a light breeze. Burrowing, the snake often sticks its head out of the sand just enough so that its eyes are flush with the surface. At the same time, a thin layer of sand remains on the upper side of the head, masking it. Keelwati scales are also used by the viper to create a peculiar scaring sound. Curled into a half ring, the snake rubs one side of the body against the other, the sawtooth scales scrape against each other, making a loud continuous rustle. This sound is most similar to the hissing of water poured onto a red-hot stove. Excited by danger, the viper can continuously "hiss" in this way for 1-2 minutes. This "hiss" is used by the snake to scare away enemies, similar to the vocal hiss of most snakes or the dry chirping of a rattle in rattlesnakes.
Feeds on small rodents and birds. Juveniles feed on grasshoppers and lizards.
This is an oviparous snake. The female lays 10-20 eggs. The pups hatch after 48 days.
Man and horned viper
It was well known to the ancient Egyptians. It was this type of snake that served as the basis for the Egyptian hieroglyph "phi". The choice of a snake for this character is explained by the sound similarity.
Snake charmers in Egypt used to and now willingly use in their performances. The "horns" of vipers are undoubtedly the most spectacular attribute of their appearance, however, the supraorbital scales are sometimes very weakly expressed. Therefore, some spellcasters, not content with the natural size of the "horns", glue the sharp tips of porcupine needles over their eyes to their "artists" in order to ensure their success with a gullible public.
Spreading
This snake inhabits the Sahara desert (Africa), as well as the Arabian Peninsula.
California ground cuckoo- a North American bird from the cuckoo family (Cuculidae). It lives in deserts and semi-deserts in the south and southwest of the United States and in northern Mexico.
Adult ground cuckoos reach a length of 51 to 61 cm, including the tail. They have a long, slightly curved beak. The head, crest, back and long tail are dark brown with light spots. The neck and belly are also light. The extremely long legs and long tail are adaptations for a desert-running lifestyle.
Most representatives of the cuckoo suborder keep in the crowns of trees and shrubs, fly well, and this species lives on the ground. Thanks to the peculiar body composition and long legs, the cuckoo moves completely like a chicken. On the run, she stretches her neck somewhat, slightly opens her wings and raises her crest. Only when necessary, the bird takes off into the trees or flies over short distances.The California ground cuckoo can reach speeds of up to 42 km/h. The special arrangement of the toes also helps her in this, since both outer toes are located back, and both inner ones are forward. She flies, however, because of her short wings very poorly and can stay in the air for only a few seconds.
The California ground cuckoo has evolved an unusual, energy-saving way to spend cold nights in the desert. At this time of day, her body temperature drops and she falls into a kind of immobile hibernation. On her back there are dark patches of skin that are not covered with feathers. In the morning, she spreads her feathers and exposes these areas of the skin to the sun, due to which the body temperature quickly returns to normal levels.
This bird spends most of its time on the ground and preys on snakes, lizards, insects, rodents and small birds. She is fast enough to kill even small vipers, which she grabs by the tail with her beak and beats her head on the ground like a whip. She swallows her prey whole. Own English name Road Runner (road runner) this bird received for the fact that it used to run after mail coaches and grab small animals disturbed by their wheels.
The earthen cuckoo fearlessly appears where other inhabitants of the desert are reluctant to penetrate - into the possession of rattlesnakes, since these poisonous reptiles, especially young ones, serve as prey for birds. The cuckoo usually attacks the snake, trying to hit it with a powerful long beak in the head. At the same time, the bird constantly bounces, evading enemy throws. Earthen cuckoos are monogamous: a pair is formed for the period of hatching, and both parents incubate the clutch and feed the cuckoos. Birds build a nest from twigs and dry grass in bushes or thickets of cacti. There are 3-9 white eggs in a clutch. Cuckoo chicks are fed exclusively with reptiles.death valley
Death Valley got its name from the settlers who crossed it in 1849, trying to reach the gold mines of California by the shortest route. The guidebook briefly reports that "some stayed in it forever." The dead were poorly prepared for the passage through the desert, did not stock up on water and lost their bearings. Before his death, one of them cursed this place, calling it Death Valley. The few survivors withered the meat of the mules on the wreckage of the dismantled wagons and reached the goal. They left behind "cheerful" geographical names: Death Valley, Burial Range, Last Chance Ridge, Coffin Canyon, Dead Man's Pass, Hell's Gate, Gorge Rattlesnake and etc.
Death Valley is surrounded by mountains on all sides. This is a seismically active region, the surface of which is shifting along fault lines. Huge blocks earth's surface move in the process of underground earthquakes, the mountains become higher, and the valley goes lower in relation to sea level. On the other hand, erosion is constantly occurring - the destruction of mountains as a result of the impact natural forces. Small and large stones, minerals, sand, salts and clay washed off the surface of the mountains fill the valley (now the level of these ancient layers is about 2,750 m). However, the intensity of geological processes far exceeds the force of erosion, therefore, in the next million years, the tendency of "growth" of mountains and lowering of the valley will continue.
Badwater Basin is the lowest part of Death Valley, located at 85.5 m below sea level. Sometime after ice age Death Valley was a huge lake with fresh water. The local hot and dry climate contributed to the inevitable evaporation of water. Annual short-term, but very intense rains wash tons of minerals from the surface of the mountains into the lowlands. The salts remaining after the evaporation of the water settle to the bottom, reaching the highest concentration in the lowest place, in the Pond with bad water. Here, rainwater lingers longer, forming small temporary lakes. Once upon a time, the first settlers were surprised that their dehydrated mules refused to drink water from these lakes, and they marked "bad water" on the map. So this area got its name. In fact, the water in the pool (when it is) is not poisonous, but it tastes very salty. There are also unique inhabitants here that are not found in other places: algae, aquatic insects, larvae and even a mollusk, named after the place of residence Badwater Snail.
In a vast area of the valley, located below the level of the World Ocean, and once the bottom of a prehistoric lake, one can observe the amazing behavior of salt deposits. This area is divided into two different zones, differing in texture and shape of salt crystals. In the first case, salt crystals grow upwards, forming bizarre pointed heaps and labyrinths 30-70 cm high. They form an interesting foreground with their randomness, well emphasized by the rays of the low sun in the morning and evening hours. Sharp as knives, growing crystals on a hot day emit an ominous, unlike anything crack. This section of the valley is quite difficult to navigate, but it is better not to spoil this beauty.
Nearby is the lowest terrain in the Valley Badwater Basin. Salt behaves differently here. On an absolutely flat white surface, a uniform salt net 4-6 cm high is formed. The grid consists of figures, gravitating in shape to a hexagon, and covers the bottom of the Valley with a huge cobweb, creating an absolutely unearthly landscape.
In the southern part of Death Valley is a flat, flat clay plain - the bottom of the dried-up lake Racetrack Playa - called the Valley of Moving Stones (Racetrack Playa). According to the very phenomenon found in this area - "self-propelled" stones.Sailing stones, also called sliding or crawling stones, are a geological phenomenon. The stones move slowly along the clay bottom of the lake, as evidenced by the long footprints left behind them. The stones move on their own without the help of living beings, but no one has ever seen or recorded the movement on camera. Similar stone movements have been noted in several other places, but in terms of the number and length of tracks, Racetrack Playa stands out from the rest.
In 1933, "Death Valley" was declared a national monument, and in 1994 it received the status national park and the territory of the park was expanded to include another 500,000 hectares of land.
The territory of the park includes the Salina Valley, most of the Panamint Valley, as well as the territories of several mountain systems. Telescope Peak rises to the west, Dante’s View to the east, from which you can see beautiful view all over the valley.
There are many picturesque places here, especially on the slopes adjacent to the desert plain: dormant volcano Ubehebe, Titus Canyon deep. 300 m and a length of 20 km; a small lake with very salty water, in which a small shrimp lives; in the desert 22 species unique plants, 17 species of lizards and 20 species of snakes. The park has a unique landscape. This is an unusual wild beautiful nature, graceful rock formations, snow-capped mountain peaks, scorching salty plateaus, shallow canyons, hills covered with millions of delicate flowers.Coati- a mammal from the genus nosoha of the raccoon family. This mammal received its name for an elongated and very funny mobile stigma-nose.
Their head is narrow, their hair is short, their ears are round and small. On the edge of the inner side of the ears is a white rim. Nosukha is the owner of a very long tail, which is almost always in an upright position. With the help of the tail, the animal balances when moving. The characteristic color of the tail is the alternation of light yellow, brown and black rings.
The color of the nose is varied: from orange to dark brown. The muzzle is usually a uniform black or brown. On the muzzle, below and above the eyes, there are light spots. The neck is yellowish, the paws are painted black or dark brown.
the trap is elongated, the paws are strong with five fingers and non-retractable claws. With its claws, the nosuha digs the ground, getting food. The hind legs are longer than the front. The length of the body from the nose to the tip of the tail is 80-130 cm, the length of the tail itself is 32-69 cm. The height at the withers is about 20-29 cm. They weigh about 3-5 kg. Males are almost twice as large as females.
Nosoha live on average 7-8 years, but in captivity they can live up to 14 years. They live in tropical and subtropical forests South America and the southern United States. Their favorite place is dense bushes, low-lying forests, rocky terrain. Due to human intervention, lately the noses prefer forest edges and glades.
They say that nosuha used to be called simply badgers, but since real badgers moved to Mexico, the true homeland of nosoha, this species has received its individual name.
All noses, including coatis, are predators! Coatis get their food with their noses, diligently sniffing and groaning, they inflate the foliage in this way and look for termites, ants, scorpions, beetles, larvae under it. Sometimes it can also feed on land crabs, frogs, lizards, rodents. During the hunt, the coati clamps the victim with its paws and bites through its head. In difficult times of famine, nosuhi allow themselves vegetarian cuisine, they eat ripe fruits, which, as a rule, are always in abundance in the forest. Moreover, they do not make stocks, but return to the tree from time to time.
Nosoha live both in groups and alone. In groups of 5-6 individuals, sometimes their number reaches 40. In groups there are only females and young males. Adult males live alone. The reason for this is their aggressive attitude towards babies. They are expelled from the group and only return to mate.Males usually lead a solitary life and only during the mating season do they join the family groups of females with young. In the mating season, and this is usually from October to March, one male is accepted into a group of females and young. Everyone mates with this male sexually mature females living in a group, and soon after mating they leave the group.
As soon as the young males are two years old, they leave the group and continue to lead a solitary lifestyle, the females remain in the group.
Nosukha brings cubs once a year. Usually there are 2-6 cubs in a litter. Newborns weigh 100-180 grams and are completely dependent on the mother, who leaves the nest for a while to find food. The eyes open at about 11 days. For several weeks, the babies remain in the nest, and then leave it with their mother and join the family group.
Lactation lasts up to four months. Young coats remain with their mother until she begins to prepare for the birth of the next offspring.
Red Lynx- the most common wild cat of the North American continent. In general appearance, this is a typical lynx, but it is almost two times smaller than an ordinary lynx and not so long-legged and broad-legged. Its body length is 60-80 cm, height at the withers is 30-35 cm, weight is 6-11 kg. You can recognize a red lynx by its white
You can meet a red lynx in dense subtropical forests or in desert places among prickly cacti, on high mountain slopes or in swampy lowlands. The presence of a person does not prevent her from appearing on the outskirts of villages or small towns. This predator chooses areas for itself where it is possible to feast on small rodents, nimble squirrels or shy rabbits and even prickly porcupines.
Although the bobcat is a good tree climber, it only climbs trees for food and shelter. It hunts at dusk, only young animals go hunting during the day.Vision and hearing are well developed. Hunts on the ground, sneaking up on prey. With its sharp claws, the lynx holds the victim and kills it with a bite to the base of the skull. In one sitting, an adult animal eats up to 1.4 kg of meat. The remaining surplus hides and returns to them the next day.For rest, the red lynx chooses a new place every day, not lingering in the old one. It can be a crack in the rocks, a cave, a hollow log, a space under a fallen tree, etc. On the ground or snow, the red lynx takes a step about 25 - 35 cm long; the size of an individual footprint is about 4.5 x 4.5 cm. While walking, they place their hind legs exactly in the tracks left by their front paws. Because of this, they never make a very loud noise from the crackling of dry twigs under their feet. The soft cushions on their feet help them to quietly sneak up on the animal on close quarters. Bobcats are good tree climbers and can also swim across small bodies of water, but they only do so on rare occasions.
The red lynx is a territorial animal. The lynx marks the boundaries of the site and its paths with urine and feces. In addition, she leaves marks of her claws on the trees. The male knows that the female is ready to mate by the smell of her urine. A mother with cubs is very aggressive towards any animal and person that threatens her kittens.
AT wild nature males and females love loneliness, meeting only during the breeding season. The only time when individuals of different sexes are looking for a meeting is mating season, which falls at the end of winter - the beginning of spring. The male mates with all the females that are in the same area with him. Pregnancy of the female lasts only 52 days. The cubs are born in the spring, blind and helpless. At this time, the female tolerates the male only near the den. After about a week, the babies open their eyes, but for another eight weeks they stay with their mother and feed on her milk. The mother licks their fur and warms them with her body. The female bobcat is a very caring mother. In case of danger, she takes the kittens to another shelter.
A male bobcat often occupies an area of 100 km2, border areas can be common to several males. The area of the female is half that. Within the territory of one male, 2-3 females usually live. A male red lynx, on whose territory three females with cubs often live, has to get food for 12 kittens.
Among the almost two and a half thousand species of higher plants found in the flora of the Sonoran Desert, the most widely represented are species from the family of Asteraceae, legumes, cereals, buckwheat, euphorbia, cactus and borage. A number of communities characteristic of the main habitats make up the vegetation of the Sonoran Desert.
Vegetation grows on extensive, slightly sloping alluvial fans, the main components of which are groups of creosote bush and ragweed. They also include several types of prickly pear, quinoa, acacia, fukeria, or okotilo.
On the alluvial plains below alluvial fans, the vegetation cover mainly consists of sparse forest of mesquite trees. Their roots, penetrating into the depths, reach the groundwater, and the roots located in the surface layer of the soil, within a radius of up to twenty meters from the trunk, can intercept precipitation. An adult mesquite tree reaches a height of eighteen meters, and can be more than a meter wide. In modern times, only the pitiful remnants of the once majestic mesquite forests, long cut down for fuel, remain. The mesquite forest is very similar to the thickets of black saxaul in the Karakum Desert. The composition of the forest, in addition to the mesquite tree, includes clematis and acacia.
By the water, along the banks of the rivers, near the water, poplars are located, to which ash and Mexican elder are mixed. Plants such as acacia, creosote bush and celtis grow in the beds of the arroyo, drying up temporary streams, as well as on the adjacent plains. In the desert of Gran Desierto, near the coast of the Gulf of California, ambrosia and creosote bush predominate on sandy plains, and ephedra and tobosa, ambrosia grow on sand dunes.
Trees grow here only on large dry channels. In the mountains, cacti and xerophilic shrubs are mainly developed, but the cover is very rare. Saguaro is quite rare (and completely absent in California) and its distribution here is again limited to channels. Annuals (mainly winter ones) make up almost half of the flora, and in the driest areas up to 90% species composition: they appear in huge numbers only in wet years.
In the Arizona Uplands, northwest of the Sonoran Desert, the vegetation is especially colorful and varied. A denser vegetation cover and a variety of vegetation are due here to more precipitation than in other areas of Sonora, as well as the ruggedness of the relief, a combination of steep slopes of different exposures and hills. A kind of cactus forest, in which the main place is occupied by a giant columnar saguaro cactus, with an undersized encelia shrub located between the cacti, is formed on gravelly soils with a large amount of fine earth. Also among the vegetation there are large barrel-shaped ferocactus, ocotillo, paloverde, several species of prickly pear, acacia, celtis, creosote bush, as well as mesquite tree, in floodplains.
With a peculiar look, such trees and bushes of the Sonoran Desert as an ivory tree, an iron tree and an idriya, or buoyum, growing only in two areas of the Sonoran Desert, located in Mexico, which is part of such a region as Latin America, attract attention.
The Vizcaino area is located in the central third of the California Peninsula. Precipitation is scarce, but the air is cool, as moist sea breezes often bring fog, which weakens the aridity of the climate. Rain falls mainly in winter and averages less than 125 mm. Here in the flora there are some very unusual plants, bizarre landscapes are characteristic: fields of white granite boulders, cliffs of black lavas, etc. interesting plants- bujamy, elephant tree, 30 m high cordon, throttling ficus growing on rocks and blue palm. In contrast to the main Vizcaino Desert, the Vizcaino Coastal Plain is a flat, cool, foggy desert with 0.3 m high shrubs and fields of annuals.
District Magdalena is located south of Vizcaino on the California Peninsula and resembles Vizcaino in appearance, but the flora is slightly different. Most of the meager rainfall occurs in the summer, when the Pacific breeze blows off the sea. The only notable plant on the pale Magdalena Plain is the creeping devil cactus (Stenocereus eruca), but away from the coast on the rocky slopes the vegetation is quite dense and consists of trees, shrubs and cacti.
Riverside communities are usually isolated bands or islands of deciduous forests along temporary streams. There are very few permanent or drying streams (the largest is the Colorado River), but there are many where water appears for only a couple of days or even a few hours a year. Dry channels, or "washes", arroyo - "arroyos" are places where many trees and shrubs are concentrated. Xerophilic light forests along dry channels are very variable. Near-pure mesquite forest occurs along some temporary streams, others may be dominated by blue paloverde or ironwood, or forest develops mixed type. The so-called "desert willow" is characteristic, which is actually a catalpa.
Up to 70 cm long, brownish-yellow, with more or less clear transverse dark brown spots, the entire color of the snake is extremely in harmony with the color sandy desert. Number of scales in each belt 29-33; the anal shield is inseparable, and the caudal ones are divided into two.
Spreading
A widespread species found throughout North Africa (excluding Morocco) and the Arabian Peninsula.
reproduction
Gives birth to live babies.
Lifestyle and nutrition
A nocturnal animal, easily accustomed to captivity and easily tolerates hunger for months. Eats small mammals and birds.
Horned viper in culture
It was already distinguished by the ancient Egyptians in their hieroglyphs, from which the Greek φ (phi) was subsequently derived.
see also
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Literature
- Jacobson G. G.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Horned Viper
He stopped and rubbed his face and eyes with his hands.“Well, here it is,” he continued, apparently making an effort on himself to speak coherently. I don't know since when I love her. But I have loved her alone, alone in my whole life, and I love her so much that I cannot imagine life without her. Now I do not dare to ask for her hand; but the thought that maybe she could be mine and that I would miss this opportunity ... opportunity ... is terrible. Tell me, can I hope? Tell me what should I do? Dear princess,” he said, after a pause and touching her hand, as she did not answer.
“I am thinking about what you told me,” Princess Mary answered. “I'll tell you what. You are right, what now to tell her about love ... - The princess stopped. She wanted to say: it is now impossible for her to talk about love; but she stopped, because for the third day she saw from the suddenly changed Natasha that not only would Natasha not be offended if Pierre expressed his love to her, but that she wanted only this.
“It’s impossible to tell her now,” Princess Marya said anyway.
“But what am I to do?
“Give it to me,” said Princess Mary. - I know…
Pierre looked into the eyes of Princess Mary.
“Well, well…” he said.
“I know that she loves ... she will love you,” Princess Mary corrected herself.
Before she had time to say these words, Pierre jumped up and, with a frightened face, grabbed Princess Mary by the hand.
- Why do you think? Do you think that I can hope? You think?!
“Yes, I think so,” said Princess Mary, smiling. - Write to your parents. And entrust me. I'll tell her when I can. I wish it. And my heart feels that it will be.